AZAS TEKNIK KIMIA

Neraca Bahan Dalam Sistem Tanpa

& Dengan Reaksi
OLEH:
Kelompok X (Sepuluh)
Andre P. W
(130405090)
Maria Paula Sihombing
(130405094)
Panji Umbar
(130405096)
Ria Eirene
(130405098)
Irsa Septiawan
(130405100)
Salwa Jody Gustia
(130405104)
Siti Maysarah
(130405106)

Departemen Teknik Kimia

Fakultas Teknik
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Medan

2014
Bab 2
Neraca Bahan Dalam Sistem Tanpa Reaksi
2.8 A gas containing 79.1% N2, 1.7% O2, and 19.2% SO2 is mixed with another
containing 50% SO2, 6.53% O2, and 43.47% N2 to produce a product gas
containing 21.45% SO2, 2.05% O2, and 76.50% N2. All compositions are in mol
%. Determine:
(a) How many independent stream variables there are in the problem.
(b) How many material balances can be written and how many of them will be
independent.
(c) the ratio in which streams should be mixed.
Solution:
1 = N2

2 = O2

Mixer

3 = SO2

x1 =
0,765
x 32 =

1
1

x =
(a) Derajat Kebebasan
0,791
1
1.Variabel kebebasanx 2 =

x 21 =

2.Neraca Zat
3.Spesifik
Komposisi
Laju alir
Hubungan pembantu

0,4347 9
2
x2 =

6
0

(b) Persama

an Neraca Massa

N2:

x 11 . N 1

O2:

x2 . N 1

1
SO2:............................... x 3 . N

x 21 . N 2

x2 . N 2

N3

x 31 . N 3

x2 . N 3

x 23 . N 2 =

........................................................(3)

(c) Perbandingan aliran yang harus dicampurkan

(1)
(2)

x 33 .

Langkah I : Gunakan basis

mol
= 1000 h

N1 + N2 = N 3
1000 + N2 = N3
Neraca komponen N2

x 11 . N 1

x 21 . N 2

0,791.1000 + 0,4347. N

=
2

x 31 . N 3

(1)

= 0,765.(1000 + N2)

791 + 0,4347N2
= 765 + 0,765N2
2
0,3303 N
= 26
N2
= 78,71
1000 + N2
= N3
1000 + 78,71 = N3
1078,71
= N3
Rasio =

N1
N2

1000
78,71

= 12,704

F2
2.12 The feed to a distilation column contains 36% benzene w12
by weight,
the
= 0,52

remainder being toluene. The overhead distillate is to contain

benzene by
w22 =52%
0,48
weight , while the bottoms are to contain 5% benzene by weight. Calculate:
2
(a) The percentage of the benzene feed which
is contained in the distilate.
(b) The percentage of the total feed which leaves as distillate.
F1
w11 = 0,36
w21 = 0,64

3
F3
w13 = 0,05
w23 = 0,95

Tabel Derajat Kebebasan :

Jumlah Variabel Alur
Persamaan Neraca TTSL
Spesifik:
- Komposisi
- Laju Alir
Hubungan Pembantu
Basis
Derajat Kebebasan

6
2
3
-1
1
0

F1 = 1000 lbm/h
Neraca Total : F1
= F2 + F3
1000 = F2 + F3.......................................................................(1)
Neraca Benzena
: F1 w11 = F2 w12
+ F3 w13
1000 (0,36) = F2(0,52)
+ F3(0,05).................................
(2)
Neraca O2
: F1 w11 = F2 w12
+ F3 w13
2
1000 (0,64) = F (0,48)
+ F3(0,95)...............................(3)
Subtitusi pers (1) dan pers (2)
Pers (1) = F2 = 1000 F3
Pers (2) =
1000 (0,36) = F2(0,52)
+ F3(0,05)
3
Maka ;
360
= (1000 F )(0,52) + F3(0,05)
360
= 520 - 0,52 F3
+ 0,05 F3
160
=340,43
F3
= 0,47
Sehingga diperoleh:
F2
= 1000 F3
= 1000 340,43 = 659,57
a. Persentase benzena umpan dengan yang didistilasi :
F 2 w21 ( 659,58 ) (0,52)
=
x 100 =95,27
F 1 w11 (1000 )(0,36)
b. Persen total umpan yang didestilasi :

F ( 659,58 )
=
x 100 =65,96
F 1 ( 1000 )

2.17. A slurry consisting of CaC03 precipitate in a solution of NaOH and

H 20 is washed with an equal mass of a dilute solution of 5% (wt)
NaOH in H 20. The washed and settled slurry which is withdrawn from
the unit contains 2 lbm of solution per 1 lb of solid (CaC03). The
clear solution withdrawn from the unit can be assumcd. to have the same
concentration as the solution withdrawn with the 'solids (sec Figure
P2.17). If the feed slurry contains equal mass fractions of all
Components, calculate the concentration of the clear solution.
Penyelesaian :
F2
x

2
1

Wash solution

x 41

NaOH = 5 %
Feed Slurry
F

F4

x1 =

x 12 =

Clear solution
Wash Slurry
F3
3

Keterangan:
NaOH =1

x1 =
x 32 =

CaCO3 = 2
H2O = 3

Tabel Derajat Kebebasan :

1.Variabel kebebasan
2.Neraca Zat
3.Spesifik
Komposisi
Laju alir
Hubungan pembantu

Basis

Hubungan Pembantu:

10
3
3
0
3
-1
1
0

1. F1 = F2 = 1000 lbm/ jam

2. W 3 CaCO3 : (W3 NaOH + W3

H2O ) = 1:2
F 1 + F 2 = F3 + F4

maka W 3 CaCO3 = 1/3.100%

= 0,333 lbm
1000+1000 = F3 + F4

(W3 NaOH + W3 H2O ) =

2/3.100% = 0,67 lbm

2000 = F3 + F4 1)

