Boris Spassky

Boris Spassky
Boris Spassky

Spassky at the Thessaloniki Olympiad, 1984

Full name

Boris Vasilievich Spassky

Country

Soviet Union
France
Russia

Born

January 30, 1937

Leningrad, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union

Title

Grandmaster (1955)

World Champion 196972

[1]

FIDE rating

2548

Peak rating

2690 (January 1971)

(February 2014)

Boris Vasilievich Spassky (also Spasskij; Russian: ; born January 30, 1937) is a
Russian, formerly French, formerly Soviet chess grandmaster. He was the tenth World Chess Champion, holding the
title from 1969 to 1972. He is known as one of the greatest living chess players, and is the oldest living world
champion.
Spassky won the Soviet Chess Championship twice outright (1961, 1973), and twice lost in playoffs (1956, 1963),
after tying for first place during the event proper. He was a World Chess Championship candidate on seven
occasions (1956, 1965, 1968, 1974, 1977, 1980, and 1985).
Spassky defeated Tigran Petrosian in 1969 to become World Champion, then lost the title in the FischerSpassky
match in 1972.

Early life
He was born in Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg), and learned to play chess at the age of 5 on a train evacuating
from Leningrad during World War II. He first drew wide attention in 1947 at age 10, when he defeated Soviet
champion Mikhail Botvinnik in a simultaneous exhibition in Leningrad. His early coach was Vladimir Zak, a
respected master and trainer. During his youth, from the age of 10, Spassky often worked on chess for several hours
a day with master-level coaches. He set records as the youngest Soviet player to achieve first category rank (age 10),

Boris Spassky
candidate master rank (age 11), and Soviet Master rank (age 15). In 1952, at fifteen, Spassky scored 50 percent in the
Soviet Championship semifinal at Riga, and placed second in the Leningrad Championship that same year, being
highly praised by Botvinnik.

Career
Young grandmaster
Spassky made his international debut in 1953, aged sixteen, in Bucharest, Romania, finishing equal fourth with
Laszlo Szabo on 12/19, an event won by his trainer, Alexander Tolush. At Bucharest he defeated Vasily Smyslov,
who would challenge for the World Championship the following year. He was awarded the title of International
Master by FIDE. In his first attempt at the Soviet Championship final, the 22nd in the series, held in Moscow 1955,
Spassky tied for third place with 11/19, after Smyslov and Efim Geller, which was sufficient to qualify him for the
Gothenburg Interzonal later that year.
The same year, he won the World Junior Chess Championship held at Antwerp, Belgium, scoring 6/7 to qualify for
the final, then 8/9 in the final to win by a full point over Edmar Mednis. Spassky competed for the Lokomotiv
Voluntary Sports Society.
By sharing seventh place with 11/20 at Gothenburg, Spassky qualified for the 1956 Candidates' Tournament, held in
Amsterdam, automatically gaining the grandmaster title, and was then the youngest to hold the title. At Amsterdam,
he tied for third place with four others in the ten-player field, scoring 9/18. At the 23rd Soviet final, held in
Leningrad in JanuaryFebruary 1956, Spassky shared first place on 11/19, with Mark Taimanov and Yuri
Averbakh, but Taimanov won the subsequent playoff to become champion, defeating Spassky in both their games.
Spassky then tied for first in a semifinal for the 24th Soviet championship, thereby qualifying.

