Billboard Hot 100

Hot 100 redirects here. For other uses, see Hot 100 the 1940s and 1950s, popular singles were ranked in three
(disambiguation).
signicant charts:
The Billboard Hot 100 is the music industry standard
Best Sellers in Stores: ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores, as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country (20 to 50 positions).
It is the oldest of the Billboard charts and dates to
1936.
The Billboard logo

Most Played by Jockeys: ranked the most played

songs on United States radio stations, as reported by
radio disc jockeys and radio stations (20 to 25 positions).

record chart in the United States for singles, published

weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based
on radio play, online streaming, and sales (physical and
digital).

Most Played in Jukeboxes: ranked the most played

songs in jukeboxes across the United States (20 poThe weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunsitions). This was one of the main outlets of meaday when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but since
suring song popularity with the younger generation
July 2015, this has been changed from Friday to Thursof music listeners, as many radio stations resisted
day. Radio airplay, which unlike sales gures and streamadding rock and roll music to their playlists for many
ing data, is readily available on a real-time basis and is
years.
tracked on a Monday to Sunday cycle (it was previously
Wednesday to Tuesday).[1] A new chart is compiled and
ocially released to the public by Billboard on Tuesdays. Although ocially all three charts had equal weight in
Example:
terms of their importance, many chart historians refer to
the Best Sellers in Stores chart when referencing a songs
Friday, January 1 sales tracking-week begins, performance prior to the creation of the Hot 100. Billstreaming tracking-week begins
board eventually created a fourth singles popularity chart
that combined all aspects of a singles performance (sales,
Monday, January 4 airplay tracking-week begins
airplay and jukebox activity), based on a point system that
Thursday, January 7 sales tracking-week ends, typically gave sales (purchases) more weight than radio
airplay. On the week ending November 12, 1955, Billstreaming tracking-week ends
board published The Top 100 for the rst time. The
Sunday, January 10 airplay tracking-week ends
Best Sellers In Stores, Most Played by Jockeys and Most
Played in Jukeboxes charts continued to be published con Tuesday, January 12 new chart released, with issue
currently with the new Top 100 chart.
post-dated Saturday, January 23
On June 17, 1957, Billboard discontinued the Most
The rst number-one song of the Hot 100 was "Poor Lit- Played in Jukeboxes chart, as the popularity of jukeboxes
tle Fool" by Ricky Nelson on August 4, 1958. As of waned and radio stations incorporated more and more
the issue for the week ending July 23, 2016, the Hot rock-oriented music into their playlists. The week end100 has had 1,055 dierent number-one hits. Its current ing July 28, 1958 was the nal publication of the Most
number-one is "One Dance" by Drake featuring Wizkid Played By Jockeys and Top 100 charts, both of which had
Perez Prado's instrumental version of "Patricia" ascendand Kyla.[2]
ing to the top.
On August 4, 1958, Billboard premiered one main allgenre singles chart: the Hot 100. The Hot 100 quickly
became the industry standard and Billboard discontinued
the
Best Sellers In Stores chart on October 13, 1958.
What is now known as the Hot 100 had existed for nearly
fteen years as numerous charts, tracking and ranking the The Billboard Hot 100 is still the standard by which a
most popular singles of the day in several areas. During songs popularity is measured in the United States. The