Maka W 3 NaOH = 0,67.W4

NaOH
F4 = 2000 -1000 = 1000 lbm/jam

3.

massa NaOH
massa H 2 O+massa NaOH

massatotal
massa H 2 O+massa NaOH

NaOH
3
3
H2 O
NaOH

+F

) (
=

NaOH
( H 2 O+W 3 X F 3 )

3
W NaOH X F 3

F 3 NaOH
F3

massa NaOH
massa H 2 O+massa NaOH

NaOH
( massa
massa total )

) (
x

F
3
3
F H O + F NaOH
2

W 3NaOH X F3
F3

NaOH
( H 2 O+W 3 X F 3 )

F3

w3 NaOH
1w 3C aCO

w NaOH
10,333

4
NaOH

Spesifikasi:
Pada wash solution, NaOH = 5 %
Pada feed slurry komposisi dari ketiga komponen sama yaitu
masing masing komponen = 1/3 lbm

Neraca Komponen CaCO3

W1 CaCO3.F1 + W2 CaCO3.F2 = W3 CaCO3.F3 + W4 CaCO3.F4
1/3.1000 + 0

= W3 CaCO3.F3 +0

W3 CaCO3.F3

= 1000/3 = 333,3 lbm

0,333 lbm.F3

= 333,3 lbm

F3

= 333,3 /0,333 = 1000 lbm/jam

Neraca Komponen NaOH

W1 NaOH.F1 + W2 NaOH.F2
1
3 .1000 + 5%.1000

= W3 NaOH.F3 + W4 NaOH.F4
W3 NaOH.1000

NaOH.1000
1
3 + 0,05

= W3 NaOH + W4 NaOH
= 0,67.W4 NaOH + W4 NaOH

0,383
W4 NaOH

= 0,383/1,67

W4 NaOH

= 0,23 lbm

Maka W4 H2O = 1-0,23 = 0,77 lbm

Neraca Komponen H2O

W1 H2O.F1 + W2 H2O.F2 = W3 H2O.F3 + W4 H2O.F4
1000.1/3 + 1000.0,95 = 1000.W3 H2O + 1000.(1-0,23)
1,283

= W3 H2O +0,77

W3 H2O

= 1,283 0,77

W3 H2O

= 0,513

+ W4

Maka W3 NaOH = 1-0,513-0,33 = 0,157 lbm

2.21

A slurry consisting of TiO2 precipitate in a salt water solution is to be washed in three

stages as shown in the flowsheet of figure P2.21. If the feed slurry consists of 1000
lbm/h of 20% TiO2 , 30% salt and the rest water, calculate the wash water rate to each
stage. Assume that :
a. 80% of the salt fed to each stage leaves in the waste solution
b. The stages are operated so that the slurry leaving contains one third solids
c. In each stage, the salt concentration in its waste solution is the same as the salt
concentration of the solution entrained with the slurry leaving that stage.
Penyelesaian :
Hubungan pembantu:
F8. W28 = 0,8 F1. W21
F7. W27 = 0,8 F9. W29
F6. W26 = 0,8 F10. W210
W19 = 1/3

W110 = 1/3
W15 = 1/3
W28 = W29
W27 = W210
W26 = W25

Tabel Derajat Kebebasan

Unit 1
Variabel alur alir
9
Neraca TTSL
3
Spesifikasi:
-Komposisi
2
-Laju Alir
1
-Hub. Pembantu
3
Total
9
DK
0

Unit 2
9
3

Unit 3
9
3

Proses
21
9

Overall
15
3

0
0
4
7
2

0
0
4
7
2

2
1
9
21
0

2
1
3
9
6

Langkah I, selesaikan unit I

F = F1 + F2 = F8 + F9
1000 + F2 = F8 + F9
Senyawa TiO2 pada unit I
TiO2 = W11F1 = W19 . F9
200 = W19 . F9
200 = 1/3 . F9
F9 = 600
Senyawa Salt pada unit I
W21F1 = W28 F8 + W29 F9
300 = W28 F8 + W29 F9
W28 F8 = 0,8 W21 F1
1 1
9 9
300 = 0,8 W2 F + W2 F
300 = 240 + 600 W29
600 W29 = 60
W29 = 0,1
Senyawa H2O pada unit I
W31F1 + W32 F2 = W38 F8 + W39 F9
500 + W32 F2 = W38 F8 + W39 F9
= 0,9 F8 + 0,567. 600
2
500 + F = 340,2 + 0,9 F8
0,9 F8 - F2 = 159,8
F2 = 0,9 F8 159,8

W39= 1- 0,1- 0,33

= 0,567

Masukkan nilai F2 kembali ke persamaan awal bahwa :

1000 + F2
= F8 + 600
1000 + 0,9 F8 159,8 = F8 + 600
1000 159,8 600 = F8 - 0,9 F8

Variabel alur alir

Neraca TTSL
Spesifikasi:
-Komposisi
-Laju Alir
-Hub. Pembantu
Total
DK

Unit 1
9
3

Unit 2
9
3

2
1
3
9
0

2
0
4
7
2

240,2 = 0,1 F8
F8
= 2402
2
Maka, nilai F :
F2 = F8 + F9 F1
= 2402 + 600 1000
2
F = 2002
Setelah menyelesaikan alur F2 maka
variabel alur dan derajat kebebasan juga
berubah menjadi berikut :

Karena nilai F2 dan F8 sudah didapat, maka didapat pertambahan Variabel total
dimana pada unit II DK menjadi 0 karena adanya pertambahan variabel
komposisi. Maka kita dapat meyelesaikan persamaan pada unit II
Penentuan persamaan senyawa dan laju alir pada unit II yaitu :
Dimana,
F = F9 + F3 = F7 + F10
600 + F3 = F7 + F10
Senyawa TiO2 pada unit II
TiO2 = W19F9 = W110 . F10

