Jain On Philosophy

Compendium of Jainism
Jain Academic Bowl Manual of 2015

JAINA Education Series - JES904
3rd Edition - January, 2015
Compiled by
JAINA Education Committee

Federation of Jain Associations in North America
F07 Story - Moral Stories
03 - Vipul and Vijan
Jain Academic Bowl Manual of 2015
JAINA Education Series - JES904
3rd Edition - January, 2015
ISBN (10 digit): 1-59406-066-5
ISBN (13 digit): 978-1-59406-066-3
This book has no copyright for Personal and Private Use

Please use the religious material respectfully
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Compiled by:

Federation of Jain Associations in North America
Pravin K. Shah, Chairperson
509 Carriage Woods Circle
Raleigh, NC 27607-3969 USA
Email - jainaedu@gmail.org
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Compendium of Jainism 2015
Page 2 of 389
DEDICATED
TO
Young Jains of America (YJA)
(www.yja.org)
Young Jain Professionals (YJP) and
(www.yjponline.org)
Jain Pthshl Teachers of North America
(www.jainelibrary.org)
For their continued efforts and commitment in promoting religious awareness,
nonviolence, reverence for all life forms, protection of the environment, and a spirit of
compassionate interdependence with nature and all living beings. As importantly, for their
commitment to the practice of Jainism, consistent with our principles, including
vegetarianism and an alcohol/drug free lifestyle.
We especially appreciate the efforts of all the Pthashl Teachers in instilling the basic
values of Jainism, and promoting principles of non-violence and compassion to all youth
and adults.
Special thanks to all Jain Vegan and alcohol/drug free youths and adults for inspiring us
to see the true connection between our beliefs and our choices.
A vegan and alcohol/drug free lifestyle stems from a desire to minimize harm to all
animals as well as to our own body, mind, and soul. As a result, one avoids the use of all
animal products such as milk, cheese, butter, ghee, ice cream, silk, wool, pearls, leather,
meat, fish, chicken, eggs and refrains from all types of addictive substances such as
alcohols and drugs.
Page 3 of 389
04 - Two Frogs
Acknowledgements
The project of compiling, revising and editing of this book was accomplished by the dedicated group of
Young Jains, Pthashl teachers, scholars, and individuals of North America. The devoted contribution
of all these supporters is evident on every page of this book and is gratefully acknowledged.
For Compiling Revising and Editing of the Compendium of Jainism Book (JAB Manual - 2015)
Hema Ojha
Harsh and Bhavisha Shroff
Anjali Doshi
Anish Doshi
Shweta Shah
Megha Doshi
Priyal Gandhi
Siddharth Shah
Chintav Shah
Priti Shah
Vinit Shah
Mukesh Doshi
Shibani Shah
Pradip and Darshna Shah
Charmi Vakharia
Mahendra J Shah
Monica Shah
Niral Shah
Parinda Shah
Punita Shah
Rekha Banker
Shanti Mohnot
Shilpi Desai
Suresh Shah
Houston TX
Chicago IL
Chicago IL
Chicago IL
Raleigh NC
Ashburn VA
Ashburn VA
Houston TX
NJ
Dallas TX
Detroit MI
Chicago IL
Chicago IL
Chicago IL
NJ
Detroit MI
Hanover MD
Detroit MI
Chicago IL
Detroit MI
Raleigh NC
Pittsburg PA
Houston TX
Detroit MI
Special thanks to our youth Priyal Gandhi, Anjali Doshi, Anish Doshi, Siddharth Shah and Chintav Shah
for spelling consistency of Jain words and overall coordination of religious subject matters of this book.
Page 4 of 389
The Arhats and Bhagavats (the worthy and venerable ones) of the past,
present, and future, all say thus, speak thus, declare thus, explain thus:
All breathing, existing, living, sentient creatures should

not be slain, nor treated with violence, nor abused, nor
tormented, nor driven away.
Lord Mahvir
chrnga Sutra (book 1, lect 4, lesson 1)
Translated by H. Jacobi
Page 5 of 389
04 - Two Frogs
PREFACE
Jai Jinendra
We are living in the age of science and technology. The growth of the scientific knowledge and
technology have given new dimensions to our life and influenced each and every field of our living.
Science has done a great service to mankind by providing amenities of pleasant living and saved the
human race from many miseries and uncertainties of the primitive past. It has also destroyed many
superstitions and religious dogmas.
However, at the same time it has also uprooted the moral, religious, and cultural values of our society.
Most of our traditional religious values and beliefs have been thrown away by this growth and outlook of
scientific knowledge. We know much about the atom but not enough about the moral values needed for a
meaningful life. Our life is full of excitements, emotional disorders, and conflicts of moral values. It
seems that we live in the state of chaos. Thus, we do not only live in the age of science but also the age
of anxiety and mental tensions.
Today what we need is mental peace; a complete integration into our personality, and the integration into
the social environment. Jainism can meet this need of our times if we understand its true essence. The
Jain philosophy fully advocates limitless power and energy of the human soul and its independency. It
bestows full responsibility upon us, and us alone, to attain the highest goal of our lives - infinite bliss.
Jainism is a unique religion of self that prescribes a code of conduct for all human beings irrespective of
creed, caste, color, and religion.
Non-violence (Ahimsa), non-possession and non-attachment (Aparigraha), and a non-absolutistic
(Anekntavda) viewpoint are fundamental principles of Jainism. If we observe these three principles,
peace and harmony can certainly be attained within us as well as in the world. Non-violence is the
backbone of Jain philosophy. It is the focal point of Jainism. The rational thinking and the rational
conduct are auxiliary colors spread on the vast canvas of non-violence. Thus, the Jains have presented a
deep and vivid study of non-violence.
In order to make Jain principles known to the world at large, Jain literature must be widely made available
in English. In countries like the USA, Canada, UK, and Africa, where many Jains are settled permanently,
children do not have access to Jain literature in English. It is also necessary to publish it in varieties of
mediums (Books, Videos, Cassettes, CD, DVD, Web deployment) for the English-speaking people
harboring interest in the Jain religion and its scriptures.
The current JAINA Education Committee is pleased to present the JAINA Education Series books in
English for all ages of students. A great deal of effort has been taken for the preparation of this. Much
care has also been taken to present Jainism in a non-sectarian way.
This book Compendium of Jainism is compiled using all Jain Pathashala text books and reference books
of Jaina Education Series. This book will be used in the Jain Academic Bowl competition during JAINA
and YJA conventions.
The committee members who prepared this material are Jain Pthashl (Sunday school) teachers and
not the Jain scholars. Hence, you may find some errors and also certain items may be applicable to one
Jain sect and not applicable to other sects of Jainism. Please use the material objectively and provide
positive suggestions so that we can easily incorporate them in the future revisions. The pdf file od all
Pthashl books are available from Jain eLibrary website www.jainelibrary.org.org.
Many minds, and many blessings, directly and indirectly, have touched this noble project. We sincerely
appreciate and thank every person who made this project successful. In compiling this book, we have
utilized many sources and we are grateful to their authors and publishers for using their work liberally.
We sincerely appreciate and thank every person and every organization that made this project
successful.
Page 6 of 389
All material published by the JAINA Education Committee is not a copy righted material for personal and
private use. Please use it respectfully and distribute it on a cost basis. As always, if you have any
suggestions for improvement, please feel free to contact us. In addition, if we have mentioned anything
against the teachings of the Tirthankars, we ask for forgiveness.
Michchhmi Dukkadam.
Thank You and Jai Jinendra!
jainaedu@gmail.com
January, 2015
List of JAINA Education Series books:

Book
Numbe
r
Level
Age
Name
JES-101
Level-1
5-9
Jain Activity Book
JES-102
Level-1
5-9
Jainism I - Basics of Jainism
JES-103
Level-1
5-9
Jain Alphabet
JES-104
Level-1
5-9
Jain Moral Skits
JES-202
Level-2
10-12
Jain Story Book (English)
JES-202G
Level-2
10-12
Jain Story Book (Gujarati)
JES-203
Level-2
10-12
First Step to Jainism
JES-203Q
Level-2
10-12
First Step in Jainism Work Book
JES-302
Level-3
13-15
Jain Philosophy and Practice I
JES-401
Level-4
16 up
Jain Philosophy and Practice II
JES-902
Reference
All
Jainism Reverence for Life
JES-904
Reference
All
Compendium of Jainism for JAB
JES-911
Reference
All
Essence of World Religions
JES-921
Reference
All
The Book of Compassion (English)
JES-922
Reference
All
The Book of Compassion (Gujarati)
JES-931
Reference
All
English Pratikraman
JES-933
Reference
All
Jain Puja Book - Ashta Prakari Puja, Dreams, and

Shanti Kalash
JES-941
Reference
All
Pratikraman Sutra Book
JES-981
Reference
All
Ashtapad Maha-Tirth Book of New York Jain Center
Page 7 of 389
04 - Two Frogs
Table of Contents
Compendium of Jainism........................................................................................................................... 1
Compendium of Jainism.......................................................................................................................... 2
Table of Contents.................................................................................................................................... 8
INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................... 15
A01 - Jain Prayers................................................................................................................................. 16
01 Namaskr Mahmangal Sutra..................................................................................................... 16
02 Divine Refuge Prayer................................................................................................................... 17
03 Religious Stutis............................................................................................................................ 17
04 Universal Forgiveness Stotra - Khmemi Savva Jive Sutra.........................................................19
05 Reflection on Universal Peace - Upsargh Kshayam Ynti Sutra................................................19
06 Reflection on Universal Friendship - Shivmastu SarvaJagatah Sutra..........................................20
07 Reflection on Spirituality and Pure Consciousness......................................................................20
08 Reflection on True Teacher (Sadguru).........................................................................................21
09 Divine Gratitude Prayer................................................................................................................ 21
A02 - Dharma: Religion......................................................................................................................... 22
01 Introduction.................................................................................................................................. 22
02 What is Religion?......................................................................................................................... 23
03 Meaning of Jainism...................................................................................................................... 24
04 Why Do We Pray?........................................................................................................................ 25
A03 - Basics of Jainism......................................................................................................................... 26
01 What is Jainism?.......................................................................................................................... 26
02 Main Principles/Tenets of Jainism................................................................................................ 27
03 Jain Temple.................................................................................................................................. 28
04 Idol (Murti).................................................................................................................................... 28
PHILOSOPHY........................................................................................................................................... 29
B01 - Fundamental Beliefs of Jainism................................................................................................... 30
B02 - Jain Path of Liberation - Ratna Trayi............................................................................................ 31
01 Samyag Darshan (Right Perception or Faith)..............................................................................31
02 Samyag Jnn (Right Knowledge)................................................................................................. 32
03 Samyag-Chritra and Spiritual Stages (Gunasthnak)................................................................32
B03 - Basics of Jainism......................................................................................................................... 35
01 Soul (tm).................................................................................................................................. 35
02 Classification of living beings (Jiva)............................................................................................. 35
03 Karma.......................................................................................................................................... 36
B04 - Six Universal Substances I: Jiva or Living Being.........................................................................38
01 Jain Reality.................................................................................................................................. 38
02 Shad Dravyas (Six Universal Substances)...................................................................................38
03 Jiva (Soul or Living being)............................................................................................................ 38
04 Parypti (Power) and Prna (Vitality)........................................................................................... 41
05 Four Realms................................................................................................................................ 43
06 Conclusion................................................................................................................................... 44
B05 - Six Universal Substances II: Non-Living Substances...................................................................45
01 Ajiva (Non-living Substances)...................................................................................................... 45
02 Classification of Ajiva................................................................................................................... 45
Page 8 of 389
B06 - Nav Tattva Part I: Jiva, Ajiva, Punya, Pp, srava.......................................................................50

01 Introduction.................................................................................................................................. 50
02 Jiva (Living Beings)...................................................................................................................... 51
03 Punya and Pp (Good Deeds and Bad Deeds)...........................................................................52
04 srava and Bandha (Inflow of Karmas and Bondage of Karmas)................................................54
B07- Nav Tattva Part II: Samvar, Nirjar, and Moksha..........................................................................56
01 Introduction.................................................................................................................................. 56
02 Samvar (Prevention of Karmas)................................................................................................... 56
03 Nirjar (Partial Eradication of Karmas).........................................................................................59
04 Moksha (Total Liberation from Karma).........................................................................................62
05 Summary...................................................................................................................................... 62
B08 - Theory of Karma and Reincarnation............................................................................................ 65
01 Introduction.................................................................................................................................. 65
02 Bandha (Characteristics and Process of the Bondage)................................................................66
03 Four Characteristics of Bondage:................................................................................................. 67
04 Classification of Karma................................................................................................................ 68
B09 - Theory of Karma: Q and A........................................................................................................... 74
B10 - Punya and Pp Karma................................................................................................................. 76
01 Introduction.................................................................................................................................. 76
02 Punya (Virtuous or Wholesome) Karma.......................................................................................76
03 Pp (Non-virtuous or Unwholesome) Karma................................................................................79
04 Four Fold Combinations of Punya and Pp.................................................................................86
05 Relationship among Ghti, Aghti, Punya and Pp Karma..........................................................88
06 Classification of Punya (Shubha) and Pp (Ashubha) Karma......................................................89
07 Practical Aspects of Punya Karma and Pp Karma.....................................................................90
08 Summary...................................................................................................................................... 91
B11 - Anekntavda I - Theory of Multiplicity......................................................................................... 93
01 Introduction.................................................................................................................................. 93
02 Application of Anekntavda........................................................................................................ 94
03 How to know a Substance?.......................................................................................................... 95
04 Summary...................................................................................................................................... 97
B12 - Anekntavda II - Pramna, Naya and Sydvda.......................................................................98
01 Introduction.................................................................................................................................. 98
02 Aim and Subject matter of Jain Logic...........................................................................................98
03 Classification of Pramna............................................................................................................ 99
04 Summary of Pramna................................................................................................................ 100
05 Naya-vda.................................................................................................................................. 101
06 Classification of Naya................................................................................................................. 102
07 Summary of Naya...................................................................................................................... 106
08 Sydvda or Sapta-Bhanga (Seven Predications).....................................................................106
09 Is Self Permanent or Transitory?............................................................................................. 109
10 Importance of Anekntavda...................................................................................................... 110
11 Anekntavda and Ahimsa......................................................................................................... 110
B13 - Anekntavda III - Five Samavya or Causal Factors................................................................111
01 Introduction................................................................................................................................. 111
02 Samavya................................................................................................................................... 111
03 Significance of Samavya.......................................................................................................... 113
04 Summary.................................................................................................................................... 114
B14 - Fourteen Gunasthna: Stages of Spiritual Development...........................................................115
01 Introduction................................................................................................................................ 115
02 Fourteen Gunasthnas............................................................................................................... 116
03 Summary.................................................................................................................................... 120
Page 9 of 389
04 - Two Frogs
04 Relationships among Gunasthna, Karma, Leshy, and Dhyna..............................................120

CONDUCT............................................................................................................................................... 122
C01 - Pancha Paramesthi................................................................................................................... 123
01 Namaskr Mantra...................................................................................................................... 123
02 Arihanta...................................................................................................................................... 124
03 Siddha........................................................................................................................................ 128
04 chrya...................................................................................................................................... 129
05 Updhyy................................................................................................................................... 132
06 Sdhus and Sdhvis.................................................................................................................. 133
C02 - Jain Ascetics: Sdhus and Sdhvis........................................................................................... 136
01 Introduction................................................................................................................................ 136
02 Mah-vratas (Major Vows)......................................................................................................... 136
03 Rules of Conduct for Specific Activities......................................................................................137
04 Summary.................................................................................................................................... 139
C03 - Jain Lay people: Shrvaks and Shrviks.................................................................................140
01 Introduction................................................................................................................................ 140
02 Vratas For Shrvaks and Shrviks (Twelve Vows of Laity)......................................................140
03 Summary.................................................................................................................................... 146
C04 - Bhvans (Reflections).............................................................................................................. 147
01 Introduction................................................................................................................................ 147
02 Twelve Main Bhvans.............................................................................................................. 147
03 Four Auxiliary Bhvans (Compassionate Reflections)..............................................................149
04 Summary.................................................................................................................................... 150
C05 - Leshys (State of Mind and Karmic Stains)...............................................................................151
01 Introduction................................................................................................................................ 151
02 Classification of Leshys............................................................................................................ 151
C06 - Panchchr: Five Codes of Conduct......................................................................................... 153
01 Introduction................................................................................................................................ 153
02 Panchchr (Five Codes of Conduct)........................................................................................153
03 Summary.................................................................................................................................... 163
C07- Jain Ethics and the Environment................................................................................................ 164
01 Jain Ethics.................................................................................................................................. 164
02 Three Cardinal Principles of Conduct.........................................................................................164
03 Survival of Life vs Ethical Living.................................................................................................166
04 Ethical Living and Dairy Products..............................................................................................166
05 Jainism and the Environment What does Jainism teach about ecology?...................................167
06 Summary and Recommendations..............................................................................................170
07 Jain Conduct and its Relevance to Modern Times.....................................................................170
C08 - Application of Nonviolence......................................................................................................... 172
01 Introduction................................................................................................................................ 172
02 Animal Cruelty and Ecological Impact........................................................................................173
03 Ecological Impact of Non-vegetarianism....................................................................................173
04 Abstinence from Drinking Alcoholic Beverages..........................................................................174
05 Refraining from Consumption of Honey.....................................................................................175
06 Conscious Consumer................................................................................................................. 175
07 Summary.................................................................................................................................... 179
C09 - Jain Yoga................................................................................................................................... 180
01 Introduction................................................................................................................................ 180
02 Meaning of Yoga in Jain Tradition..............................................................................................180
03 Four Primary Paths to Yoga....................................................................................................... 180
Page 10 of 389

04
05
06
07
08
Yoga Benefits............................................................................................................................. 186

Yogic Diet................................................................................................................................... 186
Yogic Samkalpa (Oath) For Meditation.......................................................................................186
Method of Yoga Meditation......................................................................................................... 187
Summary.................................................................................................................................... 187
C10 - Jainism in Action........................................................................................................................ 188

01 Nutrition, Health and Spirituality................................................................................................. 188
02 Yoga, Health and Spirituality...................................................................................................... 189
C11- Living Values............................................................................................................................... 194
01 Introduction................................................................................................................................ 194
02 Anger/Forgiveness (Kshama)..................................................................................................... 194
03 Ego (Pride)/Humility (Vinay)....................................................................................................... 195
04 Deceit/Honesty (Straightforwardness)........................................................................................ 195
05 Greed/Contentment (Santosh)................................................................................................... 196
06 Compassion............................................................................................................................... 197
07 Friendship.................................................................................................................................. 197
08 The Power of Determination...................................................................................................... 198
09 Self Reliance.............................................................................................................................. 199
RITUALS................................................................................................................................................. 201
D01 - Jain Symbols............................................................................................................................. 202
01 Jai Jinendra - Greeting............................................................................................................... 202
02 Michchhmi Dukkadam - Greeting.............................................................................................202
03 Jinlaya - Jain Temple (Dersar or Mandir)...............................................................................202
04 Om............................................................................................................................................. 202
05 Hrim........................................................................................................................................... 203
06 Arhum......................................................................................................................................... 203
07 Swastika..................................................................................................................................... 203
08 Tilak............................................................................................................................................ 203
09 Universal Jain Symbol................................................................................................................ 203
10 Federation of Jaina Logo........................................................................................................... 204
11 rti.............................................................................................................................................. 204
12 Mangal Deevo............................................................................................................................ 204
13 Ashta Mangal............................................................................................................................. 204
14 Mna Stambha........................................................................................................................... 205
D02 - Emblems, Dreams, Puja Rituals................................................................................................ 206
01 Lnchhans (Emblems Or Symbols)........................................................................................... 206
02 Tirthankars................................................................................................................................. 206
03 Dreams of A Tirthankars Mother................................................................................................209
04 Ashta Prakri Puj / Ashta Dravya Puj.....................................................................................212
05 Special Pujas............................................................................................................................. 214
06 Pujan.......................................................................................................................................... 214
D03 - Going to the Temple (Shvetmbar & Digambar Tradition).........................................................215
01 Introduction................................................................................................................................ 215
02 Recommendations..................................................................................................................... 215
03 Shvetmbar Tradition Puj......................................................................................................... 216
04 Digambar Tradition Puj............................................................................................................. 223
D04 - Importance of Proper Performance of a Ritual...........................................................................227
01 Kriy Yoga.................................................................................................................................. 227
02 Jnn Yoga.................................................................................................................................. 227
D05 - Six vashyakas (Six Essentials and Daily Observances)..........................................................228
01 Introduction................................................................................................................................ 228
Page 11 of 389
04 - Two Frogs
02 Six Essential Observances of Shvetmbar tradition..................................................................228

03 Six Essential Observances of Digambar Tradition.....................................................................235
D06 - Paryushan and Das Lakshana Parva........................................................................................ 239
01 Paryushan.................................................................................................................................. 239
02 Das Lakshana Parva.................................................................................................................. 240
03 Forgiveness Day........................................................................................................................ 243
D07 - Jain Festivals (Parvas) and Celebrations..................................................................................244
01 Kalynaks - Auspicious Events.................................................................................................. 244
02 Paryushan Mah Parva.............................................................................................................. 245
03 Das Lakshana Parva.................................................................................................................. 246
04 Mahvir Janma Kalynak (Mahvir Jayanti)..............................................................................247
05 Diwli......................................................................................................................................... 247
06 New Year.................................................................................................................................... 248
07 Bhibeej (Festival for brother).................................................................................................... 248
08 Jnn Panchami (Holy day for worshipping Knowledge).............................................................249
09 Dev Diwli or Kartaki Poonam................................................................................................... 249
10 Navpad Oli................................................................................................................................. 249
11 Maun Agiyras........................................................................................................................... 249
12 Posh Dashami............................................................................................................................ 250
13 Varsitap...................................................................................................................................... 250
14 Akshaya Tritiya - Varsitap Prn................................................................................................250
15 Fgun Sud Teras........................................................................................................................ 250
16 Twelve Tithis.............................................................................................................................. 250
17 Chaumsi Chaudas................................................................................................................... 250
18 Mastaka Abhisheka - The Head Anointing Ceremony................................................................250
D08 - Jain Temples & Pilgrimage Places............................................................................................. 252
01 Digambar and Shvetmbar Images........................................................................................... 252
02 Few Recommendations regarding Offerings at the Temple.......................................................252
03 Jain Pilgrimage Places (Jain Tirths)........................................................................................... 252
04 Summary.................................................................................................................................... 258
D09 - Yakshas and Yakshinis.............................................................................................................. 259
01 Chakreshwari Devi..................................................................................................................... 259
02 Ambik Devi............................................................................................................................... 259
03 Padmvati Devi.......................................................................................................................... 260
04 Saraswati Devi........................................................................................................................... 260
05 Lakshmi Devi............................................................................................................................. 260
06 Manibhadra Dev......................................................................................................................... 260
07 Ghantkarna Vir......................................................................................................................... 260
08 Nkod Bhairava....................................................................................................................... 260
09 Bhomiyji................................................................................................................................... 260
JAIN HISTORY LITERATURE and SECTS............................................................................................ 261
E01 History of Jain Traditions and Sects.......................................................................................... 262
01 Introduction................................................................................................................................ 262
02 Prehistoric Period....................................................................................................................... 262
03 Historical Period - Jain Tradition and Archeological Evidence....................................................263
04 Keval-jnni, Shruta-kevalishruta-kevali and Das-purvi chryas...............................................264
05 Jain Sects and their brief History:..............................................................................................266
06 Survival of Jainism in Difficult Times.......................................................................................... 269
07 Jainism in Various Regions of India........................................................................................... 270
08 Jain Contributions to Indian Culture........................................................................................... 273
E02 Jain Scriptures and Literature................................................................................................... 274
Page 12 of 389

01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
Jain Scriptures or gam Literature.............................................................................................274

Vchan (Recensions - Critical revision of Agam).....................................................................275
Classification of Jain gams...................................................................................................... 276
Purvas........................................................................................................................................ 276
Anga-pravishtha gams:............................................................................................................ 277
Anga-bhya gams:................................................................................................................... 278
Digambars Anga-bhya gams.................................................................................................282
Digambar Recognized Literature............................................................................................... 284
Non-gam Literature.................................................................................................................. 285
Some Sacred Books.................................................................................................................. 286
Summary.................................................................................................................................... 290
Names of Jain gam Literature.................................................................................................. 290
E03 Jain Heroes............................................................................................................................... 294

01 Great chryas of Digambar and Shvetmbar Traditions..........................................................294
02 Shrimad Rjchandra.................................................................................................................. 294
03 Knji-Swmi............................................................................................................................... 295
F01 Story Tirthankars......................................................................................................................... 296
01 - Bhagwn Mahvir......................................................................................................................... 297
02 - Bhagwn Prshvanth................................................................................................................. 303
03 - Bhagwn Neminth...................................................................................................................... 305
04 - Bhagwn Mallinth....................................................................................................................... 307
05 - Bhagwn dinth......................................................................................................................... 310
F02 Story - Ganadhars and chryas.................................................................................................. 312
01 - Gautam-swmi............................................................................................................................. 313
02 - Ganadhar Sudharm-swmi......................................................................................................... 316
03 - Kevali Jambuswmi...................................................................................................................... 318
04 - chrya Sthulibhadra................................................................................................................... 320
05 - chrya Kunda-kunda.................................................................................................................. 324
06 - chrya Haribhadra-Suri.............................................................................................................. 325
07 - chrya Hemchandra................................................................................................................... 327
F03 Stories Preceding Bhagawn Mahvir..........................................................................................329
01 - Bharat and Bhubali..................................................................................................................... 330
02 - King Megharath............................................................................................................................ 333
03 - Sage Nandisen............................................................................................................................. 334
04 - King Shripl and Mayan-sundari................................................................................................ 335
05 - Ilchikumar................................................................................................................................... 338
06 - Monk Kurgadu.............................................................................................................................. 341
F04 Stories during Bhagawn Mahvirs Life......................................................................................343
01 - Mahvir-swmi and the Cow Herder............................................................................................ 344
Page 13 of 389
04 - Two Frogs
02 - Chandkaushik............................................................................................................................... 345
03 - Chandanbl................................................................................................................................ 346
04 - Nails in the Ears: Last Calamity for Bhagwn Mahvir.................................................................349
05 - Meghakumr................................................................................................................................ 350
06 - Aimutt Muni................................................................................................................................ 352
07 - nand Shrvak............................................................................................................................. 355
08 - Puni Shrvak.............................................................................................................................. 356
09 - Shlibhadra.................................................................................................................................. 357
10 - King Shrenik and Queen Cheln.................................................................................................. 359
11 - King Shrenik and Anathi Muni....................................................................................................... 360
12 - King Shreniks Destiny.................................................................................................................. 361
13 - Monk Prasannachandra............................................................................................................... 363
14 - Abhaykumr and Thief Rohineya................................................................................................. 365
F05 Story - Stories after Bhagwn Mahvir.........................................................................................368
01 - Vajrakumr................................................................................................................................... 369
02 - King Samprati............................................................................................................................... 372
03 - Temples of Delwd..................................................................................................................... 374
04 - Udayan Mantri and His Sons mbad and Bhad......................................................................378
05 - Nobility of Savchand and Somchand............................................................................................ 381
F06 Story - Contemporary Jain Legends.............................................................................................384
01 - Shrimad Rjchandra - 1867 to 1901............................................................................................. 385
02 - Virchand R. Gandhi..................................................................................................................... 390
A Brief Summary of His Life and Mission......................................................................................... 390
Literature Published by Shri Virchand R. Gandhi or complied from his Speeches:..........................391
F07 Story - Moral Stories...................................................................................................................... 393
01 - King Hansa................................................................................................................................... 394
02 - Kamalsen..................................................................................................................................... 396
03 - Vipul and Vijan............................................................................................................................. 397
04 - Two Frogs..................................................................................................................................... 398
Page 14 of 389
INTRODUCTION
A01 - Jain Prayers

A02 - Dharma: Religion
A03 - Basics of Jainism
Page 15 of 389
04 - Two Frogs
A01 - Jain Prayers

01 Namaskr Mahmangal Sutra
Namaskr Mahmangal Sutra is also known as Namaskr Mantra, Navakr Mantra or Namokkr Mantra.
This is the most revered text in Jainism in which homage is paid to the five worship worthy personalities:
Arihanta (enlightened human beings), Siddha (liberated souls), chrya (head of the Jain congregation),
Updhyy (ascetic teachers), and all Sdhus including all monks and nuns (ascetics) of the universe.
The ascetics practice the five great vows of Ahimsa, Truthfulness, Non-stealing, Celibacy, and Nonpossession in their conduct. They maintain multiplicity views in their thought process. All these
personalities are recognized and worshiped for their virtues (Guns) and not for their individual identities.
Hence all truly spiritually uplifted saintly people of the world are worshiped here.
The Namaskr Mahmangal sutra illuminates and awakens the divine qualities of the soul like the light
brightens the dark surroundings. It is not a religious ritualistic prayer, but an eternal expression of
perfection. It holds the science of life within itself. It is a key to the divine treasury of knowledge.
There 108 qualities or attributes of these five supreme beings are as follows:
Arihanta (12), Siddha (8), chrya (36), Updhyy (25), and Sdhu (27), Total - 108
The Jain rosary (Ml) has 108 beads signifying 108 attributes of the five supreme beings.
The Namaskr Mahmangal has 9 sentences. The first five sentences provide obeisance to the above
five worshipful personalities and the remaining four sentences explain the importance of these
obeisances.
Namo Arihantnam
Namo Siddhnam
Namo yariynam
Namo Uvajjhynam
Namo Loe Savva Shunam
Eso Pancha Namukkro
Savva Pvapa Pansano
Mangalnam cha Savvesim
Padhamam Havai Mangalam
Namo Arihantnam
I bow to all Arihantas (Tirthankars or Jinas) who have attained enlightenment by overcoming their inner weaknesses
such as anger, ego, deceit, and greed. They have achieved infinite knowledge, infinite vision, perfect conviction and
conduct, and unlimited energy. This way they have eradicated all karma which subdued the original qualities of the
soul (four Ghti karma). They are perfect human beings and they have shown us the path to liberation which brings
an end to the cycle of life, death and suffering. At the end of their life the remaining human body related karma will
be exhausted and they will become pure soul (soul without body) known as Siddha.
Namo Siddhnam
I bow to all Siddhas (liberated souls) who have attained the state of perfection and immortality. They are pure soul
and pure consciousness. They possess no karma and hence no physical body. After nirvana (death), all Arihantas
become Siddhas
Namo yariynam
I bow to all the chryas, who are the heads of various Jain congregations. They explain the path of liberation,
which is the unity of Samyag Darshan (Right Conviction), Samyag Jnn (Right Knowledge), and Samyak Chritra
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(Right Conduct). They explain the importance of spiritual life over material life and preach everyone to live a
compassionate and simple life.
Namo Uvajjhynam
I bow to the Updhyys, who are the learned scholars of the Jain scriptures and their proper interpretations. They
teach the principles of Jain religion and how to apply such principles in our daily life.