History

HOT 100 POLICY CHANGES

Hot 100 is ranked by radio airplay audience impres- 3 Hot 100 policy changes
sions as measured by Nielsen BDS, sales data compiled
by Nielsen Soundscan (both at retail and digitally) and The methods and policies by which this data is obtained
streaming activity provided by online music sources.
and compiled have changed many times throughout the
There are several component charts that contribute to the charts history.
overall calculation of the Hot 100. The most signicant As the advent of a singles music chart spawned chart hisones are:
torians and chart-watchers and greatly aected pop culture and produced countless bits of trivia, the main purpose of the Hot 100 is to aid those within the music industry: to reect the popularity of the product (the singles,
the albums, etc.) and to track the trends of the buying
public. Billboard has (many times) changed its methodology and policies to give the most precise and accurate
reection of what is popular. A very basic example of
this would be the ratio given to sales and airplay. During the Hot 100s early history, singles were the leading
Hot Singles Sales: (per Billboard) the top selling way by which people bought music. At times, when sinsingles compiled from a national sample of retail gles sales were robust, more weight was given to a songs
store, mass merchant and internet sales reports col- retail points than to its radio airplay.
lected, compiled, and provided by Nielsen Sound- As the decades passed, the recording industry concenScan. The chart is released weekly and measures trated more on album sales than singles sales. Musicians
sales of physical commercial singles. With the de- eventually expressed their creative output in the form of
cline in sales of physical singles in the US, many full-length albums rather than singles, and by the 1990s
songs that become number one on this chart often many record companies stopped releasing singles altodo not even chart on the Hot 100.
gether (see Album Cuts, below). Eventually, a songs airplay points were weighted more so than its sales. Bill Hot Digital Songs: Digital sales are tracked by
board has adjusted the sales/airplay ratio many times to
Nielsen SoundScan and are included as part of a timore accurately reect the true popularity of songs.
tles sales points.
Hot 100 Airplay: (per Billboard) approximately
1,000 stations, composed of adult contemporary,
R&B, hip hop, country, rock, gospel, Latin and
Christian formats, digitally monitored twenty-four
hours a day, seven days a week. Charts are ranked by
number of gross audience impressions, computed by
cross-referencing exact times of radio airplay with
Arbitron listener data.

Streaming Songs: a collaboration between Billboard,

Nielsen SoundScan and National Association of 3.1 Double-sided singles
Recording Merchandisers which measures the top
streamed radio songs, on-demand songs and videos Billboard has also changed its Hot 100 policy regarding
on leading online music services.
two-sided singles several times. The pre-Hot 100 chart
Best Sellers in Stores listed popular A- and-B-sides together, with the side that was played most often (based
2 Compilation
on its other charts) listed rst. One of the most notable
of these, but far from the only one, was Elvis Presley's
The tracking week for sales and streaming begins on Fri- Don't Be Cruel / Hound Dog. During the Presley sinday and ends on Thursday, while the radio play tracking- gles chart run, top billing was switched back and forth beweek runs from Monday to Sunday. A new chart is com- tween the two sides several times. But on the concurrent
piled and ocially released to the public by Billboard Most Played in Juke Boxes, Most Played by Jockeys
on Tuesday. Each chart is post-dated with the week- and the Top 100, the two songs were listed separately,
ending issue date 11 days after the charts are refreshed as was true of all songs. With the initiation of the Hot
100 in 1958, A- and-B-sides charted separately, as they
online. For example:
had on the former Top 100.
Friday, January 1 sales tracking-week begins, Starting with the Hot 100 chart for the week ending
streaming tracking-week begins
November 29, 1969, this rule was altered; if both sides received signicant airplay, they were listed together. This
Monday, January 4 airplay tracking-week begins
started to become a moot point by 1972, as most ma Thursday, January 7 sales tracking-week ends, jor record labels solidied a trend they had started in the
1960s by putting the same song on both sides of the sinstreaming tracking-week ends
gles it serviced to radio.
Sunday, January 10 airplay tracking-week ends
More complex issues began to arise as the typical A-and Tuesday, January 12 new chart released, with issue B-side format of singles gave way to 12 inch singles and
post-dated Saturday, January 23[1]
maxi-singles, many of which contained more than one B-

3.3

EPs

side. Further problems arose when, in several cases, a

B-side would eventually overtake the A-side in popularity, thus prompting record labels to release a new single,
featuring the former B-side as the A-side, along with a
new B-side.

3.3 EPs

Extended play (EP) releases were listed by Billboard on

the Hot 100 and in pre-Hot 100 charts (Top 100) until
the mid-to-late 1960s. With the growing popularity of
albums, it was decided to move EPs (which typically conThe inclusion of album cuts on the Hot 100 put the
tain four to six tracks) from the Hot 100 to the Billboard
double-sided hit issues to rest permanently.
200, where they are included to this day.

3.2

Album cuts

3.4 Digital downloads and online streaming

As many Hot 100 chart policies have been modied over
the years, one rule always remained constant: songs were
not eligible to enter the Hot 100 unless they were available
to purchase as a single. However, on December 5, 1998,
the Hot 100 changed from being a singles chart to a
songs chart. During the 1990s, a growing trend in the
music industry was to promote songs to radio without ever
releasing them as singles. It was claimed by major record
labels that singles were cannibalizing album sales, so they
were slowly phased out. During this period, accusations
began to y of chart manipulation as labels would hold o
on releasing a single until airplay was at its absolute peak,
thus prompting a top ten or, in some cases, a number one
debut. In many cases, a label would delete a single from
its catalog after only one week, thus allowing the song
to enter the Hot 100, make a high debut and then slowly
decline in position as the one-time production of the retail
single sold out.

