The Origin and Exchange of Obsidian From PDF

B. Tripkovi, M.
Mili, The Origin and Exchange of Obsidian from Vina Belo Brdo
Starinar LVIII/2008,
71-86
BOBAN TRIPKOVI, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Philosophy,

Department of Archaeology, Belgrade
MARINA MILI, University College London, Institute of Archaeology, London
THE ORIGIN AND EXCHANGE OF OBSIDIAN

FROM VINA BELO BRDO
UDC
doi
Original research article
Received: January 19, 2009

Accepted: May 04, 2009
Abstract: Since the time of the revolutionary characterisation of obsidian in the 1960s only a small number of artefacts from the
Serbian sites have been analysed, of which at least seven samples come from the site of Vina. These results showed that obsidian
was coming from Carpathian sources, disproving old romantic ideas of the existence of local obsidian sources in the central Balkans.
These results allowed for the development of ideas about exchange networks of interregional importance during the Late Neolithic
in which obsidian was an integral component. In this paper we will be discussing the results of the characterisation of 60 obsidian
samples, representing ca. 4% of the entire obsidian assemblage from the site. The samples were taken from the whole Neolithic
sequence at Vina selecting macroscopically different obsidian types.
Key words: Obsidian, Vina, characterisation, ED-XRF, Carpathian 1, exchange.
Introduction
ince the beginning of the 20th century very few
sites have enjoyed such undivided attention of
experts and wider public alike as the site of
Belo Brdo (white hill) in Vina. Located on the right
bank of the Danube, some 14 kilometres southeast of
Belgrade, the site of Belo Brdo was the first extensively excavated prehistoric settlement in the Central
Balkans. It yielded almost 10 meters of cultural strata
with sequences ranging from the Neolithic to the late
Medieval period.1 The life of the Neolithic settlement
can be dated between 5500 and 4600 BC,2 presenting
us with a continuum of change in styles and typologies of material culture, technological advances and
innovations within the regional context of southeast
Europe.3 Since the time of Miloje Vasi, the first excavator of the site,4 various types of artefacts were
periodically singled out from the almost inexhaustible

collection and studied in detail. To name but a few:
ground and chipped stone tools;5 pottery;6 small copper and malachite implements;7 bone and marine shell
tools and jewellery8 and still, the possibilities for additional study of the site do not cease. 9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Srejovi et al. 1984.

Glser 1996; Schier 1996; Bori 2009.
Garaanin 1951; Garaanin 1979; Garaanin 1990; Chapman 1981.
Vassits 1910; 1932; 1936a; 1936b;
1936c.
Srejovi, Jovanovi 1957; Radovanovi et al. 1984; Antonovi 1992.
Schier 1996.
Antonovi 2004.
Srejovi, Jovanovi 1959; Dimitrijevi, Tripkovi 2003; Dimitrijevi,
Tripkovi 2006; Tripkovi 2006.
Tasi, Ignjatovi 2008.
* The article results from the project: Transition Proceses in the Neolithic of Southeast Europe (no 147011A) funded by the Ministry
of Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia.
Boban Tripkovi, e-mail: btripkov@f.bg.ac.rs
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B. Tripkovi, M. Mili, The Origin and Exchange of Obsidian from Vina Belo Brdo
The regional importance of Vina Belo Brdo