I bow to all the Sdhus and Sdhvis (ascetics) of the universe who strictly follow the five great vows of conduct;
Ahimsa, truth, non-stealing, celibacy, and non-possession and thus inspire us to live a simple life.
Eso Pancha Namukkro

To these five types of great souls, I offer my prayers.
Savva Pvapa Pansano

May such prayer help diminish all my negative vibrations and sins.
Mangalnam cha Savvesim

Offering this prayer is the foremost amongst all of the auspicious benedictions.
02 Divine Refuge Prayer

, ,
, ,
Chattri saranam pavajjmi, Arihante saranam pavajjmi,

Siddhe saranam pavajjmi, Sh saranam pavajjmi,
Kevali pannattam dhammam saranam pavajjmi ||
I take refuge in the four auspicious and supreme entities of perfected souls, liberated souls, ascetics and
the religion. These are expounded by self-control, non-violence and compassion.
03 Religious Stutis
,
,
Mangalam Bhagawn Viro, mangalam Gautam prabhu |
Mangalam Sthlibhadrdy, Jain dharmostu mangalam ||
Bhagawn Mahvir is auspicious, Ganadhar Gautam Swmi is auspicious; chrya Sthulibhadra is
auspicious; Jain religion is auspicious.
,
,
Mangalam Bhagavna Viro, mangalam Gautamo gani |
Mangalam Kundakundryo, Jain dharmostu mangalam ||
Bhagawn Mahvir is auspicious, Ganadhar Gautam Swmi is auspicious; chrya Kunda-kunda is
auspicious; Jain religion is auspicious.
,
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,
,
,
Arhanto bhagavanta indramahith, Siddhshcha siddhisthit |
chry jinashsanonnatikarh, pjy Updhyyakh |
Shri siddhntasupthak Munivar, ratnatrayradhakh |
Panchai te Paramesthinah pratidinam, kurvantu vo mangalam ||
Tirthankar Bhagawn, who is worshipped by heavenly gods; Siddha Bhagawn, who permanently reside
on Siddhashil; chrya Mahrj, who propagate the Jain religion; revered Updhyy Mahrj; and
Sdhus and Sdhvis who are well versed in the scriptures and followers of three jewels of Jainism; may
these five supreme beings bestow bliss every day.
dimam pruthivinatha-mdimam nishparigraham |

dimam tirthantham cha, Rushabhasvminam stumah ||
We pray to Bhagwan Rishabhdev who was the first king, who was the first one to renounce all his
possessions and who is the first Tirthankar.

-,
,
,
:
Virah sarvasursurendra-mahito, Viram budhh sanshrith
Virenbhihatah svakarma nichayo, Virya nityam namah |
Virat tirthamidam pravruttamatulam, Virasya ghoram tapo
Vire shri dhyuti kirti knti nichayah, shri Vira ! bhadram dishah ||
I always bow down to Bhagawn Mahvir, who has eradicated all His Karma and who is worshipped by all
heavenly gods as well as demons. O Mahvir Swami Bhagawn, the learned take refuge in You. You
have established this un-paralleled Tirtha (four-fold Jain sangh). O Bhagwn Mahvir, Your austerities
were intense. You have attained the ultimate enlightenment, wealth of knowledge, patience, glory, grace,
and peace. Oh! Bhagawn Mahvir, please guide me on the path to liberation.
!
Tubhyam namastribhuvanartiharaya ntha |
Tubhyam namah kshititalmalabhushanya |
Tubhyam namastrijagatah parameshvarya,
Tubhyam namo jina ! bhavodadhi shoshanya
Bhaktmar Stotra Acharya Mnatungasuri
O Lord! My namaskaar to you, because you destroy the miseries of the three worlds.
O Lord! My namaskaar to you, as you are the jewel on the surface of the earth.
My namaskaar to you, as you are the Lord paramount of the three worlds.
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My namaskaar to you as make the ocean of mundane existence completely dry (free us from the cycle of
transmigration)
04 Universal Forgiveness Stotra - Khmemi Savva Jive Sutra

By means of this sutra, we ask for forgiveness from all living beings of the universe and we also grant
forgiveness to all living beings of the universe. In this way a relationship of mutual forgiveness and
friendship is developed among all living beings. This is the true essence of the Jain religion.
,
, . .1.
Khmemi savva jive sutra:
khamemi savve jiva, savve jiva khamantu me,
mitti me savva bhuyesu, veram majha na kenai. . .1.
I forgive all living beings, May all living beings forgive me.
My friendship is with all living beings, My enmity is nonexistent.
05 Reflection on Universal Peace - Upsargh Kshayam Ynti Sutra

Recitations of the following sutras help to spread peace among all living beings in the universe.
:
,
, .
.1.
upasargh kshayam ynti, chidyante vighna-vallayah.
manah prasannatmeti, pujyamne jineshvare.
.1.
All problems get resolved,
All obstacles get removed,
The heart becomes full of joy,
For those who get in touch with the inner higher self.
06 Reflection on Universal Friendship - Shivmastu SarvaJagatah Sutra

Recitations of the following sutras help to spread good wishes to all living beings in the universe.
: :

,
, . .1.
Shivmastu sarva jagatah,
Parhit nirata bhavantu bhutaganah,
Doshah prayantu nasham,
Sarvatra sukhi bhavantu lokah. .
.1.
May the whole universe be blessed,
May all beings engage in each other's well-being,
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May all weakness, sickness and faults diminish and vanish,

May everyone be healthy, prosperous, blissful, and peaceful.
07 Reflection on Spirituality and Pure Consciousness

By reciting the following sutras we reflect on the true qualities of our soul.
, , , , , , ;
, .
Day shnti samat ksham, satya, tyg, vairgya,

Hoya mumukshu ghata vishe, eha sadya sujgya.
The true seeker of eternal peace has seven cardinal virtues, which are compassion, peace, equanimity,
forgiveness, truthfulness, renunciation, and non-attachment to worldly relations and objects. These
qualities keep one constantly vigilant.
, ;
, , .
Kashya-ni upashnta-t, mtra moksha abhilsha,
Bhave kheda prni day, ty tmrtha nivsa.
Where there are no passions like anger, ego, deceit and greed; where there are no worldly desires; where
there is compassion for all living beings; and where the only desire is to liberate the self, there is the
abode of self-realization.
, , , ;
, .
Raga, dvesha, ajnna e, mukhya karma-ni grantha,
Thya nivrutti jeha-thi, te ja mokshano pantha.
Attachment, hatred, and ignorance are the three principal reasons of the bondage of karma to the soul.
The path by which stoppage of karma occurs is the path of liberation.
08 Reflection on True Teacher (Sadguru)

By reciting the following sutras we respect our true teacher and his/her qualities.
, ;
, .
Je svaroop samajy vin, pmyo dukha anant;
Samajvyu te pad namu, shri sadguru bhagavant.
I bow to the feet of the Holy Teacher, who explained the true nature of the Soul; without its understanding,
I suffered infinite misery.
, ;
, .
tma-jnn samadarshit, vichare uday-prayog
apurv vni param-shrut, sadguru lakshan yogya.
The admirable qualities of the Holy Teacher are self-realization, equanimity, compassion, pious speech,
and the knowledge of the highest scriptures. He lives worldly life without any attachment or aversion.
, ;
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, .
Deh chhat jeni dash, varte dehtit;
Te gnnin charanm, ho vandan aganit.
I often bow to the feet of the Holy Teacher who lives in a human body, but his actions are beyond all
attachments to the body and other worldly relations.
09 Divine Gratitude Prayer

,
,
-
Ajnatimirndhna, jnjana halkay|

Netra unmlita yena, tasmai hr gurave namah ||
Yogshstra by Hemchandrchrya
The darkness of ignorance was blinding my vision. A healing paste (the medicine of true Knowledge) has
been applied. Now my inner eyes are open. To the Master who helped me, who removed the layers of
ignorance and enabled me to see rightly, I humbly offer my appreciation and gratitude.
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A02 - Dharma: Religion

Jain Verse
May the entire universe attain bliss,
May all beings be oriented to the interest of others,
Let all faults be eliminated and
May people be happy everywhere.
Hindu Verse
May all persons be happy,
May all be disease free,
May all attain well-being and
Let no one be overtaken by miseries.
01 Introduction
Every living being desires happiness, and endeavors to avoid pain and suffering. The question is how
these objectives can be achieved. Generally, a person will feel happy if he gets whatever he desires and
can avoid everything that he does not like. However, situations do occur, which are not in his interest or
do not conform to his liking. Even in favorable situations, it is not always within his power to prolong the
situation. Every situation changes and a person feels miserable when the new situation is not to his
liking. Moreover, desires and likes or dislikes of all beings are not identical. What one person loves may
be of utter distaste to another. It is therefore impossible that everything can happen to everyones taste.
Viewed in this light, it would seem that there couldnt possibly be a way for making everyone happy.
Fortunately, however, there is a way. Two verses, one each from Jain and Hindu traditions quoted above,
address that way. It should be noted that they have identical meanings. Both of them convey the same
message of well-being for all, for the whole universe, and for the elimination of evil. Shraman (Jain,
Buddhist) and Vedic (Hindu) traditions have flourished together; both have borrowed from and influenced
ideologies of the other. It is therefore not surprising that Jain scholars have time and again insisted on the
study of not only Jainism, but also the six schools of thought prevalent in India and collectively known as
Shad-darshan. Broadly classified, they are known as Vedic and Shraman traditions, both having
originated from the same Indo-Aryan culture. Both of them have addressed the subject of universal
happiness and have discovered that the way to universal happiness is to wish and act for happiness and
well-being for all. If everyone acts accordingly, the world can turn into paradise and there would not be
any misery; at least man-made misery would come to an end.
Indian philosophies go beyond seeking happiness in this life. Almost all of them believe in the existence
of an eternal soul and in a continually changing pattern of everything else. Therefore, they seek
happiness that lasts beyond the present life. Their ultimate goal is to present the path of liberation
leading to the termination of the cycle of life and death. However, as long as we are not liberated, their
approach is to seek continuing universal happiness. The above two verses therefore urge everyone to
look earnestly for the well-being of all others, to stay meritorious in this life to be sure of reaping fruits of
their merits in subsequent lives.
When one talks of religion, the question may arise, Why do we bother about religion? Could we not be
happy in this life without worrying about religion? One may be healthy, have a loving spouse and children
that they love, have plenty of money, and possess all the amenities that one needs. What more is religion
going to offer?
These are legitimate questions. The concept underlying these questions revolves around our body. Its
health, its relations, its well-being, and comforts and luxuries it can indulge in are supposed to bring forth
happiness. Accordingly, when such situations are to our liking, we consider ourselves happy.
Unfortunately the body with which, we identify ourselves and also everything around it is transitory. All the
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situations are ephemeral. The happiness that we might be experiencing from such situations can
disappear at any time. We do not know what is going to happen at the next moment. In fact, our socalled happiness is unstable and short-lived.
Even if situations conducive to our interest were likely to continue indefinitely, peace and happiness may
not always materialize. As the poet Percy Shelley put it in one of his poems, we are prone to look before
and after and pine for what is naught. Hardly anyone feels satisfied with what he has. We have the
tendency to desire what we dont have. Our desires are endless and as long as those desires remain
unsatisfied, no one can ever feel happy and experience real peace that can lead to blissful pleasure. We
may strive hard for achieving that pleasure but hardly any one attains it any time during his life.
02 What is Religion?
The growth of scientific knowledge and technology has given new dimensions to our lives and has
influenced every aspect of our living. Science has done a great service to mankind by providing
amenities for pleasant living and has saved men from many miseries and uncertainties of the primitive
past. It has also destroyed many superstitions and religious dogmas. At the same time, the scientific
outlook has uprooted the moral, religious, and cultural values of our society. In the light of the advance of
scientific perspective some individuals have renounced our traditional religious beliefs and values. We
know much about the atom but not much about the values needed for a meaningful and peaceful life. We
are living in a state of disarray. Our lives are full of worries, emotional disorders, and conflict of values.
Today man needs mental peace and complete integration with his own personality and with his social
environment. Can religion, in general, and Jainism, in particular, meet this need of our times? Yes, it can.
Religion has eternal concepts and values that can meet the needs of the time.
Now, what do we mean by the term religion? Many western scholars define religion as faith. Some say
that religion is belief in spiritual beings. Others define religion as faith in the conservation of values. The
inner core of religion is faith, but it is the faith in our own existence and our own real nature, belief in some
eternal and spiritual values that are essential for the existence and uplift of mankind. A generally
accepted definition of religion is Dhrayati Iti Dharma. It means that what holds (from falling) is religion.
Our remaining in a deluded state constitutes a fall and religion tends to protect us. It teaches us that the
physical body, with which we identify ourselves, is alive on account of the soul that abides within it. The
soul is our true self. We are the consciousness pervading the body and our association with a body
terminates at the end of life. The true nature of consciousness is to know whatever happens without any
sense of craving or aversion. It is therefore futile to be pleased or displeased with different situations.
Thus by revealing our true nature, religion helps in extricating us from the deluded state in which we have
been entangled since time without beginning. Religion teaches us to know ourselves.
He, who knows one (soul), also knows all; He who knows all, knows the one.
This quotation taken from Jain scripture chrnga Sutra states that he who knows the soul, knows
everything else. This is so because the knowledge of true Self as pure, enlightened, not aging, immortal
and ever blissful soul can lead to the state of having no desire.
Therefore, Jain scriptures define religion as Vatthu Sahvo Dhammo. It means that religion is the real
nature of things. Religion is the nature or property of all substances (Dravyas) including soul and matter.
We seldom try to explore who we are and what is our true nature. Nothing against our nature is going to
give us lasting happiness or real satisfaction. Without knowing ourselves and without realizing our own
nature, we have been trying to gain happiness. No wonder that it eludes us, because we have been
trying to gain it from extraneous circumstances. In a way, we have been dwelling all the time in a state of
delusion about ourselves. We can just as well say we have been pursuing a mirage.
That being so, what is the real nature of the human being? The real nature of human beings is
equanimity. chrnga sutra defines religion as mental equanimity. In Bhagavati sutra, Gautam Swami
asks Bhagawn Mahvir, "What is the nature of soul?" Bhagawn replies, "The nature of soul is
equanimity." Gautam asks, "What is the ultimate aim of soul?" Mahvir replies, "The ultimate aim of the
soul is also equanimity." chrya Kund-kund, in Samaysr, has equated the essential nature (Svabhv) of
soul with equanimity.
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This, of course, does not mean that we should not try to change an undesirable situation; nor does it
endorse inaction. As long as the soul is embodied, it will stay active. There are different types of
activities that a monk or a laymen should undertake. Religion, however, prescribes that everyone should
undertake activities vigorously but without any degree of attachment. This would mean facing any
situation dispassionately without reacting in terms of craving or aversion. The common objective is to
enable one to view every situation, comfortable or uncomfortable, with equanimity and without getting
agitated. That would amount to knowing oneself and abiding in ones own blissful nature.
Religion is nothing but an endeavor for the realization of one's own essential nature. Dwelling in one's
own essential nature means to remain secure in the state of a spectator or observer. It is the state of
subjectivity or of a pure knower. In this state, the consciousness is completely free from excitement and
emotions, and the mind becomes tranquil. It is the precondition for enjoying spiritual happiness, and for
relieving mental tension, which is an impure state of mind. This is the practice of equanimity of mind.
Nobody wants to live in a state of stress. All seek relaxation instead of tension, contentment instead of
anxiety. Our real nature is mental peace or equanimity. Religion is nothing but a way of achieving this
mental peace.
Religion is truth. When you first discover and then begin to live by inner truth, it becomes your
measurement for everything. If an action fits with this truth, then you do it. If it does not, you reject it. It is
not justifying; it is acting in accordance with your inner measuring rod. Truth becomes your permanent
inner companion.
The path to liberation of rational knowledge, rational perception, and rational conduct is the application of
equanimity in the three aspects of our conscious life, which is, knowing, feeling and willing. Evenmindedness, broader and unbiased outlook and regard for other ideologies and thoughts constitute
equanimity of knowledge or rational knowledge. Detachment from the objects of worldly pleasures,
balanced state of mind, and the feeling of equality constitute equanimity of feeling or rational perception.
Control over one's desires, regard for other's life and property, equity and fairness in social life constitute
equanimity of willing or rational conduct. The three organs of rational conduct are body, speech, and
mind. According to Jain teachers, equanimity of body, speech, and mind should be the directive principle
of religious life. Equanimity of mind entails non-attachment or non-possessiveness, Equanimity of body is
nonviolence (Ahimsa) and Equanimity of speech is non-absolutism. Nonviolence, non-attachment, and
non-absolutism are the three pillars of Jainism. By adopting these concepts, we can attain happiness and
peace in our lives and create an atmosphere of tolerance and trust in society.
03 Meaning of Jainism
Jainism is a religion propounded by a `Jina'. Principles enunciated by a `Jina' constitute Jainism and the
follower of Jainism is known as a `Jain'. Further, a `Jina' is neither a supernatural being nor an
incarnation of an all-powerful God. The word `Jina' means the conqueror or the victorious, i. e., one who
has conquered the worldly passions by one's own strenuous efforts. Human beings are entitled to
become `Jinas' and as such `Jinas' are persons of this world who have attained supreme knowledge,
subjugated their passions like desire, hatred, anger, greed, and pride and are free from any sort of
attachment. Thus, Jainism is a religion of purely human origin. It is propagated by self-realized
individuals who have attained perfect knowledge, omniscience, and self-control by personal effort and
have been liberated from the bonds of worldly existence, and the cycles of all future life and death. Jinas
are popularly viewed as Gods in Jainism. An infinite number of Jinas existed in the past. All human
beings have the potential to become a Jina.
In ancient times, Jainism was also known as Shraman Dharma, an ascetic tradition or the religion of
Nirgrantha, one who is not attached to internal or external objects.
The basic tenet of Jainism is "Ahimsa Parmo Dharmah". From an ethical point of view Dharma means
duty - compassion is the supreme duty of an individual. From a religious point of view, Dharma means
the true nature of a substance - compassion is the true nature of a human being. In addition, the Jain
dictum "Parasparopagraho Jivnm" means, "Living beings (Souls) render service to one another".
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04 Why Do We Pray?
A Jain verse says, I bow down to the path of salvation, which is supreme, which is omniscient; I bow
down to that power because I wish to become like that power. The object is not to receive anything from
the entity or from that spiritual nature, but to become one like that. Its not that spiritual entity will make us
become like itself by a magic power, but by following out of ideal which is before our eyes, we shall be
able to change our own personality. It will be regenerated, as it were, and will be changed into a being,
which will have the same character and divinity which is our idea of God. So we worship God, not as a
being who is going to give us something, not because it is going to do something to please us, not
because it is profitable in any way; there is not any idea of selfishness; it is like practicing virtue for the
sake of virtue and without any other motive.
God to us would mean to have attained the perfect and liberated state. We pay homage to the perfect for
the sake to perfection, and not for any reward. One of the prayers of the Jaina is I worship with power all
consciousness which becomes the leader for us on the path of salvation; which has broken to pieces the
mountain of physical forces of Karma; which has acquired omniscience. I worship it because I wish to
become that power.
The Jinas are not Gods in the sense of being the creators of the universe, but rather as those who have
accomplished the ultimate goal of liberation through the true understanding of self and other realities.
The concept of God as a creator, protector, and destroyer of the universe does not exist in Jainism. The
concept of God's descent into a human form to destroy evil is also not applicable in Jainism.
The Jinas that have established the religious order and revived the Jain philosophy at various times in the
history of humanity are known as Tirthankars. The ascetic sage, Rishabhdev was the first Tirthankar and
Mahvir was the last Tirthankar of the spiritual lineage of the twenty-four Tirthankars in the current era.
In summary, Jainism does not believe in a creator God, however this does not mean that Jainism is an
atheistic religion. Jains believe in an infinite number of Jinas (Gods) who are self-realized omniscient
individuals who have attained liberation from birth, death, and suffering.
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A03 - Basics of Jainism

01 What is Jainism?
Jains
Jains are the followers of Jinas
Jina means victors
Jinas are the victors over their inner passions (Kashyas) which are Anger (Krodha), Ego (Mna), Deceit (My),
and Greed (Lobha)
Jinas are also called Tirthankars or Arihantas, and they are Gods in the human forms.
Tirthankar
Tirthankars establish the four-fold order of Jain congregation, which are Sdhus, Sdhvis, Shrvaks, and Shrviks.
There are 24 Tirthankars in every ascending and descending time cycle.
Jains follow the teachings of Tirthankars
Tirthankars are
Self-Enlightened and Enlighteners
Super Most Illuminators
Conqueror of Inner Enemies
Revealers of True Path
Liberated and Liberators
Constitutors of Religious Order
Shri Mahvir Swami is 24th Tirthankar in this time
Concept of God in Jainism

Every soul in its purest form is called Siddha and is a God. Arihantas are God in the human form.
Every soul is equal and is capable of becoming God.
The way to become a God is to get rid of all Karma by removing anger, ego, deceit and greed from our self.
Every soul creates its own destiny.
Jains do not believe in God as a creator, destroyer or preserver of the universe.
Jain God
God is not a Creator, Preserver or Destroyer of the Universe

God is a pure consciousness or perfected soul without any karma attached to it
Human being after attaining absolute knowledge is known as Arihanta
Arihanta who establishes four-fold order is known as Tirthankar
Liberated Souls are Jain Gods, who are only knower and Observer but not Doer
At liberation the soul remains finite, lives in Moksha forever, and never loses its identity
Every Soul is Eternal, Individual, and has a potential to become Liberated or God
Religion
Any activity of thought, speech or action that helps us get rid of our vices/inner enemies such as anger, ego, deceit
and greed is a Jain religious activity.
02 Main Principles/Tenets of Jainism

Ahims (Non-Violence)
Ahims, or non-violence, is a very broad subject. Jains believe that all life forms have a soul, and all souls are
basically equal and should be treated with respect. This teaches us universal love and compassion towards all living
beings. Violence can be committed in three ways thoughts, words and actions.
Violent actions are obviously harmful to both, the doer and the receiver.
Violent words leave permanent scars in the heart and the mind of the other
As thoughts are the root cause of words and actions, violent thoughts that may or may not result in violent actions
are considered bad because they do the most damage to your soul.
Vegetarianism is just an expression of this belief of compassion for all living beings
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Anekntavda (Non-Absolutism)
Understanding truth from various standpoints is Anekntavda. Considering our limited scope of arriving at
complete truth, Jainism presents the theory that truth is relative to the viewpoint from which it is known. All
knowledge is multi-sided and true only from a limited perspective. Once we acquire this attitude, we will always be
tolerant of others viewpoints and willing to learn from it. Accepting partial truth in each one-sided view we can
lead a life of partnership and participation, a life of friendliness and harmony.
Aparigraha (Non-attachment/Non-possessiveness)
Possession of material things is external possession.
Attachment to material things as well as attachment to people is internal possession.
Both can lead to anger, ego, deceit and greed.
Hence, attachment is the cause of all our problems. The practice of non-attachment leads to equanimity in our lives,
which is necessary for the liberation of our soul.
Karma Theory (Law of Cause & Effect)