1/3. 600 = W110 . F10

1/3. 600 = 1/3. F10
F10 = 600

Senyawa Salt pada unit II

W29F9 = W27 F7 + W210 F10
0,1.600 = W27 F7 + W210 F10
W27 F7 = 0,8 F9 W29
60
= 0,8 F9 W29 + W210 F10
60
= 0,8. 600. 0,1 + W210 F10
60
= 48 + W210 F10
60
= 48 + W210 . 600
60 - 48 = W210 . 600
12 = W210 . 600
12 = W27. 600
W27 = W210
W27 = 0,02
Senyawa H2O pada unit II

W39 F9 + W33 F3 = W37 F7 + W310 F10

0,567. 600 + W33 F3 = W37 F7 + W310 F10
340,2 + W33 F3 = 0,98 F7 + 390
Unit 1
9
3

Unit 2
9
3

W37= 1- 0,02
= 0,98
10
W3 = 1-0,22- 0,33
Unit 3
9
3

= 0,65
Variabel alur alir
0,9 F7 F3 = -49,8
Neraca TTSL
F3 = 0,98 F7
Spesifikasi:
49,8
-Komposisi
2
2
2
-Laju Alir
1
0
0
Subsitusikan
ke
-Hub. Pembantu
3
4
4
persamaan awal :
Total
9
9
9
600 + F3 = F7 + F10
DK
0
0
0
600 + 0,98 F7 49,8 = F7
+ 600
600 49,8 600 = F7 - 0,98 F7
49,8 = 0,02 F7
F7 = 2490
Maka subsitusikan ke persamaan utk mendapat nilai F3
F3 = F7 + F10- F9
= 2490 + 600 600
= 2490
Setelah menyelesaikan alur F3 maka variabel alur dan derajat kebebasan juga berubah
menjadi berikut :

Karena nilai F3 dan F7 sudah didapat, maka didapat pertambahan Variabel total
dimana pada unit III DK menjadi 0 karena adanya pertambahan variabel
komposisi. Maka kita dapat meyelesaikan persamaan pada unit III
Penentuan persamaan senyawa dan laju alir pada unit III yaitu :
Dimana,
F = F10 + F4 = F6 + F5
600 + F4 = F6 + F5
Senyawa TiO2 pada unit III
TiO2 = W110F10 = W15 . F5
1/3. 600 = W15 . F5
1/3. 600 = 1/3. F5
F5 = 600

Senyawa Salt pada unit III

W210 F10 = W26 F6 + W25 F5
W210 = W27
6 6
5 5
0,02.600 = W2 F + W2 F
W27 F7 = 0,8 F10 W210
12 = 0,8 F10 W210 + W25 F5
12
= 0,8. 600. 0,02 + W25 F5
12 = 9,6 + W25 F5
12 = 9,6 + W25 . 600
9,6 + W25 . 600 = 12
600 W25 = 12- 9,6
W25 = 2,4 / 600
W25 = 0,004
Senyawa H2O pada unit III
W310 F10 + W34 F4 = W36 F6 + W35 F5
0,65. 600 + W34 F4 = W36 F6 + W35 F5
390 + W34 F4 = 0,996 F6 + 0,666 . 600

W310 = 1-0,22- 0,33

= 0,65
W36 = 1-0,004
= 0,996
W35 = 1-0,004- 0,33
= 0,666

390 + W34 F4 = 0,996 F6 + 399,6

390 + F4 = 0,996 F6 + 399,6
0,996 F6 F4 = 9,6
F4 = 0,996 F6 9,6
Subsitusikan ke persamaan awal :
600 + F4 = F6 + F5
600 + 0,996 F6 9,6 = F6 + 600
600 9,6 600 = F6 - 0,996 F6
-9,6 = 0,004 F6
F6 = 9,6 / 0,004
F6 = 2400
Maka subsitusikan ke persamaan utk mendapat nilai F4 :
F4 = F6 + F5- F10
= 2400 + 600 600
4
F = 2400

2.29 Oilseed protein source include soybean, cottonseed, peanut, sunflower, copra,
rapeseed, sesame, safflower, castor and flax. Commonly, the separation of the
oil from the protein meal is performed by solvent extraction. The analysis of
cotton is 4% hull, 10% linter, 37% meal, and 49% oil. During the extraction
step, 2 lbm solvent, hexane, must be used per 1 lb m clean seeds processed. For
each ton of raw seeds to be processed, determine the amount of oil and oil free
meal produced.

Penyelesaian:

KET:
H= Hull
L= Linter
M= Meal
O= Oil
S= Solvent

Hubungan pembantu:
F7+ F8
=2
F7

Tabel Derajat Kebebasan

Seed
Clearnin
g
Variabel alur alir
8
Neraca TTSL
4
Spesifikasi:
-Komposisi
3
-Laju Alir
1
-Hub. Pembantu
Total
8
DK
0

Solven
Extraction

Solven
Recovery

Proses

Overall

8
3

4
2

15
9

10
5

1
0
1
5
3

0
0
0
2
2

4
1
1
15
0

4
1
0
10
0

Langkah I : Kerjakan unit Seed Clearning

Unit: Seed Clearning

Sehingga diperoleh
w2H F2 = 40
w2H = (40/140) = 0,286
w2L F2 = 100
w2L = (100/140) = 0,714
W3M F3 = 370
w2L = (370/860) = 0,43
W3O = 1- w3M = 1- 0,43= 0,57

Dari Over all (keseluruhan)

diperoleh

3.19 Acetaldehyde, CH3CHO, can be produced by catalytic

dehydrogenation of ethanol, C2H5OH, via the reaction
C2H5OH

CH3CHO +H2

There is, however, a parallel reaction producing ethyl acetate,

CH3COOC2H5
2 C2H5OH

CH3COOC2H5 + 2H2

Suppose that in a given reactor the conditions are adjusted so

that a conversion of 95% ethanol is obtained with an 80%
yield of acetaldehyde.
Calculate the composition of the reactor product assuming
the feed consists of pure ethanol.
Penyelesaian
C2H5OH
2 C2H5OH
Keterangan:
C2H5OH = 1
CH3CHO = 2
H2 = 3