and its active role in networks of intercultural exchange is probably best reflected in the large number of exotica found in virtually all Vina culture sequences at the site.10 While copper implements and
marine shell jewellery have recently been studied in
detail, research into obsidian, one of the essential symbols of communication and contacts of inter-regional
importance,11 has remained limited to typological
analysis.12 On the other hand, despite being one of the
three largest obsidian collections in modern day Serbia, and by far the most numerous one south of the
rivers Sava and Danube,13 the value of the assemblage
from Vina suffers from poor contextual records. This
problem is best reflected by the absence of precise excavation data relating to the stratigraphic context of
most chipped stone artefacts. This situation is the case
for most categories of artefacts recovered from the
site, leaving us with many open questions regarding
their association with specific houses (i.e. households)
or the manner of their deposition. Still, because of the
meticulous work of Miloje Vasi for his time, precise
data of artefact coordinates and relative frequency exists for the Vina obsidians. It is of much importance
to emphasize this, as vertical and layered sequences of
the settlements at Vina allow us to evaluate not only
the frequency of obsidian through time, but also facilitates comparison with other imported or locally crafted
goods. In contrast to this there is little or no contextual
data for other settlements located in the area around
Vrac (Potporanj, At, Kozluk) where large quantities
of obsidian have been recovered.14 At Vina we can
thus trace routes and historical contexts through which
obsidian and other goods of regional and intercultural
significance appear at this important site of prehistoric
Europe.
Some 46% of the chipped stone industry, or at
least 1488 obsidian pieces, were discovered in the 1929
to 1934 excavations at the site.15 The greatest quantity
of obsidian from the deep stratigraphic sequence of
Vina was recovered from between 9.0 and 7.0
meters depth, accounting for 69.9% of the recovered
chipped stone industry. Above this, obsidian is found
more sporadically disappearing completely just above
the 4 meter mark. The latest known obsidian artefact is
recorded at 3.8 meters.16 The absence of obsidian in
the later phases in Vina could be related to the excavation methodology employed in the early campaigns.
The modern surface of Vina settlement is uneven
so that the identical relative depth of some obsidian
pieces does not necessarily mean that they belong to
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the same cultural horizon.17 Data published on the excavations between 1929 and 1934 show that only 13
chipped stone artefacts in total were recovered from
above 4.0 meters,18 a number disproportionate with
the size of the excavated area. In light of the recent
excavations at Vina (1978-1986; 1998-2008) and the
modern excavation methodology including soil sieving and the collection of very small finds, sporadic
presence of obsidian pieces even in the latest phases
of the Neolithic settlement. This proves the more or
less continuous use of obsidian between the middle of
the 6th and 5th millennia BC.19
Previous characterization
The first studies of the chemical composition of
geological and archaeological obsidians were conducted in the 1960s by Renfrew and colleagues.20
Numerous characterization methods based on the
identical chemical composition of obsidians along
the entire lava flow have been developed and refined
over time. The basic chemical components of obsidian are silica dioxide (SiO2) consisting of between 70
and 75%, aluminium oxide (Al2O3) with 10-15%, sodium oxide (Na2O) with 3-5%, potassium oxide (K2O)
with 2-5% and Iron oxide (Fe2O3) constituting 1-5%.21
Other components are present as trace elements and
differ depending on the source origin, enabling us to
distinguish various types of obsidian on the basis of
measurement of their relative concentrations.
Only a small number of samples found in archaeological sites in modern-day Serbia (out of which at
10 Chapman 1981; Dimitrijevi, Tripkovi 2006.