Uneven results
Spassky then went into a slump in world championship qualifying events, failing to advance to the next two
Interzonals (1958 and 1962), a prerequisite to earn the right to play for the world championship. This crisis coincided
with the hard three final years of his first marriage before his divorce in 1961,[2] the same year that he broke with his
trainer Tolush.
In the 24th Soviet final, played at Moscow in JanuaryFebruary 1957, Spassky shared fourth place with Tolush, as
both scored 13/21, while Mikhail Tal won the first of his six Soviet titles, which began his ascent to the world title in
1960.
Spassky's failure to qualify for the Portoroz Interzonal came after a last-round defeat at the hands of Tal, in a nervy
game in the 1958 Soviet championship, held at Riga. Spassky had the advantage for much of the game, but missed a
difficult win after adjournment, then declined a draw. A win would have qualified Spassky for the Interzonal, and a
draw would have ensured a share of fourth place with Yuri Averbakh, with qualification possible via a playoff.
Spassky tied for first place at Moscow 1959 on 7/11, with Smyslov and David Bronstein. He shared second place in
the 26th Soviet final with Tal, at Tbilisi 1959, finishing a point behind champion Tigran Petrosian, on 12/19. Soon
after Spassky notched a victory at Riga 1959, with 11/13, one-half point in front of Vladas Mikenas. Spassky
finished in a tie for ninth at the 27th Soviet final in Leningrad, with 10/19, as fellow Leningrader Viktor Korchnoi
scored his first of four Soviet titles. Spassky travelled to Argentina, where he shared first place with Bobby Fischer,
two points ahead of Bronstein, at Mar del Plata 1960 on 13/15, defeating Fischer in their first career meeting.
Spassky played on board one for the USSR at the 7th Student Olympiad in Leningrad,[3] where he won the silver, but
lost the gold to William Lombardy.[4]
Another disappointment for Spassky came at the qualifier for the next Interzonal, the Soviet final, played in Moscow
1961, where he again lost a crucial last-round game, this to Leonid Stein, who thus qualified, as Spassky finished

Boris Spassky
equal fifth with 11/19, while Petrosian won.

Title contender
Spassky decided upon a switch in trainers, from the volatile attacker Alexander Tolush to the calmer strategist Igor
Bondarevsky. This proved the key to his resurgence. He won his first of two USSR titles in the 29th Soviet
championship at Baku 1961, with a score of 14/20, one-half point ahead of Lev Polugaevsky. Spassky shared
second with Polugaevsky at Havana 1962 with 16/21, behind winner Miguel Najdorf. He placed joint fifth, with
Leonid Stein at the 30th Soviet championship held in Yerevan 1962, with 11/19. At Leningrad 1963, the site of the
31st Soviet final, Spassky tied for first with Stein and Ratmir Kholmov, with Stein winning the playoff, which was
held in 1964. Spassky won at Belgrade 1964 with an undefeated 13/17, as Korchnoi and Borislav Ivkov shared
second place with 11. He finished fourth at Sochi 1964 with 9/15, as Nikolai Krogius won.
In the 1964 Soviet Zonal at Moscow, a seven-player double round-robin event, Spassky won with 7/12, overcoming
a start of one draw and two losses, to advance to the Amsterdam Interzonal the same year. At Amsterdam, he tied for
first place, along with Mikhail Tal, Vasily Smyslov and Bent Larsen on 17/23, with all four, along with Borislav
Ivkov and Lajos Portisch thus qualifying for the newly created Candidates' Matches the next year. With
Bondarevsky, Spassky's style broadened and deepened, with poor results mostly banished, yet his fighting spirit was
even enhanced. He added psychology and surprise to his quiver, and this proved enough to eventually propel him to
the top.