Since February 12, 2005, the Billboard Hot 100 tracks

paid digital downloads from such internet services as
iTunes, Musicmatch, and Rhapsody. Billboard initially
started tracking downloads in 2003 with the Hot Digital
Tracks chart. However, these downloads did not count
towards the Hot 100 and that chart (as opposed to Hot
Digital Songs) counted each version of a song separately
(the chart still exists today along with Hot Digital Songs).
This was the rst major overhaul of the Hot 100s chart
formula since December 1998.

The change in methodology has shaken up the chart considerably, with some songs debuting on the chart strictly
with robust online sales and others making drastic leaps.
In recent years, several songs have been able to achieve
80-to-90 position jumps in a single week as their digital
components were made available at online music stores.
It was during this period that several popular mainstream Since 2006, the all-time record for the biggest singlehits never charted on the Hot 100, or charted well after week upward movement was broken nine times.
their airplay had declined. During the period that they In the issue dated August 11, 2007, Billboard began inwere not released as singles, the songs were not eligible corporating weekly data from streaming media and onto chart. Many of these songs dominated the Hot 100 demand services into the Hot 100. The rst two major
Airplay chart for extended periods of time:
companies to provide their statistics to Nielsen BDS on
a weekly basis were AOL Music and Yahoo! Music.[3]
1995 The Rembrandts: "I'll Be There for You" On March 24, 2012, Billboard premiered its On-Demand
(number one for eight weeks)
Songs chart, and its data was incorporated into the equa[4]
1996 No Doubt: "Don't Speak" (number one for 16 tion that compiles the Hot 100. This was expanded to
a broader Streaming Songs chart in January 2013, which
weeks)
ranks web radio streams from services such as Spotify,
1997 Sugar Ray featuring Super Cat: "Fly" (number as well as on-demand audio titles.[5] In February 2013,
one for six weeks)
U.S. views for a song on YouTube were added to the Hot
song to reach
1997 Will Smith: "Men in Black" (number one for 100 formula. "Harlem Shake" was the rst
[6]
number
one
after
the
changes
were
made.
The Hot 100
four weeks)
formula starting 2013 generally incorporates sales (35
1997 The Cardigans: "Lovefool" (number two for 45%), airplay (3040%) and streaming (2030%), and
eight weeks)
the precise percentage can change from week to week.[7]
1998 Natalie Imbruglia: "Torn" (number one for 11
weeks)
1998 Goo Goo Dolls: "Iris" (number one for 18
weeks)

3.5 Remixes

Billboard has also answered the call of music industry

insiders who raised an issue regarding song remixes. A
As debate and conicts occurred more and more often, growing trend in the early rst decade of the 21st century
Billboard nally answered the requests of music industry was to issue a song as a remix that was so drastically
artists and insiders by including airplay-only singles (or dierent in structure and lyrical content from its original
album cuts) in the Hot 100.
version that it was essentially a whole new song. Under

5 LIMITATIONS

normal circumstances, airplay points from a songs album

version, radio mix and/or dance music remix, etc. were
all combined and factored into the songs performance
on the Hot 100, as the structure, lyrics and melody remained intact. Criticisms began when songs were being
completely re-recorded to the point that they no longer
resembled the original recording. The rst such example
of this scenario is Jennifer Lopez' "I'm Real". Originally
entering the Hot 100 in its album version, a remix was
issued in the midst of its chart run that featured rapper
Ja Rule. This new version proved to be far more popular than the album version and the track was propelled to
number one.
To address this issue, Billboard now separates airplay
points from a songs original version and its remix, if the
remix is determined to be a new song. Since administering this new chart rule, several songs have charted
twice, normally credited as Part 1 and Part 2. The
remix rule is still in place.