11 Tripkovi 2001; Tripkovi 2004a.
12 Radovanovi et al. 1984.
13 Chapman 1981: 80; Tripkovi 2004.
14 Milleker 1938; up. Joanovi 1982, 8.
15 Typological and technological analysis of the chipped stone industries at Vina from the seasons 1929-1934 have been done by I.
Radovanovi (1984). This assemblage is stored in the Archaeological Collection at the Faculty of Philosophy in Belgrade. Obsidian
artefacts found during excavations 1908-1924 kept in the stores of
the National Museum in Belgrade have never been analyzed and the
number of these artefacts remain unknown. A number of artefacts
from Vina, including obsidian are stored in the Museum in Birmingham (Renfrew, Cann and Dixon 1965).
16 Srejovi, Jovanovi 1957; Radovanovi et al. 1984.
17 The relative depth in which obsidian was found was taken from point
zero which remained the same for all seasons of excavation before
the Second World War (1908, 1910-1913, 1924, 1929-1934).
19 During seasons 1978-1986 the final phases of the settlements were
explored and the obsidian from these levels was sampled.
20 Cann & Renfrew 1964; Renfrew, Dixon and Cann 1966; Renfrew,
Dixon and Cann 1968; Cann, Dixon and Renfrew 1969.
21 Glascock, Braswell and Cobean 1998.
72
least seven were from Vina) have undergone chemical analysis since the characterization work in the
1960s. In their first article Cann and Renfrew used
optical spectography, to characterise one blade from
Vina (from 8.7 meters) among their 115 samples,
and placed it in their group Ia on the basis of trace
elements and other attributes, denoting a Carpathian
origin of the sample.22 Spectroscopic analysis of three
more blades (from 4.1 m, 8.5 and 8.7 m) have
yielded the same results.23 Over the next four decades
Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) was used to characterize at least three more artefacts from the site
showing that two originate from Central Europe24 and
at least one to be from the Carpathian 1 source in present day Slovakia.25
Existing results prove that obsidian from the
Central Balkans originates in Carpathian sources
which represents a good basis for the rejection of earlier ideas of the existence of local sources of obsidian somewhere in the Central Balkans area.26 Furthermore this data offers a sound foundation for the idea
of significant inter-regional trade networks in the late
Neolithic period in which obsidian exchange played a
very important role.27 It is important to emphasise that
these pioneering characterizations were performed on
a statistically inadequate number of samples. This emphasizes the necessity to use a statistically validated
number of characterized obsidian samples to interpret
complex stratigraphic sequences of the settlement
history in Vina and other nearby sites. An important
project on the characterization of obsidian artefacts
from the Central Balkans was therefore initiated in
2006, resulting in 60 samples (around 4% of the collection) from chipped stone industry of Vina being
analysed. In relation to the vast stratigraphic sequence
of the site, a complex sampling strategy has been developed with clear methodological underpinnings: a)
samples were chosen to represent the entire span of the
Neolithic sequence and b) to test the possibility of a
future macroscopic discrimination of obsidian artefact
origins.
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during sampling of the obsidian material from the important Neolithic site of atalhyk (Turkey). This
proved to be important for the future macroscopic discrimination of different obsidian types.28
Visual characteristics. Macroscopic discrimination of the obsidians represented the key role within
the sampling. The main aim in this was to enable identification of the obsidian source during excavation or
techno-typological analysis of chipped stone tools,
avoiding the need for expensive analytical techniques.
Obsidian is a distinctive raw material within the lithics
assemblages, but obsidians from different sources also
show different visual properties. Obsidian colour and
texture vary depending on the conditions under which
lava cooled and the environment in which the obsidian
was formed. A higher concentration of iron creates a
reddish coloured obsidian while paralkaline obsidians
have a distinctive green colour.29 Occasionally obsidians contain spherulites which give them characteristic
speckle appearance, as is the case for Aegean obsidian from Giali island.30 Therefore, visual discrimination represents an important component for obsidian
sampling and has been comprehensively applied to the
Vina assemblage. The raw materials were grouped
into distinct types on a basis of colour, translucency,
texture, banding and inclusions (Figure 1): (1) Completely transparent, (2) Transparent with dark lines,
(3) Completely transparent with tinny white lines, (4)
Completely transparent with dark stains, (5) Transparent dark sprinkled, (6) Transparent light sprinkled, (7)
Grey cloudy with rough glossy surface.
22 The piece is assigned to group I, together with obsidians from
Hungary, Slovakia, Melos, Armenia and south Anatolia, but on
the basis of colour and translucency it was separated in group Ia,
i.e. Carpathian source. The authors indicated that the sample was
received from the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology in
Cambridge and was found during M. M. Vasis excavations. The
obsidian blade (No. 62) possibly belongs to the Starevo culture;
it is described as clear (white), translucent/transparent (Cann and
Renfrew 1964: 126, 131, Table 1, Table II).
23 All three samples were assigned to Group I, supra note 22.
Furthermore, on the basis of their physical properties (transparency
and translucency) they were assigned to the Carpathian source
(subgroup Ia). The samples were found during the excavations of
M. M. Vasi and belong to the Museum in Birmingham. One of the
artefacts was dated to the Starevo culture (8.7). In the table, the
samples from the depth of 4.1 and 8.7 metres are described as
transparent, while the sample from the 8.5 meter is grey in colour
(T. II, samples 151, 152 and 153) - Renfrew, Cann and Dixon 1965,
234-237, Fig. 1, Fig. 4.
24 Aspinall, Feather and Renfrew 1972: 334.
25 Williams-Thorpe, Warren and Nandris 1984. The article refers the
origin of the obsidians, not the number of analyzed pieces.
26 see Tripkovi 2004.
27 Glii 1968; Chapman 1981; Tripkovi 2004.
28 Carter et al. 2006.
29 Carter et al. 2008.
30 Warren 1969: 135-136; Betancourt 1997.
New characterisation: sampling strategy and