Challenger
Spassky was considered an all-rounder on the chess board, and his adaptable "universal style" was a distinct
advantage in beating many top grandmasters. In the 1965 cycle, he beat Paul Keres in the quarterfinal round at Riga
1965 with careful strategy, triumphing in the last game to win 64 (+4 2 =4). Also at Riga, he defeated Efim Geller
with mating attacks, winning by 52 (+3 0 =5). Then, in his Candidates' Final match against Mikhail Tal at
Tbilisi 1965, Spassky often managed to steer play into quieter positions, either avoiding former champion Tal's
tactical strength, or extracting too high a price for complications. Though losing the first game, he won by 74 (+4
1 =6).
Spassky won two tournaments in the run-up to the final. He shared first at the third Chigorin Memorial in Sochi, in
1965 with Wolfgang Unzicker on 10/15, then tied for first at Hastings 196566 with Wolfgang Uhlmann on 7/9.
Spassky lost a keenly fought match to Petrosian in Moscow, with three wins against Petrosian's four, with seventeen
draws, though the last of his three victories came only in the twenty-third game, after Petrosian had ensured his
retention of the title, the first outright match victory for a reigning champion since the latter of Alekhine's successful
defences against Bogoljubov in 1934. Spassky's first event after the title match was the fourth Chigorin Memorial,
where he finished tied for fifth with Anatoly Lein as Korchnoi won. Spassky then finished ahead of Petrosian and a
super-class field at Santa Monica 1966 (the Piatigorsky Cup), with 11/18, half a point ahead of Bobby Fischer, as
he overcame the American grandmaster's challenge after Fischer had scored 3/9 in the first cycle of the event.
Spassky also won at Beverwijk 1967 with 11/15, one-half point ahead of Anatoly Lutikov, and shared first place at
Sochi 1967 on 10/15 with Krogius, Alexander Zaitsev, Leonid Shamkovich, and Vladimir Simagin.
As losing finalist in 1966, Spassky was automatically seeded into the next Candidates' cycle. In 1968, he faced
Geller again, this time at Sukhumi, and won by the same margin as in 1965 (52, +3 0 =5). He next met Bent
Larsen at Malm, and again won by the score of 52 after winning the first three games. The final was against
his Leningrad rival Korchnoi at Kiev, and Spassky triumphed (+4 1 =5), which earned him another match with
Petrosian. Spassky's final tournament appearance before the match came at Palma, where he shared second place
(+10 1 =6) with Larsen, a point behind Korchnoi. Spassky's flexibility of style was the key to victory over
Petrosian, by 1210, with the site again being Moscow.

Boris Spassky

World Champion
In Spassky's first appearance after winning the crown, he placed first at San Juan in October 1969 with 11/15, one
and one-half points clear of second. He then played the annual event at Palma, where he finished fifth with 10/17.
While Spassky was undefeated and handed tournament victor Larsen one of his three losses, his fourteen draws kept
him from seriously contending for first prize, as he came two points behind Larsen. In MarchApril 1970, Spassky
played first board for the Soviet side in the celebrated USSR vs. World event at Belgrade, where he scored +1 1 =1
in the first three rounds against Larsen before Stein replaced him for the final match, as the Soviets won by the odd
point, 2019. He won a quadrangular event at Leiden 1970 with 7/12, a point ahead of Jan Hein Donner, who
was followed by Larsen and Botvinnik, the latter of whom was making what would be his final appearance in serious
play. Spassky shared first at the annual IBM event held in Amsterdam 1970 with Polugaevsky on 11/15. He was
third at Gothenburg 1971 with 8/11, behind winners Vlastimil Hort and Ulf Andersson. He shared first with Hans
Ree at the 1971 Canadian Open in Vancouver. In November and December, Spassky finished the year by tying for
sixth with Tal, scoring +4 2 =11, at the Alekhine Memorial in Moscow, which was won by Stein and Anatoly
Karpov, the latter's first top-class success.

Championship match with Fischer

Spassky's reign as world champion lasted three years, as he lost to Fischer of the United States in 1972 in the "Match
of the Century". The contest took place in Reykjavk, Iceland, at the height of the Cold War, and consequently was
seen as symbolic of the political confrontation between the two superpowers. Spassky accommodated many demands
by Fischer, including moving the third game into a side room. The Fischer vs Spassky World championship was the
most widely covered chess match in history, as mainstream media throughout the world covered the match.
Secretary of State Henry Kissinger spoke with Fischer urging him to play the match, and chess was at its apex.
Going into the match, Fischer had never won a game from Spassky in five attempts, losing three. In addition,
Spassky had secured Geller as his coach, who also had a plus score against Fischer. However, Fischer won the title
match (+7 3 =11), with one of the three losses by default.
The match could be divided into halves, the first won convincingly by Fischer, and the second a close battle. Before
Spassky, Mark Taimanov, Larsen, and Petrosian, had lost to Fischer, but Spassky maintained his composure and
competitiveness. SomeWikipedia:Avoid weasel words have suggested that Spassky's preparation was largely
bypassed by Fischer, but the match saw several important novelties by Spassky.