3.6

Recurrents

Billboard, in an eort to allow the chart to remain as

current as possible and to give proper representation to
new and developing artists and tracks, has (since 1991)
removed titles that have reached certain criteria regarding its current rank and number of weeks on the chart.
Recurrent criteria have been modied several times and
currently (as of 2015), a song is permanently moved to
recurrent status if it has spent 20 weeks on the Hot 100
and fallen below position number 50. Additionally, descending songs are removed from the chart if ranking below number 25 after 52 weeks.[8] Exceptions are made to
re-releases and sudden resurgence in popularity of tracks
that have taken a very long time to gain mainstream success. These rare cases are handled on a case-by-case basis
and ultimately determined by Billboard's chart managers
and sta.

3.7

Adjustment of tracking week

Billboard altered its tracking-week for sales, streaming

and radio airplay in order to conform to a new Global Release Date, which now falls on Fridays in all major-market
territories (United States product was formerly released
on Tuesdays prior to June 2015). This modied tracking
schedule took eect in the issue dated July 25, 2015.[1]

Year-end charts

Billboard's chart year runs from the rst week of December to the nal week in November. This altered calendar allows for Billboard to calculate year-end charts
and release them in time for its nal print issue in the
last week of December.

Prior to Nielsen SoundScan, year-end singles charts were

calculated by an inverse-point system based solely on a
songs performance on the Hot 100 (for example, a song
would be given one point for a week spent at position 100,
two points for a week spent at position 99 and so forth, up
to 100 points for each week spent at number one). Other
factors including the total weeks a song spent on the chart
and at its peak position were calculated into its year-end
total.
After Billboard began obtaining sales and airplay information from Nielsen SoundScan, the year-end charts are
now calculated by a very straightforward cumulative total
of yearlong sales and airplay points. This gives a more
accurate picture of any given years most popular tracks,
as a song that hypothetically spent nine weeks at number
one in March could possibly have earned fewer cumulative points than a song that spent six weeks at number
three in January. Songs at the peak of their popularity
at the time of the November/December chart-year cuto
many times end up ranked on the following years chart as
well, as their cumulative points are split between the two
chart-years, but often are ranked lower than they would
have been had the peak occurred in a single year.

5 Limitations
The limitations of the Hot 100 have become more pronounced over time. Since the Hot 100 was based on singles sales, as singles have themselves become a less common form of song release, the Hot 100s data represented
a narrowing segment of sales until the December 1998
change in the ranking formula.
Few music historians believe that the Hot 100 has been
a perfectly accurate gauge of the most popular songs for
each week or year. For example, during the 1950s and
1960s, payola and other problems skewed the numbers in
largely undetectable ways.[9]
Further, the history of popular music shows nearly as
many remarkable failures to chart as it does impressive
charting histories. Certain artists (such as Pink Floyd and
Led Zeppelin) had tremendous album sales while being
oblivious to the weekly singles charts. Business changes
in the industry also aect artists statistical records. Single releases were more frequent and steady, and were expected to have much shorter shelf lives in earlier decades,
making direct historical comparisons somewhat specious.
Of the 16 singles to top the Billboard chart for more than
ten weeks since 1955, only two released before 1992.
During the rst 40 years of the rock era, no song had ever
debuted at number one; since a 1995 change in methodology, 19 songs have.
Strategizing also plays a role. Numerous record labels
have taken deliberate steps to maximize their chart positions by such tactics as timing a singles debut to face
the weakest possible competition, or massively discount-

5
ing the price of singles to the point where each individual achievements and milestones
sale represented a nancial loss. Meanwhile, other labels
would deliberately withhold even their most marketable
songs in order to boost album sales. Particularly in the
1990s, many of the most heavily played MTV and radio 8 See also
hits were unavailable for separate purchase. Because of
such countervailing strategies, it cannot be said that a Hot
Bestseller
100 chart necessarily lists the countrys 100 most popular
or successful songs. Strategies like these were the main
Billboard charts
reason behind the December 1998 change in the charts.
Billboard Music Awards
Some critics have argued that an overemphasis on a limited number of singles has distorted record industry de Chart-topper
velopment eorts, and there are nearly as many critics of
List of artists who reached number one in the United
the Hot 100 as there are supporters. Some of these critStates
icisms, however, are becoming less and less germane as
digital downloads have revitalized the concept of singles
List of best-charting U.S. music artists
sales.
List of best-selling music artists
The Billboard charts have endured as the only widely circulated published report on songs that have been pop List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and
ular across the United States over the last half-century.
milestones
Competing publications such as Cash Box, Record World,
Radio & Records and most recently Mediabase have of List of Billboard number-one singles
fered alternate charts, which sometimes diered widely.
Single certications