The soul is like a magnet.
Karma is like iron particles.
Our Kashya (anger, greed, deceit and ego) attract these karma particles to the soul which get bound to the soul.
Due to this continuous accumulation of Karma, the soul has to pass through the cycles of birth and death.
Our goal is to get rid of all previously attracted particles and stop attracting new particles like demagnetization.
We do this through knowledge, equanimity, tolerance, penance, self-control, forgiveness, repentance, reverence,
compassion, service, meditation and renunciation.
Texts/Scriptures
The Jain scriptures called gams are based on the teachings of Mahvir-swmi. They are composed in ArdhaMgadhi Prkrit language, the common language during the time of Mahvir-swmi.
There are many other works by noted chryas, Updhyys, Sdhus, Sdhvis, and scholars throughout history,
which go into the details of every aspect of life.
03 Jain Temple
A Jain temple is a beautiful, quiet and peaceful place to reflect upon our nature and soul Jain temple is a
place of worship designed for worshipper to experience immense peace and serenity. The idols of
Tirthankars and the temples environment promote introspection, and bring home the feeling that God
resides within ones own soul. Therefore, each person can follow a path of purification of the inner self,
devoid of anger, ego, deceit, and greed. Many Jains visit a temple regularly while others visit an
Upshraya or Sthnak for meditation. Upshraya is also a residence of Sdhus and Sdhvis.
We should go to a temple in clean, simple clothes. We should not wear pearls, silk, fur and leather as
they are obtained by killing oysters, worms and animals. Before entering the temple, we must take off our
shoes.
When we enter the temple we say Nissihi, meaning to leave behind. This means that by mind, speech
and action we are leaving all our worldly relations outside the temple, which in turn results in leaving our
vices or Kashyas which are anger, ego, deceit and greed.
We must not eat, drink or chew anything in the temple, nor should we run-around, shout, talk to others, or
socialize in the temple.
A donation box in a temple promotes anonymous giving.
04 Idol (Murti)
The idol (murt) represents the qualities of a Tirthankar but not the physical body. Hence, the idols of all
Tirthankars are similar. Each Tirthankar has a unique emblem or symbol (Lnchhan) that distinguishes
the idol from the idols of other Tirthankars. This symbol is found on the base of each idol.
An idol of a Jina either sitting in lotus posture or standing straight, illustrates a form of deepest meditation.
The face and eyes shower us with compassion and inspire calmness within us.
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If one looks at an idol, the lnchhan (emblem or symbol) is very clearly visible at the base of the idol
identifying the respective Tirthankar, for example, an emblem of bull indicates that it is the idol of dinth
or Rishabhdev, the first Tirthankar.
Usually an idol is carved from marble or cast from metal.
In Shvetmbar sect, the idols of Tirthankars are beautifully decorated with the eyes.
In Digambar sect, the idols of Tirthankars are in their natural undecorated form with their eyes semiclosed in meditation.
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PHILOSOPHY
B01 - Fundamental Beliefs of Jainism
B02 - Jain Path of Liberation - Ratna Trayi
B03 - Basics of Jainism
B04 - Six Universal Substances I: Jiva or Living Being
B05 - Six Universal Substances II: Non Living Substances
B06 - Nav Tattva Part I: Jiva, Ajiva, Punya, Pp, srava
B07- Nav Tattva Part II: Samvar, Nirjar, and Moksha
B08 - Theory of Karma, Reincarnation and Karma Philosophy I
B09 - The Theory of Karma: Q and A
B10 - Karma Philosophy II: Punya and Pp Karma
B11 - Anekntavda I - Theory of Multiplicity
B12 - Anekntavda II - Pramna, Naya and Sydvda
B13 - Anekntavda III - Five Samavya or Causal Factors
B14 - Fourteen Gunasthna: Stages of Spiritual Development
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B01 - Fundamental Beliefs of Jainism

The following list summarizes the major beliefs of Jainism:
The universe is without a beginning or an end, and is everlasting and eternal. No one has created it and
no one can destroy it.
Six fundamental substances or entities known as Dravya constitute the universe. They are Soul (Jiva),
Matter (Pudgal), Principle of Motion (Dharma), Principle of Rest (Adharma), Space (ksha), and Time
(Kl).
All six entities are eternal. Although they undergo countless changes continuously, they do not transform
from one substance to another and retain their inherent qualities.
The soul is the only living substance, which is consciousness. Every living being is a soul. An infinite
number of souls exist in the universe and they are all unique individuals. The remaining 5 substances are
non-living beings (Ajiva).
From eternity, every soul is ignorant and in delusion of its true nature and is also bounded by karma.
The ignorant and deluded soul, while remaining in bondage, continues to attract and bind new karma. It
is due to karma that the soul migrates from one life cycle to another, and passes through many pleasure
and painful situations and suffers.
A soul in its pure form has no Kashya such as; anger, ego, deceit, and greed. Thus it has no karma
attached to it and possesses infinite knowledge, infinite perception, infinite energy and power,
unobstructed bliss, and no physical body.
A soul in its impure form (a soul having Kashya meaning karma particles are attached to it), possesses
limited knowledge, limited perception, limited energy, physical body and its limitations, and experiences
pleasure and pain.
The ultimate goal for the soul is to achieve liberation from suffering through understanding and realization
of its pure nature.
Jainism believes that the proper Knowledge of reality, when combined with total Conviction of the
knowledge of Reality and proper Conduct leads the worldly soul to break the continual binding process of
karma to the soul and attain liberation from karma.
Jains believe that each living being is a master of his/her own destiny. They rely a great deal on self-effort
and self-initiative for both their worldly requirements and their salvation or liberation.
The complete true reality cannot be observed from a single viewpoint. To understand the true nature of
reality, it is essential to acknowledge and accept the positive nature of the multiple perspectives of each
situation or idea. This concept is called Anekntavda (non-absolutism).
Jains do not believe that there is a supernatural power that does favors for us if we please him or creates
hurdles for us if it is displeased.
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B02 - Jain Path of Liberation - Ratna Trayi

The Jain philosophy is based on the premise that the ultimate goal of human life is liberation; to realize
the free and blissful state of our true being. True philosophy should result in removing all bondage karma
in the process of purifying the soul.
Jainism addresses the true nature of soul and the reality. Lord Mahvir explained that all souls are equal
in their potential for infinite knowledge, infinite perception, infinite energy or power, and unobstructed
bliss. However, Jainism states that from eternity the soul is ignorant of its true nature (in Mithytva) and is
in bondage with karma (Karmic particles of matter). It is due to karma that the soul migrates from one life
cycle to another and faces various circumstances of happiness and unhappiness. It is due to the
ignorance of its true nature that the soul seeks pleasure in materialistic belongings and possessions and
continue to feed its passions such as anger, ego, deceit, greed, lust, hatred, and self-centered violent
thoughts. This action continuously accumulates new karma and suffering.
The conduct of the present life should be aimed to attain liberation (Moksha), the state of eternal bliss
from which there is no return to the cycle of life and death. Every soul can attain liberation, a supreme
spiritual state by realizing its intrinsic purity and perfection.
Jainism lays down a definitive course of practical moral discipline, contemplation of the highest truth, and
reorientation of life for attaining ultimate reality or truth. Lord Mahvir and the other Tirthankars have
shown the effectiveness of spiritual progress by putting it into the practice in their own lives. The
prominent Monk, Umsvti, around the 1st or 2nd century A.D., reminded us of it again in the very first
verse of his Tattvrtha Sutra. It reads:
Samyag-darshan-jnn-chritrni Mokshamrgah.
This prescribes a path to liberation -Moksha, which consists of the following trinity Ratna-Trayi:
Samyag Darshan
Right perception
Samyag Jnn
Right knowledge
Samyag Chritra
Right conduct
Right perception creates an awareness of reality or truth, right knowledge impels the person to proper
action, and proper conduct leads him to the attainment of total freedom. They must coexist in a person if
one is to make any progress on the path of liberation.
01 Samyag Darshan (Right Perception or Faith)

According to Jain doctrine, all knowledge, except omniscience, is only partial truth from a particular
viewpoint. Each individual has his or her unique perception of the world, which is a mixture of truth and
ignorance. All perceptions are valid, but incomplete, views of reality. The limited knowledge of the worldly
souls is distorted by ignorance unless it is uncovered by the right perception or faith. The first step in the
process of self-realization is to discard wrong beliefs and to adopt a rational attitude in life. It is
ascertaining true nature of the substances as they are. In other words, one should understand the true
nature of the self and non-self, their interaction, and the result thereof without being guided by ones bias,
prejudice or likes and dislikes.
Thus, Right Faith consists of seeing the true nature of every substance in the universe. Jainism
advocates that one should first try to know, comprehend, and understand the nature of reality. One
should analyze, examine, test, verify, and then, if satisfied, be convinced of its truth and efficacy. Samyag
Darshan is the foundation of truth and moral and spiritual discipline. It determines the right path of action
and guides the consciousness toward the goal. Right faith is not blind faith but the faith resulting from the
discretionary power of thought accompanied with the universal law of cause and effect. This faith enables
one to discriminate what is beneficial from what is harmful. Right faith arouses the pure desire to acquire
knowledge and it also turns whatever limited knowledge one has, into right knowledge.
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From a practical point of view, Samyag Darshan means to have a total faith in the Tirthankars, the Gurus,
and the scriptures containing their preaching.
Qualities of Samyag Darshan

There are five internal qualities or "Lakshana" of Samyag Darshan, which we can introspect and see whether these
qualities are present in our self.
stikya
True Faith in Religion
Anukampa
Empathy towards all living beings
Nirved
Realize that World is full of sorrow
Samveg
Only desire left is to achieve Moksha
Upasham
Feeling of detachment towards worldly objects and relationships
It is important to note that these qualities are internal. The person himself can introspect and know whether these
are present or not. Others will not be able to decide.
Right Conviction and Right Knowledge together provide a proper understanding towards valid discrimination
between what is worthy of rejection and what is worthy of acceptance, which is called Vivek or Bhed Jnn. This
stage of spirituality is called realization of truth or self-realization known as Samyaktva (4th spiritual stage
Gunasthnak).
02 Samyag Jnn (Right Knowledge)

Right perception or faith makes us realize the reality of life, and the seriousness of our purpose in life.
Right knowledge is the true and relevant knowledge of the reality. The knowledge about the existence of
the soul, its good or bad action and its effect on the soul, and the possibility of entirely terminating the
cycle of life and death by realizing the true nature of the soul is right knowledge.
From the practical point of view, right knowledge means the proper knowledge of the six universal
substances and nine principles or Nine Tattvas, which defines the relationship between Soul and Nonliving substance (Matter) and doctrine of Soul and Karma.
Six Universal Substances are:
Soul, Matter, Medium of Motion, Medium of Rest, Space, and Time
Nine Tattvas are:
Soul, Non-living elements, srava, Bandha, Punya, Pp, Samvar, Nirjar, and Moksha
It is not absolutely necessary for a person to have detailed knowledge of above said universal substances
or nine Tattvas to have right faith. If one has faith in the existence and energies of the soul and believes
that by following the path of non-violence and non-attachment one can advance on the path of perfection,
one has the Right Knowledge. A firm belief that the soul, though residing in the body is different from the
body and possesses special qualities not found in the body, and by proper spiritual discipline can be free
from the cycle of births and deaths is right Knowledge. Right perception or faith is essential in
recognizing right knowledge from wrong knowledge (Mithy Jnn). Right knowledge is free from three
main defects: doubt, delusion, and indefiniteness.
03 Samyag-Chritra and Spiritual Stages (Gunasthnak)

Both right faith and right knowledge lead to right conduct. The realization of truth or Samyaktva leads a
person to practice Right Conduct. Right conduct places a great emphasis on non-violence (Ahimsa),
compassion, truthfulness, non-stealing, pluralism of views (Anekntavda or Sydvda), non-possession
(Aparigraha) or limitation of possessions and non-possessiveness, self-purification, self-control, austerity,
asceticism, penance, yoga and meditation, as the means of attaining liberation.
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Right faith and right knowledge are required for right conduct, and all are interdependent. Jains dedicate
themselves to proper conduct through vows and sub vows. Vows are at the heart of Jain morality and are
undertaken with a full knowledge of their nature and a determination to carry them through.
Understanding of Samyag Darshan, Samyag Jnn, and Samyag Chritra itself is not good enough to take
us anywhere but we would have to apply them in real practice to their fullest to get the actual results. It
should also be remembered that we would have to follow all three simultaneously.
This threefold discipline helps us realize our own intrinsic purity. The trinity must be cultivated collectively
to ensure liberation. Individually, they are incomplete and insufficient because they are mutually
dependent. Collectively, the three jewels produce harmony, contentment, and bliss with the progressive
march of the soul to higher planes.
Various spiritual stages exist in practicing the Right Conduct. Householders follow initial stages and
ascetics follow advanced stages and ultimately attain liberation.
In the beginning, every living being is at the spiritual stage known as Mithytva (1st stage of
Gunasthnak). On the path of spiritual progress a person after acquiring proper knowledge of soul,
matter and karma, destroys Faith Deluding (Darshan Mohaniya) karma first and attains Right Conviction
or Faith. At that moment, his acquired knowledge is known as Right Knowledge because he has
developed the unshakeable trust in his knowledge. This does not mean that he acquires all knowledge.
This stage is known as the attainment of Samyaktva (4th stage of Gunasthnak).
The person then gradually destroys Conduct Deluding karma (Chritra Mohaniya karma) through the
progressive manifestations of the souls innate faculties of Right Conduct.
First, one adopts the twelve vows of conduct of laypeople for self-control (5th stage of Gunasthnak) and
then, gradually progresses towards the renunciation of worldly life and becomes an ascetic (6th and 7th
stage). As an ascetic, one follows the five great vows and is slowly able to remove passions such as
anger, ego, deceit, and greed from his nature.
At the perfection of Right Conduct, he destroys all Conduct Deluding karma (Chritra Mohaniya karma)
and becomes completely free from passions. This is known as an attainment of Vitarga state or state of
no passions (12th stage of Gunasthnak).
Once all Mohaniya karma (faith and conduct deluding karma) are exhausted, the remaining three Ghti
karmas - Jnnvaraniya Karma, Darshanvaraniya Karma, and Antarya Karma are destroyed naturally
and automatically within 48 minutes and without any further effort. This is known as attainment of a
Keval-Jnn state (13th stage of Gunasthnak known as Sayogi-kevali).
This is how a person destroys all four Ghti karma and attains:
Karma Destroyed
Quality Revealed
Mohaniya Karma
Anant-sukha or infinite happiness/joy
Jnnvaraniya Karma
Keval-jnn (Omniscience) or infinite knowledge
Darshanvaraniya Karma
Keval-darshan (Omni perception) or infinite perception
Antarya Karma
Anant-virya or infinite power and energy
After the destruction of all Ghti Karma, a Kevali or Arihant continues to live a human life as an ascetic
and delivers sermons at various places. This way his activities of body, speech, and mind are used to
spread the message of non-violence, compassion, non-possessiveness, and pluralism view.
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At the end when he realizes that his lifes span is near the end, he freezes his activities of body, speech,
and mind. This is the 14th and last stage of Gunasthnak known as Ayogi-kevali. He lives at this stage
for few seconds. Shortly after that, a person destroys all his four Aghti Karmas, which happens at the
time of death or Nirvna and attains total liberation.
Karma Destroyed
Quality Revealed
Vedaniya Karma
Avybdha-sukha meaning Infinite and uninterrupted bliss
Gotra Karma
Aguru-Laghutva meaning all Siddhas or liberated souls are equal
Nam Karma
Arupitva meaning Formlessness or no physical body
yushya Karma
Akshaya-Sthiti meaning Immortality or liberated soul will not return to birth, life, and
death cycle
The purified soul travels to the top of Lokksh and remains in a permanent blissful state forever.
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B03 - Basics of Jainism

01 Soul (tm)
What is Soul? Where is it? What color is it? What shape is it? Does it really exist? If it does exist why
do we not see the Soul?
Undoubtedly, we believe in the existence of matter. We can see it and detect it around us. We usually
tend to believe only what we see, hear, feel, touch or smell. The presence of certain objects or
phenomenon is, in many cases, beyond the scope of our senses. For example, we cannot see the air
and electricity but we realize their existence by their operations. Similarly, the existence of soul or tm is
realized by its operations.
Jains believe that the difference between a living being and a nonliving object is that the living being has a
soul and a nonliving object does not. The eternal question of WHO AM I? automatically establishes the
existence of a soul. The distinguishing quality of the soul is consciousness (Chetan) i.e. awareness of
existence, feelings and thoughts.
The Inherent Qualities of the Soul

Infinite Perception (Anant Darshan)
Infinite Knowledge (Anant Jnn)
Infinite Happiness (Anant Sukh)
Infinite Energy (Anant Virya)
The natural state of a Soul is bliss.
The Soul is an ocean of intelligence.
The Soul is an ocean of knowledge.
Just as the Soul knows everything, it sees, feels, and observes everything.
The pure Soul is never angry, mad, or sad.
When the Soul becomes non-attached, it reveals its infinite power.
All souls are capable of attaining liberation (Moksha).
02 Classification of living beings (Jiva)

All objects that we are surrounded by are either living beings or non-living things. All animals and plants
are living beings. A cat playing with a ball is obviously living while the ball is non-living. A pigeon flying
from tree to tree is a living being and so are the trees.
Sometimes it is not so easy to decide because plants are living things but they do not play with balls or fly
Non-living things (Ajiva)

A doll, a chair or a glass are all non-living things. Most non-living things are parts of or are derived from those who
were once living things. Coal is a good example. It was formed when trees died and sank into the soft ground. This
happened many millions of years ago when the earth was covered with forests. Paper is non-living but it is made
from trees. Peanut butter and Jelly are also non-living but they were made from the fruit of a plant.
Living Beings (Jiva)

In the universe, there are different forms of life such as human beings, animals, insects, plants, bacteria, and even
smaller lives that cannot be seen through the most powerful microscopes of today. Jainism has classified all the
living beings into two broad categories
Non-mobile or Sthvar Jiva - are those that are stationary and cannot move on their own.
Mobile or Trasa Jiva are those that can move on their own.
All living beings are classified according to the number of senses (Indriya) they possess. There are total five senses:
touch, taste, smell, sight, and hearing.
All Non-Mobile (Sthvar) Jivas are single-sensed beings. [These Jivas have only the sense of touch and are called
Ekendriya.
Classification of Mobile (Trasa) Jivas and Immobile (Sthavar) Jivas is described in details in Shad Dravyas (Six
Universal Substances).
It is well known that plants grow, reproduce, etc., and they are accepted as living beings. Trees, plants, branches,
flowers, leaves, and seeds are some examples of plant life. The Sanskrit term for plant is Vanaspati and therefore
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such Jiva is called Vanaspati-kya Jiva.

Jains also believe that earth, water, fire, and air have life.
Why is this knowledge important?

Life cannot exist without food to eat and we cannot have food without some sort of violence. However, as Jains, we
believe in minimizing violence. It is more harmful if we kill a life of a higher consciousness (more than one sense).
According to Jainism, the degree of Hims is dependent on the development of the senses of the soul that is killed.
Thus, killing one soul having more senses is more violent and harmful than killing many souls with one sense who
possess lower consciousness.
Based on this belief, eating many vegetables is a less violent act than killing one animal for food. All foods, except
vegetables, fruits and grains, are obtained by killing or harming a living being with two or more senses. Therefore,
Jainism promotes consumption of only vegetarian foods (non-animal products).
03 Karma
Karma is the key to a Souls destiny and is based on the Natural Law of cause and effect. There are
consequences for all our thoughts, words and actions.
Our Kashya anger, ego, deceit and greed - bind karma to our soul. The famous saying, everything
that goes around comes around, perfectly describes the Theory of karma.
This is the theory which gives us an explanation as to how certain characteristics or factors of our
individuality, which we have at present, are direct results of forces generated in the past. Simply put it is
the law of nature: what you sow, so shall you reap. This reaping does not necessarily occur in the same
lifetime. In addition, sowing is not restricted to verbal and physical acts alone. Thoughts even though
they may not be put into action do affect your karma.
Karmas are broadly classified into two groups:
Destructive (Ghti) Karma
Non-destructive (Aghti) Karma
Ghti means destruction. Those Karma that destroy the true nature of the Soul are called destructive or
Ghti Karma. They are:
Knowledge Obscuring (Jnnvaraniya) Karma
Perception Obscuring (Darshanvaraniya) Karma
Deluding (Mohaniya) Karma
Obstacle creating (Antarya) Karma
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The Karma that do not destroy the true nature of the soul but are responsible for physical body, life span
and social standing, are called non-destructive or Aghti Karma:
Feeling Pertaining (Vedaniya) Karma
Body Determining (Nm) Karma
Status Determining (Gotra) Karma
Life-span Determining (yushya) Karma
Understanding karma theory gives us hope and strength that through our own efforts we can liberate
ourselves from the bondage of karma. Karma is the mechanism through which we can shape our own
destiny.
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B04 - Six Universal Substances I: Jiva or Living Being

01 Jain Reality
Jainism states that the universe is without a beginning or an end, and is everlasting and eternal. Six
fundamental substances or entities known as Dravya constitute the universe. Although all six entities are
eternal, they continuously undergo countless changes known as Paryya. During these transformations
nothing is created or destroyed and fundamental properties or qualities of the base substance remain
unchanged which are known as Gunas (qualities).
Lord Mahvir explained this phenomenon in his Three Pronouncements known as Tripadi:
, ,
Uppannei v, Vigamei v, Dhuvei v
He proclaimed that Existence or Reality (also known as Sat) is a combination of appearance (Utpd or
Uppannei v), disappearance (Vyaya or Vigamei v), and persistence (Dhrauvya or Dhuvei v).
02 Shad Dravyas (Six Universal Substances)

Jain Philosophy does not give credence to the theory that the God is the creator, survivor, or destroyer of
the universe. On the contrary, it asserts that the universe has always existed and will always exist in
exact adherence to the laws of the cosmos. There is nothing but infinity both in the past and in the future.
The universe consists of two classes of objects:
Living beings
Conscious, Soul, Chetan, or Jiva
Non-living objects
Unconscious, Achetan, or Ajiva
Non-living objects are further classified into five categories:

Matter
Pudgal
Space
ksha
Medium of motion
Dharmstikya
Medium of rest
Adharmstikya
Time
Kl or Samay
These six entities, five non-livings and one living being, are described as aspects of reality in Jainism.
They are also known as the six universal entities, substances, or realities.
These six entities of the universe are eternal. There is no beginning and no end of any one of these
entities. However, they continuously undergo countless changes. During the changes, nothing is lost or
destroyed. Everything transform into another form.
As explained above Jainism believes that the universe is made from the combination of the six universal
substances. All of the six substances are indestructible, imperishable, immortal, eternal and continuously
go through countless changes.
03 Jiva (Soul or Living being)

The Soul or Self is variously known as Jiva, tm, Paramtm, Chaitanya, and consciousness. The
basic characteristic of soul as defined in the Jain scripture is Upayoga Lakshano Jivah. It means that
the soul is capable to know, think, and meditate. Soul is also known as awareness. This attribute is
inseparable from consciousness.
The soul is the only living substance. Soul is invisible and has no form or shape. It cannot be
experienced by the senses. It is intangible, invisible, colorless, odorless, tasteless, formless, and
shapeless. An infinite number of souls exist in the universe.
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In its pure form a soul without karma particles possesses infinite knowledge, infinite perception, infinite
energy, and infinite bliss. The pure or perfect soul is also defined as Sat, Chit and nand
Sachchidnanda meaning eternal, conscious, and bliss respectively. Some sages have described soul as
Neti, Neti (Not this, not that) meaning it cannot be described. It can however be experienced by
dwelling deep within oneself.
In its impure form a soul with karma particles attached, each soul possesses limited knowledge, limited
perception, limited energy, and experiences pleasure and pain. From time to time, worldly soul resides in
different life forms through which it manifests itself. This type of transmigration and new embodiment,
birth after birth, has been going on since the beginning of time.
The main qualities of worldly soul are; it grows, decays, fluctuates, varies, eats, sleeps, awakes, acts,
fears, rests, has limited knowledge and perception, attempts to self-defend, and reproduces. It pervades
the entire body it occupies.
Classification of Jiva
All living beings are classified into two major categories:
Liberated or Siddha Jiva
Non-liberated or Samsri Jiva
1. Siddha Jiva (Liberated Soul)

Liberated souls are known as Siddhas. They have no Karma and therefore, they no longer go through the cycles of
birth and death. They are formless and devoid of body. They reside at the uppermost part of the universe just above
Siddha-shil. They have infinite knowledge, infinite perception, infinite energy, and infinite bliss. All Siddhas are
an individual soul and they all are equal in their qualities, status, and nature. There are an infinite number of
liberated souls.
2. Samsri Jiva (Worldly Soul)

There are an infinite number of worldly souls. Worldly soul is the one, which is not yet liberated due to bondage of
karma particles. They have to go through the cycles of birth and death until they are liberated. They have limited
knowledge, perception, energy, and bliss. They possess a definite shape, form, and body. Worldly souls enjoy or
suffer as a result of Karma bondage. However, all worldly souls have a potential to be liberated and become Siddha.
Worldly or the embodied soul is generally called Jiva.
Worldly souls qualities are as follows:
Limited Knowledge
Limited Vision
Limited Power
Limited Bliss
Possesses a body plants, hellish, animal, human, or angel
Wanders in the cycle of life and death
Suffers from birth, death, pain, and pleasure
Doer of all kinds of Karma actions
Enjoyer of the fruits of the Karma
Infinite number of worldly souls
Capable of becoming free from worldly life
Entire universe is packed with Jiva., Jain scriptures state that there are 8.4 million types of birth places of Jiva. .
They are broadly classified into two categories; mobile and immobile. Mobile Jiva have a capacity to move on their
own while immobile Jiva lack this capacity.
They are also classified based upon the number of senses they possess. All immobile (Sthvar) Jivas are one-sensed,
which are further classified into five categories based upon the kind of body they possess. Mobile (Trasa) Jivas may
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possess anywhere from two to five senses.
3. Sthvar Jiva (Immobile)

As explained above immobile Jivas have only one sense, the sense of touch. They are known as Ekendriya Jivas.
They are divided into the following five categories:
Prithvikya (Earth Bodied Jiva):

Seemingly inanimate forms of earth like, clay, sand, metal, coral, etc. are one sensed living beings,.
Their body is made of earth and hence these living beings are known as Prithvikya. Prithvi means
earth and Kya means body.
Apkya (Water Bodied Jiva):

Different forms of water are living beings. Examples are dew, fog, iceberg, rain, etc. Their body is
made of water and hence these living beings are known as Apkya. Sanskrit term for water is Ap.
Teukya (Fire Bodied Jiva):

Different forms of fire are living beings. Examples are flames, blaze, lightning, forest fire, hot ash,
etc. Their body is made of fire and therefore they are known as Teukya. Sanskrit term for fire is
Tejas.
Vyukya (Air Bodied Jiva):

Air is also a living being. Examples are wind, whirlwinds, cyclones, etc. Their body is made of air
and therefore they are known as Vyukya. Sanskrit term for air is Vyu.
Vanaspati-kya (Plant Bodied Jiva):