CH3CHO +H2
CH3COOC2H5 + 2H2

; r1
; r2

CH3COOC2H5 = 4

1
N11

Reaktor

X1 = 95%

Tabel Derajat Kebebasan

1.Variabel kebebasan
2.Neraca Zat
3.Spesifik
Komposisi
Laju alir
Hubungan pembantu

Basis

NeracaMassa :
1 => N12= N11 - r1 2r2
2 => N22= N21+ r1
3 => N32= N31+ r1+ 2r2
4 => N42= N41+ r2
Basis => N1 = 1000 mol/h

7
4
0
0
2
-1
1
0

N2
N12
N22
N32
N42

N 1
X1 = 0,95

=>

X1

0,95

N 21

1
1

1(1000)N 21
1(1000)

N1

50 mol/h

Agar dapat diperoleh CH3CHO ( N 2 Max ), maka anggap tidak ada

2
CH3COOC2H5 ( N 4 ) yang dihasilkan di produk.

Neraca 4

Neraca 1

r1

=>

N 22=N 12 + R2

r2

=>

N 21

N 11

r1

1000

r1

950 mol /h

=>

N 14

r2

r2

50

950 mol /h

Neraca 2

N 24

r1

-2

r2

2(0)

subtitusi ke Neraca 2
N 22

950 mol /h

N 12

r1

950
==>>

N 22 max

950 = 0 +
R2

R2

950 mol /h

Hubungan yield,
Y 2=

R2
R2 max

N 22N 12
Y 2=
R2 max
0,8=
2

N 220
950

N 2=760

mol
h

Neraca 2

Neraca 1

Neraca 3

Neraca 4

=>

N2

r1

760 mol/h

=>

N1

50

1000

r2

95 mol /h

=>

=>

N3

N1

-760 -

950 mol /h

N 24

r1

r1

760

N2

N3

r1

2 r2

r1

+ 760 + 2(95)

N 14

2 r2

r2

2 r2

95 mol /h

+ 95

Maka,laju alir mol di output reaktor adalah

N

N 21 + N 22+ N 23+ N 24

= 50+760+950+ 95
= 1855 mol/h

3.22 Hydrodealkylation is a process in which side chains, consisting of alkyl groups,

are removed from aromatics by reactions with hydrogen to form the parent
aromatic compound. For instance, toluene can be converted to benzene:
C6H5CH3 + H2

C6H6 + CH4

Xylene can be converted to toluene:

C6H4(CH3)2 + H2

C6H5CH3 + CH4

Pseudocumene and other C9 Hydrocarbons containing three CH3 groups can be

converted to xylenes:
C6H3(CH3)3 + H2

C6H4(CH3)2 +CH4

In a given application, a refinery reformate stream consisting of 5 % benzene,

20% toluene, 35% xylene, and 40% C 9 Hydrocarbons is reacted with hydrogen.
If 5 mol H2 is used per 1 mol feed, 80% conversion of toluene, 74%
conversion of xylene, and 70% conversion of C9 Hydrocarbons are attained.
The products stream is found to contain a small amount, 0,1% of byphenyl,
indicating that the side reaction
2C6H6

C6H5C6H5 + H2

Occurs to some extent. Calculate the complete composition of the reactor outlet
stream.
Penyelesaian:
C6H5CH3 + H2

C6H6 + CH4

C6H4(CH3)2 + H2

C6H5CH3 + CH4

C6H3(CH3)3 + H2

C6H4(CH3)2 +CH4

2C6H6

; r1
; r2

C6H5C6H5 + H2

; r3
; r4

Keterangan
1 = benzene

5 = Hydrogen

2 = toluene

6 = byphenyl

3 = xylene

7 = CH4

4 = C9 Hydrocarbons

N1 X51
1
Reaktor
2

N2

N3 X33=?

X12= 0,05

N3 X23 =?

X22= 0,20

N3 X43=?

X32= 0,35

N3 X53=?

X42= 0,40

X63= 0,001
N3 X73=?

HubunganPembantu:
Jika 5 mol H2 digunakan/ 1 mol umpan
R1 N1 X51 = 5
N2
R3 X3 = 0,74
R2 X2 = 0,80
R4 X4= 0,70
DerajatKebebasan
1.Variabel kebebasan
2.Neraca Zat
3.Spesifik
Komposisi
Laju alir
Hubungan pembantu

Basis N =1000

4
0
4
-1
1
0

Basis
2

12+4
7

mol
h

N2 X12 = 1000. 0,05 = 50

N2 X22 = 1000. 0,20 = 200

N2 X32 = 1000. 0,35 = 350

N2 X4 2 = 100. 0,40 = 400
Dari hubungan pembantu didapatkan:
N1 X51 = 5
N2
N1 X51 = 5 . N2 = 5. 1000 = 5000
N3 X23 = 200 (1-0,8) = 40 N3 X23 = N2 X22 (1-X2)
N3 X33 = 350 (1-0,74) = 91 N3 X33 = N2 X3 2 (1-X3)
N3 X43 = 400 (1-0,70) = 120 N2 X43 = N2 X4 2 (1-X4)
Toluena N3 X2 3
40
Xylen N3 X33
91

= N2 X22 r1 + r2
= 200 r1 + r2(1)
= N2 X32 r2 + r3
= 350 r2 + r3(2)

C9 Hydrocarbons N3 X43 = N2 X4 2 r3
120 = 400 r3
r3

= 280

Maka, dapat dimasukkan kepersamaan (2) menjadi:

91 = 350 r2 + r3
91 = 350 r2 + 280
r2 = 350 + 280 91 = 539
dari hasil yang didapat dimasukkan ke persamaan (1) menjadi :
40

