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Chemistry Notes:-Chapter 10 "Acids and Alkalis"

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Chemistry Notes:-Chapter 10 "Acids and Alkalis"

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zainab
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This word document tells us all about acids and alkalis. Actually, This is the notes of chapter 10 "acids and alkalis" of the book "chemistry for you" international level.

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Chapter 10

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This word document tells us all about acids and alkalis. Actually, This is the notes of chapter 10 "acids and alkalis" of the book "chemistry for you" international level.

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Chemistry Notes:-Chapter 10 "Acids and Alkalis"

Uploaded by

zainab
This word document tells us all about acids and alkalis. Actually, This is the notes of chapter 10 "acids and alkalis" of the book "chemistry for you" international level.

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CHEMISTRY NOTES:CHAPTER 10 ACIDS AND ALKALIS

1. What acids do oranges and lemons contain?


Ans: Citric acid gives oranges and lemons their sharp taste. These fruits also contain ascorbic
acid (vitamin C).
2. Why is rainwater slightly acidic?
Ans: Rainwater is slightly acidic because carbon dioxide dissolves in the rain as it falls.
3. Give 2 things in which carbon dioxide is added?
Ans: (1) Carbon dioxide dissolves in the rain as it falls.
(2) This is also the gas in fizzy drinks, such as cola, beer and sparkling mineral water.
4. Name the 3 common acids and their formulas.
Ans: The 3 common acids are:
(1) Hydrochloric acid-HCl
(2) Sulfuric acid-H2SO4
(3) Nitric acid-HNO3
5. What is the acid present in our stomachs? Also write its function.
Ans: Hydrochloric acid helps to break down our food into smaller molecules and kills bacteria.
6. How can you cure indigestion?
Ans: The burning feeling comes from too much hydrochloric acid in the stomach. The pain can
be cured quickly by taking a tablet which contains an alkali (or base) which gets rid of the acid.
7. What are acids and alkalis?
Ans: Acids and alkalis are chemical opposites. They react together and cancel each other out.
8. What is a neutral solution?
Ans: If we mix just the right amount of a strong acid and a strong alkali together, we get a
neutral solution.
9. What is neutralisation?
Ans: The reaction between an acid and an alkali is called neutralisation.

10. How can we ease a bee sting?


Ans: A bees sting is said to be acidic. So, in theory, it can be neutralized by an alkali. The pain
is eased by treating it with a bicarbonate of soda (a weak alkali).
11. What is general equation for neutralisation?
Ans: acid + alkali

a salt + water

12. Write a word and symbol equation to show the reaction between hydrochloric acid and
sodium hydroxide.
Ans: hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide
HCl(aq)

NaOH(aq)

sodium chloride + water


NaCl(aq)

+ H2O(l)

The salt, sodium chloride, is dissolved in water.


13. How do chemists use the word salt?
Ans: Chemists use the word salt to describe any metal compounds that can be made from acids.
14. How do we get a salt?
Ans: When we replace some or all of the hydrogen in an acid by a metal, we get a salt. To get a
salt, we can also crystallise it from its solution.
15. How do chemists name salts?
Ans: Each acids has its own salts. Naming a salt is like naming a person. A salt get its first name
from the metal, and its surname from the acid.
16. Complete the table.
Ans:
ACID
HYDROCHLORIC ACID, HCl
SULFURIC ACID,H2SO4
NITRIC ACID, HNO3

ITS SALTS
CHLORIDES
SULFATES
NITRATES

EXAMPLE
SODIUM CHLORIDE, NaCl
COPPER SULFATE, CuSO4
POTASSIUM NITRATE, KNO3

17. What is direct combination? Also give an equation to help explain.


Ans: Some salts can be made by direct combination. Direct combination is a type of reaction in
which two or more simple substances combine to form a more complex product. The chlorides of
sodium, potassium, iron and aluminium are examples.