All forms of vegetation and plants are one sensed living beings. Trees, plants, branches, flowers,
leaves, roots and seeds are some examples of plant life. Vanaspati means vegetation. .
Plant bodied living beings are further classified into following two subcategories:
Pratyeka Vanaspati-kya Jiva
Sdhran Vanaspati-kya Jiva
Pratyeka Vanaspati-kya Jiva:

Pratyeka means individual, each, or everyone. In this kind of plants, each cell contains one soul.
However, since each leaf, fruit or a part of a plant contains innumerable cells and therefore each
such plant, fruit or a piece of vegetable that grows on such plant contains innumerable (not
infinite) number of souls. Trees, plants, bushes, stem, branches, leaves, and seeds, etc., which
grow above the ground are all examples of Pratyeka Vanaspati-kya Jiva.
Sdhran Vanaspati-kya Jiva:

Sdhran means common. In Sdhran Vanaspati-kya plants, infinite number of souls occupy a
single cell as against Pratyeka Vanaspati-kya wherein each cell contains only one soul. However
each seed, leaf, vegetable, and roots of the plant contain innumerable cells and hence, such plant
possess infinite souls in a very small segment of the plant. Such plants therefore are also known
as Anant-kya. Root vegetables, which grow under the ground such as potatoes, carrots, onions,
garlic, beats, etc., belong to this category.
In summary, a very small segment of Pratyeka Vanaspati-kya plant contain innumerable souls
and the Sdhran Vanaspati-kya plant contains infinite number of souls.
4. Trasa Jiva (Mobile)

All Mobile living beings have more than one sense organ. They are further classified depending upon the number of
sense organs they possess.
Beindriya (Two Sensed Living Beings):

Two sensed beings have the sense of touch and taste. Examples - shells, worms, insects, termites,
and microbes in stale food.
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Treindriya (Three Sensed Living Beings):

Three sensed beings have the sense of touch, taste, and smell. Examples - white ants, moths,
insects in wheat, grains, and centipedes.
Chaurindriya (Four Sensed Living Beings):

Four sensed beings have the sense of touch, taste, smell, and sight. Examples - scorpions, crickets,
spiders, beetles, locusts, and flies.
Panchendriya (Five Sensed Living Beings):

Five sensed beings have all the five senses of touch, taste, smell, sight, and hearing. Examples human beings, cows, lions, fish, birds, etc.
Five sensed living beings are further classified into following four categories:
Nraki (Infernal)
Living beings in the hell
Tiryancha (Animals)
Elephants, lions, birds, fish, etc.
Dev (Celestial)
Heavenly living beings
Manushya
Human being
The five sensed beings, which possess a capacity of rational thinking are called Sanjni Panchendriya
and those without it are called Asanjni Panchendriya.
04 Parypti (Power) and Prna (Vitality)

All living beings have special attributes related to body such as Parypti (power) and Prna (vitality)
Parypti (Bio-potential Power)

Parypti means an ability through which living beings can convert matter Pudgals like food into different kinds of
energy. There are six kinds of Paryptis:
Food
Body
Senses
Respiration
Speech
Mind
When any living being dies, the soul along with its Tejas (fiery body) and Krman (karmic) bodies transmigrates
into a new body and the first thing it does is to consume food. Then the Jiva gradually acquires a physical body and
the power of senses. The activities of consuming food, developing a body, and forming and strengthening sense
organs go on continuously. The body is formed in duration called the Antar-muhurta within 48 minutes. Next, the
Jiva acquires the power of respiration and eventually the powers of speech and mind.
The Ekendriya, one sensed jivas, have four Paryptis, 1) Food 2) Body 3) Sense, and 4) Respiration
The Beindriya, the Treindriya, the Chaurindriya and the Asanjni Panchendriya jivas possess 5) Speech Parypti in
addition to the above four.
The Sanjni Panchendriya jivas possess 6) Man Parypti (capacity of rational thinking) in addition to the above five.
Depending upon the development of the Paryptis, the living beings are also classified as:
Parypta Jiva
Aparypta Jiva
Parypta Jivas means they have developed Paryptis to its full capacity while Aparypta Jivas have not developed
Paryptis to its full capacity.
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04 - Two Frogs
Prna (Vitality)
Depending upon the development of living beings, they have up to ten kinds of prns or vitality. They are:
Sparsha-Indriya (Touch): Ability to feel the sensation of touch
Ras-Indriya (Taste): Ability to taste
Ghrn-Indriya (Smell): Ability to smell
Chakshu-Indriya Vision): Ability to see
Shravan-Indriya (Hearing): Ability to hear
Mano-bal (Mind): Ability to think
Vachan-bal (Speech): Ability to speak
Ky-bal (Body): Ability to move the body
Shvso-chchhvs (Respiration): Ability to inhale and exhale
yushya (Longevity): Ability to live
The Ekendriya Jivas possess only four Prns: They possess touch, body, respiration, and longevity.
The Beindriya Jivas possess six prns. They possess the taste and speech vitality in addition, to the above four
prns.
The Treindriya Jivas possess seven prns. They possess the smell vitality, in addition, to the above six prns.
The Chaurindriya Jivas possess eight prns. They possess the vision vitality in addition to the above seven prns.
The Panchendriya Jivas are divided into two groups:
The Asanjni (non-sentient) Jivas, whose minds are not fully developed.
The Sanjni (sentient) Jivas, whose minds are fully developed.
The Asanjni Panchendriya Jivas possess nine prns. They possess hearing vitality in addition to the above eight
prns.
The Sanjni Panchendriya Jivas possess ten Prnas. They possess mind vitality in addition to the above nine prns.
Thorough understanding of vitalities is very important for leading a life of non-violence. Any injury, no matter how
little, to any of these vitalities of a living being, is considered violence. The degree of violence committed is greater
and graver when committed to living beings that possess more vitalities. Also, more injury caused to a given
vitality, more is the violence committed. When we do Hims, our soul accumulates bad Karma or Pp (sin).
Therefore, to prevent the accumulation of karma, observe Ahimsa- nonviolence related to all of these ten prns for
all the categories of Jivas. . Now you may understand why we say Ahimsa Parmo Dharma (Nonviolence is the
supreme religion), because by observing Ahimsa we are protecting the vitality of the soul.
Paryptis and Prns Table 1

Type of Jivas
Abilities
Paryptis or Power
Prns or Vitality
Ekendriya
Living beings with one sense
04
Dvindriyas
Living beings with having two senses
06
Treindriya
Living beings with having three

senses
07
Chaurindriya
Living beings with having four senses
08
Asanjni
Panchendriya
Living beings with five senses but

without a fully developed mind
09
Sanjni
Panchendriya
Living beings with five senses with a

mind
10
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Paryptis and Prns Table 2

Type
Parypti
Prna
Category
One
sense
Two
sense
Three
sense
Four
sense
Asanjni
Five
sense
Sanjni
Five
sense
Food
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Body
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Respiration
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Speech
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Mind
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Touch
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Ability to move
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Respiration
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Lifespan
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Taste
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Speech
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Smell
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Sight
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Hearing
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Ability of rational
thinking
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
05 Four Realms
These are various forms of living beings in this universe. At the same time every second, someone dies
and someone is born. Nothing is permanent. This makes us wonder what happens to those who die, and
who decides what one will be born as. Jainism explains this in a very simple and sound logical way
based on karma theory. Due to the Karma associated with their souls, living beings have been going
through the cycle of life and death in various life forms since time immemorial. The journey of soul
through the cycles of birth and death ends when the soul becomes completely free of karma and attains
liberation.
According to all Eastern religions including Jainism, there are four realms of life where one may be reborn
after death. These are known as Gatis in Jain terminology. These realms of life are:
Manushya (Human) beings
Dev (Heavenly) beings
Tiryancha (Animal, birds, insects, vegetations) beings
Nraki Hell (Infernal) beings
It is the kind of Karma bound to the soul, which determines the realm in which a given soul will be born
after death. Thus, it is only our deeds and Karma, past or present, which will determine our destiny after
death.
Human Beings
One who leads simple, straightforward, and compassionate life is generally reborn as human. To be reborn as
human it is imperative to observe vows and restraints, have deep faith in true Guru, strive to gain true knowledge as
preached by the Tirthankar Bhagawn, lead a life free of strong attachment to worldly things, and exercise a strong
control over anger, ego, deceit, and greed.
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As human beings, we have been endowed with the ability to think and differentiate right from wrong. We can
decide what is good for us, and what is not. We also have capacity to control our mind and activities. We can learn
principles of Jainism and practice them by adopting appropriate vows and restraints. We can also renounce worldly
life (Samsr) and become Sdhu, which can help us lead to liberation.
Heavenly Beings
Those who lead simple and disciplined life, observe vows of Shrvak or ascetic, observe penance, and follow a good
moral life are generally reborn as heavenly beings. Heavenly beings have superior physical capabilities, numerous
supernatural powers, and access to all luxuries. But heavenly life is also transient. They are also not free of death.
Heavenly beings cannot adopt restraints or become Sdhu. Therefore, heavenly being cannot attain liberation from
their heavenly life. They will have to be reborn as human beings in order to attain liberation. We may be born as a
heavenly being due to more good Karma (Punya). But at the same time we must remember that the soul will never
attain liberation from a heavenly life.
Tiryancha Beings
Those who are selfish, deceptive, cause troubles, or wish evil for others are likely to be reborn as Tiryancha. Lion,
elephant, bird, plant, bug, etc. are examples of Tiryancha beings. Some animals, birds, sea creatures, and reptiles do
have a mind but their thinking capacity is limited. So, they cannot follow any vows nor progress spiritually.
Infernal Beings
Those who engage in violence, lying, stealing, and excessive sensual pleasure or are too possessive, angry, egoistic,
greedy, deceptive, or intensely attached to the worldly life are likely to be reborn as infernal beings in hell. As an
infernal being, one has to continuously suffer. Infernal beings spend most of their life fighting among themselves,
and thus causing more suffering to each other. Therefore, such a life is absolutely unsuitable for spiritual pursuit
06 Conclusion
Among all living beings, the most happiness is found in celestial beings, while the most suffering is found
in infernal beings. Neither celestial nor infernal beings can take any vows. They cannot attain salvation
during that life. Animals possess only limited restraint and, therefore, they cannot attain salvation. Only
human beings can use logic to the fullest extent, can perform austerities, can live with restraint and can
do meditation. Thus, a soul can attain Moksha only through human life.
In conclusion, we, the humans are the masters of our own destiny. We must not blame anyone or
anything else for our destiny. Let us aspire to lead a spiritual life without delay so that we may be reborn
as human beings again and continue to progress on the path of liberation.
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B05 - Six Universal Substances II: Non-Living Substances

01 Ajiva (Non-living Substances)
Anything that does not have life or consciousness is Ajiva. Ajiva literally means without a soul and
therefore, Ajiva cannot accumulate any karma. It does not have birth, death, pleasure, or pain; as it is
Achetan or inert). Examples of Ajivas - a box, car, fan, television, photo frame, iron, watch, etc.
02 Classification of Ajiva
Ajiva is classified in following five categories:
Dharmstikya
Medium of Motion
Adharmstikya
Medium of Rest
kshstikya
Space
Pudgalstikya
Matter
Kl
Time
1. Dharmstikya (Medium of Motion)

Dharmstikya is made up of two words: Dharma and Astikya. In this connotation, the term Dharma does not refer
to religion, but it means the medium of motion. Astikya means collection of spaces. It denotes the medium of
motion for things in the universe. Jiva and other matters would be unable to move In the absence of this medium.
This medium prevails in loka cosmic space, but is absent in Aloka (tran-scosmic space)
Its primary function is to help in the movement of soul and matter just the way water provides a medium for fish to
move. It exists in the entire cosmic universe (Lokksh).
2. Adharmstikya (Medium of Rest)

This word is also made up of two words: Adharma and Astikya. Here again, Adharma does not refer to a lack of
religion, but rather it means the medium of rest. In the absence of this medium, jivas and other things would
continuously move. This medium also prevails in cosmic space, but is absent in tran-scosmic space.
It is the auxiliary cause of rest to soul and matter just as the shade of a tree the auxiliary cause of rest for the
travelers. It exists in the entire cosmic universe (Lokksh).
3. kshstikya (Space)
kshstikya is made up of two words: ksha and Astikya. Whole space in the universe is called ksha.
ksha is divided into two parts: Lokksh Loka or cosmic space and Alokksh Aloka or tran-scosmic space. Jiva,
Pudgal, Dharmstikya, and Adharmstikya exist only in Lokksh. The characteristics are as follows:
Provides room to soul, matter, medium of motion, and medium of rest
Pervades everywhere infinite
Supports everything and is self-supported
Has no form, color, taste, smell, or touch
Does not perform any active action inactive
Provides accommodation to soul and matter of their actions
Is one and whole
Alokksh is an empty space surrounding cosmic space and it does not contain anything.
The entire space is divided into two parts:
Lokksh (Universe)
Alokksh (empty space)
Lokksh:
The part of the space which is being occupied by the rest of the five substances is called Loka or
Lokksh (Universe). It is finite and limited in scope. The Lokksh is divided into four sub-parts.
Moksha - the region located at the top of Lokksh is the permanent abode for liberated beings.
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Upper world - the region where Vaimanik devas (celestial beings) live. They have limited life and
after that they are born as a human or other living beings.
Middle world - the region where Jyotiska devas, human beings, animals, and Vyantar devas live.
This is the only part of the universe from which a human being can achieve enlightenment and
liberation.
Lower world - the region where Bhavanpati devas and infernal beings live. This region consists of
seven hells where infernal beings are tormented by Bhavanpati devas and by each other. After their
death they are born as animals or humans.
Alokksh:
The remaining limitless space surrounding Lokksh is called Alokksh, which is infinitely larger
than Lokksh and is empty or void.
4. Pudgalstikya (Matter)
The word Pudgal is made up of two words: Pud means to combine and Gal means to do dissociate. In other words,
that which undergoes modifications by combinations and dissociations is called the Pudgal or the matter. All the
matters in the universe are called Pudgals.
Matter is a nonliving substance. It is the only substance, which possesses a physical body consisting of mass and
volume. The smallest particles of matter is Paramnu (atom). It occupies only one unit of space called Pradesha.
The clusters of matter and atoms have following qualities:
Possess a physical body
Have qualities of touch, taste, smell, and color
Do not have consciousness
Do not have any knowledge
Are of infinite number
There are four categories of matter:
Skandha (whole matter)
Any object, which has a mass of matter, is called Skandha. e.g. stick,
stone, knife, a particle of sand
Skandha Desha (portion of
matter)
Desha means a part, portion, or division. An undetached portion of

Skandha is called Skandha Desha. When a part (Skandha Desha) of
the Skandha is separated from the whole, it also becomes another
Skandha e.g. The hand of a statue is known as a Skandha Desha but
when it is separated from the statue, it is known as Skandha.
Skandha Pradesha (smallest

particle of matter)
The smallest undetached portion of Skandha, which cannot be further

divided, is called Skandha Pradesha.
Paramnu or Anu (atom)
When the smallest portion of the matter is separated from its

Skandha, it is called Paramnu or Anu. Paramnu matter cannot be
further subdivided, cut, or pierced.
All visible substances are matter but certain types of matter, which are too subtle to experience through our senses,
are not visible. Also, the other five non-matter substances - soul, medium of motion and rest, space, and time are not
visible at all.
Many types of matter exist in the universe. Everything we see, touch, and feel is also matter and hence Jainism
states that sound, light, darkness, color, and smell are all various types of matter.
However, the soul interacts with only eight types of such matter known as Vargan. The entire universe is filled
with these eight types of Vargan along with other matter, which does not interact with soul.
A soul interacts with these Vargan as follows:
Name of Vargan
Function
Audrika Vargan
makes a physical body
Vaikriya Vargan
makes a special body to heavenly and infernal beings
hraka Vargan
makes a special separate body to spiritually advanced
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monks which can be sent a long distance
Tejas Vargan
responsible for heat and digestion power
Bhsh Vargan
responsible for speech
Mana Vargan
responsible for physical mind
Shvso-chchhvs
Vargan
responsible for breathing
Krman Vargan
makes Karmic body or Karma
Audrika and Vaikriya Vargans can have a visible state while other Vargans are not visible. When these Vargans
interacts with the soul, they manifest their characteristics of touch, taste, smell, sight, and color.
Extremely minute particles (smallest size of all 8 Vargans) constitute karma. These particles are not visible though
they are considered a form of matter.
Karma or Karmic Matter Karma (Pudgal)

Karma is one of the categories of matter. It is known as Karmic matter karma (Pudgal). Karma
particles are of very fine matter and are not perceptible to the senses. The entire universe is filled
with such karmic matter. From eternity, Karmic matter covers the soul of every living being.
It is the karmic matter that keeps the soul from realization of its true nature. It is due to karma that
one feels pleasure and pain, reincarnates into different forms of life, acquires a certain type of
physical body, and the duration of life.
5. Kl (Time)
Kl means time, which measures changes in living beings and non-living substances. It is not the cause of such
changes. A child becomes a young person, a young person becomes an old person, and the old person dies. In other
words, something, which is new, becomes old, worn, and torn over a period of time. So, the soul and matter
continuously change their form of existence which is known as Paryya. These changes in the soul and matter are
measured as time. All of these changes do not occur because of time. Kl is merely the measure of time, over,
which those changes occur. The past, present, and future are different modes of time and are measured in terms of
years, months, days, hours, minutes or seconds. Commonly, for practical purposes, a second is the smallest
measurement of time. Jainism however, recognizes a very tiny measurement of time known as Samay, the smallest
indivisible portion of time. Infinite numbers of Samaya make one second.
Two views exist in Jainism with regards to time:
1) Time is an imaginary thing; it has no real existence.
2) Time has a real existence consisting of innumerable time atoms.
The smallest indivisible portion of time is called Samaya. Combination of Samaya are called moment, second,
minute, hour, day, month, year and so on.
The smallest change in a substance, which can be measured by the knowledge of Arihanta (Kevali) is called
Samaya, which is the basic unit of time.
Jainism regards historical time as cyclical. The universe moves through lengthy eras of time. Time is infinite,
without any beginning or end. Time is divided into infinite equal time cycles (Klchakras). Every time cycle is
further subdivided in two equal halves. The first half is the progressive or ascending cycle and is called Utsarpini.
The other half is the regressive or the descending cycle called Avasarpini. Every Utsarpini and Avasarpini (half
cycle) is divided into six unequal periods called rs. During the Utsarpini half cycle, progress, development,
happiness, strength, age, body, religious trends, etc., go from the worst conditions to the best. During the Avasarpini
half cycle, progress, development, happiness, strength, age, body, religious trends, etc. go from the best conditions to
the worst. Presently, we are in the fifth r of the Avasarpini phase. When the Avasarpini phase ends, the Utsarpini
phase begins. The Klchakra repeats and continues forever. Usually this is described by Jains as the series of
downward and upward movements of a point on the rim of a turning wheel. The downward movement is called
Avasarpini (half cycle) and the upward movement is called Utsarpini (other half cycle). Each full turn of the wheel
is called a kalpa.
The total duration of the entire time cycle is Twenty Kod Kodi Sgaropam unit = 20 x 10E7 x 10E7 Sgaropam. In
short it is called 20KK (20E14) Sgar time.
The name and the order of the six rs of the regressive half cycle are defined below.
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All Tirthankars are born in the 3rd and 4th rs in our region. At present, we are in the 5th r of the regressive
half cycle known as Unhappy r (2500 years have passed of its total duration of 21, 000 years). The progressive
half cycle time has the reverse order.
Innumerable Samays
One vali (time required to blink an eye)
16, 777, 216 valis
One Muhurt (48 minutes)
30 Muhurts
One day
15 days
One fortnight
2 fortnights
One month
12 months
One year
5 Years
One Yuga
8,400,000 x 8, 400,000 years
One Purva (70,560,000,000,000 Years)
Innumerable years
One Palyopams*
10 x 10,000,000 x 10,000,000 Palyopams
One Sgaropam
10 x 10,000,000 x 10,000,000 Sgaropams
Avasarpini or Utsarpini (Half Cycle)
20 x 10,000,000 x 10,000,000 Sgaropams
One Time Cycle
The names and duration of each part of Six Aras are as follows:
Sukham Sukham Kl Happy Happy (happiness all the time)
4 x 1014 Sgaropams
Sukham Kl
Happy (happiness)
3 x 1014 Sgaropams
Sukham Dukham Kl
Happy Unhappy (happiness with some

unhappiness)
2 x 1014 Sgaropams
Dukham Sukham Kl
Unhappy Happy (unhappiness with some

happiness)
1 x 1014 Sgaropams 42000 years
Dukham Kl
Unhappy (unhappiness)
21000 years
Dukham Dukham Kl
Unhappy Unhappy (unhappiness all the

time)
21000 years
1. Sukham Sukham Kl:

This is a time of all happiness. All the needs and desires of the people are fulfilled by ten different
kinds of Kalpa-vriksha (wish granting trees). These trees provide places to live, clothes, pots and
pans, good food, fruits, sweets, harmonious music, jewelry, beautiful flowers, radiant lamps, and a
bright light at night. There is no killing, crime, or vices. During this phase people are very tall and
live for a very long period of time. There is no need of religion and no Tirthankars exist during this
time period.
2. Sukham Kl:
This is also a time of most happiness, but it is less than in the first phase. The wish granting trees
still continue to provide for the peoples needs. People are not as tall and do not live as long. There
is no need of religion and no Tirthankars exist during this time period.
3. Sukham Dukham Kl:

This is a phase consisting of more happiness than misery. During this period, the Kalpa-vrikshas do
not consistently provide what is desired. The first Tirthankar of that half time cycle is born towards
the end of this r. In the current time cycle first Tirthankar Bhagawn Rishabhdev was born. He
realized that things were going to get worse. So, he taught the people useful arts of daily living
including, pottery, farming, and cooking to enable them to depend upon themselves. He introduced
a political system and became the first king. This r came to an end three years and eight months
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after the nirvana of Rishabhdev. The first Chakravarti (king of kings) Bharat, his brother Bhubali,
well known for his strength, Brhmi, his sister, who devised eighteen different alphabets and,
Sundari, also his sister, who devised math, were Rishabhdevs children.
4. Dukham Sukham Kl:

This is a phase of more misery, sorrow, and suffering than happiness. The other twenty-three
Tirthankars and eleven Chakravartis are born during this r, which came to an end three years and
eight months after the Nirvana of last Tirthankar Bhagawn Mahvir-swami.
5. Dukham Kl:
This is the currently prevailing r. It is an r of unhappiness, which began a little over 2, 500
years ago and will last for a total of 21, 000 years. No one born during this period will gain liberation
in his or her present life, because no one will be capable to follow the true religion to the fullest
extent. It is said, that by the end of this r, the Jain religion will be extinct only temporarily, to be
revived in the next half cycle by future Tirthankars.
6. Dukham Dukham Kl:

This is a time of great misery and unhappiness. During this time, people will experience nothing but
suffering. There will be no trace of religious activity. The life span of people will be very short,
exceeding no more than twenty years. Most people will be non-vegetarian and the social structure
will be destroyed. The weather will become extreme, the days will be very hot, and the nights will be
very cold.
At the end of this r, a period of Utsarpini will start and the time wheel will take an upward swing.
Miseries will gradually diminish and happiness will gradually increase until every phase is once again
reached. First 23 Tirthankars will be born during the 3rd r and 24th Tirthankar will be born in the
early phase of the 4th r of the next half cycle. The time cycle will keep on rolling until eternity.
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B06 - Nav Tattva Part I: Jiva, Ajiva, Punya, Pp, srava

01 Introduction
Nav-tattva or nine fundamentals are the essence of Jain philosophy. They deal with the theory of karma,
which provides the basis for the path of liberation. The karma that binds with our soul are not only due to
the actions of our body, mind, and speech, but more importantly, due to the intentions behind our actions.
It explains that the principle governing the successions of life is karma. Hence it provides a rational
explanation to the apparently inexplicable phenomena of birth and death, happiness and misery,
inequalities in mental and physical attainments, and the existence of different species of living beings.
Without proper knowledge of these fundamentals (Tattvas), a person cannot progress spiritually.
The philosophy of Nav Tattva is very practical. Tirthankars have explained to us the existence of the living
beings, and their relationship with Karma through these nine aspects. One stops the influx of Karma
(Samvar), and eradicates the past Karma (Nirjar); and by these two processes, Samvar and Nirjar, one
liberates himself from the karmic bondage, and attains the ultimate goal, the liberation -Moksha. We
should therefore pursue the path of Samvar and Nirjar to be successful in discovering the truth about our
own self.
The philosophy of Nav Tattva is very practical. The Tirthankars have explained the nature of the
substances and their interactions through nine or from some perspective seven principles. The nine
tattvas or principles are the single most important subjects of Jain philosophy. They deal with the theory
of karma, which provides the basis for the path of liberation. Without proper knowledge of these tattvas, a
person cannot progress spiritually.
Name
Meaning
Jiva
Soul or living being (Consciousness)
Ajiva
Non-living substances
srava
Influx of karma
Bandha
Bondage of karma
Punya*
Virtue
Pp*
Sin
Samvar
Stoppage of the influx of karma
Nirjar
Partial exhaustion of the accumulated karma
Moksha
Total liberation from karma
*Some scriptures do not consider Punya (good deeds) and Pp (bad deeds) as separate Tattvas. They
include them in srava and Bandha. In reality, Punya and Pp are the result of srava and Bandha.
Hence, truly there are only seven tattvas.
Jain philosophy views nine fundamentals or Nav Tattva in three categories:
Jneya meaning those to be known
Jiva and Ajiva
Heya meaning those to be avoided
srava and Bandha**
Updeya meaning those to be adopted
Samvar, Nirjar and Moksha
**Pp is Heya and Punya is Updeya for the beginners and Heya when associated with ego for spiritually
advanced persons.
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A meritorious deed done with attachment and with an expectation of reward brings in Punya Karma.
However if the same deed is done without any expectation and the feeling of attachment, it is considered
the true nature of a person Shuddha Bhva and it does not bind the soul with new Punya karma.
Hence, for a layman, in the beginning stages of spiritual development, Punya activity is considered
especially necessary even if it is done with attachment or ownership. On the other hand, for spiritually
advanced individuals good deeds do not bind them with any new Punya karma because their acts are
carried out as if it were their own nature. Such aspirants do not have the feeling of attachment to even
meritorious deeds. No karma can bind with the soul if an action is done without any attachment or feeling
of accomplishment.
Some description of Jiva has been given earlier while dealing with Shad-dravya. It should however be
clear from the discussion thus far that the knowledge of these fundamentals are meant for knowing the
Self. The Self is variously known as Jiva, tm, Paramtm, Chaitanya, Brahma, consciousness, etc.,
Thus, soul being the focal point and ultimate objective of all knowledge, it would be useful to discuss it
here at some length.
02 Jiva (Living Beings)