Ex-champion (197385)
In FebruaryMarch 1973, Spassky finished equal third at Tallinn with 9/15, three points behind Tal; he tied for first
at Dortmund on 9/15 (+5 1 =9) with Hans-Joachim Hecht and Ulf Andersson. Spassky finished in fourth place at
the annual IBM tournament held in Amsterdam, one point behind winners Petrosian and Albin Planinc. In
September, Spassky went 10/15 to finish second to Tal in the Chigorin Memorial at Sochi by a point. In the 41st
Soviet Championship at Moscow, Spassky scored 11/17 to win by a full point in a field which included all the top
Soviet grandmasters of the time.

Boris Spassky

5
In the 1974 Candidates' matches, Spassky first defeated American
Robert Byrne in San Juan, Puerto Rico by 41 (+3 0 =3); he then
lost the semifinal match to Anatoly Karpov in Leningrad, despite
winning the first game, (+1 4 =6). In Spassky's only tournament
action of 1974, he played at Solingen, finishing with 8/14 (+4 1 =9),
thus sharing third with Bojan Kurajica, behind joint winners Lubomir
Kavalek and Polugaevsky, who scored 10.
During 1975, Spassky played two events, the first being the annual
tournament at Tallinn, where he finished equal second with Fridrik
Olafsson, scoring 9/15 (+5 1 =9), one point behind Keres, the last
international event won by the latter before his sudden death in June
1975. In OctoberNovember, Spassky finished second to Geller at the
Alekhine Memorial in Moscow with a score of 10 points from fifteen
games (+6 1 =8).

In 1976, Spassky was obliged to return to the Interzonal stage, and

finished in a tie for tenth place in Manila, well short of qualifying for
the Candidates matches, but was nominated to play after Fischer
Boris Spassky, 1980
declined his place. Spassky won an exhibition match with Dutch
grandmaster Jan Timman at Amsterdam 1977 by 42. He triumphed in extra games in his quarterfinal Candidates'
match over Vlastimil Hort at Reykjavk 1977 by 87. This match saw Spassky fall ill, exhaust all his available
rest days while recovering[citation needed]; then the healthy Hort used one of his own rest days, to allow Spassky more
time to recover; Spassky eventually won the match.
Spassky won an exhibition match over Robert Hbner at Solingen, 1977 by 32, then defeated Lubomir Kavalek,
also at Solingen, by 42 in another exhibition. His next Candidates' match was against Portisch at Geneva 1977, and
Spassky won by 86, to qualify for the final. At Belgrade 197778, Spassky lost to Korchnoi, by (+4 7 =7). In
this match, Spassky fell behind 27 after losing the tenth game; however, he then won four consecutive games.
After draws in games fifteen and sixteen, Korchnoi won the next two games to clinch the match by the score of
107.
Spassky, as losing finalist, was seeded into the 1980 Candidates' matches, and faced Portisch again, with this match
held in Mexico. After fourteen games, the match was 77, but Portisch advanced since he had won more games with
the black pieces. Spassky missed qualification from the 1982 Toluca Interzonal with 8/13, finishing half a point
short, in third place behind Portisch and Eugenio Torre,[5] both of whom thus qualified. The 1985 Candidates' event
was held as a round-robin tournament at Montpellier, France, and Spassky was nominated as an organizer's choice.
He scored 8/15 to tie for sixth place with Alexander Beliavsky, behind joint winners Andrei Sokolov, Rafael
Vaganian, and Artur Yusupov, and one-half point short of potentially qualifying via a playoff. This was Spassky's
last appearance at the Candidates' level.

Boris Spassky

International team results

Spassky played five times for the USSR in Student Olympiads, winning eight medals. He scored 38/47 (+31 1
=15), for 81.91 percent. His complete results are:

Lyon 1955, board 2, 7/8 (+7 0 =1), team gold, board gold;
Reykjavk 1957, board 2, 7/9 (+5 0 =4), team gold, board gold;
Varna 1958, board 2, 6/9 (+4 0 =5), team gold;
Leningrad 1960, board 1, 10/12 (+9 1 =2), team silver;
Marianske Lazne 1962, board 1, 7/9 (+6 0 =3), team gold, board gold.