= 200 r1 + r2

40

= 200 r1 + 539

r1

= 200 + 539 40 = 699

CH4N3X7 3 = r1 + r2 + r3
= 280 + 539+ 699
= 1518
C6H6 N3X13 = 50 + r1 - 2r4
N3 X13 = 50 + 699 - 2r4
N3 X13 = 749 - 2r4..(3)
N3 X53 = 500 r1 r2 r3 + r4
= 5000 699 539 280 + r4

= 3482 + r4.(4)
N1 + N2 = 5000 + 1000
= 6000
Jadi,

N6 =

Ntotal

= 0,001 . 6000
=6

N 31 = 749 2(r4
749 2(6)
= 737

N 35 = 3482 + r4
= 3482 + 6
= 3488

Maka,

a) Benzene:

b) Toluena:

N3 X13 = 737
737
3
X3
= 6000
N3 X23 = 40
=

X33

N3 X33 = 91
91
= 6000 = 0,015

d) Hidrokarbon:
X43

f) CH4:

40
6000

X23
c) Xylena:

e) H2:

= 0,1228

= 0,00667

N3 X43 = 120
120
= 6000 = 0,02

N3 X53 = 3488
3488
X53
= 6000

= 0,5813

N3 X73 = 1518
1518
X73
= 6000

= 0,253

3.28 Product P is produced from reactant R according the reaction

2R=>P + W
With side reactions
R=>B + W
P=>2B + W
Only 50% conversion of R is achieved in the reactor (Figure P3.28) when a
fresh feed containing 1 mol inert 1 per 11 mol R is used. The unreacted R and
inerts are separated from the reactor products and recycled. Some of the
unreacted R and inert are purged to limit the inerts level in the combined
7

Recycle
Purged

R
6

1
R
Seperator
I

4
R
I

R
12%

P 21%
W
B 7%

P
I
B
W
Reactor feed to 12 mol %. If the reactor outlet stream analyzes 21% P and 7% B; on
a molar basis, calculate all flows in the process for a fresh feed rate of 100mol/h.

Penyelasaian:
N 1R : N 1I =11 :1
Komponen
R
P
B
W

Reaksi 1
-2
1
0
1

-2

-1

-1

Reaksi 2
-1
0
1
1

Reaksi 3
0
-1
2
1

Tahap I : Elemen pada kolom pertama dibagi dengan elemen kolom pertama yang
paling atas.
1

-1

-1/2

-1

-1/2

Hasilnya dijumlahkan dengan elemen pada kolom 2 sehingga elemen paling atas
kolom 2 bernilai 0.
1

-1/2

-1/2

-1

-1/2

1/2

Agar nilai elemen kolom ketiga bernilai 0, maka kolom kedua dikali dengan -2 dan
dijumlahkan dengan kolom 3
1

-1/2

-1

-1/2

-2

-2

-1/2

-1

-1/2

-1

Agar baris kedua pada kolom 1 bernilai 0, maka kolom 1 dikali dengan 2 dan
hasilnya dijumlahkan dengan kolom 3
2

-1

-2

-2

-2

-1

-1

-2

-1

Kolom pertama disederhanakan dengan dibagi dengan 2

1

-1

-2

-1

Maka terdapat 2 persamaan reaksi yang TTSL, yaitu:

B + W => R
2B + W => R

Variabel alur alir

Peneracaan
TTSL
Spesifika
si

Mixe

Reakto Seperato

Splitte Prose

Keseluruha

10

20

14

Rasio

Konversi
Kendala

5
1

9
0

7
3

3
3

20
0

7
2

Komposi
si
Laju Alir

Hub.
Pembant
u

Pembagi
Total
Derajat Kebebasan

Reaktor
N3 100mol/ jam
Dari hubungan konversi:
XR= 50% = 0,5

N 4R =N 3R ( 10,5 )
N 4R =0,88100 09,50
= 44mol/jam

N 4R =N 3R +r 1 .(1)

Peneracaan: R
P

N p=N p + r 2 .(2)
N 4p=r 2
4

N B =N B r 12 r 2

N 4B =r 12 r 2 (3)
W

N W =N W r 1r 2
N 4W =r 1r 2
N 4I =N 3I

N 4I =X 3I N 3
0,12 100

12

mol
jam

Dari persamaan 1, 2, 3, dan 4.

N 4R =N 3R +r 1
N 4R =X 3R N 3 +r 1
44=0,88 100+r 1
r 1=44

mol
jam

N p=r 2

X P N =r 2
0,21 N 4=r 2

N B =r 12 r 2

X B N =r 12 r 2

N4=

r2
0,21 ..(5)

0,07 N =r 12 r 2 .(6)
N 4W =r 2 r 2
(7)

Subs. Persamaan 5 ke persamaan 6

0,07

r2
=r 1 2r 2
0,21

0,07

r2
=442 r 2
0,21

r 2=18,857

mol
jam

N 4P =r 2=18,857

mol
jam

Dari persamaan 3

N 4B =r 12 r 2
4

N B =442 ( 18,857 )

6,285

mol
jam

Dari persamaan 4

N W =r 1r 2

4418,857=25,143

mol
jam
4

N =N R + N I + N P+ N B + N W
44 +12+ 18,857+6,285+25,143

106,285

Maka;

mol
jam

X 4R=

N 4R
44
=
=0,4139
4
106,285
N
4

4
I

X =

NI
N

12
=0,1129
106,285

X 4P=

N 4P 18,857
=
=0,177
N 4 106,285

X 4B=

N 4B
6,285
=
=0,0591
4
106,285
N

N W4
25,143
X = 4=
=0,23
106,285
N
4
W

Dari informasi yang didapatkan, akan diperoleh tabel derajat kebebasan

Mixe

Reakto Seperato

Splitte Prose

Keseluruha

Variabel alur alir

Peneracaan
TTSL
Spesifika
si

10

20

14

Rasio

Konversi
Kendala

4
2

9
0

10
0

3
3

20
0

7
2

Komposi
si
Laju Alir

Hub.
Pembant
u

Pembagi
Total
Derajat Kebebasan

Seperator

Neraca Total:

masuk = keluar
4

N =N + N

Neraca

P:

N 4P =N 5P

X 4P N 4 =N 5P

N 5P =0,117 106,288=18,813

W:

N 4W =N 5W
N 5W = X 4W N 4

mol
jam

 0,23 106,288=24,446

mol
jam

N 4B =N 5B

B:

N B =X B N

0,0591 106,288=6,2816

mol
jam

Maka, dari persamaan neraca total

4

N =N + N

106,288=N P +N W + N B + N

N 6=106,288( 18,813+24,446+6,2816 )

56,747

mol
jam

Neraca

N 6R =N 4R

R:

N 6R =44

Neraca

I:

N =12

Splitter

N 6R
44
=
=0,7753
6
56,747
N

N 6I =N 4I
6
B

X 6R=

N 6I
12
X = 6=
=0,2114
N 56,747
6
I

Neraca total:

N =N + N

N =N

N 6=2 N
N=

56,747
mol
=28,3725
2
jam

N =N =28,3725

mol
jam

X R= X R =X R=0,7753
X 7I =X 6I = X 2I =0,2114

Mixer

Neraca total:

masuk = keluar
1

N + N =N

N 1+ 28,3735=100
N 1=71,6265

Neraca R:

mol
jam

N 1R =N 3RN 2R
0,88 1000,7753 28,3735

66

mol
jam
N 1R 66
mol
N = = =6
11 11
jam
1
I

Maka, jawabannya ialah

1

N =71,6265

mol
jam

N 1R =66

mol
jam

N 4I =12

mol
jam

X 2I = X 7I = X 6I =0,2114

N 4R =44

mol
jam

X I =0,1129

N 4B =6,285

N 1I =6

mol
jam

N 4 =106,288

mol
jam

X R=0,4139

N p=18,857

mol
jam

X 4P=0,177

N 4W =25,143

mol
jam

X 4B=0,0591

N P =18,813

mol
jam

X 4W =0,23

N 5W =24,446

mol
jam

N B =6,2816

mol
jam

N 6=56,747

mol
jam

N 2=N 7 =28,3735

N 3R =88

mol
jam

mol
jam

mol
jam

X 2R= X 7R =X 6R=0,7753

N I =12

mol
jam

3.29 Most modern proccess from production of nitrid acid are based on the
sequential oxidation of ammonia to oxides of nitrogen followed by absorption
of these intermediate in water. In the flowsheet shown on figure P3.29,
ammonia and air are mixed in 1:10 molar ratio and reacted catalytically in the
first reactor stage.The two reaction are the main reaction occuring are the main
reaction
4 NH3 + 5 O2
4 NO + 6 H2O

2 NH3 + 3/2 O2

NO

2 NO2 + O2 + H2O

N2

+ O2

+ 3 H2O

NO2
2HNO3

The waste gas from the proccess contains % NO2, and about 10% H2O. The
air composition may be taken as 21% O2, and 79% N2. Assuming all
composition are in mol %, calculate the composition of all streams in the
proccess.
Tabel Derajat kebebasan

Variabel alur alir

Neraca TTSL
Spesifikasi:
-Komposisi
-Laju Alir
-Hub. Pembantu
R1
R2
Total
DK

Reakto
r1
7+2
5

Reaktor 2

Adsorber

Proses

Overall

8+1
5

11 + 1
5

18 + 4
15

10 + 4
7

1
0

0
0

3
0

4
0

4
0

1
1
8
1

0
0
5
4

0
0
8
4

1
1
21
1

1
0
12
2

Langkah I, hitung Reaktor I

Persamaan neraca REAKTOR I :
Basis N1 = 1000 mol/jam atau N1 NH3
Dari hubungan pembantu
N2

= 10 N1

N2

= 10 (1000)
= 10.000 mol/jam
Dari hubungan pembantu

N3 NO = 0,95 N1
= 0,95 (1000)
= 950 mol/jam

Neraca NO
NOUTNO = NinNO + 4r1
950
= 0 + 4r1
r1
= 237,5 mol/jam

Neraca NH3
NOUTNH3
0
r2

= NinNH3 - 4r1 2r2

= 1000 4(237,5) 2r2
= 25 mol/jam

Neraca O2
NOUTO2 = NinO2 - 5r1 3/2 r2
= 0,21 (10000) 5(237,5) 3/2 (25)
= 875 mol/jam

Neraca H2O
NOUTH2O

= NinH2O + 6r1 + 3r2

= 0 + 6 (237,5) + 3 (25)
= 1500 mol/jam

Neraca N2
NOUTN2

= NinN2 + r2
= 0,79 (10.000) + 25
= 7925 mol/jam

Jadi, N3

= N3O2 + N3H2O + N3NO + N3N2

= 875 + 1500 + 950 + 7925

= 11.250 mol/jam
Langkah II, hitung REAKTOR II
Neraca NO
NoutNO
0
r3

= NinNO r3
= 950 r3
= 950 mol/jam

Neraca O2
NoutO2 = NinO2 r3
0
= 875 (950)
= 400 mol/jam

Neraca N2
NoutN2

Neraca NO2
NoutNO2

= NinN2 + 0
= 7925 mol/jam

= NinNO2 + r3
= 0 + 950
= 950 mol/jam

Neraca H2O
NoutH2O = NinH2O + 0
= 1500 + 0
= 1500 mol/jam

Jadi, N4

= N4NO2 + N4O2 + N4H2O + N4N2

= 950 + 400 + 1500 + 7925
= 10775 mol/jam

Setelah itu, hitung alur Overall (1,2,5,6,7) In = 1,2,5

Neraca O2 . . . . . . (1)
Nout
X6O2

Out = 6,7

= NinO2 5r1 3/2 r2 r3 r4

= X2O2 N2 5r1 3/2 r2 r3 r4
= 0,21 (10.000) 5 (237,5) 3/2 (25) (950) r4
= 400 r4

Neraca N2 . . . . . . (2)

