Republic of the Philippines

SUPREME COURT
Manila
SECOND DIVISION
G.R. No. L-59318 May 16, 1983
PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, plaintiff-appellee,
vs.
ROGELIO RAMOS y GAERLAN, defendant-appellant.
The Solicitor General for plaintiff-appellee.
Antonio N. Salamera for defendant-appellant.

GUERRERO, J.:
This is an automatic review of the decision of the Court of First Instance of Manila
finding the accused Rogelio Ramos y Gaerlan in Criminal Case No. 61029 guilty
beyond reasonable doubt of violation of Section 4, Article II, in relation to Section 2(i),
Article I of the Republic Act No. 6425, as amended by P.D. No. 44 and further
amended by P.D. No. 1675, and imposing upon him the penalty of reclusion perpetua.
There is no dispute about the facts of this case. At about 10:00 o'clock in the evening
of May 3. 1981, while P/Lt. E. Mediavillo and P/Sgt. A. Linga were on routine patrol
along Taft Avenue, they had seen and observed one MALCON OLEVERE y NAPA,
acting suspiciously near the corner of Estrada Street. 1 The police officers, after
Identifying themselves, stopped and frisked the suspect and found in his possession
dried marijuana leaves. 2 The police officers thereafter placed Malcon Olevere under
arrest. Upon investigation, suspect Olevere declared that he bought the recovered
marijuana leaves from one ROGELIO RAMOS y GAERLAN, alias "Balanchoy". 3
The following day, May 4, 1981, at about 12:00 o'clock noon, a police team with
suspect Malcon Olevere y Napa proceeded to the residence of appellant Rogelio
Ramos y Gaerlan in 2366 Singalong, Malate, Manila and arrested him. The police
operatives immediately brought appellant to the Drugs Enforcement Section Western
Police Department Headquarters for investigation.
During the custodial investigation, suspect Malcon Olevere executed a written sworn
statement implicating the accused-appellant Rogelio Ramos as the source of the
marijuana leaves. 4 The accused, after having been duly apprised of his constitutional
rights, verbally admitted before Lt. E. Mediavillo and Sgt. A. Linga the commission of

the offense charged. He likewise admitted that he sold to Malcon Olevere the
marijuana leaves for P10.00. 5
On May 22, 1981, upon arraignment, the accused-appellant Ramos entered a plea of
not guilty to the information filed by assistant fiscal Antonio J. Ballena which states:
That on or about May 4, 1981, in the City of Manila, Philippines, the said
accused, not being authorized by law to sell, deliver, give away to another
or distribute any prohibited drug, did then and there willfully and unlawfully
sell or offer for sale and deliver dried marijuana leaves, which is a
prohibited drug.
Contrary to law. 6
At the trial, the prosecution presented three witnesses to wit: Patrolman Jaime Cruz, a
police investigator, Patrolman Agapito Linga, a police agent, and Felisa Vequilla, an
NBI forensic chemist.
Patrolman Cruz testified that on May 5, 1981, he investigated and took down the sworn
statement of one Malcon Olevere who disclosed that the accused-appellant Ramos
was the source of the marijuana leaves. Patrolman Cruz also testified that he prepared
the Booking Sheet and Arrest Report of the appellant Ramos and the corresponding
Crime Report. 7 Patrolman Agapito Linga declared on the witness stand that Lt.
Mediavilla arrested appellant Ramos because Malcon Olevere declared that the
appellant sold to him the confiscated marijuana leaves. 8 The third witness, Felisa
Vequilla, a forensic chemist, affirmed that after conducting a dangerous drug test, the
leaves confiscated from Malcon Olevere are positive for marijuana. 9
The prosecution offered the following as documentary evidence:

10

Exhibit "A" The Booking Sheet and Arrest Report of accused Rogelio
Ramos prepared by witness Patrolman Cruz which was offered as part of
his testimony;
Exhibit "B" Crime Report dated May 6, 1981 also prepared by the witness
Patrolman Cruz;
Exhibit "B-1" second page of Exhibit "B'
Exhibit "C" Sworn Statement of Malcon Olevere y Napa;
Exhibit "C-1" The bracketed portions of Exhibit "C" stating among others
that it was Rogelio Ramos herein accused who furnished Malcon Olevere
the marijuana leaves;
Exhibit "D-1" marijuana leaves examined;