Spassky played twice for the USSR in the European Team Championships, winning four gold medals. He scored
8/12 (+5 0 =7), for 70.83 percent. His complete results are:
Vienna 1957, board 5, 3/5 (+2 0 =3), team gold, board gold;
Bath, Somerset 1973, board 1, 5/7 (+3 0 =4), team gold, board gold.
Spassky played seven times for the Soviet Olympiad team. He won thirteen medals, and scored 69/94 (+45 1 =48),
for 73.40 percent. His complete results are:
Varna 1962, board 3, 11/14 (+8 0 =6), team gold, board gold medal;
Tel Aviv 1964, 2nd reserve, 10/13 (+8 0 =5), team gold, board bronze;

Havana 1966, board 2, 10/15, team gold.

Lugano 1968, board 2, 10/14, team gold, board bronze;
Siegen 1970, board 1, 9/12, team gold, board gold;
Nice 1974, board 3, 11/15, board gold, team gold;
Buenos Aires 1978, board 1, 7/11 (+4 1 =6), team silver.

Spassky played board one in the USSR vs. Rest of the World match at Belgrade 1970, scoring (+1 1 =1) against
Larsen.
Spassky then represented France in three Olympiads, on board one in each case. For Thessaloniki 1984, he scored
8/14 (+2 0 =12). At Dubai 1986, he scored 9/14 (+4 0 =10). Finally at Thessaloniki 1988, he scored 7/13 (+3 1
=9). He also played board one for France at the inaugural World Team Championships, Lucerne 1985, where he
scored 5/9 (+3 1 =5).

Boris Spassky

Later tournament career (after 1976)

In his later years, Spassky showed a reluctance to totally devote himself
to chess. Since 1976, Spassky has lived in France with his third wife; he
became a French citizen in 1978, and has competed for France in the
Chess Olympiads.
Spassky did, however, score some notable triumphs in his later years. In
his return to tournament play after the loss to Korchnoi, he tied for first
at Bugojno 1978 on 10/15 with Karpov, both players scoring +6 -1 =8 to
finish a point ahead of Timman. He was clear first at MontillaMoriles
1978 with 6/9. At Munich 1979, he tied for first place with 8/13, with
Yuri Balashov, Andersson and Robert Hbner.[6] He shared first at
Baden in 1980, on 10/15 with Alexander Beliavsky. He won his
preliminary group at Hamburg 1982 with 5/6, but lost the final playoff
match to Anatoly Karpov in extra games.[7] His best result during this
period was clear first at Linares 1983 with 6/10, ahead of Karpov and
Ulf Andersson, who shared second. At London Lloyds' Bank Open 1984,
Spassky, 1989
he tied for first with John Nunn and Murray Chandler, on 7/9. He won at
Reykjavk 1985. At Brussels 1985, he placed second with 10/13 behind
Korchnoi. At Reggio Emilia 1986, he tied for 2nd5th places with 6/11 behind Zoltn Ribli. He swept Fernand
Gobet 40 in a match at Fribourg 1987. He finished equal first at Wellington 1988 with Chandler and Eduard
Gufeld. Spassky maintained a top ten world ranking into the mid-1980s.
However, Spassky's performances in the World Cup events of 1988 and 1989 showed that he could by this stage
finish no higher than the middle of the pack against elite fields. At Belfort WC 1988, he scored 8/15 for a joint
4th7th place, as Garry Kasparov won. At Reykjavk WC 1988, he scored 7/17 for a joint 15th16th place, with
Kasparov again winning. Finally, at Barcelona WC 1989, Spassky scored 7/16 for a tied 8th12th place, as
Kasparov shared first with Ljubomir Ljubojevi.
Spassky played in the 1990 French Championship at Angers, placing fourth with 10/15, as Marc Santo Roman
won. At Salamanca 1991, he placed 2nd with 7/11 behind winner Evgeny Vladimirov. Then in the 1991 French
Championship, he scored 9/15 for a tied 4th5th place, as Santo Roman won again.
In 1992, Bobby Fischer, after a twenty-year hiatus from chess, re-emerged to arrange a "Revenge Match of the 20th
century" against Spassky in Montenegro and Belgrade; this was a rematch of the 1972 World Championship. At the
time, Spassky was rated 106th in the FIDE rankings, and Fischer did not appear on the list at all, owing to his
inactivity. This match was essentially Spassky's last major challenge. Spassky lost the match with a score of +5 10
=15. Spassky then played young female prodigy Judit Polgr in a 1993 match at Budapest, losing narrowly by
45.
Spassky continued to play occasional events through much of the 1990s, such as the Veterans versus Women series.
On October 1, 2006, Spassky suffered a minor stroke during a chess lecture in San Francisco. In his first major
post-stroke play, he drew a six-game rapid match with Hungarian Grandmaster Lajos Portisch in April 2007.
On September 23, 2010, ChessBase reported that Spassky had suffered a more serious stroke that had left him
paralyzed on his left side. After that he returned to France for a long rehabilitation programme. On August 16, 2012,
Spassky left France to return to Russia under disputed circumstances. Spassky is the oldest living former world
champion.

