Truss 3d Example

CIVL 7/8117
Chapter 3a - Development of Truss Equations
Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element

Transformation Matrix and Stiffness Matrix for
a Bar in Three-Dimensional Space
The coordinates at node 1 are x1, y1, and z1, and the coordinates of node 2 are x2, y2, and z2. Also, let x, y, and z be
the angles measured from the global x, y, and z axes,
respectively, to the local axis.

The three-dimensional vector representing the bar element is
gives as:
d ui vj wk u i v j w k
43/80
CIVL 7/8117

Taking the dot product of the above equation with i gives:
u(i i) v ( j i) w (k i) u
By the definition of the dot product we get:
i i
where
x2 x1
Cx
L
j i
y 2 y1
Cy
L
k i
z2 z1
Cz
L
L ( x2 x1 )2 ( y 2 y1 )2 ( z2 z1 )2
Cx cos x
Cy cos y
Cz cos z
where Cx, Cy, and Cz are projections of i on to i, j, and k,

respectively.

Therefore:
u Cx u Cy v Czw
The transformation between local and global displacements is:

u1
v
1
u1 Cx Cy Cz 0 0 0 w1

u2 0 0 0 Cx Cy Cz u2
v2

w 2
d T *d
C C C 0 0 0
T* x y z
0 0 0 C x C y Cz
44/80
CIVL 7/8117
45/80

The transformation from the local to the global stiffness matrix
is:
C 0
x
C 0
y
C 0 AE
k z
0 Cx L
0 Cy
0 Cz
k T TkT
Cx2
C xCy
AE CxCz
k
L Cx2
C C
x y
CxCz
1 1 Cx Cy Cz 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 C C C
y
x
z
C xC y
Cy2
C xC z
Cy Cz
Cx2
CxCy
C y Cz
CxCy
Cy2
Cy Cz
Cz2
CxCz
Cy Cz
Cz2
CxCz
Cx2
C xC y
C xC z
CxCy
Cy2
Cy Cz
C xCy
Cy2
C y Cz
CxCz
Cy Cz
2
Cz
C xC z
C y Cz
Cz2

The global stiffness matrix can be written in a more convenient
form as:
Cx 2
CxCy
CxCz
C xCy
Cy
C y Cz
C x Cz
C y Cz
Cz 2
AE
L
CIVL 7/8117

Example 8 Space Truss Problem
Consider the space truss shown below. The modulus of
elasticity, E = 1.2 x 106 psi for all elements. Node 1 is
constrained from movement in the y direction.
To simplify the stiffness matrices
for the three elements, we will
express each element in the
following form:
AE
L

Consider element 1: L(1) ( x2 x1 )2 ( y 2 y1 )2 ( z2 z1 )2
L(1) ( 72)2 (36)2 80.5 in

72
0.89
80.5
36
Cy
0.45
80.5
Cz 0
Cx
0.79
0.40
0
0.40
0.20
0
0
0
46/80
CIVL 7/8117

Consider element 1:
u v w
1
(0.302 in )(1.2 10 psi )

k

80.5 in
u v w
2
lb
in


Consider element 2: L(2) ( x3 x1 )2 ( y 3 y1 )2 ( z3 z1 )2
L(2) ( 72)2 (36)2 (72)2 108 in

72
0.667
108
36
Cy
0.33
108
72
Cz
0.667
108
Cx
0.45
0.22
0.45
0.22
0.11
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
47/80
CIVL 7/8117

Consider element 2:
u v w
1
(0.729 in )(1.2 10 psi )

108 in
u v w
3
lb
in


Consider element 3: L(3) ( x 4 x1 )2 ( y 4 y1 )2 ( z4 z1 )2
L(3) ( 72)2 ( 48)2 86.5 in

72
0.833
86.5
Cy 0
Cx
Cz
48
0.550
86.5
0.69
0
0.46
0
0
0
0.46
0
0.30
48/80
CIVL 7/8117

Consider element 3:
u v w
1
u v w
(0.187 in )(1.2 10 psi )

86.5 in
lb
in

The boundary conditions are:

u2 v 2 w 2 0
u3 v 3 w 3 0
u4 v 4 w 4 0
v1 0

Canceling the rows and the columns associated with the
boundary conditions reduces the global stiffness matrix to:
u1
w1
9,000 2,450
K
2,450 4,450
The global force-displacement equations are:

9,000
2,450
2,450 u1 0

4,450 w1 1,000
Solving the equation gives:

u1 0.072 in
w1 0.264 in
49/80
CIVL 7/8117

It can be shown, that the local forces in an element are:
fix AE Cx

L Cx
f jx
Cy
Cy
Cz
Cz
Cx
Cx
Cy
Cy
The stress in an element is:
E
Cx
L
Cy
Cz
Cx
ui
v
i
Cz w i

Cz u j
v j

w j
ui
v
i
w i
Cz
uj
v j

w j
Cy

The stress in element 1 is:
(1)
1.2 10 6
0.89
80.5
0.45
0.89
(1) 955 psi
0.45
0.072
0
0.264
0
0
0

(2)
1.2 106
0.667
108
(2) 1,423 psi
0.33
0.667
0.667
0.33
0.072
0
0.264
0.667
0
0
50/80
CIVL 7/8117

(3)
1.2 106
0.83
86.5
0.55
0.83
(3) 2,843 psi
0.072
0
0.264
0.55
0
0

Inclined, or Skewed Supports
If a support is inclined, or skewed, at some angle for the
global x axis, as shown below, the boundary conditions on
the displacements are not in the global x-y directions but in
the x-y directions.
51/80
CIVL 7/8117

Inclined, or Skewed, Supports
We must transform the local boundary condition of v3 = 0
(in local coordinates) into the global x-y system.

Therefore, the relationship between of the components of the
displacement in the local and the global coordinate systems
at node 3 is:
sin u3
u '3 cos

v '3 sin cos v 3
We can rewrite the above expression as:
cos
t3 sin
d '3 [t3 ]d3
sin
cos
We can apply this sort of transformation to the entire

displacement vector as:
d ' [T1]d
or
d [T1]T d '
52/80
CIVL 7/8117

Where the matrix [T1]T is:
[I ]
[T1 ]T [0]
[0]
[0]
[I ]
[0]
[0]
[0]
[t3 ]
Both the identity matrix [I] and the matrix [t3] are 2 x 2 matrices.
The force vector can be transformed by using the same
transformation.
f ' [T1]f
In global coordinates, the force-displacement equations are:
f [K ]d

Applying the skewed support transformation to both sides of
the equation gives:
[T1 ] f [T1 ][K ] d
By using the relationship between the local and the global
displacements, the force-displacement equations become:
f ' [T1][K ][T1]T d '

Therefore the global equations become:
F1x
F
1y
F2 x
T
[T1 ][K ][T1 ]

F2 y
F ' 3 x
F '3 y
u1
v
1
u2

v2
u '3

v '3
53/80
CIVL 7/8117

Consider the plane truss shown below. Assume E = 210 GPa,
A = 6 x 10-4 m2 for element 1 and 2, and A = 2 (6 x 10-4)m2
for element 3.
Determine the stiffness matrix
for each element.
C 2 CS C 2 CS
2
2
CS S
AE CS S
k
L C 2 CS C 2
CS
2
S2
CS
CS S

The global elemental stiffness matrix for element 1 is:
C 2 CS C 2 CS
2
2
CS S
AE CS S
k
2
2
L C CS C
CS
2
S2
CS
CS S
cos (1) 0
sin (1) 1
u1
k (1)
v1
0 0
6
2
4
2
(210 10 kN / m )(6 10 m ) 0 1
0 0
1m
0 1
u2
v2
0 0
0 1
0 0
0 1
54/80
CIVL 7/8117

C 2 CS C 2 CS
2
2
CS S
AE CS S
k
2
2
L C CS C
CS
2
S2
CS
CS S
cos (2) 1
sin (2) 0
u2
k (2)
1
6
2
4
2
(210 10 kN / m )(6 10 m ) 0
1
1m
v2
0
0
0
0
u3
v3
1 0
0 0
1 0
0 0

C 2 CS C 2 CS
2
2
CS S
AE CS S
k
2
2
L C CS C
CS
2
S2
CS
CS S
cos (3)
2
2
sin (3)
2
2
u1
(3)
v1
u3
v3
1 1 1
1
1 1 1
(210 106 kN / m 2 )(6 2 104 m 2 ) 1
1 1 1 1
2 2m
1 1 1 1
55/80
CIVL 7/8117

Using the direct stiffness method, the global stiffness matrix is:
0.5
0
0 0.5 0.5
1.5
0 1 0.5 0.5
0
1 0
0
1
1
0
1 0
0
1.5
0.5 1 0
0.5
0
0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0
K 1,260 10 5 N
m
0
0.5
0.5
We must transform the global displacements into local

coordinates. Therefore the transformation [T1] is:
[I ]
[T1 ] [0]
[0]
[0]
[I ]
[0]
[0]
[0]
[t3 ]
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
2
2
2
0
0
0
0