What is this soul after all? No one has ever seen it. Therefore, atheists people who do not believe in
God, who refuse to believe in anything that cannot be perceived or grasped by senses, deny the
existence of the soul. Most scientists contribute to this view. They think that the body is a biochemical
composition and is made from a peculiar combination of genes from the parents. As long as the
composition is active, it is said to be a living organism; and when the activity comes to an end, it is
considered to be dead. But science does not clarify what exactly makes it active and why does the
activity come to an end. It is a fact that when a person dies, his heart, kidneys and other limbs may still
be active but the body is unable to use them and therefore they cease to function. If however, they are
removed from that body in time, they can be transplanted in another body and function effectively in the
new body. Does it not mean that there was some sort of invisible energy activating different limbs of the
body while it was alive? When that energy disappears, it is death. The presence or absence of that
energy is the difference between life and death. Spiritual science calls that energy soul.
There exist an infinite number of souls and every living body has a soul. Sdhran Vanaspati-kya has
infinite number of souls in the one body. The soul is invisible and has no form or shape. It cannot
therefore be experienced by the senses. It is an element of its own and cannot be created by any sort of
combination or composition and can never be decomposed. It is eternal and lasts forever. From time to
time, worldly soul resides in different organisms through, which it manifests itself. This type of
transmigration and new embodiment birth after birth has been going on since the time without beginning.
Even though a particular body happens to be its temporary residence, soul tends to take it as its
permanent abode and gets happy or unhappy depending upon the type of that body and its environment.
Forgetful of its true nature, it aspires to get maximum happiness within the framework of its given
embodiment and surrounding situations. This attachment results from the delusion of the soul about its
true nature. Attachment gives rise to the disposition of craving for the desirable and of aversion for the
undesirable. These craving and aversion are the causes of the bondage of Karmas.
Every living being wants to be happy. The deluded sense of being one with the body however causes the
soul to feel happy or unhappy depending upon the prevailing situation, as a consequence of its previous
Karmas. Our ancient seers have dwelt deeply in search of true happiness. They tried to explore the Self
by raising the question, Koham, which means Who am I. The appropriate answer that they obtained
was Soham, which means that I am that soul. They also perceived that the I or the true Self is the
source of true happiness and the abode of perfect bliss. They realized that lifeless matter does not have
the property to make any one happy or unhappy and that happiness is the inherent property of the soul.
We however do not experience lasting happiness, because we do not realize the true properties of the
soul. After thoroughly exploring the nature of the soul, the seers have concluded that the principal
property of the soul that distinguishes it from lifeless matter is the capability to know or capability of being
aware. None of the five lifeless substances possesses that property. The scriptures have described this
as
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Upayoga Lakshano Jiva

It means the capability to know is the characteristic of the soul. This attribute is inseparable from
consciousness and therefore it is its basic characteristic. As such, the soul should simply stay aware of
any given situation without in any way reacting to it because none of the situations really belong to it.
This would result in a sense of detachment to any extraneous influence, which will ultimately enable the
soul to exist forever in ultimate bliss. It is not surprising that the seers have called this bliss as
indescribable.
To sum up, the soul is pure consciousness. Infinite awareness and eternal bliss are its principal
characteristics. Sanskrit words for eternity, consciousness and bliss are respectively Sat, Chit and
nand. Therefore a perfect soul is variously known as Sachchidnanda, Chidnand or Sahajnand. It is
intangible, invisible, colorless, odorless, tasteless, formless, and shapeless. It is therefore described by
Neti, Neti (Not this, not that). It can however be experienced by dwelling deep within oneself.
The description of Ajiva and its five categories has been discussed earlier. Jiva and the five categories of
Ajivas are not in any way dependent on one another. Each of these six substances has potential to
undergo changes in its own states. Other substances play the role of being instrumental in effecting the
changes. For instance, Dharmstikya, Adharmstikya, ksha and Kl play the role of being
instrumental in the change of location and time. Worldly soul does not try to identify itself with these four
substances. The role of Pudgal on Jiva and of Jiva on Pudgal has been the source of a lot of confusion.
Worldly soul does not realize that its embodiment and all its surroundings have resulted from its past
Karmas. It tends to identify with all those situations ignoring the fact that they are momentary. This has
been the root cause of continued bondage of Karma to the soul and resulting transmigration. The
discussion of Nav Tattvas will analyze the state of worldly soul and the factors that prevent or help in
attaining liberation. Therefore, Pudgal and particularly Karma Pudgal, will be discussed in detail.
03 Punya and Pp (Good Deeds and Bad Deeds)

Punya is acquired by meritorious or virtuous deeds and Pp is acquired by evil or vicious acts. As long as
the soul is embodied with karma, it indulges in one or the other activity. This activity may be physical or
mental or both. It is possible that a person may refrain from physical activity for some time. His mental
apparatus however never rests. It functions even when he rests or sleeps. Every activity involves Karma
and one has to bear the consequences sooner or later. If one undertakes meritorious activity with the
feeling of attachment, he earns Punya or Shubha (virtuous) Karmas; if he indulges in evil activity, he
acquires Pp or Ashubha (non-virtuous) Karmas. Depending upon the intensity and accumulation of
virtuous Karmas, one may be blessed with happy and comfortable situations like, handsome and strong
or beautiful and graceful body, good health etc.
Unwholesome (non-virtous) Karmas on the other hand result in unhappy and miserable situations like
ugliness, illness, poverty etc. It is therefore, generally accepted that everyone should try to undertake
meritorious activities and refrain from evil ones.
Many physical activities may be called either good or bad. Organized societies endeavor to encourage
beneficial or virtuous activities and to discourage the wicked or vicious ones. There may also be legal
provisions to forbid some of the manifestly wicked activities so as to maintain peace and order within
society. Some of the activities however cannot be clearly labeled as good or bad. In the spiritual sense,
the intention behind performing them, and the disposition in which an activity is performed, play an
important role in deciding whether it would attract virtuous or non-virtuous Karmas.
Let us examine this aspect with the help of examples.
1) Doctor and Burglar
A burglar, for instance, comes across a person who he wants to rob. He fatally stabs the person. On the
other hand, a patient with tumor in stomach is advised to undergo surgery. He goes to a surgeon who
opens his belly with the surgical knife. Unfortunately, for the patient, the tumor is in a very advanced
stage or there are other complications. Consequently, the patient dies during surgery. In both these
cases a person hurts other person with a knife and the other person dies. Does it mean that the burglar
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and the surgeon would attract the same type of Karma? This is not true. The burglars activity is
evidently sinful, while that of the surgeon is meritorious.
2) The story of Two Monks
The two monks named Suresh muni and Raman muni, who have taken a vow of celibacy including not to
touch opposite sex person, were traveling from one place to another. On the way they come across a
river that is flooded. On the bank of the river, there was a beautiful young girl intending to go across but
she was scared of so much water. Realizing her anxiety, Suresh muni offers his hand and leads her into
water. Watching this, Raman muni objected the action of Suresh muni, but Suresh muni ignored his
objection and went ahead. The flow of the river got swifter causing the girl to drift. Suresh muni therefore
holds her waist and leads her ahead. For Raman muni, this act of Suresh muni was beyond imagination
and he severely reproached Suresh muni for his audacity.
Suresh muni again ignored his objection. Water gets deeper ahead. The girl did not know how to swim.
Suresh muni therefore carried her on his back and swims across the river. This is too much for Raman
muni who cursed Suresh muni for gross violation of the vow. Suresh muni did not respond in any way.
He leaved the girl on the other bank and quietly proceeded with Raman muni. On the way, Raman muni
rebuked him again and again for what he had done and warned him of the dire consequences when they
confront Guru Mahrj. Suresh muni maintained his silence while reproaches of his friend continue
unabated. After listening for one hour, Suresh muni pointed out that he left the girl one hour back while
Raman muni was still holding her in his head.
It is evident that in this example that Suresh muni had no intention other than helping a girl cross the river.
While holding her hand or while carrying her on his back, he had no other thoughts. Therefore, he left her
as soon as he reached the other bank. He even did not look at her beauty. For him, she was simply a
person who was in need of help. He rendered it without any passionate thoughts throughout. Raman
munis attitude on the other hand was completely different. Though he did not even touch the girl, he was
thrilled by the imaginary sensation of close contact of a beautiful girl. In his heart, he longed to have the
feel of her touch. He did not actually do so simply because it was forbidden. In the spiritual sense he
therefore, committed the sin of indulging in undesirable activity while Suresh muni earned the Punya of
helping a person in need. Thus, Pp and Punya are to be viewed in relative terms and they depend upon
ones mental attitude in a given situation.
Four Fold Combinations of Punya and Pp

This is briefly described here, for more details refer to Punya and Pap Chapter in Karma Philosophy.
Pp and Punya are to be viewed in relative terms, and they depend upon ones mental attitude in a given situation.
Jainism says that every one of us continually enjoys the fruits of Punya or suffers from Pp Karma. During our
enjoyment or suffering due to manifestation of Punya and Pp, we reflect either positively or negatively based on
our understanding of reality. This results in the following Four Fold Combinations of Punya & Pp
Punynubandhi Punya:
This earning of new Punya Karma while enjoying the fruits of earlier ones is known in Jain
terminology as Punynubandhi Punya. In summary, while enjoying the fruits of virtuous Karmas one
acquires further virtuous Karmas.
Ppnubandhi Punya:
While enjoying the fruits of Punya or virtuous Karmas, one may acquire Pp Karmas is called
Ppnubandhi Punya. Very few people endeavor to earn Punynubandhi Punya, because most of
the people are infatuated by happiness and comforts. By virtue of infatuation they indulge in nonvirtuous activities. This type of action is known as Ppnubandhi Punya or virtuous Karmas leading
to non-virtuous activities. Misery is thus destined for them in the end.
Punynubandhi Pp
While suffering the consequences of Pp or non-virtuous Karmas, one may acquire Punya Karmas is
called Punynubandhi Pp. As a consequence of Pp Karmas, a person does undergo varying
degrees of miseries. If however that person realizes that his miseries are the consequence of his
previous Karmas, he will bear the miseries calmly and with a sense of detachment and objectivity.
He will tolerate pain and misery with equanimity. This attitude will earn him Punyas. This action is
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04 - Two Frogs
known as Punynubandhi Pp. In Summary, while suffering for non-virtuous Karmas one acquires
virtuous Karmas.
Ppnubandhi Pp:
While suffering the consequences of Pp or non-virtuous Karmas, one may acquire Pp Karmas is
called Ppnubandhi Pp. Most of the people who suffer miseries blame someone else or some
extraneous factors for causing miseries. They indulge in anger, jealousy, animosity etc., and react
violently or wrongly to the pain and miseries. Thus, they acquire new non-virtuous Karmas or Pp.
This type of action of such people are therefore known as Ppnubandhi Pp or non-virtuous
Karmas leading to further accumulation of non-virtuous Karmas.
04 srava and Bandha (Inflow of Karmas and Bondage of Karmas)

The next two fundamentals, which are srava and Bandha, are closely related. In a way, these two
fundamentals are two aspects of the same phenomenon pertaining to bondage of Karma. The term
srava is made up of two words, Aa, meaning from all sides and Srav meaning dripping in. Therefore,
srava means inflow and attachment of Karma. Bandha is the bondage of incoming Karma with the soul.
As explained earlier, every activity involves Karma. Whether one indulges in activity by mind, words or
physical action, he does acquire Karma. Since worldly soul is continually involved in one or another
activity, the resulting Karmas continue to flow towards it. Its involvement with activities, serve as srava
or doors through which Karmas enter. Thus, srava of Karma continues to occur more or less
incessantly. If the soul gets involved in virtuous activities, srava happens to be of virtuous Karmas. If it
is involved in non-virtuous activities, srava happens to be of non-virtuous Karmas. This involvement
mainly occurs because of defilements or Kashyas that exist in soul.
None of such situations really belongs to the pure soul. They are not and in no case can become part
and parcel of the pure soul. If one understands it correctly, one can remain unaffected by any given
situation and stay in equanimity. The term correctly is very pertinent in this context, because the true
nature of the soul happens to be pure, enlightened and full of blessed consciousness. In its pure state, it
is devoid of any defilement or Kashyas. As such, the soul is supposed to simply observe whatever
happens as a result of operative Karmas and stay aware of any given situation without reacting to it in any
way. Since time without beginning, worldly soul has stayed deluded about its true nature and has been
conditioned to react to any situation with a sense of craving or aversion. If it does not react that way and
views all possible situations with equanimity, it does not attract new Karmas and can avoid srava or
incoming of Karmas and the resulting Bandha.
Thus, srava and Bandha are the result of ignorance of the soul about its true nature.
however, question how any conscious person can be ignorant about ones self.
One may,
srava
The ignorance of the soul regarding its true nature is on account of its delusion. Its perception remains
deluded, just as a drunken person stays deluded about himself. This wrong perception is known as
Mithytva. It is because of this delusion and ignorance, the soul views any given situation as the cause of
its own happiness or unhappiness. If the situation is pleasing to the senses, the soul identifies itself with
that feeling and craves for continuance of such situations. If it is unpleasing, soul identifies with the
resulting unhappiness and tries to avoid it. Thus, the soul continues to react to different situations with
the sense of craving or aversion.
These cravings and aversions are the defilements of the soul because they defile its true nature of staying
in equanimity. These defilements are expressed in the form of Krodha (Anger, enmity etc.), Mna (Ego
and arrogance), My (Deception) and Lobha (attachment and greed). These are known as the four
Kashyas or four passions, which drag the soul downwards. In addition to these, there are Nokashyas
or semi defilements like joy, gloom, affection, disaffection, fear, disgust and certain sensual impulses. On
account of these Kashyas and Nokashyas, the soul indulges in arrogance, greed, joy, affection, love
etc. when it views any given situation as favorable. If it views the situation as unfavorable, it indulges in
anger, deception, gloom, disaffection, fear, disgust etc.
Let us sum up the causes of srava.
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Mithytva is ignorance. It is believing in the wrong faith, wrong knowledge, and the wrong
conduct and believing that it is right to have passions or commit sins.
Avirati is a lack of self-restraint and not taking any vow to abstain from sinful activities
Pramda* is negligence or laziness. Five causes of Pramda are: arrogance, sensual

craving, passions, sleep, and gossiping
Kashya is passions like anger, ego, deceit, and greed
Yoga: activities of mind, speech, and body
*Some Jain literature mentions only four causes of srava. They include Pramda in the category of
Kashya.
If we correctly understand above mentioned causes of srava, we can remain unaffected by any given
situation and stay in equanimity. The soul does not acquire new karma when in equanimity.
Bandha
The detail of Bandha is described in the chapter -Theory of Karma and Reincarnation
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B07- Nav Tattva Part II: Samvar, Nirjar, and Moksha

01 Introduction
Samvar means prevention of the incoming Karmas
Nirjar means partial eradication of acquired Karmas
Moksha means complete eradication of acquired Karmas
All three tattvas are to be resorted to and are therefore considered Updeya. We should continually strive
to achieve Samvar and Nirjar. They are meant to guide us in adopting the right conduct. After all, the
purpose of studying religion is to learn the appropriate mode of behavior so as to attain salvation in the
end. Samvar and Nirjar describe the ways one can use to prevent the Karmic bondage and to get rid of
Karmas in order to gain liberation. If bondage of Karma is considered a disease that afflicts the soul and
srava the door through which the disease enters, Samvar is the prevention of the disease and Nirjar is
the cure. Since prevention is better than cure, let us first examine how to prevent the influx of Karmas.
02 Samvar (Prevention of Karmas)

It has been stated earlier that a living being happens to be in various situations due to its Karmas. One
has to accept the given situation with a sense of equanimity. If he views it dispassionately without in any
way reacting to it, operative Karmas are exhausted in due course and he does not acquire new Karma.
Worldly soul is however conditioned to react to any given situation favorably or unfavorably. If the
situation is to his liking, he feels happy over it and craves for its continuation. He usually tends to think
that the happy situation is a result of his efforts and takes pride for it. He may also think that people who
are unhappy, have to blame themselves for their miseries; because in his opinion they lack or do not put
enough effort into improving their condition. As such, his success may lead him to such a level of pride
and grandiosity that it would be hard for him to cultivate a sense of compassion for the miseries and
unhappiness of others. His arrogance may also make him prone to develop a sense of disgust and
contempt for the miserable.
If the situation is not to ones like, the person feels unhappy and strives to make it better. There is nothing
wrong in striving to improve a given situation. Unfortunately, people do not mind resorting to foul means
for this purpose. An ordinary person usually tends to think that some extraneous factors or some people
have contrived to create the unhappy conditions or they are otherwise instrumental in bringing
unhappiness and misery to him. As such, he harbors ill feeling for them and cultivates a sense of
jealousy or hostility towards those whom he suspects of being responsible for his misery or unhappiness.
Thus, an ordinary person is conditioned to interact to any given situation with a sense of craving or
aversion.
Wrong perception, absence of restraint, indolence and passions are the main causes of the influx of
Karmas. Craving and aversion lead people to indulge in such defilements from time to time. Of all these,
the four Kashyas of Krodha, Mna, Maya and Lobha are the principal defiling factors. If the soul avoids
them, it can stay in equanimity in all conceivable situations. It can prevent the influx of new Karmas while
facing the consequences of the current operative Karmas. This is similar to closing all openings of our
house when dirt and trash happen to be flung inside due to a tornado. Staying in equanimity may not be
as easy as closing the doors. It should not however be too difficult, and it does not mean that one should
not make an effort to change a given situation. Making effort is also Karma and if that Karma happens to
give instant results, the situation may change. One should avoid the sense of pride and arrogance in
favorable circumstances and stop blaming anything or anybody else for unfavorable circumstances. In
short, one should have the right perception so as to avoid indulging in Kashyas in all circumstances.
Staying free of Kashyas is Samvar and it helps prevent the inflow of new Karmas.
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The method that stops fresh karma from attaching into the soul is called Samvar. This process is a
reverse process of srava. It can be accomplished by constant practice of:
Samyaktva
Right conviction and Right Knowledge of Reality
Vratas
Observance of Vows
Apramda
Awareness or Spiritual-alertness
Akashya
Being Passionless
Ayoga
Peacefulness of Mental, Verbal and Physical activities
Fifty Seven Ways of Samvar

Jain literature defines 57 practical ways, by which one can stop the attachment/influx of karma. These ways are
described mainly for monks and nuns but it is strongly recommended to be practiced by Shrvaks and Shrviks as
far as possible.
Type of Samvar
Meaning
Total
Samitis
Carefulness in our activities
Guptis
Preservation/Restraints in our activities
Yati Dharma
Religious Virtues
10
Bhvan
Reflections or Contemplations, some literature adds 4

compassionate Bhavnas
12
Parishaha-Jaya
Tolerance or Endurance to Suffering with equanimity
22
Chritra
Conduct
Total
57
Five Samitis (Carefulness):

Samiti means carefulness or continuous awareness of all our activities with special attention towards
nonviolence. Samitis purify the actions.
Iry Samiti
Proper care in walking
Bhsh Samiti
Proper care in speaking
Eshan Samiti
Proper care in begging
dna Nikshepa Samiti
Proper care in taking and keeping (Gochari)/any items
Utsarga Samiti
Proper care in disposing waste
Three Guptis (Restraints):

Control or stillness towards non-virtuous activities of mind, speech and body is called Gupti, which is
an important aspect of Samvar. Guptis prohibits sinful activities
Mano Gupti
Proper control over Mind
Vachan Gupti
Proper control over Speech
Kya Gupti
Proper control over Body
Ten Yati Dharma (Religious Virtues):

These ten virtues are pure passionless modes of the conduct.
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Ksham
Forbearance, Forgiveness
Mrdava
Modesty, Humility
rjava
Straightforwardness, Candor
Shaucha
Contentment
Satya
Truthfulness
Samyam
Self-restraint, Control of Senses
Tapa
Austerity, Penance
Tyg
Renunciation
Akinchanya
Non-attachment
Brahmacharya
Celibacy, Chastity
Twelve Reflections (Thoughts, Bhvan, or Anupreksh):

To make room for pure thoughts and to drive out the evil ones, Jainism recommends reflecting on the
twelve thoughts known as the Twelve Bhvan (Anupreksh) or Reflections with deep concern and
feelings. These twelve Bhvans cover a wide field of Jainism.
Anitya Bhvan
Impermanence of everything in the world
Asharan Bhvan
No one provides protection
Samsara Bhvan
No permanent relationships in the universe
Ekatva Bhvan
Solitude of the soul
Anyatva Bhvan
Separateness of the soul
Asuci Bhvan
Impurity of the body
srava Bhvan
Influx of karma
Samvar Bhvan
Stoppage of influx of karma
Nirjar Bhvan
Shedding of karma
Loka Bhvan
Transitoriness of the universe
Bodhi-durlabha Bhvan
Unattainability of the right faith, knowledge, and conduct
Dharma Bhvan
Unattainability of true preceptor, scriptures, and religion
Reflections on Universal Friendship (Compassionate Reflections):

Along with the above 12 Bhvans, some literature recommends to practice four positive
compassionate Bhvans known as auxiliary Bhvans. They help one to develop purity of
thought and sincerity in the practice of religion. Adopting these Bhvans in ones daily life can
make a person very virtuous.
Maitri
Amity or Friendship
Pramod
Appreciation of virtues
Karun
Compassion and helping others whenever
Mdhyastha
Equanimity in various circumstances
Twenty-two Parishaha (Hardships):

A person should remain in the state of equanimity when hardship occurs in the life. There are 22
types of hardships defined in the scripture. Following are some examples:
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Hunger, Thirst, Cold, Heat, Insect bites, Hearing of evil words, Diseases, etc
Five Chritra (Conduct):

To remain steady in a state of spiritual purity is called conduct or Chritra. Chritra has been divided
into the five classes depending upon the spirituality of an individual
Smyika Chritra
To remain in equanimity during our life
Chhedo-pasthpana Chritra
To live a life of an ascetic - This is the level where all monks

and nuns practice
Parihra-vishuddhi Chritra
To follow special types of penance as an ascetic - This

conduct can be practiced in a lonely place away from Jain
community
Sukshma-Samparya Chritra
To live a life without any Kashya (No anger, greed, ego,

deceit) as an ascetic except with some (very little) desire to
attain Moksha. Jainism considers any desire is a form of
greed.
Yathkhyta or Vitarga Chritra
Living life of a Kevali i.e. natural living or living without any

passions. This is the natural living of all Keval-jnani monks
and nuns.
03 Nirjar (Partial Eradication of Karmas)

Eradication of previously acquired Karma is Nirjar. This is similar to cleaning the inside of the house
after closing the doors to prevent incoming dust, trash etc. Previously acquired Karmas that become
operative get exhausted as they mature. When Karmas get exhausted on their own after giving the end
results and no active effort was made to eradicate them, it is known as Akm Nirjar. This type of Nirjar
is automatic. Accumulated Karmas, which are not currently operative, continue to stay with the soul in a
dormant state due to bondage. Efforts such as penance, austerity etc. can eradicate them before they
become operative. It is voluntarily enduring hardships with equanimity. This process of eradication by
deliberate effort is Sakm Nirjar.
Jain scriptures lay a considerable emphasis on austerities, i.e. Tapa. In Tattvrtha Sutra, chrya
Umsvti states: Tapas Nirjar Cha It means that Nirjar can be achieved by Tapa or austerities. Jains
are therefore encouraged to perform Tapa. Tapa is usually taken as and equated to fasting. Jains
therefore fast longer to achieve Nirjar. It is generally overlooked that our scriptures have described 6
types of internal and 6 types of external Tapa. Fasting is only one of them. Three stanzas from the
Panchchr Sutra, which are very pertinent in this respect, state as follows:
Internal and external Tapa laid down by the Seers is of 12 types. When they are observed, while staying
unperturbed and without any other consideration, it is known as Tapchr or code of austerity.
Bhya Tapa (External Austerities)

Anashan
Not eating for a set period of time
Unodari
Eating less than needed
Vritti-sankshep
Eating within the limits of predetermined restrictions
Rasa-tyg
Relinquishing tasty food example; yambil
Kya-klesha
Penance, tolerating physical pain voluntarily
Sanlinat
Staying in forlorn place and occupying minimum space
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1. Anashan (Fasting):
Complete abstinence from eating any food and/or drinking liquid. Sometimes one can drink only
achit (previously boiled) water for a predetermined period of time, such as for a day or more. This
spares our digestive energy to focus on spiritual uplift. This is known as Upavs.
2. Alphra or Unodari (Eat less than Hunger):

Eating at least 10% less than ones appetite at a given time
3. Ichhnirodha or Vritti-sankshepa (Limit on Foods and Possessions):

Limiting the number of food items while eating and limiting the possession of material things.
4. Rasatyg (Elimination of Tasty Food):

Complete abstinence from eating or drinking juicy and tasty foods such as butter, milk, tea, sweets,
fried food, snacks, spicy food, and juices. Alsoone should eliminate junk food which has little or no
nutrition value. In other words, there is no attachment to the taste of the food. We need to eat a
minimum quantity of food to live a healthy life but we do not need to eat food for taste and
enjoyment.
5. Kya-klesha (Voluntarily enduring sufferings):

One willfully subjects himself to the sufferings of a body even when one does not have to and
remaining undisturbed while experiencing sufferings. This is the general term for all types of
penances (Tapa). Activities include traveling bare foot in severe heat or cold weather and removal of
hair by hand as practiced by Jain monks and nuns.
6. Sanlinat (Giving up Pleasures of Five Senses):

One sits in a lonely place (in various postures)with all the senses and mind withdrawn inwardly and
gives up the pleasures of the five senses and the mind.
7. Some External Austerities (Bhya Tapasys) Based on above six Bhya Tapas, below are the combination of tapas that are performed.
External austerities are practiced in various ways depending upon individual capacity. Following is
the list of some Tapasys:
Navkrasi
One must take food or water forty-eight minutes after sunrise. Even brushing
teeth and rinsing the mouth should be done after sunrise.
Porsi
Taking food or water three hours after sunrise
Sdh-Porsi
Taking food or water four hours and thirty minutes after sunrise
Purimuddha
Taking food or water six hours after sunrise
Avadhdh
Taking food or water nine hours after sunrise
Biysan
Taking food twice a day while sitting in one place
Eksan
Taking food only once while sitting in one place
yambil
Taking food only once in one sitting. The food should not have any taste or
spices and should be boiled or cooked. Also, one should not use milk, curds,
ghee, oil, sweets, sugar or jaggery and green or raw vegetables
Upavs
One must not take any food for twenty-four hours starting from sunrise to sunrise
the next day.
Tivihr
Upavs
One may drink only boiled water during Upavs.
Chauvihr
Upavs
One does not even drink water during Upavs.
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Tivihr
After sunset no food or juice shall be taken, but one may take water once before
going to bed.
Chauvihr
After sunset no food or water is taken until sunrise the next day.
Chhath
Upavs for two consecutive days
Attham
Upavs for three consecutive days
Atthai
Upavs for eight consecutive days
Msakshama
n
Consecutive Upavs for one month
Navpad Oli
Every year for 9 days starting from the 6/7th day of the bright fortnight until the
full moon day in Ashwin and Chaitra months, one does yambil. These yambils
can also be restricted to only one kind of food grain per day.
Varsitap
Alternate day Upavs for one year
Vardhman
Tapa Oli
Start with one yambil, then two, then three and gradually go up to 100 or more
yambils
Vish-Sthanak
Tapa
All Tirthankars perform this austerity in 3rd last life. There are 20 different Pads
and in each, one has to do a minimum of 20 Eksans to Attham (3 fasts in arrow)
in six months along with other rituals and essentials.
In Eksan, Biysan, yambil, or Upavs, one can drink boiled water only and only between sunrise
and sunset. It is better if one can do a Chauvihr or Tivihr on the night before starting these
austerities. If any of the austerities allow food, one shall not take raw vegetables, anything, which
grows under-ground, or raw grains while performing such austerities.
There are many other austerities like Siddhi Tapa, Kshir-samudra Tapa, Jnnpanchmi Tapa etc.
Abhyantar Tapa (Internal Austerities)