EXAMPLE: iron + chlorine

iron (III) chloride

2Fe(s) + 3Cl2(g)

2FeCl3 (s)

18. What is the difference between bases and alkalis?


Ans: Alkalis are part of a larger group of compounds called bases. All metal oxides are bases.
EXAMPLES: COPPER OXIDE, IRON OXIDE.
An alkali is just a base that can dissolve in water. The soluble ones are alkalis.
EXAMPLES: SODIUM OXIDE, POTASSIUM OXIDE.
19. What happens when an acid reacts with a base?
Ans: acid + base

a salt + water

20. Write a word and symbol equation to show the reactions between sulfuric acid and zinc
oxide.
Ans: sulfuric acid + zinc oxide

zinc sulfate + water

H2SO4(aq) + ZnO(s)

ZnSO4(aq) + H2O(l)

21. Write a word and symbol equation to show the reactions between sulfuric acid and
copper oxide.
Ans: sulfuric acid + copper oxide

copper sulfate + water

H2SO4(aq) + CuO(s)

CuSO4(aq) + H2O(l)

22. How can acids also be neutralized? Also write the general equation.
Ans: Acids can also be neutralized by reacting them with carbonates.
The general equation is:
Acid + a carbonate

a salt + water + carbon dioxide

23. Why can we prepare a salt from a carbonate?


Ans: We can prepare a salt from a carbonate because most carbonates are insoluble in water.
24. Write a word and symbol equation to show the reactions between hydrochloric acid and
copper carbonate.
Ans: Hydrochloric acid + copper carbonate
2 HCl(aq)

+ CuCO 3(s)

copper chloride + water + carbon dioxide


CuCl2(aq)

+ H2O(l) + CO2(g)

25. Write the general equation for what happens when an acid reacts with a metal.
Ans: acid + a metal

a salt + hydrogen

26. What is the point of crystallisation?


Ans: If we heat salt solution, water evaporates off. Small crystals of the salt start to form.
This is called the point of crystallisation.
27. Define saturated solution.
Ans: A concentrated solution in which no more salt can be dissolved at a given temperature is
called a saturated solution.
28. What are solubility curves?
Ans: We call the lines on the graph solubility curves. They show us how much salt dissolves at
different temperatures.
29. What is the solubility of copper sulfate?
Ans: The solubility of copper sulfate is 19g per 100g of water, at 15 C.
30. How can we measure the solubility of a salt?
Ans: We measure how soluble a salt is by seeing how much dissolves in 100g of water. 100
cm3 of water has a mass of 100g.
31. What are insoluble salts? Also give an example.
Ans: A salt which does not dissolve well in water is called an insoluble salt. E.g. calcium sulfate.
32. What is a precipitation reaction?
Ans: We can prepare an insoluble salt by a precipitation reaction. When we mix two solutions we
get an insoluble solid formed. The solid is a precipitate. This happens in a precipitation reaction.
AB (aq) + CD (aq)

AD (s) + CB (aq)

33. What is a precipitate? Also give an example.


Ans: When we mix two solutions we get an insoluble solid formed. The solid is a precipitate.
Lead nitrate (aq) + sodium iodide (aq)

lead iodide (s) + sodium nitrate (aq)

The lead nitrate and sodium iodide react to make a precipitate, lead iodide. The lead iodide
must be rinsed with water to wash away any soluble salts.

33. Write a word equation to show the reactions between lead nitrate and sodium iodide.
Ans: Lead nitrate (aq) + sodium iodide (aq)

lead iodide (s) + sodium nitrate (aq)

34. What is an ionic equation?


Ans: Pb (NO3)2 (aq) + 2NaI (aq)

PbI 2 (s) + 2NaNO3 (aq)

We can also show what happens like this:


Pb2+ (aq) + 2I- (aq)

PbI2 (s)

It shows us which ions stick together to form the solid in the precipitation reaction.
35. What are spectator ions?
Ans: Pb (NO3)2 (aq) + 2NaI (aq)

PbI 2 (s) + 2NaNO3 (aq)

We can also show what happens like this:


Pb2+ (aq) + 2I- (aq)

PbI2 (s)

The sodium ions, Na+ (aq), and the nitrate ions, NO3- (aq), stay in the solution. They are not
changed, so they do not appear in the ionic equation. They are called spectator ions.
36. Define a suspension.
Ans: The solids in precipitation reactions are formed as very small grains. The mixture is called
a suspension.
37. What is a centrifuge?
Ans: A centrifuge is a machine which spins test tubes around at high speed.
38. What are the uses of sulfuric acid?
Ans: Sulfuric acid is one of the most important products of the chemical industry. Its uses are:

Fertilisers

Fibres and dyes

Tanning leather

Soapless detergents

Cleaning metals

Chemicals and plastics

Paints and pigments

39. Write the general equation for the reaction between an acid and a
hydrogencarbonate?
Ans: acid + a hydrogencarbonate

a salt + water + carbon dioxide.

40. How can we ease a bee sting?


Ans: We can ease bee stings by treating it with a bicarbonate of soda (sodium
hydrogencarbonate).

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