Exhibit "E" the envelope containing the marijuana leaves which

was confiscated from Malcon Olevere.
After the trial, the Court of First Instance of Manila (now the Regional Trial Court) found
the accused-appellant Ramos guilty beyond reasonable doubt of the crime charged in
view of the verbal admission given by the appellant himself and the evidence offered
and admitted in court. The dispositive portion of its judgment reads:
WHEREFORE, accused ROGELIO RAMOS y GAERLAN is hereby found
guilty beyond reasonable doubt of a violation of Section 4, Article II in
relation to Section 2(i), Article I Republic Act No. 6425, as amended by PD
44 and further amended by PD 1675 as charged in the present information,
for selling subject prohibited drugs (marijuana leaves) without any lawful
authority and is hereby sentenced to suffer the penalty of reclusion
perpetua (life imprisonment); to pay a fine of Twenty Thousand
(P20,000.00) pesos, without any subsidiary imprisonment in case of
insolvency; and to pay the costs. Let the accused be given full credit of the
entire period of his preventive imprisonment.
Subject marijuana leaves (Exhibit E) are confiscated, to be destroyed by
the Dangerous Drugs Board pursuant to law.
SO ORDERED. 11
The case is now before Us for automatic review. Accused-appellant submits before this
Honorable Court the following errors: 12
I
That the court erred in finding the accused guilty of violation of Section 4
Article II of Republic Act No. 6425 otherwise known as the Dangerous
Drugs Act of 1972, as amended (Selling-Pushing).
II
That the court erred in its findings both in question of law and fact in
convicting the accused notwithstanding the failure of the prosecution to
adduce the quantum of evidence necessary to establish the guilt of the
accused beyond reasonable doubt by failing to present Malcon Olevere y
Napa, the person who claimed that it was the therein accused who
allegedly sold the marijuana leaves.
III

That the constitutional rights of the accused, more particularly the right to
meet the witness against him face to face and to cross-examination e him
has been violated.
IV
That the court has acted with grave abuse of discretion amounting to a
denial of due process of law.
The principal issue in this case is whether there is competent and/or admissible
evidence in the record to justify the conviction of the accused-appellant Ramos.
We find petitioner's case meritorious. The lower court erred in admitting as evidence
the written sworn affidavit of Malcon Olevere. It can be gleaned from the records that
Malcon Olevere executed the written sworn statement declaring that appellant Ramos
sold to him the marijuana leaves for P10.00. This piece of evidence is a mere scrap of
paper because Malcon Olevere was not produced in court for cross-examination. An
affidavit being takenex-parte is often incomplete and inaccurate. 13 Such kind of
evidence is considered hearsay. 14 The constitutional right to meet witnesses face to
face 15 in order not to deprive persons of their lives and properties without due process
of law is well-protected in our jurisprudence. Thus, in People vs. Toledo, 16 We
elucidated:
Testimony in open court in actual trial cannot be equated with any out-ofcourt declaration, even when the witness has in fact been confronted
already by the defendant. The direct relevance of the trial to the ultimate
judgment as to the guilt or innocence of the accused is not present in any
other proceeding and is thus a factor that can influence materially the
conduct and demeanor of the witness as well as the respective efforts of
the counsels of the parties.
For the court to admit the sworn statement of Malcon Olevere without giving the
adverse party the right to cross-examine him would easily facilitate the fabrication of
evidence and the perpetration of fraud. The inadmissibility of this sort of evidence is
based, not only on the lack of opportunity on the part of the adverse party to crossexamine the affiant, 17 but also on the commonly known fact that, generally, an affidavit
is not prepared by the affiant himself but by another who uses his own language in
writing the affiant's statements which may either be omitted or misunderstood by the
one writing them. 18
The Booking Sheet and the Dangerous Drug Report of chemist Felisa Vequilla which
were presented as evidence by the prosecution, established nothing to support the
conviction of the appellant herein. For the same reason, that Malcon Olevere was not
presented as a witness and insofar as they impute to appellant the commission of the