analysis
The large number of obsidian artefacts and their
different frequency within the long history of the tell
required the development of a targeted sampling strategy prior to the chemical analysis. The criteria for
sampling included: (a) visual characteristics of the raw
materials, (b) technology and typology of the artefacts
and (c) archaeological contexts in which the obsidians were found. The same method has been practiced
73
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Fig. 1. Macroscopically defined obsidian types from Vina Belo Brdo: 1 Completely transparent; 2
Transparent with dark lines; 3 Completely transparent with fine light lines; 4 Completely transparent with
dark stains; 5 Transparent dark sprinkled; 6 Transparent light sprinkled; 7 Grey cloudy with rough glossy
surface. Types of raw materials are represented with samples 38 (type 1), 28 (type 2), 37 (type 3), 39 (type 4), 13
(type 5), 17 (type 6), and 42 (type 7)
. 1. : 1
; 2 ; 3 ; 4
; 5 , ; 6 , ;
7 , . 38
( 1), 28 ( 2), 37 ( 3), 39 ( 4), 13 ( 5), 17 ( 6), 42 ( 7).
Technology and typology. The strategy employed

required the selection of artefacts which were of a diagnostic nature. Our aim was to separate characteristic artefacts within the chane opratoire such as
cores, waste debris, rejuvenation pieces, end-products
(blades).31 Sampled types are illustrated in Figures 2
and 3. This approach enabled us to identify in what
form the obsidian was brought to the site; in the form
of nodules which were then locally worked in the settlement or as end-products as part of the exchange processes. Previous techno-typological analyses showed
that number of obsidian cores from the site is 22
which represents ca. 1,5% of the obsidian assemblage.
The other technological categories are represented in
forms of waste debris (20%) and blades (78,5%). On
the basis of the large percentage of blades it has been
suggested that the obsidian was imported to the site in
ready-made form.32 However, most of the cores, flakes
and blades in Vina were found in the earlier phases
of the tell, at a depth of 7 m and lower.33 Their existence together indicates the presence of the whole operational chane and production of the artefacts within
the settlement at least during certain phases. It is also
significant that a whole core tablet was revealed within House 6 which belonged to the final occupational
phase of the settlement, dating 4689-4502 cal BC.34

Thus, it is likely that obsidian was brought to Vina
as a more or less prepared raw material, in the form
of non-cortical nodules which could be used for the
manufacture of regular unipolar blade cores and in the
end unipolar prismatic blades. Most of the cores are
quite small in size (between 10-20mm in length) and
exhausted which implies that they have been recovered in their last stage of reduction. The initial size
of the nodules and cores in the form they entered the
settlement unfortunately remains unknown.
Contexts. Since Belo Brdo represents a multiperiod settlement, our aim was to sample artefacts
that represent all phases of the sites history. The sam
ples were separated on the basis of the relative depth
as recorded and labelled during the excavation of
M. M. Vasi (1929-1934). A small number of pieces
that were found during 1978-1986 seasons were also
possible to be included in our program. From each of
31 Due to ongoing techno-typological analysis of the obsidian assem
blage from 1929-1934 seasons (by Mrs. Ljiljana urii), our sample was limited to non-diagnostic and non-retouched pieces.
33 Radovanovi et al. 1984, 19.
34 Bori 2009.
74
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Fig. 2. Characterized artefacts from Vina, samples 1 - 27.

. 2. , 1 27.
obsidian. The percentage of obsidian artefacts in the
chipped stone assemblage from this depth totalled
69,9%35. Finally, the number of samples taken from
the levels we separated pieces that belonged to the

above mentioned visual types or ones that existed in
all of the depth ranges. The number of pieces depended
on the size of the assemblage within each level, the
largest of which was the sample taken from the phases
at the 7,0 7,9 depth which were the richest in
35 Number of pieces in all depths c.f. Radovanovi et al. 1984, 14.
75
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Fig. 3. Characterized artefacts from Vina, samples 28 - 60.