Pryashchitta
Repentance, remorse
Vinay
Respect for others
Veyvachcham
Selfless service to monks, nuns and needy
Swdhyy
Study of religious scriptures, study of self
Dhyna
Meditation
Kyotsarga or Vyutsarga
Renunciation of body
1. Pryashchitta (Repentance):
For the spiritual purification, one truly repents for bad deeds and the breach of vows that occurred in
the past and truly commits not to repeat them in future.
2. Vinay (Humility):
Humility and proper behavior towards all living beings such as Sdhus, Sdhvis, teachers, elders,
co-workers, and poor.
3. Vaiyvruttya (Service to Ascetics):

One renders selfless service to Sdhus and Sdhvis, elderly, needy people, and to those who are
suffering.
4. Swdhyy (Religious Study):

One studies the religious literature and listens to religious discourses and scriptures on the nature
and quality of soul, karma, their relationship, and other elements of universe.
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5. Dhyna (Meditation):
After acquiring the above four virtues, one contemplates and meditates on the nature of the soul.
6. Kyotsarga or Vyutsarga (Renunciation of Body):

Kyotsarga is the ultimate internal austerity, where the activities of the body, speech, and mind are
withdrawn. This process involves making the body and mind as steady or still as possible to
contemplate that the soul is separate from our human body. This austerity in its highest state
destroys all four Ghti Karma.
When we talk of Tapa as a means for Nirjar, we mean internal Tapa. External Tapa is important as long as it is
helpful and is conducive to internal Tapa. In practice, we hardly think of internal Tapa and usually feel content by
observing fasts or Anashan, the first of the six external austerities. Ashan means eating and Anashan means not
eating or fasting. Eating is a physical phenomenon. As long as the body survives, it is going to need food. The
body can survive for some time without food. One however tends to get conditioned to eating at regular intervals.
In order to inhibit this conditioning, it is useful to fast from time to time. Thus fasting is also very important.
The term Upavs that we generally use for fasting is not synonymous with Anashan. Upa means closer and Vs
means abode. Thus, Upavs really means abiding in proximity with or in tune with the soul. If a person sincerely
tries to stay in accordance with the real nature of soul, he cannot indulge in any sense of craving or aversion. As
such, he would stay away from all defilements and achieve a very high level of Nirjar. Thus, Upavs in the true
sense of the term amounts to right activity and is one of the important way to eradicate Karmas. We however hardly
observe that kind of Upavs. It is wrong to believe that Upavs can be observed simply by abstaining from food.
When someone observes the penance of Upavs, he should spend his day in meditation, prayers, and other spiritual
activities.
04 Moksha (Total Liberation from Karma)

Moksha or liberation is the last of the 9 fundamentals. It is also known as Mukti, salvation or
emancipation. Moksha is the liberation of the soul after complete exhaustion or elimination of all karmas.
A liberated soul regains totally its original attributes of perfect knowledge, perfect vision, perfect power,
and total bliss. It climbs to the top of universe (Lokksh) and remains their forever in its blissful and
unconditional existence. It never returns again into the cycles of birth, life, and death. This state of the
soul is the liberated or perfect state, and this is called Nirvana.
05 Summary
Jainism does not believe in a Creator. All liberated souls are God according to Jainism. However, since
Tirthankars show us and lead us to the path of liberation, they are considered God before their total
liberation from karmas to whom we pray and revere. Tirthankars have said that nothing can be created
out of nothing and the original substances or matter, as science would call it, is indestructible. Every such
substance exists of its own, with its own properties and continues to exist in one form or another.
Whatever products we come across are merely transformations, not creations. They are produced out of
something that existed before. Jainism believes in six original substances of which soul is the only
conscious substance. Jainism is concerned with the souls well-being and happiness. All living beings
are embodied souls. Every soul is an independent entity and has been undergoing cycles of birth and
death as a result of the bondage of Karma.
For liberation of the soul, Jainism does not look for whim or favor of an Almighty. Its concept of liberation
is totally different. Material or situational happiness is not everlasting. True happiness lies within the soul.
Whatever happiness we experience in life is due to the existence of the soul within the body. No dead
body has ever experienced happiness or any other feeling. It is not the property of the physical body to
experience anything. Happiness is the inherent property of the soul. This inherent happiness does not
manifest itself on account of physical and mental limitations resulting from the bondage of Karma.
Everlasting happiness can manifest itself when soul shakes off all its bondage.
For this purpose we study the nature of soul, the bondage of Karmas that obscure and obstruct the
manifestation of its inherent properties, and how to shake off the bondage. We saw that the soul is a
substance on its own. It is eternal. It acquires bondage on account of srava of Karmas that can be
prevented by Samvar and eradicated by Nirjar. This eradication process has two stages. The State of
omniscience or Keval-jnn is attained when one totally overcomes delusion and all Ghti or defiling
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Karmas are destroyed. . After attaining Keval-jnn, one may continue to live if he still has to destroy yu,
Nm, Gotra and Vedaniya Karmas. These four are Aghti Karmas that are destroyed only upon death.
For instance, Lord Mahvir lived for 30 years after attaining Keval-jnn.
With the destruction of Aghti Karmas, the soul attains ultimate liberation. This is the final state which is
known as the state of Siddha. Since there is no more Karmic bondage, the soul is forever freed from the
cycle of birth and death. It is now a pure a consciousness whose nature of infinite enlightenment and
infinite happiness manifests by itself, because there are no longer any factors that obstruct or inhibit its
full manifestation. Even a casual reflection of our routine experience would indicate that desire is the
cause of all miseries, problems and unhappiness. In the liberated state, where there is no body, there are
no requirements, and hence there is an eternal happiness. That state of no desire is the blissful state of
liberation.
Until the soul gets rid of all Karma, it has to continually go through the cycle of birth and rebirth. Arihantas
are destined to be liberated and Siddhas have achieved salvation. We therefore worship them. In
common parlance, they are Jain Gods. They do not bestow liberation or any other favor on worshippers.
Liberation is to be gained by ones own efforts. Listening to the teachings of Arihantas, provide directions
for attaining liberation. Devotion to them and to Siddhas simply provides incentive for the aspirants to
strive for the attainment of ultimate happiness. They serve as ideals for devotees.
It is natural to question - What is the form and shape of the liberated soul? Where does it stay, move,
rest or sleep? What does it do? Answers are simple. Not being a physical entity, it has no form; it does
not move and does not need rest or sleep. Being intangible, its shape is invisible; but the seers have
stated that its size and shape would be equal to 2/3rd the size and shape of the one in the last life
immediately prior to liberation. Now being free of all bondage, it rises up in space and stops at the top of
Lokksh. That part of the space is known in Jain terminology as Siddha-shil, the abode of liberated
souls. Beyond that, it is Alokksh where there is no Dharmstikya. So there is no movement beyond
that point. Liberated souls continually stay engrossed in their true nature of infinite knowledge, infinite
perception, infinite energy, and infinite bliss. That state is permanent.
Now, let us use a simple analogy to illustrate these Tattvas. There lived a family in a farmhouse. They
were enjoying a fresh cool breeze coming through the open doors and windows. The weather suddenly
changed, and a terrible dust storm set in. Realizing it was a bad storm, they got up to close the doors and
windows. Before they could close all the doors and windows, lots of dust came into the house. After
closing all the doors and windows, they started cleaning away the dust that had come into the house.
We can interpret this simple illustration in terms of Nine Tattvas as follows:
Jivas are represented by the people.
Ajiva is represented by the house.
Punya is represented by worldly enjoyment resulting from the nice cool breeze.
Pp is represented by worldly discomfort resulting from the sandstorm which brought dust
into the house.
srava is represented by the influx of dust through the doors and windows of the house,
which is similar to the influx of Karma particles to the soul.
Bandha is represented by the accumulation of dust in the house, which is similar to bondage
of Karma particles to the soul.
Samvar is represented by the closing of the doors and windows to stop the dust from coming
into the house, which is similar to the stoppage of influx of Karma particles to the soul.
Nirjar is represented by the cleaning up of accumulated dust from the house, which is
similar to shedding off accumulated karmic particles from the soul.
Moksha is represented by the clean house, which is similar to the shedding of all karmic
particles from the soul.
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Understanding Nav-Tattvas
The ultimate goal of a human life: Liberation
The prescribed path: Ratna-trayi
The first step towards the goal
To know and to understand the nature of reality
To analyze and to verify the nature of reality
If convinced, to accept it with faith
Alternate practical route to gain right perception
Having total faith in Tirthankars teachings
Tirthankars teachings are:
Co-existence of spiritual and physical reality is beginning and interdependent
Law of cause and effect is unfailing
Interaction between the soul and the matter makes nine Tattvas
Failure to understand the relation between the two creates:
Distorted self-identity
Social disorder
Economic imbalance
Environmental problems
To put the understanding into practice is a rational approach in life.
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B08 - Theory of Karma and Reincarnation

01 Introduction
We have seen that our comfortable or uncomfortable situations lie in the activities undertaken by us
during this life or earlier lives. Thus, this assumes a theory of rebirth. It is the law of nature that we reap
what we sow. However, this reaping does not necessarily occur in the same life. The law, moreover, is
not restricted to physical activities. It applies to our persisting tendencies and instincts as well, even
though they may not be translated into action. Whatever thoughts we may relish, whether in the midst of
mountains or within a remote cave, they will have their consequences. No one can escape these
consequences. It is not possible to deceive nature. The consequences have to be borne sooner or later,
and no one is immune. This law of Karma as a spiritual science is not different from the law of cause and
effect, or that of action and reaction, as from physical sciences. In the spiritual field, the scope of this
Karma law is extended to the realm of emotions and feelings as well.
This law of Karma and theory of rebirth should not be brushed aside as a fancy of spiritual thinkers. In
fact, recent psychological research bears testimony to their validity. Modern psychologists have been
increasingly moving to accept it. Dr. Alexander Cannon, during his experiments of age regression
observed that the causes of his patients phobias lay in earlier lives. The reasons for such ailments in
many cases could be traced back, to the Roman period. After surveying the results of 1382 reincarnation
sittings, as he calls them, he compiled a book entitled The Power Within. The following is a quote from
the book.
For years the theory of reincarnation was a nightmare to me and I did my best to disprove it but I have to
admit that there is such a thing as reincarnation. It is therefore only right and proper that I should include
this study as a branch of psychology, as my text bears witness to the great benefit many have received
psychologically from discovering hidden complexes and fears, which undoubtedly have been brought over
from past lives.
This study explains the scales of justice in a very broad way showing how a person appears to suffer in
this life as a result of something he has done in a past life through this law of action and reaction known in
the East as Karma. A person cannot see why he suffers one disaster after another in this life, yet
reincarnation may reveal atrocities committed by him in lives gone by.
We can consider ourselves fortunate that we can obtain, as part of our heritage, what science has only
now been revealing. Most of us have in the background of our minds the consequences of what we are
now doing. That helps us in restraining our emotions and tolerating adversity. We should not react
violently even when hurt physically or otherwise. It is worthwhile to examine the impact of this theory of
Karma for the broad spectrum of society.
If everyone knew that one day, he is surely going to bear the consequences of whatever he does or
thinks, no one would dare to indulge in any activity that would hurt others. All conflicts and wars, disputes
and violence, enmity and vengeance, parochialism and selfishness, would come to an end. If one
ponders rightly, he can realize that hatred and jealousy may or may not hurt the person against whom
they are aimed at, but they surely will hurt him; since his sense of discretion and equanimity would be
obscured by such defilements. In that case, no one would harbor any evil and everyone would abide by
the code of conduct that is beneficial to society. Even if someone gets hurt by others, he would be
inclined to consider it as a consequence of his own past evil Karma and nothing else. Instead of
adversely reacting, he would therefore bear it with a sense of equanimity and tranquility. The world would
turn into a paradise.
Unfortunately, not everybody is going to realize this, and living beings have to bear the brunt of evils
generated from passions and different types of evil instincts. The seers have brought out the truth that
every being is governed by the inviolable law of Karma. Realizing that meritorious deeds would be
ultimately helpful in pursuit of happiness, one can try to ensure ones own future well-being by making use
of his ability and resources for the benefit of all. Nature has left to us whether to abide by that law and
stay happy by extending happiness to others or to learn the lesson the hard way by undergoing the
miseries and pains arising from evil Karmas.
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The doctrine of karma is the single most important subject of Jain philosophy. It provides a rational
explanation to the apparently inexplicable phenomena of cycles of birth and death, happiness and misery,
inequalities in mental and physical attainments and the existence of different species of living beings.
Jainism believes that from eternity, every soul is ignorant and delusional of its true nature, but
nonetheless is bound by karma. The ignorant and deluded soul, while remaining in bondage, continues
to attract and bind new karma. It is due to karma that the soul migrates from one life cycle to another, and
passes through many pleasures and painful situations.
The karma that bind our soul are due not only to the actions of our body, mind, and speech but more
importantly, to the intentions behind our actions. Jainism strives for the realization of the highest
perfection of the soul, which in its original purity is free from all pain, suffering, desire, and bondage of the
cycle of birth and death. This way it provides the basis for the path of liberation.
Karma philosophy deals with many aspects of our life such as our past karma, our current life, and our
future state. These aspects are easily explained in the group of Nav (nine) Tattvas or fundamentals. The
proper knowledge of these Tattvas is essential for spiritual progress and ultimate liberation.
Refer to chapter on Nav Tattva for detail list of Nav tattvas.
*Some literatures define Punya (merit) and Pp (sin) as separate Tattvas while others include them in
srava. In reality, Punya and Pp are the result of srava. Hence, truly there are only seven Tattvas.
The first two Tattvas - Jiva and Ajiva, comprise the physical reality of the universe. Jiva Tattva refers to
the soul and Ajiva tattva refers to the other five substances - Matter, Dharma, Adharma, Space, and Time.
However, in reference to the Theory of Karma, Ajiva Tattva refers to karma or karmic matter only. The
remaining seven or five tattvas explain the relationships between the soul and karma.
02 Bandha (Characteristics and Process of the Bondage)

Bandha is the attachment of karmic matter karma (Pudgal) to the soul. The process of bandha explains
the quality and characteristics of this bondage. Jainism believes that the soul has had this karmic matter
bondage from eternity. Also from eternity, the soul is ignorant about its true nature. This karmic matter is
known as the Krman body or causal body or karma.
Every moment some of the Karmas particles continually exert their effects creating pleasure or pains to
the soul. After producing the effects, Karmas separate from the soul.
Also at every moment, the soul continually attracts new Karmic matter because of its ignorance, lack of
self-restraint, passions, unmindfulness, and activities of body, mind, and speech.
Hence, the soul, which was covered by karmic matter from eternity, continually acquires new karma from
the universe and exhausting old karma into the universe through the above mentioned process at every
moment.
Because of this continual process of acquiring and exhausting karma particles, the soul has to go through
the cycles of births and deaths, and experience the resultant effects of Karma leading to either pleasure
or pain. So under normal circumstances the soul cannot attain freedom from karma, and hence
liberation.
Our activities are:
Physical,
Verbal or
Mental
We further do these activities in three different ways,
We do the activities ourselves,
We ask someone else to do for us, or
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We encourage someone else to carry out these activities.
Thus, in different combinations, we do our activities in nine (3x3) different ways that cause bondage of the
karmas to the soul. At the time of the bondage of karmas to the soul, the four characteristics of bondage
play an important role.
03 Four Characteristics of Bondage:

Prakriti Bandha
What kind (Nature) of Karmas will these be? (Type or

Category of Karma bondage)
Pradesha Bandha
How many Krman particles (Quantity) will attach to the soul?
Sthiti Bandha
How long (Duration) will these karmas stay with the soul?
Rasa Bandha
How strong (Intensity) will the bondage of these karmas be?
The nature and the quantity of the bondage of the karmas depend on the nature of activities, while the
duration and the intensity of the bondage of the karmas depend on the intensity of the passion with which
the activities are carried out by the soul.
1. Prakriti Bandha (Type of Karma Bondage)

It is well known that some students do very well in class even though they dont study, while others have to struggle
to get good grades in spite of studying very hard. In the same way, some people make a lot of money without much
effort, while others cannot even find a job. You might have also heard that some people are sick all the time, while
others never get sick and some people live to be over a hundred years old, while others die as young children.
Everybody is searching for an answer to these strange disparities. Some may say it is the Gods will, others may say
it is his luck, and so on. Jainism says everything happens due to the result of our past Karmas. You reap what you
sow and no God or anyone else can make this happen or change.
We and only we are the cause of our suffering or happiness. This can be explained by the theory of Karma.
Therefore, it is very important that we understand this process very clearly. It also explains what karmas are, why
and what role karmas play in our life with the soul, and how we accumulate different kinds of karmas as well as how
we get rid of them.
If you sit back and think, you will realize that you are doing something all the time. Sometimes you might be
talking, listening or thinking if not doing something physically. In other words you are always doing something.
This is only natural. These activities may be harmful or helpful to others. It is important to realize that everything
we do brings karmas to our souls. When these karmas mature, that is when they are ready to produce results they
bring happiness or suffering to our lives. This is how the karmas are responsible for our happiness or suffering.
Karmas are made up of Krman particles. The Krman particles are made up of non-living matter (Pudgals). They
are scattered and floating all over the universe (Loka). They are invisible even with the help of any kind of
microscope. A cluster of such innumerable Krman particles is called a Krman Vargan. Krman Vargan have the
subtlest particles. When the soul acts with a passion like aversion or attachment; or anger, greed, ego, or
deceitfulness, it attracts these Krman Vargans to itself. When these Krman Vargans get attached to the soul,
they are called karmas. Karmas are classified into eight categories depending upon their nature. The karmas can be
good (Punya) or bad (Pp). The good karmas are the result of good or pious activities while the bad karmas are the
result of bad or sinful activities.
When karmic matter attaches to the soul, it obscures the souls essential nature of infinite knowledge, infinite
perception, bliss, perfect power, eternal existence, formlessness, and equanimity. The different types of karma
obscure different qualities or attributes of the soul. The Jain literature has classified it into eight categories
according to the particular attribute of the soul that it obscures. This is known as Prakriti bandha. The eight
categories of Karma is defined in detail later in this chapter.
2. Sthiti Bandha (Duration of Attachment of Karma)

When karmic matter attaches to the soul, it remains attached for a certain duration till it produces the complete
result. The duration of the attachment is determined according to the intensity or dullness of the souls passions
when the karma was originally attached to the soul. If our desire for the activity is mild, then the duration of the
bondage will be for a short time. On the other hand if the passions are stronger, the duration of the bondage will be
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for a long time. The minimum time could be a fraction of a second and the maximum time could be thousands or
even millions of years. After producing the result, the karma will separate or detach from the soul.
3. Anubhga Bandha or Rasa Bandha (Intensity of Attachment of Karma)

When karma produce the result, the intensity of the result is determined by the severity of the Leshys (any one of
six Leshy) along with passions of the soul when the karma were originally attached to it. This phenomenon is
called Anubhga or Rasa bandha. The intensity of karmas depends upon how intense our passions are at the time of
our activities. The lesser the intensity of our passions, the less strong is the resulting effect of the karma; the greater
the intensity the stronger the resulting effect is.
4. Pradesha Bandha (Quantity of Karma)

The quantity of karma particles that are attached to the soul by our activity of body, mind, and speech (known as
Yoga) is called Pradesha Bandha. If the physical vigor of our activities is weak, then we accumulate a smaller
number of Krman particles, but if the physical vigor is stronger, then we accumulate a larger number of Krman
particles on our soul. The higher the number of Krman particles bonded, the stronger is the resultant effect.
Summary
Primarily, the pattern of vibrations created in soul is classified by its various actions:
Soul's illusion (Mithytva) and passions (Kashya) are responsible for the duration (Sthiti) and the
intensity (Anubhga or Rasa) of Karma bondage.
Soul's activities of body, speech, and mind (Yoga) without passion are responsible for the Prakriti and
Pradesh of Karma bondage
Note - Here it is considered that passion includes Mithytva (Illusion), Avirati (Lack of self-restraint), Pramda
(Spiritual laziness), and Kashya (passions - anger, ego, deceit, and greed)
In summary, the souls passions are responsible for the duration and intensity of the karma and the souls
activities of body, speech, and mind are responsible for the types and the quantity of the karma.
It is due to the intensity and the duration of the karma bondage that the soul passes through many
pleasure and painful situations and suffers. Hence one needs to get rid of Mithytva, Avirati, Pramda,
and Kashya (Collectively known as Mohaniya karma) to progress spiritually and attain liberation.
04 Classification of Karma
Different Classifications of Karma
Dravya Karma and Bhva Karma
Ghti Karma (Destructive to souls virtue) and Aghti Karma (Non Destructive to Souls
virtue)
Punya and Pp Karma (further explanation in chapter B10)
The bondage of karma is classified into eight categories according to the particular attribute of the soul
that it obscures. These eight categories of karma are divided into two major groups known as Ghti
karma, which subdue the qualities of the soul, and Aghti karma, which relate to the physical body, mind,
and physical environment of the living being.
Ghti Karmas (Destructive Karmas)

Ghti karma subdue the quality of soul namely; infinite knowledge, infinite perception or vision, infinite happiness,
and infinite power or energy
Destructive to Souls Virtues or Qualities:
Mohaniya Karma (Deluding Karma)
Jnnvaraniya Karma (Knowledge Obscuring Karma)
Darshanvaraniya Karma (Perception Obscuring Karma)
Antarya Karma (Obstructing Karma)
1. Jnnvaraniya (Knowledge Obscuring) Karma:

As the name implies, knowledge obscuring karma obscures the full potential of knowledge of the
soul. Those who have less knowledge obscuring karma are more intelligent and learn more easily,
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while those who have more knowledge obscuring karma have problems retaining knowledge and
learning. After the attainment of Vitarga state a person destroys all his Jnnvaraniya karma within
48 minutes and attains Keval-jnn, a state of infinite knowledge.
Five Subtypes of Knowledge Obscuring Karma:
Empirical-cognition knowledge obscuring (Mati-jnnvaraniya) Karma
Articulate knowledge - Scripture knowledge obscuring (Shrut-jnanvarniya) Karma
Clairvoyance knowledge obscuring (Avadhi-jnnvaraniya) Karma
Telepathy knowledge obscuring (Manah-Paryva-Jnnvarniya) Karma
Omniscience knowledge obscuring (Keval-jnnvaraniya) Karma
2. Darshanvaraniya (Perception Obscuring) Karma:

This karma covers the souls faculty of perception or vision. There is not much difference between
knowledge and vision. The initial cognition that grasps the object concerned in a generic form is
given the name vision (Darshan). It is like a cognition that a man has of an object when he sees it
from a distance. And the cognition which, arising soon after the vision, grasps the very object in a
specific form is given the name knowledge. Perception means to perceive the right meaning and
cognition. Perception obscuring karma diminishes the powers of our correct perception through the
eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin to the extent that we may not be able to see well, hear well, smell
well, etc. Perception obscuring karma therefore reduces the real meaning of the things we see, hear,
smell, feel, taste and read and how we correlate them with each other. After the attainment of
Vitarga state a person destroys all his Darshanvaraniya karma within 48 minutes and attains
Keval-darshan, a state of infinite perception.
Nine Subtypes of Perception Obscuring Karma:
Vision perception obscuring (Chakshu-Darshanvaraniya) Karma
Non-vision perception obscuring (Achakshu-Darshanvaraniya) Karma
Clairvoyance perception obscuring (Avadhi-Darshanvaraniya) Karma
Omniscience perception obscuring (Kevali-Darshanvaraniya) Karma
Light sleep producing (Nidr) Karma
Deep sleep producing (Nidr Nidr ) Karma
Sound sleep producing (Prachal) Karma
Exceedingly intense sleep producing (Prachal-prachal) Karma
Somnambulistic sleep producing (Stynarddhi Nidr) Karma
3. Antarya (Obstructing) Karma:

This karma obstructs the natural quality and energy of the soul such as charity and willpower. It also
prevents one from doing good. This karma puts obstacles in souls efforts to achieve various
objectives. In spite of wealth and opportunity to donate, one may not be able to do so. Though one
intelligently makes various attempts, one cannot succeed in the business or other endeavor on
account of this karma. Even though one has worldly pleasure at his disposal, is not able to enjoy
them because of ill health. Although one possesses healthy body and a desire to carry out religious
activities may get some obstacles and cannot do so.
After the attainment of Vitarga state, a person destroys all his Antarya karma within 48 minutes
and attains Anant-virya, a state of infinite power and energy.
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In reality a person destroys the above three karma together within 48 minutes after the attainment of
Vitarga state. Once all four Ghti karma are destroyed, a person is known as Kevali, Arihant,
Tirthankar, or Jina (13th Gunasthnak Spiritual Stage).
Consequently Obstructing Karma is responsible for all the obstacles we face in our lives.
Five Subtypes of Obscuring Karma:
Charity obstructing (Dnntarya) Karma
Gain obstructing (Lbhntarya) Karma
Enjoyment Obstructing (Bhogntarya) Karma
Re-enjoyment obstructing (Upabhogntrya) Karma
Will power obstructing (Viryntrya) Karma
4. Mohaniya (Deluding) Karma:

Deluding karma generates delusions in the soul with regards to its own true nature. The soul
identifies itself with external substances and relationships. This karma generates attachment,
aversion and the resulting passions like anger, ego, deceit and greed. As a result, the deluded soul
loses its sense of discrimination and is not able to differentiate the good from the evil. It also creates
doubts about religion and spiritual teachers and destroys faith in the Jina. As this karma obscures
right belief and right conduct of the soul, it is divided into two groups.
Two Subtypes of Deluding Karma:
Faith Deluding (Darshan Mohaniya) Karma
Conduct Deluding (Chritra Mohaniya) Karma
Darshan Mohaniya (Faith Deluding) Karma