Nout
= NinN2 + r2
X2N2 N6
= X2N2 . N2 + r2
6
6
(1 0,005 . 0,1 XO2 )N
= 0,79 (10.000) + 25
6
6
(0,895 XO2 )N
= 7925

Neraca H2O . . . . . . (3)

NoutH2O
= NinH2O + 6r1 + 3r2 r4
X7H2O N7 + X6H2O N6 = XH2O5 + 6r1 + 3r2 r4
0,4 N7 + 0,1 N6= 1 (N5) + 6(237,5) + 3(25) r4
0,4 N7 + 0,1 N
= N5 + 1500 r4
Neraca NO2 . . . . . . (4)
NoutNO2
X6NO2 N6
0,005 N6

= NinNO2 + r3 2r4
= 0 + r3 2r4
= 950 2r4

Neraca HNO3 . . . . . . (5)

NoutHNO3
= NinHNO3 + 2r4
7
7
X HNO3 N
= 0 + 2r4
7
0,6 N
= 2r4
Eliminasi neraca O2 dengan N2 . . . . . . . .(6)
X6O2 N6 = 400 r4
------------>> X6O2 N6
= 400 r4
6
6
(0,895 - X O2)N = 7925
------------>> (0,895 - X6O2)N6
= 7925
----------------------------------------- +
0,895 N6 = 8325 r4
Eliminasi neraca 4 dengan 6
0,005 N6 = 950 2 r4
------------>> 0,00125 N6
= 237,5 r4
------------>> (0,895 - X6O2)N6
= 8325 r4
----------------------------------------- +
0,89375 N6
= 8087,5
6
N
=9048,95mol/jam
Neraca N2
------>> (0,895 XO26) . (9048,95) = 7925
XO26

Neraca NO2

------>> 0,005 (9048,95)

= 950 2r4

2r4
r4

Neraca HNO3 ------>> 0,6 N7 = 2 (452,37)

N7

= 1507,92

= 904,755
= 452,37

= 0,0192

Neraca H2O

------>> 0,4 (1507,92) + 0,1 (9048,95) = N5+1500

452,37
603,17 + 904,895 = N5 + 1047,63
N5 = 460,435

3.32

Ethylene oxide is made by the partial oxidation of ethylene with oxygen using
a silver catalyst:
2C2H4 + O2 2C2H4O
An undesirable side reaction also occurs:
C2H4 + 3O2 2CO2 + 2H2O
With a reactor inlet composition of 10% C 2H4, 11% O2, 1% CO2, and the rest
N2 inert dilute, 25% conversion is observed and the reactor outlet stream is
found to contain 2 mol CO2 per 1 mol H2O. The ethylene oxide is removed
from the stream leaving the reactor by means of an absorber. The overhead
gases from the absorber are found to contain 6 mol C2H4 per 1 mol CO2. The
C2H4O-containing liquid (4% C2H4O) from the absorber is sent to a steam
stripper. The product, stream 12, analyzes 25% C2H4O. Part of gases from
the absorber are purged and the remainder is recycled to the reactor.
(a) Construct a degree-of-freedom table and show the process is specified.
(b) Deduce a calculation order assuming all flows and compositions are to be
calculated. Give explanations.
(c) Calculate the diluent N2 required per mole of C2H4 fed to the process.
(d) Calculate the overall yield of C2H4O from C2H4 in the process.
Calculate the fractional yield of C2H4o as it occurs in the reactor itself.
Explain why these are different.

Gambar 3.32 :

Splitter

Absorb

Mixe

Diluent

Reaktor

Stipper
Strippe
Steam
Steam

Penyelesaian :
Diketahui :
HubunganPembantu :
5

NC 2H 4

= 0,75 x 0.1 x N4

N 5CO2 = 2 x N 5H 2 O

KendalaPembagi :
(N-1)(S-1) = (4-1)(2-1)

=3
Reaksi yang terjadi :
2C2H4 + O2 2C2H4O
C2H4 + 3O2 2CO2 + 2H2O

Mixe
r

Reakto
r

Absorber

11

10 + 2

14

3
0

3
0

0
7
4

Variabel alur
alir
Neraca TTSL
Spesifikasi:
-Komposisi
-Laju Alir
-Hub.
Pembantu
Total
DK

Strippe Splitte
r
r

Proses

Overall

12

33 + 2

11 + 2

23

1
0

2
0

0
0

5
0

1
0

11
1

9
5

5
3

34
1

8
5

a. Tabel Derajat kebebasan

b. Persamaan dari Laju Alir dan Komposisi :

1. Reaktor
Basis ( N4 ) = 1000

HubunganPembantu
N 5C 2 H 4 = 0,75 x 0,1 x N4

= 0,75 x 0,1 x 1000

N 5C 2 H 4

= 75

N CO2

N 5C 2 H 4

=2

NH 2O

Persamaan :
N 5C 2 H 4 =
a.

N 4C 2 H 4

2r1 r2

75 = 1000 x 0.1 - 2r1 r2

75 = 100 - 2r1 r2
2r1 r2= 25(1)
b.

N 5O 2

4
= N O2 r1 3r2

= 1000 x 0.11 - r1 3r2

= 110- r1 3r2................(2)
5

NN 2 =

c.

NN 2

= 0,78 x 1.000
= 780
N 5CO2

d.

4
= N CO2 + 2r2.(3)

= 10+ 2r2
5
N H 20 =
e.

N H 20 + 2r
2

= 0 + 2r2
= 2r2.(4)
N 5C 2 H 4 O

f.

4
= N C 2 H 4 O + 2r1

= 0 + 2r1
= 2r1(5)
N 5CO2 = 10 + 2r2(3)

g.