Use in media

The Hot 100 served for many years as the data source
for the weekly radio countdown show American Top 40.
This relationship ended on November 30, 1991, as American Top 40 started using the airplay-only side of the Hot
100 (then called Top 40 Radio Monitor). The ongoing
splintering of Top 40 radio in the early 1990s led stations
to lean into specic formats, meaning that practically no
station would play the wide array of genres that typically
composed each weekly Hot 100 chart.

Similar charts

A new chart, the Pop 100, was created by Billboard in

February 2005 to answer criticism that the Hot 100 was
biased in favor of rhythmic songs, as throughout most of
its existence, the Hot 100 was seen predominantly as a
pop chart. It was discontinued in June 2009 due to the
charts becoming increasingly similar.
The Canadian Hot 100 was launched June 16, 2007. Like
the Hot 100 chart, it uses sales and airplay tracking compiled by Nielsen SoundScan and BDS.[10]
The Japan Hot 100 was launched in the issue dated May
31, 2008, using the same methodologies as the Hot 100
charts for the U.S. and Canada, utilizing sales and airplay
data from SoundScan Japan and radio tracking service
Plantech.[11]
Further information: List of Billboard Hot 100 chart

9 Notes
[1] Billboard Sta (June 24, 2015). Billboard to Alter Chart
Tracking Week for Global Release Date. Billboard. Retrieved June 24, 2015.
[2] Trust, Gary (July 11, 2016). Drake Ties His Longest Hot
100 Reign With Ninth Week at No. 1 for 'One Dance'".
Billboard. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
[3] Mayeld, Geo (August 4, 2007). Billboard Hot 100 To
Include Digital Streams. Billboard. Retrieved July 30,
2007.
[4] Trust, Gary (March 14, 2012). Hot 100 Impacted by
New On-Demand Songs Chart. Billboard. Retrieved
March 14, 2012.
[5] Pietroluongo, Silvio (January 17, 2013).
New
Dance/Electronic Songs Chart Launches With Will.i.am
& Britney at No. 1. Billboard. Retrieved February 19,
2012.
[6] Sisario, Ben (February 20, 2013). Whats Billboards No.
1? Now YouTube Has a Say. The New York Times. Retrieved February 20, 2013.
[7] Gary Trust (September 29, 2013). Ask Billboard: How
Does The Hot 100 Work?". Billboard.
[8] Trust, Gary (November 23, 2015). Adele Tops Hot 100
for Fourth Week; Justin Bieber, Alessia Cara Hit Top 10.
Billboard. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
[9] Richard Campbell et al, Media and Culture: An Introduction to Mass Communication, 2004.

11

[10] Billboard Launches Canadian Hot 100 Chart. Billboard.

June 7, 2007. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
[11] Trust, Gary (May 21, 2008). Billboard Japan Hot 100
Finds Global Audience. Billboard. Retrieved June 4,
2010.

10

References

Bronson, Fred. Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits,

5th Edition (ISBN 0-8230-7677-6)
Feldman, Christopher G. The Billboard Book of No.
2 Singles (ISBN 0-8230-7695-4)
Whitburn, Joel. Top Pop Singles 1955-2008, 12 Edition (ISBN 0-89820-180-2)
Whitburn, Joel. The Billboard Pop Charts, 1955
1959 (ISBN 0-89820-092-X)
Whitburn, Joel. The Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The
Sixties (ISBN 0-89820-074-1)
Whitburn, Joel. The Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The
Seventies (ISBN 0-89820-076-8)
Whitburn, Joel. The Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The
Eighties (ISBN 0-89820-079-2)
Whitburn, Joel. The Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The
Nineties (ISBN 0-89820-137-3)

11

External links

Ocial website

EXTERNAL LINKS

12
12.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Billboard Hot 100 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100?oldid=729582321 Contributors: AxelBoldt, Mav, Stevertigo,

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and Anonymous: 548

12.2

Images

File:BillboardLogo2013.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/BillboardLogo2013.svg License: Public domain Contributors: File:BillboardLogo2013.jpg Original artist: Billboard
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12.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0