crime charged, the adduced evidence are nothing but hearsay evidence. They cannot
be regarded as competent evidence as to the veracity of the contents therein.
It is not disputed that the marijuana leaves recovered and tested by witness Vequilla
came from Malcon Olevere and not from appellant. It would be absurd and manifestly
unjust to conclude that appellant had been selling marijuana stuff just because what
were recovered from Olevere were real marijuana. Proof of one does not necessarily
prove another. Nowhere can it be found on the record that appellant was caught in
possession or in the act of selling the prohibited marijuana leaves.
The oral testimonies given by the witnesses for the prosecution prove nothing material
and culpable against the accused. As correctly pointed out by the Solicitor General not
anyone of the three witnesses presented testified on the basis of their personal
knowledge that the appellant sold the marijuana leaves to Malcon Olevere. Under Rule
130, Sec. 30 of the Revised Rules of Court, "a witness can testify only to those facts
which he knows of his own knowledge, that is, which are derived from his own
perception. ...
A witness, therefore, may not testify as to what he merely learned from others, either
because he was told or having read or heard the same. Such testimony is considered
hearsay and may not be received as proof of the truth of what he has learned. Since
Malcon Olevere was not presented as a witness, the testimonies offered by the
witnesses for the prosecution are regarded as hearsay, insofar as they impute to the
appellant the commission of the offense charged.
The lower court in convicting appellant of the crime charged, Partly relief on the verbal
admission made by appellant himself before Lt. Mediavillo and Sgt. Linga during the
custodial investigation. Although the records prove that the appellant has been duly
apprised of his constitutional rights to silence and to counsel, 19 We are not fully
convinced that this apprisal was sufficiently manifested and intelligently understood
and accepted by the appellant. This is fatal to the admissibility of appellant's verbal
admission. We have repeatedly emphasized that care should be taken in accepting
extrajudicial admissions, especially when taken during custodial investigation. In
People vs. Caquioa, 20 We ruled:
As for the procedural safeguards to be employed, unless other fully
effective means are devised to inform accused persons of their right to
silence and assure a continuous opportunity to exercise it, the following
measures are required. Prior to questioning, the person must be warned
that he has a right to remain silent, that any statement he does make be
used as evidence against him, and that he has a right to the presence of an
attorney, either retained or appointed. The defendant may waive
effectuation of those rights provided the waiver is made voluntarily,
knowingly and intelligently. If however, he indicates in any manner and at
any stage of the prosecution that he wishes to consult with an attorney

before speaking, there can be no questioning. Likewise, if the individual is

alone and indicates in any manner that he does not wish to be interrogated,
the police may not question him. The mere fact that he may have answered
some questions or volunteered some statements on his own does not
deprive him of the right to refrain from answering any further inquiries until
he has consulted with an attorney and thereafter consents to be
questioned.
Again, the constitutional rights of the accused to silence and to counsel is fortified in
the very recent case ofMorales and Moncupa vs. Enrile 21 where this Court said:
At the time a person is arrested, it shall be the duty of the arresting officer
to inform him of the reason for the arrest and he must be shown the
warrant of arrest, if any. He shall be informed of his constitutional rights to
remain silent and to counsel and that any statement he might make could
be used against him. The person arrested shall have the right to
communicate with his lawyer, a relative, or anyone he chooses by the most
expedient means - by telephone if possible - or by letter or messenger. It
shall be the responsibility of the arresting officer to see to it that this is
accomplished. No custodial investigation shall be conducted unless it be in
the presence of counsel engaged by the person arrested, by any person on
his behalf, or appointed by the court upon petition either of the detainee
himself or by anyone on his behalf. The right to counsel may be waived but
the waiver shag not be valid unless made with the assistance of counsel.
Any statement obtained in violation of the procedure herein laid down,
whether exculpatory or inculpatory, in whole or in part, shall be
inadmissible in evidence.
In the case at bar, appellant has only finished Grade VI, 22 which means that he is not
adequately educated to understand fairly and fully the significance of his constitutional
rights to silence and to counsel. As mandated, it is not enough that the police
investigator merely informs him of his constitutional rights to silence and to counsel,
and then taking his statements down, the interrogating officer must have patience in
explaining these rights to him. The records do not reveal that these requirements have
been fully complied with, nor was there any showing that appellant has been
represented by counsel during custodial investigation. In consonance with Section 20
of the Bill of Rights which states that "any confession obtained in violation of this
section shall be inadmissible in evidence," We hold that the verbal admissions of
appellant during custodial investigation may not be taken in evidence against him.
We hold and rule that the guilt of the accused has not been established beyond
reasonable doubt and he is, therefore, entitled to acquittal.

WHEREFORE, IN VIEW OF THE FOREGOING, the decision of the Court of First

Instance of Manila is REVERSED, and appellant is hereby ACQUITTED of the crime
charged in the information. No costs.
SO ORDERED.
Makasiar (Chairman), Concepcion Jr., A bad Santos, De Castro and Escolin JJ.,
concur.
Aquino, J., took no part.