Type1: Temperature Type2: IR Sensors Type3: UV Sensors Type4: Touch Sensor Type5: Proximity Sensor Advanced Sensor Technology

Table of Contents:
1. Sensors: Different Types of Sensors

2. Type1: Temperature
3. Type2: IR Sensors
4. Type3: UV Sensors
5. Type4: Touch Sensor
6. Type5: Proximity Sensor
7. Advanced Sensor Technology
Sensors are sophisticated devices that are frequently used to detect and respond to
electrical or optical signals. A Sensor converts the physical parameter (for example:
temperature, blood pressure, humidity, speed, etc.) into a signal which can be
measured electrically. Lets explain the example of temperature. The mercury in the
glass thermometer expands and contracts the liquid to convert the measured
temperature which can be read by a viewer on the calibrated glass tube.
Criteria to choose a Sensor
There are certain features which have to be considered when we choose a sensor.
They are as given below:
1. Accuracy
2. Environmental condition - usually has limits for temperature/ humidity
3. Range - Measurement limit of sensor
4. Calibration - Essential for most of the measuring devices as the readings changes
with time
5. Resolution - Smallest increment detected by the sensor
6. Cost
7. Repeatability - The reading that varies is repeatedly measured under the same
environment
Classification of Sensors
The sensors are classified into the following criteria:
1. Primary Input quantity (Measurand)
2. Transduction principles (Using physical and chemical effects)
3. Material and Technology
4. Property
5. Application
Transduction principle is the fundamental criteria which are followed for an efficient
approach. Usually, material and technology criteria are chosen by the development
engineering group.
Classification based on property is as given below:
Temperature - Thermistors, thermocouples, RTDs, IC and many more.
Pressure - Fibre optic, vacuum, elastic liquid based manometers, LVDT, electronic.
Flow - Electromagnetic, differential pressure, positional displacement, thermal mass,
etc.
Level Sensors - Differential pressure, ultrasonic radio frequency, radar, thermal
displacement, etc.
Proximity and displacement - LVDT, photoelectric, capacitive, magnetic, ultrasonic.
Biosensors - Resonant mirror, electrochemical, surface Plasmon resonance, Light
addressable potentiometric.
Image - Charge-coupled devices, CMOS
Gas and chemical - Semiconductor, Infrared, Conductance, Electrochemical.
Acceleration - Gyroscopes,
Others - Moisture, humidity sensor, Speed sensor, mass, Tilt sensor, force, viscosity.
Accelerometers.
Surface Plasmon resonance and Light addressable potentiometric from the Bio-sensors
group are the new optical technology based sensors. CMOS Image sensors have low
resolution as compared to charge coupled devices. CMOS has the advantages of small
size, cheap, less power consumption and hence are better substitutes for Charge
coupled devices. Accelerometers are independently grouped because of their vital role
in future applications like aircraft, automobiles, etc and in fields of videogames, toys,
etc. Magnetometers are those sensors which measure magnetic flux intensity B (in units
of Tesla or As/m2).
Classification based on Application is as given below:
Industrial process control, measurement and automation
Non-industrial use Aircraft, Medical products, Automobiles, Consumer electronics,
other type of sensors.
Sensors can be classified based on power or energy supply requirement of the

sensors:
Active Sensor - Sensors that require power supply are called as Active Sensors.
Example: LiDAR (Light detection and ranging), photoconductive cell.
Passive Sensor - Sensors that do not require power supply are called as Passive
Sensors. Example: Radiometers, film photography.
In the current and future applications, sensors can be classified into groups as
follows:
Accelerometers - These are based on the Micro Electro Mechanical sensor
technology. They are used for patient monitoring which includes pace makers and
vehicle dynamic systems.
Biosensors - These are based on the electrochemical technology. They are used for
food testing, medical care device, water testing, and biological warfare agent detection.
Image Sensors - These are based on the CMOS technology. They are used in
consumer electronics, biometrics, traffic and security surveillance and PC imaging.
Motion Detectors - These are based on the Infra Red, Ultrasonic, and Microwave /
radar technology. They are used in videogames and simulations, light activation and
security detection.

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Table of Contents:

1. Sensors: Different Types of Sensors

Criteria to choose a Sensor

Classification based on property is as given below:

Temperature - Thermistors, thermocouples, RTDs, IC and many more.

Flow - Electromagnetic, differential pressure, positional displacement, thermal mass,

Level Sensors - Differential pressure, ultrasonic radio frequency, radar, thermal

Proximity and displacement - LVDT, photoelectric, capacitive, magnetic, ultrasonic.

Biosensors - Resonant mirror, electrochemical, surface Plasmon resonance, Light

Image - Charge-coupled devices, CMOS

Gas and chemical - Semiconductor, Infrared, Conductance, Electrochemical.

Classification based on Application is as given below:

Industrial process control, measurement and automation

Non-industrial use Aircraft, Medical products, Automobiles, Consumer electronics,

other type of sensors.

Sensors can be classified based on power or energy supply requirement of the

Example: LiDAR (Light detection and ranging), photoconductive cell.

Sensors. Example: Radiometers, film photography.

Accelerometers - These are based on the Micro Electro Mechanical sensor

consumer electronics, biometrics, traffic and security surveillance and PC imaging.

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