N H 2 O = 10+ 2r2

2 x 2r2 = 10+ 2r2

4r2= 10+ 2r2
2r2
= 10
r2
= 5
h. 2r1 r2= 25(1)
2r1 = 20
r1= 10
Jadi, N5 Total = 990
2. Absorber

HubunganPembantu :
6

XC 2H 4

Persamaan :
N 5C 2 H 4 =
a.
6

= 6 XC 2H 4

N 6C 2 H 4

N C 2 H 4 = 75..(1)

b.

NO2 =

NO2

N 6O2 = 85..(2)
c.

N 5N 2 =

N 6N 2

N 6N 2 =780...(3)
d.

N 5CO2
20 =

e.

N 6CO2 + N 9CO2

=
6

N CO2 + N CO2 .(4)

N 5H 2 O =

9
N 10
H 2 O + N H 20

10
10 + N H 2 O =

f.

NC 2H 4O

N 9H 20 .(5)

= N9. XC2H4O

20 = N9x 0,04
N9 = 500
g.

N C 2 H 4 = 75.(1)
X 6C 2 H 4

. N6= 75

6
N6.6 N CO2 = 75
6
6 N CO2

N 6CO2
6

N CO2

= 75
= 75/6
= 12,5

h. Di Alur 6 :
N 6C 2 H 4 = 75
N 6O 2 = 85
6

N N 2 = 780
N 6CO2

= 12,5

N6 = 952,5

10

NH 2O =

i. 10 +

N H 20 .(5)

10

10 + N H 2 O = N9.

X H 20

10
9
10 + N H 2 O = ( 0,96 - X CO 2 ) 500
10
10 + N H 2 O = 480 500

X 9CO 2

10

10 + N H 2 O = 480 500 (0,015)

10

N H 2 O = 462,5

j.

20 =

N CO2 + N CO2 .(4)

N 9CO2

20 = 12,5 +
N 9CO2

= 7,5

9
N9 . X CO2

500 . X

= 7,5

9
CO2

= 7,5

X 9CO 2 = 0,015
Maka, Alur 6 terdiri dari:
6
1. N6. X C 2 H 4 = 75
X 6C 2 H 4 = 75/952,5
X 6C 2 H 4 = 0,0787
6

2. N6. X O 2 = 85
X 6O 2 = 85 / 952,5
X 6O 2 = 0,0892
6
3. N6. X N 2 = 780
6

X N 2 = 780 / 952, 5

X N 2 = 0,8188
6

X CO 2 = 12,5

4. N6.
6

X CO 2 = 12,5 / 952,5
X 6CO 2 = 0,01312
Maka Alur 9 terdiri dari :
X 9C 2 H 4 = 0,04
1.
2.

X 9CO 2 = 0,015

3.

X 9H 2O

4.

N9

= 0,01312

= 500

3. Stripper
HubunganPembantu :
a. 1 -

12

X CO 2 +

12

XC 2H 4 O =

X 12
CO 2
= 1 0,25 0,09375
12

X CO 2 = 0,65625
Maka :
1.

N 12
C 2 H 4 O = 80 . 0,75
12

N C 2 H 4 O = 20
2.

N 12
CO2
= 80 . 0,09375
N 12
CO2

3.

= 7,5

80 . 0,65625
N 12
H 2O =
12
N H 2 O = 52,5

Persamaan :

12

X H 2O

a.

NC 2H 4O

12

NC2H 4O

20 = N12. XC2H4O
N12= 20 / 0,25
N12= 80
b.

N CO2 = N12. XCO2

7,5 = N12. XCO2
XCO2 = 7,5 / 80
XCO2 = 0,09375

c.

N 9H 2 O +
472,5+

N 11
H 2O =

N 12
H 2O +

11

N H 2 O =52,5 + 462,5

N 11
H 2O
=42,5

12

X CO 2 +

d. 1 -

12

XC 2H 4 O =

X 12
CO 2
= 1 0,25 0,09375
12

X CO 2 = 0,65625
e.

12

N C 2 H 4 O = 80 . 0,75
N 12
C 2 H 4 O = 20

f.

12

N CO2 = 80 . 0,09375
N 12
CO2
= 7,5

g.

80 . 0,65625
N 12
H 2O =
12
N H 2 O = 52,5

4. Mixer
Persamaan :
a.

N CO2 = N8. X CO 2
10 = N8 . 0,01312

12

X H 2O

N 10
H 2O

N8 = 762
4

b. N4 . X O 2 = N8. X O 2 +
110 = 67,9709 +

N O2

N 2O2

N 2O 2 = 42, 0291
N 4C 2 H 4

c.

NC2H 4

100 =
1

d.

N 1C 2 H 4 + N8. X 8C 2 H 4

NC 2H 4

= 40

N 4N 2 =

N 3N 2 +

+ 762 (0,07879)

N 8N 2

3
780 = N N 2 + 762 (0,0188)
3

N N 2 = 156
5. Splitter (Pembagi) :
Karena di Splitter ( Pembagi ), terdapat kendala pembagi :
X 6C 2 H 4 =X C8 2 H 4= X 7C 2 H 4 = 0,07874
a.
6

b.

X O 2 =X O 2= X O 2 = 0,0892

c.

X N 2= X N 2=X N 2 = 0,8188

d.

X 6CO 2=X 8CO 2=X 7CO2 = 0,01312

Persamaan :
N 6C 2 H 4 = N8. X 8C 2 H 4 +

N 7C 2 H 4

75 =762 .( 0,07874 ) + N7 ( 0,07874)

N7= 190,5
c. Perbandingan N2dengan C2H4 terhadap umpan yang masuk :

N 3N 2
N 1C 2 H 4

156
40

= 3,9

d. Fraksi Yield dari C2H4O :

N 5C 2 H 4 O
X Fraksi . N 4C 2 H 4 O X 100%

20
0,25. 0,1 .1000 X 100%
20

= 25 X 100%
= 80%
e. Fraksi Yield dari C2H4O :
5
N C 2H 4O
Y = X Fraksi . N 4
X 100%
C 2H 4O
=

20
0,25. 0,1 .1000

20
25

= 80%

X 100%

X 100%