Boris Spassky

Legacy
Spassky's best years were as a youthful prodigy in the mid-1950s, and then again
as an adult in the mid to late 1960s. It is generally believed that he began to lose
ambition once he became world champion. SomeWikipedia:Avoid weasel words
suggest the first match with Fischer took a severe nervous toll, but others
disagree, and claim that as he was a sportsman who appreciated his opponent's
skill. He applauded one well-played game of Fischer, and defended Fischer when
he faced jailing.
Spassky has been described by many as a universal player. Never a true openings
expert, at least when compared to contemporaries such as Geller and Fischer, he
excelled in the middlegame and in tactics.
Spassky succeeded with a wide variety of openings, including the King's Gambit,
Spassky, 2009
1.e4 e5 2.f4, an aggressive and risky line rarely seen at the top level. The chess
game between "Kronsteen" and "McAdams" in the early part of the James Bond
movie From Russia With Love is based on a game in that opening played between Spassky and David Bronstein in
1960 in which Spassky ("Kronsteen") was victorious.
His contributions to opening theory extend to reviving the Marshall Attack for Black in the Ruy Lopez (1.e4 e5
2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Be7 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 0-0 8.c3 d5), developing the Leningrad Variation for
White in the Nimzo-Indian Defence (1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Bb4 4.Bg5), the Spassky Variation on the Black side of
the NimzoIndian, and the Closed Variation of the Sicilian Defence for White (1.e4 c5 2.Nc3). Another rare line in
the King's Indian Attack bears his name: 1.Nf3 Nf6 2.g3 b5!?

Notable games
Boris Spassky vs Robert Fischer, Santa Monica 1966, Grunfeld Defence, Exchange Variation (D87), 10 [8]
Fischer seems to equalize in a sharp game, but he makes a small mistake and Spassky capitalizes.
Boris Spassky vs Efim Geller, Sukhumi Candidates' match 1968, game 6, Sicilian Defence, Closed Variation
(B25), 10 [9] One of three wins by Spassky over Geller in this match using the same variation, which is one of
Spassky's favorites.
Boris Spassky vs Tigran Petrosian, World Championship match, Moscow 1969, game 19, Sicilian Defence,
Najdorf Variation (B94), 10 [10] Aggressive style of play and combinations show Spassky at his heights.
Bent Larsen vs Boris Spassky, Belgrade 1970 (match USSR vs. Rest of the World), NimzoLarsen Attack,
Modern Variation (A01), 01 [11] Another short win over a noted grandmaster.
Boris Spassky vs Robert Fischer, Siegen Olympiad 1970, Grunfeld Defence, Exchange Variation (D87), 10 [12]
Fischer tries the Grunfeld again against Spassky, and the game is remarkably similar to their 1966 encounter.
Boris Spassky vs Robert Fischer, World Championship match, Reykjavk 1972, game 11, Sicilian Defense,
Najdorf, Poisoned Pawn Variation (B97), 10 [13] Fischer's only loss in his favourite Poisoned Pawn variation.
Anatoly Karpov vs Boris Spassky, Candidates' match, Leningrad 1974, game 1, Sicilian Defence, Scheveningen
Variation (B83), 01 [14] Spassky lost the match, but he started strongly with this win.