The first step in the matrix transformation to find the product of
[T1][K].
K
T
T1 K
0
5 N
1, 260 10
m 0
0.5
0.5
5 N
T1 K 1,260 10 m 00
0.707
0
2
2
0.5 0.5
0.5
0 0
0.5
0.5 0.5
1.5
0 1
0.5
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0.707 0.707 0.707 0 1.414 0.707

2

0
0 0.707 0 0.707
0
2
2
2
0.5
0.5
1.5
0.5
1
0.707
0
0.707
0.707
0
0
1.414
0.707
0
0
0.707
0
0.5
0.5
56/80
CIVL 7/8117
57/80

The next step in the matrix transformation to find the product of
[T1][K][T1]T.
T
T1
T1 K
T1 K T1
1
0.5
0 0
0.5 0.5
0.5
0.5
1.5
0 1
0.5 0.5 0
0
0
1 0
0 0
1
1,260 105 N m
0
0 1
0
0 0
1
0.707 0.707 0.707 0 1.414 0.707
0
0
0 0.707 0 0.707
0
T1 K T1
0.5
0.5
5N
0
1,260 10
m 0
0.707
0
0.5
1.5
0
0
0 0.707
1 0.707
0
1
1
0
0 0.707
1
0
0.707
0
0.707
0.707
0
0
1.5
0.5
2
2
2
2
0.707
0
0.5
0.5
0
0

The displacement boundary conditions are: u1 v1 v 2 v '3 0
F1x
0.5
F1y
0.5
F
0
2x
1,260 10 N m
0
F2 y
0.707
F
'
3x
F '
3y
0 0.707
0 u1
0.5
1.5
0
0 1 0.707
0 v1
1 0 0.707 0.707 u2
1
0
0.707 0.707
0 0.707
1
0
0
0
1.5
0.5
0 v 2
0.5 u '3
0.5 v '3
CIVL 7/8117

By applying the boundary conditions the global forcedisplacement equations are:
1,260 105 N
0.707 u2 F2 x 1,000 kN
1
m 0.707 1.5 u '3 F '3 x 0
Solving the equation gives:
u2 11.91 mm
u '3 5.61 mm

F1x
F
1y
F2 x
T
[T1 ][K ][T1 ]

F2 y
F '3 x
F '3 y
The global nodal forces are calculated as:

F1x
F
0.5
1y
0.5
F2 x
0
2N
1,260 10 mm
0
F
2y
F ' 3 x
0.707
0
F '3 y
0.5
1.5
0
0
0 0.707
1 0.707
1
0
0 0.707
1
0
0.707
0
0.707
0.707
Therefore:
F1x 500 kN
F1y 500 kN
F2 y 0
F '3 y 707 kN
0
0
1.5
0.5
u1
v
1
u2

v2
u '3

v '3
0 0
0 0
0.707 11.91
0
0
0.5
5.61
0.5 0
58/80

Truss 3d Example

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Truss 3d Example

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Truss 3d Example

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CIVL 7/8117

Chapter 3a - Development of Truss Equations

Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element

Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element

Chapter 3a - Development of Truss Equations

Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element

where Cx, Cy, and Cz are projections of i on to i, j, and k,

Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element

The transformation between local and global displacements is:

Chapter 3a - Development of Truss Equations

Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element

Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element

Chapter 3a - Development of Truss Equations

Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element

Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element

L(1) ( 72)2 (36)2 80.5 in

Chapter 3a - Development of Truss Equations

Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element

(0.302 in )(1.2 10 psi )

Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element

L(2) ( 72)2 (36)2 (72)2 108 in

Chapter 3a - Development of Truss Equations

Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element

(0.729 in )(1.2 10 psi )

Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element

L(3) ( 72)2 ( 48)2 86.5 in

Chapter 3a - Development of Truss Equations

Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element

(0.187 in )(1.2 10 psi )

The boundary conditions are:

Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element

The global force-displacement equations are:

Solving the equation gives:

Chapter 3a - Development of Truss Equations

Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element

The stress in an element is:

Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element

(1) 955 psi

The stress in element 2 is:

(2) 1,423 psi

Chapter 3a - Development of Truss Equations

Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element

(3) 2,843 psi

Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element

Chapter 3a - Development of Truss Equations

Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element

Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element

d '3 [t3 ]d3

We can apply this sort of transformation to the entire

Chapter 3a - Development of Truss Equations

Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element

Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element

f ' [T1][K ][T1]T d '

[T1 ][K ][T1 ]

Chapter 3a - Development of Truss Equations

Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element

Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element

Chapter 3a - Development of Truss Equations

Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element