. 3. , 28-60.
each phase was (Table 1): 3,0 - 3,9 one piece;
4,0 - 4,9 seven pieces; 5,0 - 5,9 eight
pieces; 6,0 - 6,9 eight pieces; 7,0 - 7,9
twelve pieces; 8,0 - 8,9 eleven pieces; 9,0
- 9,9 six pieces; 9,13 - 10,30 one piece;
seasons 1978-1986 (final occupational phase, Vina
D) six pieces (Table 1, No. 1-6).
The obsidian samples were characterized using

ED-XRF (energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence) at the
Geoarchaeological laboratory at Berkeley University,
California. The technique is fast and non-destructive,
and samples do not require any initial preparation
(size should not be smaller than 10mm). The same
method was used to analyse geological samples from
76
No.
Context
Level 24
Description
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Dimensions in cm
Obsidian type
Medial fragment of a flake with 20% of cortex
1,62 x 2,3 x 0,38
House 6
Complete flake from core preparation
3,2 x 2,2 x 0,43
Level 6
Distal fragment of regular unipolar blade
2,78 x 0,74 x 0,19
Level 6
Medial fragment regular unipolar blade
1,4 x 1,11 x 0,28
Level 1
Proximal fragment of a flake unilaterally retouched

on distal truncation
1,35 x 1,34 x 0,26
Level 10
Proximal fragment of a flake
1,02 x 1,07 x 0,2
3,8
Irregular flake
1,65 x 1,29 x 0,55
4,0-4,9
Complete flake
1,93 x 1,52 x 0,25
4,0-4,9
Complete regular unipolar blade modified with

unilateral marginal retouch
1,98 x 0,61 x 0,15
10
4,0-4,9
Proximal fragment of regular unipolar blade with

60% of cortex
1,25 x 0,66 x 0,26
11
4,0-4,9
Complete flake
1,51 x 1,28 x 0,57
12
4,0-4,9
Distal fragment of a preparation piece from a blade

core
2,61 x 0,94 x 0,23
Proximal fragment of a regular unipolar blade
1,65 x 0,85 x 0,18
Complete flake with 40% of cortex
2,7 x 1,63 x 0,53
4,21 x 0,99 x 0,23
13
4,3
14
4,0-4,9
15
5,2
16
5,0-5,9
Medial fragment of a regular unipolar blade
1,26 x 1,17 x 0,3
17
5,0-5,9
Complete flake
1,99 x 1,12 x 0,21
18
5,0-5,9
2,62 x 0,88 x 0,23
19
5,3
Complete regular unipolar blade
2,65 x 0,67 x 0,17
20
5,0-5,9
1,76 x 0,83 x 0,21
21
5,0-5,9
1,31 x 0,78 x 0,15
22
5,0-5,9
1,42 x 1,3 x 0,21
23
6,6
1,65 x 0,97 x 0,14
24
6,9
1,33 x 0,9 x 0,1
25
6,0-6,9
2,84 x 0,84 x 0,26
26
6,6
Complete preparation piece
1,95 x 3,24 x 0,36
27
6,6
Complete flake modified with unilateral marginal

retouch
1,4 x 2,21 x 0,37
28
6,0-6,9
Complete blade-like-flake
2,17 x 0,75 x 0,25
29
6,5
3,23 x 0,9 x 0,25
30
6,0-6,9
2,18 x 0,89 x 0,21
31
7,7
3,28 x 0,87 x 0,15
32
7,7
2,14 x 0,69 x 0,19
33
7,8
1,54 x 0,83 x 0,15
34
7,8
Medial fragment r of a regular unipolar blade
1,72 x 0,97 x 0,27
35
7,4
2,05 x 0,66 x 0,17
36
7,8
1,46 x 0,79 x 0,16
37
7,0-7,9
2,47 x 0,89 x 0,25
38
7,8
2,58 x 0,95 x 0,18
77
No.
Context
39
7,8
40
Description
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Dimensions in cm
Obsidian type
2,17 x 0,86 x 0,17
7,8
1,46 x 1,67 x 0,25
41
7,7
3,34 x 0,87 x 0,22
42
7,7
2,5 x 1,04 x 0,24
43
8,0-8,9
Proximal fragment of a flake
1,19 x 0,8 x 0,29
44
8,0-8,9
Complete flake
1,48 x 1,77 x 0,44
45
8,3
1,94 x 0,87 x 0,17
46
8,1
1,9 x 0,93 x 0,2
47
8,5
1,32 x 1,17 x 0,2
48
8,1
2,08 x 1,1 x 0,29
49
8,4
2,67 x 0,98 x 0,22
50
8,0-8,9
1,79 x 0,82 x 0,16
51
8,4
1,8 x 0,81 x 0,29
52
8,7
Proximal fragment of a bipolar blade with 5% of