Boris Spassky

References
Notes
[1] http:/ / ratings. fide. com/ card. phtml?event=600024
[2] As Boris Spassky said: "I had a very hard three years from 1959 to 1961. My nervous energy was completely destroyed for three years, and I
could do nothing right" (Cafferty 1972, p. 21)
[3] Di Felice 2010, p. 490
[4] "Spassky, who never joined the Communist Party, may have been considered politically unreliable. The authorities were particularly unhappy
when he lost to William Lombardy of the United States in 1960 at the world students' championship matches. They charged that he had not
trained conscientiously enough, had not prepared properly." Schonberg 1973, p. 255.
[5] <http:/ / www. 365chess. com/ tournaments/ Toluca_Interzonal_1982/ 22359
[6] Grand Strategy Biographic appendix by Boris Spassky
[7] Learn From Your Defeats, by Anatoly Karpov, Batsford 1985)
[8] http:/ / www. chessgames. com/ perl/ chessgame?gid=1044620,
[9] http:/ / www. chessgames. com/ perl/ chessgame?gid=1049394,
[10] http:/ / www. chessgames. com/ perl/ chessgame?gid=1106864,
[11] http:/ / www. chessgames. com/ perl/ chessgame?gid=1128831,
[12] http:/ / www. chessgames. com/ perl/ chessgame?gid=1044698,
[13] http:/ / www. chessgames. com/ perl/ chessgame?gid=1044724,
[14] http:/ / www. chessgames. com/ perl/ chessgame?gid=1067809,

Bibliography
Di Felice, Gino (2010). Chess Results, 19561960: A Comprehensive Record With 1,390 Tournament Crosstables
and 142 Match Scores, With Sources. McFarland. ISBN0-786-44803-2.
Schonberg, Harold C. (1973). Grandmasters of Chess. J.B. Lippincott. ISBN0-397-01004-4.

Further reading
Spassky's Best Games by Bernard Cafferty, Batsford, 1969.
World chess champions by Edward G. Winter, editor. 1981 ISBN 0-08-024117-4
Cafferty, Bernard (1972). Boris Spassky Master of Tactics. Spassky's 100 Best Games 19491972. London: B. T.
Batsford. ISBN978-0-7134-2409-6.
Chernev, Irving (1995). Twelve Great Chess Players and Their Best Games. New York: Dover. pp.4357.
ISBN0-486-28674-6.
No Regrets: FischerSpassky by Yasser Seirawan; International Chess Enterprises; March 1997. ISBN
1-879479-08-7
Bobby Fischer Goes to War: How the Soviets Lost the Most Extraordinary Chess Match of All Time by David
Edmonds and John Eidinow; Ecco, 2004.
Garry Kasparov (2004). My Great Predecessors, part III. Everyman Chess. ISBN 1-85744-371-3
Raetsky, Alexander; Chetverik, Maxim (2006). Boris Spassky: Master of Initiative. Everyman Chess.
ISBN1-85744-425-6.

External links

Boris Spassky

10

Awards
Precededby
Tigran Petrosian

World Chess Champion

19691972

Succeededby
Bobby Fischer

Achievements
Precededby
Tigran Petrosian

Youngest chess grandmaster

ever
19551958

Succeededby
Bobby Fischer

Article Sources and Contributors

Article Sources and Contributors

Boris Spassky Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=591754061 Contributors: 1pezguy, AchadhFhobhair, Adpete, Ahasuerus, Airplaneman, Albertod4, Alex Bakharev,
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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

File:Boris Spasski 1984 Saloniki.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Boris_Spasski_1984_Saloniki.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors:
GFHund
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Australia
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