cortex
1,98 x 0,68 x 0,17
53
8,4
Distal fragment of a blade-like-flake
54
9,2
55
2,01 x 1,01 x 0,23
3,4 x 0,71 x 0,17
9,0-9,9
Complete regular unipolar blade
2,41 x 0,56 x 0,16
56
9,0-9,9
1,73 x 0,8 x 0,2
57
9,0-9,9
1,44 x 0,69 x 0,14
58
9,0-9,9
1,42 x 0,97 x 0,2
59
9,0-9,9
1,27 x 0,55 x 0,2
60
9,13-10,30
1,77 x 0,94 x 0,35
Table 1. Obsidian samples from Belo Brdo in Vina.

1.
the Carpathian sources in Slovakia (Carpathian 1) and

Hungary (Carpathian 2) in order to compare results of
the composition of the archaeological artefacts with the
geological samples. During prehistory obsidian from
both sources was widely in use, though the Slovakian
obsidian was more intensively exploited as the raw
material was of better quality. Across the Danube,
Neolithic communities from Southeast Pannonia also
consumed the obsidian from Slovakian sources more
frequently.
of the Vina artefacts sampled can be grouped within

one cluster, indicating the same origin. In comparison
with the geological samples it is clear that all of the
Vina obsidians originate from Carpathian 1 source
in present day Slovakia. These results are in full accordance with all of the previous characterizations of
Vina culture obsidian found in the region, including
those from the Romanian Banat region.36 Considering
the number of characterized samples (4% of the entire number of artefacts) and the systematic sampling
procedure, two analytical postulations can be made:
(1) this work represents an important step towards
the affirmation of the macroscopic discrimination of
Results and comments

Following the analysis of the obsidian samples,
the combination of three chemical elements has proven the most usable: Zirconium (Zr), Iron (Fe) and
Strontium (Sr). The diagram (Figure 4) shows that all
36 Williams-Thorpe 1984; Biagi, Gratuze and Boucetta 2007; Biagi,

De Francesco and Bocci 2007.
78
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Fig. 4. Correlation
between Fe (Iron),
Zr (Zirconium) and
Sr (Strontium) of
archaeological and
geological samples
. 4.
Fe (), Zr
() Sr
()

obsidians found in Central Balkans that originate from

Carpathian 1 source, (2) the evidence indicates that the
obsidian pieces from the Belo Brdo site in Vina all
originate from the same source. If the future shows the
latter postulation to be true, then we may undoubtedly
state that the Neolithic community of Vina, as well
as others in the vicinity,37 have recognized, appreciated and valued mainly obsidian originating from the
Carpathian 1 source.
In order to understand the number of obsidian
artefacts and their origin, it is important to understand
the nature of contacts of the Vina community with
communities located in the north through whom the
obsidian was provided. Traditionally, it was assumed
that the Vina inhabitants have had intensive and long
lasting inter-cultural contacts with the Tisza communities of the Carpathian basin. These contacts were
evidenced not only in numerous obsidian artefacts,
but also in the sporadic occurrence of the pottery and
other materials that belong to Tisza cultural circle.38
Aside from this, the wider area of the middle Danube
including Vina and southeast Pannonian basin is part
of an interactive cultural zone in which other types of
culturally non-specific items circulate, like alabaster,
marble and marine shell jewellery.39 Obsidian should

almost certainly be regarded as one of the links and
reasons for communication and contacts of Vina and
Tisza communities. With its dominance in the chipped
stone industry at Vina (located several hundred kilometres away from the source) it is a product of an
efficient exchange network that was also manifested in
the appearance of other exotic goods. One of the possible directions for further research into the extent of
these contacts is the discovery of a monumental Myres
pithos in Vina (7.44 m), which coincides with a
high frequency of obsidian artefacts. The primary
assumption was that the size of the huge vessel (1,2
meter high) did not allow for its direct import from
the Tisza culture region, thus making it plausible to be
a local on-site production.40 Furthermore it has been
proposed that the creation of the pithos is the result
of marriage connections between inhabitants of Vina
and Tisza communities, also manifested through a
37 Biagi, De Francesco and Bocci 2007.
38 Tripkovi 2004; Glii 1968; Chapman 1981; Radovanovi et al.
1984.
39 Chapman 1981; Korek 1988; Kalicz, Raczky 1987; Mller 1997.
40 Glii 1968; Garaanin 1979.
79
high frequency of obsidian and other artefacts exotic

to the origin.41 Having in mind that these contacts were
especially intensive in the last centuries of the 6th millennium BC, the appearance of a monumental pithos
in Vina most definitely represents the effects of the
maximal extent of the exchange between these communities, whether as a result of marriage relationships,
regional and regular movement of goods, or as a combination of all the things.
The sheer number of obsidian artefacts in Vina
raises an issue of the manner in which the procurement
of mainly single-source obsidian has influenced its
further distribution towards other parts of the Central
Balkans. The total weight of obsidian artefacts found
at Vina, as has already been noted,42 is relatively low.
While the population of Vina must have had some
influence on the quantity of obsidian found in other
settlements south of the rivers Sava and Danube, it
remains questionable whether we can perceive an
organized and socially stimulated exchange network
functioning from the Danube region towards the in
land Balkans. Obsidian artefacts on the sites located
south of the Sava and the Danube, and especially in
the valleys of the rivers Velika and Juna Morava, are
being found only to a very limited extent, either as iso
lated examples or up to several dozen pieces per site,
a fact that does not accord with Renfrews old sugg
estion about the proportional decline of the numbers of
obsidian within a down the line exchange model.43
The accumulation of most of the obsidian in Vina,
and a limited exchange of blades (and/or cores?) may
indicate the existence of several interactive levels
within the exchange network, almost certainly leading
to the total exclusion of some settlements from it. It
must also be mentioned that, at the time the obsidian
frequency in Vina declines, other surrounding settle
ments yield a very limited number of obsidian arte
facts (e.g. Gomolava,44 Divostin,45 Banjica46). This
indicates a disturbance in active and long practiced
exchange networks and possibly even reflecting wider
social changes in the cultures of the Carpathian ba
sin.47 At the same time, most of the other settlements
of the Central Balkan region, specifically those found
south of the Sava and the Danube are focused on the
use of easily available sources of raw material found in
the close vicinity of the settlements.48 A future review
and characterization of obsidian collections originat
ing from settlements other than Vina may show the
complexity of the exchange network during the late
Neolithic in the Central Balkans.49 For now, it would
be wise to assume that the southernmost obsidian
71-86
of the Carpathian region, discovered at the sites of

Mandalo50 in Aegean Macedonia and itkovac51 in
Kosovo represent alternative routes and patterns of
movement of various goods, including the movement
of individuals outside the usual flows of reciprocal
exchange.
Conclusion
The characterization of 60 obsidian samples discovered at the Belo Brdo site in Vina represents the
largest collection characterized in the Central Balkans
to date. The results of this program of sampling allows
the creation of a framework to be applied in future studies which can provisionally discriminate the origin of
raw materials macroscopically. Finally, the results of
this research have shown that all of the samples originated in the Carpathian 1 source, though presently it
is uncertain to which extent other Carpathian sources
might have contributed to the influx of obsidian into
the Central Balkans. The available data suggests that
if this is the case, it represents a minimal percentage
at best. The Neolithic community at Vina engaged in
dynamic and long lasting modes of contact with the
communities of the Tisza region. These contacts most
likely included the exchange of many other goods, not
only obsidian, and important modals explaining the
extent and the types of this exchange have been developed. The evidence clearly shows that large quantities
of obsidian have been accrued at the site of Vina in
particular. Most of the other settlements, even those in
close proximity contain remarkably limited quantities
of this much valued black stone, representing peripheral manifestations of the obsidian exchange networks.
Obsidian travelled great distances to reach this important Danubian site, and the historical circumstances
that brought it there warrant continued exploration.
Our greatest questions are therefore relate to where
exactly did it come from and leading from this we can
now begin to chart the processes which led to its use
even at the very margins of its spatial distribution.
41 Glii 1968; Chapman 1981.
42 Chapman 1996; Chapman 1998.
43 Chapman 1981, Fig. 109-110; Kaczanowska, Kozlowski 1990a, 36.
44 Kaczanowska, Kozlowski 1990b.
45 Tringham 1988.
46 , 1961; 2007.
47 Takcs-Bir 1991, 34; Bir 1998a; Bir 1998b; Tripkovi 2004;
Kaczanowska, Kozlowski 1990,36.
48 - 1992; - 2001;
Mihailovi 2001; Radovanovi 1987; 1996; Antonovi
1997; Antonovi 2003; up. Tripkovi 2004, 171, Table 3.
49 Mili, Tripkovi: in prep.
50 Kilikoglou et al. 1996.
51 Chapman 1981, 302-303, Fig. 98.
80
Acknowledgments
Funding for the obsidian characterisation work
was awarded through the Peter N. Kujachich Endowment in Serbian and Montenegrin Studies Institute of Slavic, East European and Euroasian Studies,
Berkeley University, California. Participation of B.T
in the project was funded by the Ministry of Science,
Republic of Serbia (project 147011A). The authors
are grateful to Dr. M. Steven Shackley, the director
of Geoarchaeological X-Ray Fluorescence laboratory (Berkeley University) and Dr. Barbara Voytek
(Berkeley University). The geological samples were
provided by Dr. Grard Poupeau (CNRS Bordeaux,
71-86
France), Dr. Giulio Bigazzi (CNR Pisa, Italy) and Dr.

Tristan Carter (Hamilton University, Canada). Mrs.
Ljiljana urii kindly allowed us to sample the obsidian from the Archaeological Collection of the Faculty of Philosophy at University of Belgrade, Mrs.
Vera Bogosavljevi-Petrovi provided information
about the obsidian artefacts found during 1998-2008
seasons. We are also grateful to Dr. Nenad N. Tasi
(Director of the archaeological project at Vina Belo
Brdo) and Dr. Aleksandar Kosti (Dean of the Faculty
of Philosophy, University of Belgrade) for their support. Thanks are also due to Dr. Barry Molloy (UCD,
Ireland) for comments on the translation.
81
71-86
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B. Tripkovi, M.

BOBAN TRIPKOVI, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Philosophy,

THE ORIGIN AND EXCHANGE OF OBSIDIAN

Received: January 19, 2009

periodically singled out from the almost inexhaustible

Srejovi et al. 1984.

Boban Tripkovi, e-mail: btripkov@f.bg.ac.rs

The regional importance of Vina Belo Brdo

10 Chapman 1981; Dimitrijevi, Tripkovi 2006.

New characterisation: sampling strategy and

Technology and typology. The strategy employed

phase of the settlement, dating 4689-4502 cal BC.34

Fig. 2. Characterized artefacts from Vina, samples 1 - 27.

the levels we separated pieces that belonged to the

35 Number of pieces in all depths c.f. Radovanovi et al. 1984, 14.

Fig. 3. Characterized artefacts from Vina, samples 28 - 60.

The obsidian samples were characterized using

Medial fragment of a flake with 20% of cortex

1,62 x 2,3 x 0,38

Complete flake from core preparation

3,2 x 2,2 x 0,43

Distal fragment of regular unipolar blade

2,78 x 0,74 x 0,19

Medial fragment regular unipolar blade

1,4 x 1,11 x 0,28

Proximal fragment of a flake unilaterally retouched

1,35 x 1,34 x 0,26

Proximal fragment of a flake

1,02 x 1,07 x 0,2

1,65 x 1,29 x 0,55

1,93 x 1,52 x 0,25

Complete regular unipolar blade modified with

1,98 x 0,61 x 0,15

Proximal fragment of regular unipolar blade with

1,25 x 0,66 x 0,26

1,51 x 1,28 x 0,57

Distal fragment of a preparation piece from a blade

2,61 x 0,94 x 0,23

Proximal fragment of a regular unipolar blade

1,65 x 0,85 x 0,18

Complete flake with 40% of cortex

2,7 x 1,63 x 0,53

Proximal fragment of a regular unipolar blade

4,21 x 0,99 x 0,23

Medial fragment of a regular unipolar blade

1,26 x 1,17 x 0,3

1,99 x 1,12 x 0,21

Proximal fragment of a regular unipolar blade

2,62 x 0,88 x 0,23

Complete regular unipolar blade

2,65 x 0,67 x 0,17

Proximal fragment of a regular unipolar blade

1,76 x 0,83 x 0,21

Proximal fragment of a regular unipolar blade

1,31 x 0,78 x 0,15

Medial fragment of a regular unipolar blade

1,42 x 1,3 x 0,21

Medial fragment of a regular unipolar blade

1,65 x 0,97 x 0,14