This karma obstructs souls natural inclination towards what is real and good. This karma
generates delusion (Mithytva) in the souls innate nature of Right Conviction and Right
Knowledge. It is the most dangerous karma. Because of this karma, a person does not have the
Right Knowledge of the self (true nature of the soul) and of the Reality. The person believes in the
opposite or false knowledge of reality and of the soul, for example: the belief that the body and
soul are one etc.
Proper knowledge implies to having a proper understanding of the true nature of the soul, karma,
the bondage of soul with karma, and the way to liberate the soul from karma. To have total
conviction in the above knowledge is called Right Conviction or Faith. This state of spirituality is
called Samyaktva or self-realization, 4 th Gunasthnak spiritual stage. Because of Samyaktva, a
persons knowledge (Jnn) and conduct (Chritra) is called Right Knowledge and Right Conduct.
A persons spiritual progress begins from the Samyaktva state.
This karma is again divided into three sub-categories with regard to the degree of faith. The
operation of this karma may result either
In a complete lack of true faith or in a positive adherence to a false faith,
Swinging between the two and,
Not allowing highest degree of Inclination towards true faith - this Karma is so powerful that it
brings in its train all other causes of Bondage of soul, like undisciplined life, negligence, and
passion. As such it completely overpowers and misleads the soul and not only does it defile Right
faith but also obstructs acquisition of Right knowledge and Right conduct.
Chritra Mohaniya (Conduct Deluding) Karma
Conduct Deluding Karma are those, which obstruct good and wholesome conduct. This karma
partially covers or obscures the souls original nature of Right Conduct Due to this karma a person
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possesses many weaknesses such as lack of self-restraint, spiritual laziness, and various vices
(known as Kashya) such as anger, ego, deceit, and greed. Hence, one experiences pleasure
and pain. After the attainment of Samyaktva, a person puts an effort to gradually diminish his
weaknesses and moves towards spiritual progress and ultimately by removing all Chritra
Mohaniya karma he/she attains passionless or Vitarga state also known as perfect happiness or
perfect conduct (12th Gunasthnak spiritual stage).
They are further subdivided into twenty five categories, sixteen of Passion Deluding (Kashya
Mohaniya) and nine of Pseudo passion (Deluding Nokashya Mohaniya) Karma.
Of all the karmas, Deluding Karma is the most dangerous and the most difficult to overcome.
Once this karma is destroyed, salvation or liberation is assured.
Aghti Karmas (Non-destructive Karmas)

Aghti karmas are non-destructive to the qualities of the soul but are responsible for the creation of physical body,
life span, physical mind, and social environment. It only affects the body in which the soul resides.
Non-destructive to Souls Virtues or Qualities:
Vedaniya Karma (Feeling Pertaining Karma)
Nm Karma (Body and Physique Determining Karma)
Gotra Karma (Status Determining Karma)
yushya Karma (Life Span Determining Karma)
1. Vedaniya (Feeling Pertaining) Karma:

It obscures the blissful nature of the soul, and as a result, we have ever-changing experiences of happiness and
unhappiness through our sense organs and mind. Thus, Vedaniya karma is responsible for the creation of a favorable
or unfavorable environment or situation mainly at a physical level such as sickness, terminal illness, hunger, fatigue,
accident or a good sound health and positive physical (body and sensual) capability. This way it creates the
environmental feeling of pain (Asht) or pleasure (Sht). This feeling is channeled through the physical level
only.
Two Subtypes of Feeling Pertaining Karma:
Pain producing (Asht Vedaniya) Karma
Pleasure producing (Sht Vedaniya) Karma
This physical level feeling activates the Mohaniya Karma to produce happiness (Sukha) and
agony (Dukha) at the mental level (Souls Paryya). The happiness and agony are experienced
by the soul because the soul is at Mithytva and Kashya stage. Hence, its interpretation of the
situation (knowledge and experience wise) is biased and illusive. This way the Vedaniya Karma
indirectly (Nimitta) obscures the blissful nature of the soul via Mohaniya karma.
A Kevali possesses Vedaniya karma but not Mohaniya karma. He also possesses infinite knowledge (Keval-jnn).
Therefore, he remains a silent observer and aware of the favorable or unfavorable (Sht or Asht) circumstances
or experiences that exist through the channel of a physical body, but he does not interpret it as joy or sorrow because
he does not have Mohaniya Karma. He remains in a blissful state all the time under all circumstances.
In summary, Vedaniya karma being Aghti karma can only produce favorable or unfavorable circumstances at the
physical level, create environmental feelings of pain and pleasure through physical channels and indirectly make the
soul feel joyous and sorrowful or in agony via Mohaniya karma. This way this karma covers the undisturbed
blissful nature of the soul.
However, without the existence of Mohaniya Karma one cannot feel happiness/joy or unhappiness/sorrow. Hence,
Vedaniya karma has no real impact on the soul which is at Vitarga state (12th Gunasthnak spiritual stage).
2. Nm Karma (Body Determining) Karma:

This Karma bondage determines the physique or the body that the soul will occupy. It has two main
categories and up to one hundred and three subcategories. This karma decides one of the four main
species for the soul, number of senses, bodily structure, bone structure, stature, complexion, voice,
gait, skin type, popularity and so on. One becoming Tirthankar is also decided by this karma.
Two Subtypes of Body Determining Karma:

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Happy Physique (Shubha Nm) Karma
Unhappy Physique (Ashubha Nm) Karma
There are many sub-categories existing in Nm karma. In summary, Nm karma determines the
quality and nature of a physical body a soul may possess such as:
Destiny (Gati) - heavenly beings, human, hellish beings and tiryancha (animals and vegetation)
Birth species (Jti) - Physique or characteristics of the body (Sharira)
3. Gotra (Status Determining) Karma:

Status determining karma determines whether one gets respected, cultured and religiously oriented
family or a family with low moral and social standing. This karma is not simply with mundane
aspects of birth environment, but rather with whether that environment is more or less conducive to
the pursuit of the spiritual life.
Two Subtypes of Status Determining Karma:

High Status Determining (Uccha Gotra) Karma
High status determining (Uccha Gotra) Karma involves a high and respectful status in respect of
a) family, b) community, c) learning, d) power, e) profit, f) penance, g) looks and h) luxury.
Low Status Determining (Nichcha Gotra) Karma
Low status determining (Nichcha Gotra) Karma results in the opposite equipment and
attainments like low and disrespectable family.
4. yushya (Life Span Determining) Karma:

This karma determines our life span. Other than yushya karma, we constantly accumulate rest of
the seven karma. Next life span is decided only once in each lifetime. The lifespan for the next life
is determined when two thirds of our current life has passed and precisely at that moment what kind
of activities we are doing with our speech, body and particularly with our mind. If we are involved in
good deeds at that point in time, we will have a better next life. Since nobody knows exactly when
this moment arrives in our life, we should be constantly involved in doing good deeds. If our next
lifespan is not decided at the first two thirds of the current life then it is decided at two thirds of
remaining life. If it is still not decided yet then again at the two thirds of remaining life and so on and
so forth, or at the time of death. The life span may get shortened by natural calamities or accidents
but it can never be prolonged. Age determining karma will not be acquired if the soul is going to be
liberated in the current life.
Four Subtypes of Age Determining Karma:
Infernal Age Determining (Narak yushya) Karma
Sub-Human Age Determing (Tiryancha yushya) Karma
Human Age (Manushya yushya) Karma
Celestial Age Determing (Dev yushya) Karma
On the path of a spiritual progress, a person first destroys Darshan Mohaniya Karma and attains
Samyaktva (4th stage of Gunasthnak).
Then he destroys Chritra Mohaniya Karma and attains the stage of Vitarga (12th stage).
Then within 48 minutes, he destroys Jnnvaraniya, Darshanvaraniya, and Antarya karma and attains
Keval-jnn (infinite knowledge), Keval-darshana (infinite perception), and Anant-virya (infinite power and
energy). This stage is called Kevali or Arihant (13th stage).
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A Kevali, few seconds before his death, ceases his activities of body, speech, and mind and attains Ayogi
Kevali status (14th stage)
An Ayogi Kevali attains liberation few seconds later when his Life span karma is destroyedat the time of
death. After nirvana, all Kevali souls are known as Siddhas. The Siddha state is a state of pure
consciousness. It does not possess a physical body. The soul remains in this total blissful state forever
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B09 - Theory of Karma: Q and A

In this chapter, we shall discuss answers to some questions that usually come up regarding the theory of
Karma.
Q.1: Do you mean to say that whatever situation we may be in, it is the result of our previous Karmas and
that we cant do anything about it and we cant change it anyway?
A.1: In any present situation or circumstances, we may feel happy or unhappy. This feeling is partially
due to our past Karma. The happiness may be due to past Punya Karma and unhappy feeling may be a
result of past Pp Karma. However, it is more important to note that our present reaction to events in our
lives constitutes new Karma and that too can and will have an effect on our future. Suppose, your family
is struggling financially. As a result, you may take start a new business venture or find a better paying job.
In doing so, you are creating a desire to succeed; this desire will inevitably create new Karma
(predominantly Mohineya Karma). The desire to help others with your business venture may also result
in you acquiring Punya Karma. In trying to make the business succeed, you will have to face the fruits of
that Moheniya Karma. If the new venture turns out to be useful in improving your financial situation, you
will be facing the fruits of that Punya Karma in the form of monetary wealth, or Shata Vedniya Karma. No
being without Kevalgnan has full knowledge of which Karma exerts its effects and at what time. Some
Karmas give an instant effect and some after a long time or even after many births. Nevertheless, a solid
understanding of the eight types of Karmas can allow you to understand the events and occurrences in
your life within the context of the Karma Theory in Jainism and enable you to see Jain principles
influencing your life directly.
Q.2: Can you shed some light on destiny (Prrabdha) vs. effort (Purushrtha) in light of the theory of
Karma?
A2: Karmas can be divided into three categories.
Sanchit or Accumulated Karmas:
These Karmas are not currently operative. They are like certificates of deposit (bonds). However,
we know when certificates (bonds) will mature but we do not know when Sanchit Karmas are going
to mature.
Vartamn or Present Karmas:
We are currently acquiring these Karmas. They can give effects immediately or later on.
Uday or Operative Karmas:
The consequences of these Karmas are currently destined for us. They therefore constitute our
destiny (Prrabdha).
Operative (Uday) Karmas thus constitute destiny (Prrabdha) and present Karmas constitute effort
(Purushrtha). Through our human effort (Purushrtha) we are in a position to change our destiny,
if our present Karmas are going to be instantly fruitful. In essence we choose how we react to
events in life; we choose the decisions we make and the subsequent path we take. We can
however never be sure of the instant fruitfulness of our choices and actions. That is why our every
endeavor does not necessarily succeed. Thus, destiny and efforts are not at odds with each other.
Rather, they are two sides of the same coin.
Q.3: The soul is conscious and Karmas are lifeless. How can lifeless matter modify the property of the
soul, which is supposed to be pure, enlightened, and full of bliss?
A.3: There is no rule that a lifeless matter cannot influence conscious soul. We experience different types
of sensations because we are alive. A dead body does not feel any sensation.
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That means that sensations are experienced on account of the existence of soul or consciousness. The
sensations are however not felt while a patient is under the influence of anesthetic drugs. If lifeless drugs
can thus affect the sensations of a live being, there is no reason to think that lifeless Karma cannot affect
the property of the soul. As the bodily sensations revive when they are no longer under the influence of
drugs, the soul also can attain self-realization when it is no longer subjected to the bondage of Karmas.
Q.4: Karmas are lifeless and hence unconscious. How can they be conscious enough to bear specific
fruits appropriate to that type of Karma?
A.4: Karmas do not have to be conscious in order to bear fruits and have effects. The propert of some
Karmas is that they will automatically work. If a person consumes poison, the result would be death. For
this purpose, poison is not conscious of killing him. It is the inherent property of poison that works.
Similarly different types of Karmas have their own respective properties that come into effect in their own
ways.
Q.5: If purity, enlightenment, bliss etc. are the properties of the soul, when did it initially get polluted with
Karma?
A.5: Worldly souls have been smeared with Karma since time without beginning. They have never been
devoid of Karma. Therefore, the question of the souls initial bondage with Karma does not arise.
Q.6: If the soul has been associated with Karma since the time without beginning, there can never be an
end to it. As such the soul can never be devoid of Karma. Then why worry about it?
A.6: Though the bondage of Karma is without beginning, it is not the same bondage throughout time.
Every Karma has a time limit during which its consequences have to be borne and that Karma sheds off
at the end of that time. Meanwhile the soul indulges in new Karma and thereby gets new bondage. If the
soul does not indulge in new Karma, it can be devoid of Karma when the consequences of previous
Karmas are fully borne and the soul becomes disassociated from them. In religious terminology this
disassociation is called Nirjar.
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B10 - Punya and Pp Karma

01 Introduction
There are three types of inner states of being (Bhva) pure (Shuddha), virtuous (Shubha) and nonvirtuous (Ashubha). The most desirable Bhva is the pure one, which is devoid of any attachments or
desire of accomplishment. This Shuddha Bhva can exist only when one is totally absorbed in ones own
self. It is very difficult for an aspirant to be always absorbed in one own self. Then the aspirant may get
involved in some activities (physical, verbal or mental), which almost always come with some
attachments, desires or worries. When such activities are meritorious, it attracts virtuous karma, which
are called Punya. When such activities are sinful, it attracts non-virtuous karma, called Pp. Hence,
Punya Karma is acquired by meritorious or virtuous deeds and Pp Karma is acquired by evil or vicious
acts. It should be noted that Shuddha Bhva does not attract any karma but stops the influx of new
karma and/or eradicates the existing karma.
The manifestation of Punya brings material happiness and comforts such as wealth, fame and good
health. The manifestation of Pp brings unhappiness, discomforts, poverty and an unhealthy body.
However, both keep the soul in the material world (cycle of birth and death).
The concepts of Punya and Pp are more or less identical with most religions; however, they are more
subtly treated by Indian philosophies. They take into consideration not only the actual act but also the
intention behind it. They are unanimous in praising meritorious intentions and activities and in
condemning sinful ones. One may obtain material happiness and comforts as a result of virtuous Karma.
However, material happiness does come to an eventual end and comfortable situations do not last
forever. Then one has to undergo miseries unless one has in the meantime earned other Punya Karma
while enjoying the fruits of past Punya Karma.
Many physical activities may be called either good or bad. Organized societies endeavor to encourage
beneficial or virtuous activities and to discourage the wicked or vicious ones. There may also be legal
provisions to forbid some of the manifestly wicked activities to maintain peace and order within society.
Some activities however cannot be clearly labeled as good or bad. In the spiritual sense, the intention
behind performing them and the disposition in which an activity is performed, play an important role in
deciding whether it would attract virtuous or non-virtuous Karma. Thus, Pp and Punya are to be viewed
in relative terms and they depend upon ones mental attitude in a given situation.
Keeping equanimity in the mind with all-meritorious activities of life and with self-restraint one can practice
to be in a mental state of pure reflection or Shuddha Bhva.
02 Punya (Virtuous or Wholesome) Karma

Why are some people in more desirable situations than the others? Why are some rich while others
struggle? Why do some suffer more sickness than others? The answer to such a disparity lies in the
understanding of the Punya and the Pp. What are Punya and Pp? Punya and Pp are categories of
Karma. Punya karma is earned when our activities are good and comforting to others while Pp karma is
earned when our activities are bad and cause suffering to others. When the Punya karmas mature or
come into fruition, they bring happiness and comfort, and when the Pp karmas mature or come into
fruition, they bring nothing but suffering and miseries.
Now, it is obvious that what we experience is nothing other than the result of our past actions. Knowing
this reminds us that our activities should be virtuous if we want happiness and comfort in life, otherwise
we should be ready to suffer unhappiness and discomfort. When talking about activities, people mostly
think of physical activities, but we should not forget that verbal expressions and mental thoughts are also
considered activities. For this reason, not only do our physical activities have to be pious or virtuous, but
our speech and thoughts should also be pure. We should remember that we also accumulate Punya and
Pp karmas by asking someone else to do something good or bad or by encouraging someone else to do
good or bad.
Lord Mahvirs message is Live and let live. Everybody desires to live and enjoy the comforts of life.
We should not come in the way of anyone else seeking the same. If we properly understand the
implications of this message, it will go a long way in molding our attitude towards other living beings.
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Around us we see and hear that many people hunt or fish, and that they eat meat, chicken, fish, eggs,
etc. Some meat eaters argue that they do not actually kill animals or they say these creatures were
created for our food. Therefore, eating meat or other animal foods would not affect them. They do not
realize that by eating meat or other animal foods they are directly or indirectly partaking in killing animals,
birds, fish, etc., The more they eat, the more killing there will be. They do not realize that their direct as
well as indirect actions bring Pp or Punya. Unfortunately, because most Pps do not show their results
immediately, the people do not care about the consequences.
We also hear about riots in, which people plunder, hit, and kill others and set fire to shops, homes, and
buildings. By doing so, they put a lot of people through suffering. These people while doing such heinous
activities may think that they are getting even; however, they fail to realize that by causing suffering to
others they themselves will have to suffer the consequences of their evil acts at some point, in this life, or
future lives.
Consequently, our actions should not disturb the livelihood of other living beings, hurt or kill them in any
way, directly or indirectly. By providing comfort and security to others, we gain Punya. Punya brings
happiness during this life or following lives. On the other hand, if we cause suffering or unhappiness to
others, we acquire Pp. Pp brings unhappiness in this life or in future lives. Let us understand from the
following story how we accumulate the Punya and the Pp.
Punya is a meritorious deed done with a feeling of self-satisfaction and accomplishment (in other words
with ego). However, the same deed done without the feeling of accomplishment and attachment (without
ego) is not Punya, such action or deed is considered the true nature of a person (Shuddha Bhva).
Hence, Punya activity is considered Updeya (desirable) in the beginning stages of spiritual development
to progress towards liberation (for laymen). For those who are advanced aspirants of liberation it is
considered Heya (non-desirable), because such aspirants should not have feelings of accomplishment
and attachment to even meritorious deeds. A spiritually advanced persons activities or deeds are always
meritorious without feelings of attachment to the activities. No karma can attach to a person if his/her
action is done without any attachments or feeling of accomplishments.
Some Jain scholars preach that Good Karma hinders the purity and freedom of soul. Punya Karma is like
handcuffs made of gold, causing the soul to wander in the cycle of birth and death. The fruits of good
Karma have to be borne, indicating that one should even give up meritorious deeds. The fact is that a
human being cannot remain without action unless he has reached the 14th stage of Gunasthnak (Ayogi
Kevali). Even the Tirthankar who is at the 13th stage of Gunasthna does not remain without action
(Yoga exists). In addition, the actions of any person are viewed as either good or bad. However, the
Karma philosophy teaches us that duringmeritorious action one should remain detached from the results
of the action such as accomplishment, reward, fame, etc., or in other words, perform these actions with
equanimity. The detachment will not cause any new Punya Karma. For example, doing charity work and
becoming detached to the praise that comes with it is the way to avoid accumulating additional Punya
Karma. Hence, the true message of Jain Karma philosophy is that during our entire lives, we should not
miss any opportunities to do commendable deeds but we should try to remain detached from the result, or
any desired expectations.
Ways of Acquiring Punya

There are nine ways mentioned in Sthnnga Sutra (a Jain gam) that result in Punya.
Anna Punya
Offering of innocent, non-sentient, pure and vegetarian foods
Pn Punya
Offering of non-sentient and pure water
Layan Punya
Offering shelter
Shayan Punya
Offering bed
Vastra Punya
Offering clothes
Mana Punya
Creating good thoughts and ideas
Vachan Punya
Offering and speaking kind or meritorious words

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Kya Punya
Virtuous, noble, and helpful activities
Namaskr Punya
Paying respect to the Pancha Paramesthi
The term adopted by some chryas is offerings to deserving people (Suptra). Deserving people include Jain
ascetics as well as householders who are practicing self-restraints, pursuing the path of liberation, and are in need of
help. There is no restriction against helping other living beings for the purpose of compassion (Jivadaya, Karun
and Anukamp) because our Tirthankars have preached about showing compassion to all living beings. Before
initiation (Diksh), Tirthankars donate to all living beings for one year without any such discrimination.
Story of Shlibhadra
A long time ago, a poor widow had a young son. She had to work hard to provide for herself and her son. Once,
there was a day of a great festival and neighboring families prepared a tasteful pudding of milk and rice called
Kheer. The neighborhood kids were enjoying the Kheer, and seeing this the poor boy went to his mother and asked
her to make Kheer for him too. He did not realize that his mother did not have enough money to buy the milk, rice,
and sugar needed for making Kheer. The mother tried to explain the situation, but the boy started crying for Kheer.
The mother could not tolerate his crying, so she said, Dont cry, my son, I will make Kheer for you. She went to
the neighbors and borrowed milk, sugar and rice and made Kheer. She served the Kheer in an earthen plate, and told
him to wait until it had cooled down a little. Then she left to get the water from the well.
While the boy waited for Kheer to cool, a monk came to the boys home for alms to get food. The boy was very
happy to have this opportunity to offer alms to the monk and invited him come in. While he was serving the Kheer,
he decided to serve all the Kheer to the monk with joy. After the monk left, he ate whatever Kheer was stuck to the
plate and the pot. He did not regret for his action but instead felt very happy that he could offer the food to the
monk. Since he had offered the Kheer to the monk willingly, he earned a lot of Punya. As a result of this Punya, in
his next life he was born into a very wealthy family with all luxuries. His name was Shlibhadra. Shlibhadra later
in life realized what life is all about. He renounced the luxuries of life, and uplifted his soul by becoming a monk of
Lord Mahvir.
Story of a Butcher (Klsaurik Kasya) and King Shrenik

There lived a butcher in Magadha City. He enjoyed his job. One day, King Shrenik requested that there would be
no more killing in the city. All slaughterhouses and the killing of animals in the city stopped at the request of king
but the butcher continued killing the animals. When he was asked why he did not follow King Shreniks request, he
said he loved his job of killing and could not stop. King Shrenik decided to put him in a dry well so that there would
be nothing for him to kill. To everyones surprise, the killing did not stop there either. The butcher made animals
from wet clay and then pretended to kill them. Since, he enjoyed killing so much, he accumulated Pp (bad karmas)
that gave rise to a situation where he had to suffer again in his next life.
From these two stories, we learn that if we want happiness and comfort, we should offer comfort to
others. As the saying goes You reap what you sow. For a detailed story of Shlibhadra as well as King
Shrenik and the butcher, please refer to the Story Section.
Here is a list of some of the activities that can cause discomfort to others and can ultimately cause
discomfort to us.
Being cruel or violent to others including animals, birds, bugs, vegetation, etc.
Showing disrespect to parents, teachers or others
Speaking harsh words or planning violence
Not following religious principles in your daily life
Being angry or greedy
Being arrogant
Being deceptive
Someone has rightly said that:
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Sow a good thought and reap a good action
Sow a good action and reap a good habit
Sow a good habit and reap a good character
Sow a good character and reap a good destiny
Our life is nothing but full of habits and we are free to cultivate our own good habits. It all starts with
expanding your mind to intake positive principles. In doing so, we can begin to incorporate these
principles in our lives as actions. Once we see that these actions are leading to better results, the actions
become habit. Through good habits one can become a wholesome and virtuous being. And
inadvertently, in doing so one can alter his or her life down a more rewarding path reaping a better
destiny.
03 Pp (Non-virtuous or Unwholesome) Karma

We are always busy doing something good that may be helping others or being bad and causing trouble
to others. When we help someone, not only it brings comfort to that person, but it also brings us comfort
by accumulation of Punya Karma. But when we cause trouble for others, it causes us to suffer too due to
Pp (sins) Karma. The kinds of activities that cause others to suffer are called sinful activities and they
range in various levels from simply telling a tale to actual killing. Jain scriptures describe eighteen kinds
of such activities, which are considered the sources of the sins that lead to bad deeds or Pp. These can
cause many problems leading to pain or dissatisfaction in our current lives as well as future lives.
Therefore, we should be careful not to carry out any of the following 18 sinful activities, which are
interconnected with one another.
Eighteen Sinful Activities

01
Prntipt
Violence
02
Mrushvda
Untruthfulness
03
Adattdna
Theft
04
Maithuna
Unchastity
05
Parigraha
Possessiveness
06
Krodha
Anger
07
Mna
Arrogance
08
My
Deceit
09
Lobha
Greed
10
Rga
Attachment
11
Dvesha
Hatred
12
Kalah
Quarreling
13
Abhykhyna
Accusation
14
Paishunya
Gossip or false complaint
15
Rati-Arati
Liking and disliking
16
Par-parivda
Criticism
17
My-Mrushvda
Malice
18
Mithytva-Shalya
Wrong beliefs
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01. Prntipt (Violence or Himsa):

Prntipt means to injure one or more of the ten Prnas (vitalities) of a living being. This word is
formed by two words. Prna means vitalities of a living being, and Atipta means to kill or to hurt.
Therefore, Prntipt means to cause suffering or to kill any of the vitalities of living beings.
Everybody agrees and understands that physical violence is wrong. Meat, chicken, seafood, and
even eggs; all these things are obtained by killing other living beings. So it is all considered violence.
Hunting and fishing games is also violence. Our harsh words and even our thoughts may cause
violence. Name-calling and offensive, hateful, bitter or harsh language cause verbal violence.
Great chrya Umsvti defines - Pramatta Yogt Prna Vyaparopanam Hims. To injure or to kill
a living being because of non-vigilance or ignorance (Pramda) is Hims. One cannot find peace by
pursuing a course of violence. Injury with carelessness and passion is Hims.
Every living being wants to live and no one wants to die. Hurting or killing any living beings by
physical means, words, or in thoughts is called Hims. According to Bhagawn Mahvir, one should
behave the way he likes others to behave towards him, and that as we like to live comfortably, all
other beings also would like to live a comfortable life. The message is Live and help others live.
Ahimsa holds the key position in the whole scheme of ethical discipline. Giving protection to living
beings is the true religion. The true religion is based on compassion - compassion is the root of the
tree of religion. For householders, abstaining from intentionally injuring mobile living beings through
mind, words, or body in any of the two ways, oneself or through others is called Sthul Prntipt
Viraman-Vrata or Ahimsa-Anu-vrata.
Hims is of two forms:
Sukshma (minute) Hims is the act of harming any one sense living being.
Sthul (gross) Hims is the act of harming living beings with two senses or more, known as
Trasa (mobile) Jivas.
Hims can also be divided as:
Inherent in ones occupation
Unrelated to ones occupation
The Hims related to ones profession is further divided into three categories: (1) Udyami, (2)
Gruhrambhi and (3) Virodhi.
Udyami:
The householder, in order to support himself and his family, has to get involved in an occupation
and his occupation may involve Hims. Therefore, householders should undertake occupations
that involve less forms of Hims.
Gruhrambhi:
Some kind of Hims is involved while carrying out the manifold domestic duties and other
obligations. Preparation of food, use of water in bathing and washing clothes, keeping animals for
farming, maintenance of gardens, cutting fruits and flowers are some of such instances; and
whatever Hims involved in such household obligations is permissible with the thought of
minimizing as much as possible.
Virodhi:
It is committed generally in self-defense or in the protection of people or property of members of
the family, relatives or friends. In the ordinary course of life, one has to defend himself from
thieves, robbers or enemies in battle. If one is a soldier, defense of his country is an obligatory
duty; but he is not expected to indulge in unnecessary Hims as a matter of hostility or revenge.
Hims can also be defined as Bhva Hims and Dravya Hims:
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Bhva-hims denotes the intention to cause injury or attempt to commit is a form of Hims
whether it is actually carried out or not.
Dravya-hims denotes causing actual injury.
Example of mental or verbal violence:

Ramesh is a tall and heavy guy and Anil is a skinny guy. Anil wanted to beat Ramesh for some
reason but he cannot beat him physically. So, Anil thinks that he will become a friend of some bully
and ask him for help. He also thinks about various other ways to beat Ramesh. During all these
thought process, even though he does not undertake any physical action, his feelings were to hurt
Ramesh so he gets sins (Pp) as if he was hurting Ramesh. Thus mental thoughts affect us the
same way as physical or verbal expressions. Thinking is tremendously faster, easier, and has no
inhibition factors like actual physical or verbal activity and hence it increases the potential for
accumulation of Pp or even Punya due to good thoughts much faster and easier.
Some other forms of violence are piercing, crushing, binding, torturing, and overloading animals;
starving or not feeding them at proper times, and exploiting laborers. Some cosmetics, ivory, wool,
silk clothes, down fine feathers or leather articles involve direct or indirect injury to animals and are
reasons for accumulation of sins. One should be careful even while walking, running, or sitting that
one does not step on small insects like ants and tiny bugs. We should be careful not to walk on
plants or grass because they have life. Taking such care is called Jatan or Upayoga in Jainism.
When we become careful we can live a peaceful and compassionate life.
02. Mrushvda:
It is formed of two words. 1) Mrush means lie, and 2) Vda means to speak. So Mrushvda
means to tell a lie. Telling things otherwise is telling a lie. To tell a lie is Pp. Besides accumulating
Pp, by lying we lose our friends. Therefore, we should not tell lies.
Common reasons to speak a lie are ignorance, fear, anger, greed, and deception. Some examples
of lies are spreading rumors, revealing secrets, writing false documents, or not returning things that
were given for safekeeping. A truth that hurts others or causes violence is also lie.
Therefore, all lying is forbidden unless the truth is likely to result in greater Hims. Spreading unkind
rumors, character assassination, deliberately misguiding, forgery, causing thoughtless defamation,
using harsh language, giving wrong testimony, etc., has to be avoided. The honesty and reliability of
Jain businesspersons is well known in the history. At one time more than 50% of money transactions
passed through their hands. The main reason of their success was their truthfulness. Use of words
that inflict injury to living being is falsehood. However, the truth may have to be avoided at times, if it
likely to cause loss of any life.
Any statement made through Pramda (careless activity of body, mind or speech) is falsehood. The
falsehood is of four kinds:
1. Denying the existence of a thing with reference to its position, time and nature, when it
actually exists.
2. Asserting the existence of a thing with reference to its position, time and place, when it does
not exist at all.
3. Representation of an existing thing as something different from what it really is.
4. Utterance of condemnable, sinful or disagreeable words. Backbiting, harsh, unbecoming,
non-sensible or unethical speech is condemnable. That kind of speech which incites another
to engage in piercing, cutting, beating etc., or which is likely to lead to destruction of life is
sinful. Speech causing uneasiness, pain, hostility, misery or anguish etc., is sinful and
forbidden.
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03. Adattdna:
Adattdna means stealing. It is formed of two words. 1) Adatta means without permission and 2)
dna means to take. To take something without permission of the owner or to steal is known as
Adattdna. To acquire something which does not belong to us by adopting wrong means is
considered stealing. Even if we do not steal directly, but ask or encourage someone else to do so is
also as bad as stealing. To receive or buy stolen property, evade taxes, adulterate, keep false
weights and measures to deceive people, indulge in smuggling activities are all some example of
stealing. To take someones writings or idea without their permission is also stealing. Once, we start
doing such things, there will be no limit as to how far we would go. Moreover, this habit will bring
calamity to other family members as well. Therefore, we should not steal.
The sense of stealing arises from greed (Lobha) and it causes Hims. Non-stealing includes the
maintenance of quality, not buying stolen goods, not cheating on taxes, divulging confidences
(Vishvsha-ght), etc. It also includes not revealing someones secrets. The person who steals
causes pain to one whom he deprives of the objects and such deprivation may bring inconvenience,
trouble and even death. Seizing the property of another is like depriving him of his vitalities, for all
objects belonging to one are his external vitalities. Hence, theft is Hims. Taking with intent to steal
objects, even of such things of trivial importance, which are in the possession of others is stealing. If
we think deeply, accumulation of material objects beyond our necessities such as food, clothes and
shelter also amounts to Adattdna. If one accumulates more than his needs, he deprives others
from getting their necessities.
04. Maithuna:
Maithuna means being unchaste or engaging in sensuous enjoyment. In Jainism, there is no place
for pre or extra marital sexual relationship because excessive sensual desire brings bad karmas.
Forbidden for householders are sensual relationships with other men and women, going to a
prostitute, gossiping about sensuous pleasure, wearing indecent dress and decorations; and taking
intoxicating drugs. Even within the bounds of marriage, it is advised to observe restraint. Unnatural
gratification, indulging in profuse speech or excessive passion even for ones own spouse are
considered unchaste. A person who suffers from high desire for lust and sensual pleasures cannot
resist temptations and thus indulges in immoral deeds. If there is a control over the urge for material
indulgence, sensual desire can be restrained.
05. Parigraha:
Parigraha means possessiveness or over collection of worldly objects or attachment to worldly
possessions is known as Parigraha. Unlimited possessions and hoarding things beyond a persons
basic needs is considered a sin. This occurs when we try to accumulate more than our needs. We
should learn to live happily with what our needs are rather than accumulating more just because we
like those things. This is easy to say, but rather hard to follow. We should remember that
unnecessary accumulation is the root cause of all unrest and keeps our craving alive for more
possessions. Therefore, we should be content and should learn to control our desires.
Greed is the root-cause of accumulation. For the householder absolute renunciation of Parigraha is
not possible; he should set limits to its acquisition, possession and protection. Bhagawn Mahvir
has explained two types of Parigrahas: external possessions and internal possessions.
Bhagawn Mahvir said, Muchchh Pariggaho Vutto. Attachment is the possession (Parigraha).
Attachments make the soul heavier with Karma.
06. Krodha:
It means anger. We get angry for many reasons. Whenever we do not get what we want, we get
upset and mad, and depending upon the situation either we throw things, use harsh words or have
negative thoughts. When a person is angry, he cannot distinguish between right and wrong or good
and bad. Angry person makes other person also angry and it creates a chain reaction. It destroys
friendship and dissolves the fabric of family life. Besides accumulating bad Karma, anger adversely
affects health - causes adverse effects on the brain, heart, etc. To overcome anger, we should
develop tolerance by cultivating the idea that forgiveness is my nature and a quality of a brave
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person. This way, we can stay calm even if things do not look quite right. If we can achieve that,
there will be no place for quarrels around us and we will be able to live peacefully.
Anger is the first of four passions (Kashya). Spiritually, anger hurts all living beings. Anger can
become a reason for ones destruction.
07. Mna:
It means the ego. Egoism, pride, arrogance, self-admiration, and conceit are all synonymous. The
ego means thinking too much of the self. Due to the ego, we tend to look down upon others. Jain
scriptures describe eight types of pride; intelligence, race, family, physical strength,
accomplishments, appearance, penance and affluence.
This is the second of the four passions (Kashya). It is difficult for one to overcome his ego.
Because of the ego, our history is full of bloodshed. Todays political problems and violence are
because of egotism. Egotism is one of the higher Pps. Ego should distinguish from self-respect,
which one should always cultivate. Ego can be overcome by cultivating a sense of humbleness.
Humility is the first step for acquiring right knowledge, right faith and right conduct.
In addition to thinking too highly of the self, egoism is the act of making assumptions about what you
believe. Delusion is the greatest flaw that most human beings face and delusion is built out of an
arrogance in ones beliefs and ideas. A cure to ones ego is Anekantvad. The ability to always
accept that ones beliefs and opinions may not be 100% correct is a great quality that can suppress
ones ego. Refer to the Gunasthanaks section (Gunasthanaks 7 to 11) for an even more detailed
guide on how to suppress the ego and overcome delusion. Often this is the most difficult journey for
many of the Tirthankars.
08. My:
It means to deceive, cheat, or mislead. A cunning person hides his malice thoughts behind sweet
words. When we cheat and succeed in doing so, it leads to ego because we feel proud of what we
have done even though it was wrong. When we are caught cheating, then we get into big trouble. A
deceitful person is always fearful, restless and lakes peace of mind. Straightforwardness brings
success in all areas like social, academic, professional and spiritual.
The opposite of My is straightforwardness (Saralat). One, who has unity of his thinking, speaking
and deeds (he does what he says and he says what he thinks), is a straightforward person. This
kind of person is well respected by all and lives in day-to-day happiness. Because of his
straightforwardness, his soul becomes lighter as he acquires less of Karma.
09. Lobha:
It means greed. Even if we have enough to meet our needs, we want more for the sake of having it,
it is called greed. Desire is the root cause of greed. Moreover, there is no end to our desires. The
more we get, the more we want. We should not forget that when we do not get what we want, we
get angry. We become jealous of someone who may have what we want. To get what we want, we
may use all wrongful means to get it. Most of the wars between nations are the result of greed of
one to take over the other. Greed is not limited to the lust of wealth only; it can be for power, fame or
even pleasure of five senses. Many more vices generate from greed.
Greed is the root of all sins (and the other three passions). Four passions: anger, greed, ego, and
deceit are the main culprits for the cycle of birth and death. They are difficult to control. If one
conquers these four, then he can attain Moksha. One acquires a lot of Karma because of his greed.
Under the influence of greed, one forgets his duties, laws, ethics, morals, etc. A subtle level of greed
exists, even in the tenth Gunasthna. That is why it is said, Loho Savva Vinsano- greed destroys
all merits. Greed can lead to all other passions. Therefore, instead of being greedy let us be content
and share with others what we have. If everybody does that, then there will be peace and harmony
among us.
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10. Rga:
Rga means attachment. Suppose you went shopping at a clothing store and saw a T-shirt that was
cool. You liked it very much and you wanted to buy it. You checked its price tag and it was high.
You thought, Well, I will wait until it goes on sale. You kept on checking every two to three days to
see if it was on sale. You are going back to the store was due to your attachment to the T-shirt.
Sometimes this attachment can blind us to get what we want and to do so, we may even use
wrongful methods. Therefore, we should avoid developing attachments for things. After all that is
not the only thing in the whole world. Attachment for our belief or opinion also causes problem and
can bind us with Karma. It is very hard to control attachment, and it is even harder to identify it. In
other words, we should learn to live a life where it is all right whether we get what we like or not.
One of the most popular words used in Jainism is Vitarga- one who has conquered Rga.
However, there is no word like Vitadvesha- one who has conquered aversion. The reason is that
one, who conquers Rga, automatically conquers Dvesha (aversion) since Rga is the root cause of
Dvesha. It is difficult to conquer attachment (Rga). It is even more difficult to identify Rga.
Cultivating the sense of detachment can control Rga. Rga can be for worldly pleasures, family
and ones own beliefs.
11. Dvesha:
Dvesha means hatred or aversion. It includes hatred, enmity, jealousy etc. Attachment and hatred
are two sides of a coin. Where there is Rga, there is Dvesha. One cannot tolerate the prosperity of
his neighbors or his friends. Because of jealousy, one does not necessarily bring bad things to
others, but he certainly spoils his own life. Ones hatred does more harm to himself. Attachment or
hatred occurs to us almost every moment. If somebody does something good to us, we like him and
if somebody does not do what we like, we tend to hate him. Every now and then, we may come
across a situation where we do not like something. Most of the time we can ignore that, but
sometimes it develops into hatred towards someone. If the hatred is due to the loss of something,
then it can turn into anger and may cause harm to others and to us. Sometimes hatred is geared
towards others fame, prosperity or even their virtues. Hatred brings enmity. Instead, we should
develop love and friendship for everybody. Even if someone is cruel to us, we should show
compassion.
We can overcome these two by cultivating the sense of equanimity in all situations, and we must if
we want to attain liberation. We should have love and amity for all. Even if someone happens to be
wicked, we should show compassion instead of hatred.
12. Kalah:
It means dispute or quarrel. Quarrel is more connected with the word. When we do not restrain
what we say, we add fuel to the fire - we give momentum to quarreling. Most of the time, when
someone does not agree with us, the first thing we do is argue. Many people quarrel over even a
trivial matter. Sometimes, it may seem that we win by fighting, but we lose in the long run.
Frustration and anger are a few of the causes for fighting. Fighting breaks up even a good
friendship. Because of quarreling, we have wars. Because of quarreling, we invite medical
problems such as blood pressure, ulcers, etc. Not only do we hurt ourselves, we also hurt our dear
ones. Many people quarrel over trivial matters. Sometimes it may seem that we win by fighting, but
we lose in the end. Therefore, we should learn to let go and develop friendliness and one should
therefore develop amity and friendliness. It is always important to be cautious of what one is
quarreling about; if it is truly negligible then there is no need to be unnecessarily creating negativity
between you and others.
13. Abhykhyna:
Making false accusations on somebody is called Abhykhyna. Some people cannot accept their
downfall and out of jealousy blame others even if they are not at fault. When the others find out the
truth, they are going to lose trust in these people. Therefore, before accusing anyone, we should ask
ourselves, What is the truth and why am I blaming others without proper evidence? Accusation may
put even innocent people in trouble. No wise person will do this. Therefore, accept the truth and live
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by that even though sometimes it may not be in our favor and one should therefore try to avoid
making accusations and try to understand the truth of the matter.
14. Paishunya:
Talking behind someones back or spreading rumors are all known as Paishunya. Many people try to
look smart by spreading rumors about others. To slander someone in his absence is Paishunya. It
is a bad habit to talk behind some ones back or to spread rumors. Such habits lead to unnecessary
friction and quarrels. This is a wrong habit that leads to unnecessary friction and quarrels. This
takes time away from constructive activities. Instead of indulging in gossip, we should form the habit
of appreciating others.
15. Rati-arati:
Rati means liking, while Arati means disliking. It also means taking pleasure in sinful activities and
displeasure in religious activities and not to pursue permanent happiness through self-restraint and
to pursue temporary happiness. Happiness in favorable situations and unhappiness in unfavorable
situations are liking and disliking. We are continuously engaged in this feeling of liking or disliking as
a natural response but we should be aware that they bring feelings of attachment or hatred in our
minds. Even though our response may look innocent, we should be careful about them and try to
balance them.
16. Par-parivda:
It is formed of two words. 1) Par means the other person and 2) Parivda means to criticize. Many
people do nothing but criticize others. Instead of admiring others, they always find fault instead. If
criticism is done with the good intention of improvement, then it is considered positive or constructive
criticism, and is welcome. But if the criticism is done to put others down, then it is considered
negative criticism and it should be avoided. It creates unnecessary friction, cultivates anger in
people, and can lead to unfortunate events.
17. My-mrushvda:
Telling a malicious lie with the intent of cheating is called My Mrushvda. Any lie said out of
ignorance, anger or fear is bad, but when it is done with malice, it is worse. Malicious behavior
causes nothing but quarrels and friction. This binds double non-virtuous Karma - one for lying and
one for deceit. This type of activity will result in deluding (Mohaniya) Karma. People do not like to
maintain a friendship with such people. Nobody will trust them. Not only should we avoid such
habits, but we should stay away from those who have such habits. Instead of being vicious, we
should be kind, truthful and straightforward towards others.
18. Mithytva-shalya:
Mithytva Shalya or Mithy-darshan-shalya means false faith or to trust a false god, false guru, or
false religion. This word is combination of three words. 1) Mithy means false, 2) Darshan means
faith, and 3) Shalya means a thorn. This means to believe in false faith is a thorn. As thorn always
hurts, false faith always hurts. It will lead us to nothing but sufferings. Even though this Pp
Sthnaka is listed last, it is the most dangerous non-virtuous activity and the root cause, because in
its presence all seventeen sources of sin do not budge. False beliefs can start from believing in false
God, false Guru, and false religion. A false God would be the one who is tinted with attachment and
hatred. When one has any attachment or hatred, one is bias and cannot give proper advice. But
Jinas have conquered both. Therefore, they do not expect anything from what they advise. There is
no reason for them to give us any advice that will hurt us. They have reached the highest state by
following the same path they have shown to us. They have taught us that we are our own saviors,
and only we can save ourselves. False Gurus are those who do not believe in the five major vows
as prescribed by the Jinas. They promote violence, lying, stealing, immoral sensual activities, and
possessiveness. These activities will bring our downfall. In the same way, false religion will promote
teaching opposite of what the Jinas have taught. False faith does not allow one to realize all other
seventeen non-virtuous activities as a source of Pp karma. As a result, one does not feel remorse
for that action nor does one turn away from it. This false faith is the root cause, which makes one
wandering through the life cycle of birth and death.
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Thus, we should have faith in the right God, the right Guru, and the right religion if we want to progress in our
spiritual journey.
From the discussion we realize that any of these 18 types of sinful activities are harmful. As long as we are living,
we are bound to undertake some of these activities, but we should be careful and replace the sinful activities with
good activities to minimize harm to our soul. If we have to get involved in sinful activity due to unavoidable
circumstances, we should do it with regret and repent for doing such acts and never enjoy doing them.
How one can be free from Pp
Gautam Swmi asked Mahvir Swmi, Bhante! How can one be free from Pp?
Mahvir Swmi replied, Gautam! There are three ways to get free from Pp:
Knowledge of previous lives
Knowledge of the mystery behind the cycle of birth and death
Knowledge of what is conscious mind (Chitta) and how to purify it.
Knowledge of Previous Lives:
If one can recollect ones previous lives, including all the pain and pleasures one will automatically take the path of
Punya and avoid the path of Pp. The person with the knowledge of previous life understands the mystery behind
attaining the human life, including the spiritual efforts required to attain human life. Knowledge of previous lives is
called Jti-smaran Jnn.
Knowledge of the Mystery behind the Cycle of Birth and Death:
Knowledge of causes of the cycle of birth and death, and fact that one is reborn in a good or a bad state because of
his own good or bad Karmas. He realizes that, My Karma is the reason why I am trapped in the cycle of birth and
death. In other words, he understands that ones actions lead to peaks and valleys of happiness and dissatisfaction
in ones future. This realization makes one think to stop undesirable activities and makes him conscious of the
importance of human life.
Knowing the Causes that Impure the Conscious Mind (Chitta):
Knowledge of why conscious mind has become impure and how one can purify it, then one will automatically begin
to free oneself from sinful activities. Unnecessary and sinful activities stain the Chitta, while adherence to the true
religion purifies it.
04 Four Fold Combinations of Punya and Pp

Pp and Punya are to be viewed in relative terms, and they depend upon ones mental attitude in a given
situation. Both Punya and Pp karma are manifested in the future in ways that the soul perceives as
pleasure/ reward and pain/ punishment respectively. Jain literature defines the four fold combination of
our reflection or tendency known as Anubandh while we go through the fruits of Punya and Pp. If our
tendency is towards liberation and virtues, then it creates pious reflection (Punya-Anubandh). If our
tendency is towards the worldly pleasures and non-virtues then it generates sinful reflection (PpaAnubandh)
Punynubandhi Punya
All auspicious karma gives man means of happiness upon their fruition. He acquires wealth and other comforts
because of the fruition of auspicious karma. However, in spite of that, some auspicious karma produces fruit that
will not wean one away from cherishing right inclination or faith and performing good actions. He takes an active
effort in performing righteous activities. He does not indulge in sensory pleasures. He spends his wealth on
religious and philanthropic activities. He is humble and does not hurt the feelings of others. He lives a virtuous life.
Thus, these auspicious karma are related to auspicious, virtuous, and good activities, which again leads to influx and
the bondage of the auspicious karma. In this way, the auspicious karma of this type make our futures happy,
righteous, and auspicious. The term Punynubandhi Punya means that auspicious karma which is related to
religious practice and good activities, leading to good and auspicious Karma in the next life. The earning of new
Punya Karma while enjoying the fruits of earlier ones is known in Jain terminology as Punynubandhi Punya.
In summary, while enjoying the fruits of virtuous Karma, one acquires further virtuous Karma. Very few people
endeavor to earn Punynubandhi Punya because most of the people are driven by hedonistic intentions. By virtue of
infatuation, they indulge in non-virtuous activities.
Ppnubandhi Punya
As we have already stated, all auspicious karma give man means of happiness upon their fruition. They are such
that it would lead man astray. While experiencing happiness and comfort, he spends his wealth in luxuries and vices
while creating attachments. He indulges in sensory pleasures. He does not like religious and pure activities.
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Auspicious karma of this type are called Ppnubandhi Punya because on their rise they give man happiness or
pleasure and at the same time, they degrade his life; they are related to vices that causes ones next birth to occur in a
lower form. As auspicious karma of this type are related to inauspicious activities, they cause through them the
bondage of inauspicious karma. Thus, auspicious karma of this type are dishonorable. This type of Punya is known
as Ppnubandhi Punya. Misery is destined for them in the near future. How can one avoid this situation? If the
objective is to attain liberation, one has to avoid all sorts of Karma.
In summary, while enjoying the fruits of past Punya Karma, one acquires non-virtuous Karmas as one uses wealth,
health and power for ones own enjoyment and indulges in non-virtuous activities.
Punynubandhi Pp
All inauspicious karma put man in miserable conditions upon their fruition. Because of their fruition, he becomes or
remains poor; he cannot acquire means of material happiness. However, some inauspicious karma is such that its
repercussions would not shake mans faith in religion. He takes a positive attitude and performs righteous activities.
That person realizes that his miseries are the consequence of his previous non-virtuous Karma; he may like to stay
unaffected and bear the miseries with a sense of detachment and objectivity. He may therefore undergo the pain of
misery with equanimity and meanwhile try to undertake the best possible reflection and activities. This attitude
would earn him Punyas that is known as Punynubandhi Pp. Though Karma cause miseries to men, they do not
degrade his life. They do not obstruct virtuous activities that lead to good future birth.
Often times, Pap may actually be Punya but only disguised as Pap. It is wrong for us to instantly assume that
adverse events in our lives serve no good purpose. It may be that the adverse event is necessary for something even
better to come in the future. Facing negative events in equanimity and peacefulness means avoiding those instant
assumptions this is true detachment that the Tirthankars (Vitargi) were able to cultivate within themselves.
In summary, while suffering for non-virtuous Karmas one acquires virtuous Karmas.
Ppnubandhi Pp
While suffering the consequences of Pp or non-virtuous Karmas, one may acquire Pp Karmas is called
Ppnubandhi Pp. Most of the people who suffer miseries blame someone else or some extraneous factors for
causing miseries. They indulge in anger, jealousy, animosity etc., and react violently or wrongly to the pain and
miseries. Thus, they acquire new non-virtuous Karmas or Pp. This type of action of such people are therefore
known as Ppnubandhi Pp or non-virtuous Karmas leading to further accumulation of non-virtuous Karmas.
The virtuous as well as non-virtuous Karmas cause bondage to which the soul gets chained. If nonvirtuous Karmas are shackles of iron, virtuous ones are those of gold. Both of them gets in the way of the
souls liberation and eventually even the virtuous Karmas must be avoided to attain liberation. However,
virtuous karmas are needed to proceed on to the path of liberation.
One should understand that the virtuous karma (Punya) is a meritorious deed done with a feeling of selfsatisfaction and accomplishment. However, if the same deed done without the feeling of accomplishment
and attachment, then it is not a Punya but the action or deed is considered the true nature of a person.
No karma can attach to a person if his/her action is done without any attachments or feeling of
accomplishments. This can be done by cultivating a sense of detachment in all situations, favorable as
well as unfavorable.
No situation lasts forever and every conceivable situation come to an end sooner or later. Why get
infatuated or feel miserable in a situation, which is inherently ephemeral? If a person stays tuned to such
a detached attitude and maintains equanimity, he does not attract new Karmas. His earlier Karmas would
steadily drop off as he bears their consequences. In due course, he will shake off all Karmas and
proceed on the path of liberation. Unfortunately, however, it is not possible for a worldly soul to stay
continuously tuned to its true nature for very long. The seers have stated that no one can continuously
concentrate on any object more than two Ghadis or 48 minutes. Beyond that time, the attention of the
aspirant gets diverted. Thus after staying tuned to true nature through a practice such as a Samayik,
ones attention will inevitably revert to other aspects. During periods of such reversals, it is better to be
involved in virtuous activities rather than indulging in non-virtuous ones. Therein lies the preference of
Punya Karmas over Pp Karmas.
05 Relationship among Ghti, Aghti, Punya and Pp Karma

All Ghti karmas subdue the qualities of the soul and hence all four Ghti karmas are classified as Pp or
sinful karma.
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Only Aghti karmas which are responsible for the physical environment of a living being are classified as
either the result of Punya karma or Pp karma.
Aghti karmas which produce an unhealthy body, a shorter life span, low social status, poverty, birth in
hell, animal life, or similar categories are considered the result of Pp or sinful karma.
Aghti karma which produce a human birth, healthy body, high social status, and a longer life span are
considered the result of Punya or virtuous karma.
Discussion
Under normal circumstances, the environment created by Pp or sinful karma are not conducive but
sometimes counter-productive to the spiritual progress of a soul because the person has an unhealthy
body, a shorter life span, low social status, poverty, and so on.
Punya karma are conducive to attain a higher spiritual state because it produces human birth, healthy
body, good education, a longer life span and so on.
Also without human life and healthy body one cannot attain Vitarga state (a spiritual state beyond
attachment and aversion) and hence Keval jnn (infinite knowledge) and Liberation.
So under normal circumstances, Punya karma is very essential in the attainment of liberation.
Jain philosophy states that at every moment, a person acquires all seven types of karma (except Life
span karma) and once in a life he acquires all 8 types of karma. In other words, at every moment a
person acquires both Punya and Pp karma.
Hence at every moment, we should be very alert and try our best to acquire maximum Punya karma and
minimum Pp karma. This can be accomplished by continuously reflecting and doing virtuous activities.
A Word of Caution with regards to Punya Karma

While doing virtuous activities, many times due to ignorance of reality (Mithytva) and ego (Kashya), a
person reflects that because of his good effort or action many people are being helped or he is a big
donor to build a temple or hospital. He receives a high social status and he takes great pride in this
status.
Such a person acquires some Punya or virtuous karma because of his good deeds but at the same time
he acquires maximum Pap karma because he has done the good work under the influence of Mohaniya
karma, desiring power and fame.
Hence Jainism warns that any virtuous activities done under the Mithytva and Kashya state ultimately
results in a sinful activity to that person even though other people, animals, and environment are being
helped.
The Mohaniya karma is the single most dangerous karma because only due to this karma can one not
attain Vitarga state and hence Keval-jnn and liberation.
Hence one needs to do good work without any expectation of fame and social status.
Conclusion
Hence one can conclude that in order to attain liberation, Jain philosophy teaches us that we continuously
need to do virtuous activities like helping others, be compassionate to all beings, and protect our
environment. However while doing virtuous activities, one should remain very alert and should not get
trapped by fame, power, high social status or frustration of not accomplishing the result.
Never think that Jainism teaches that Punya is a karma and all karma hinder the soul to attain liberation.
Only Ghti karma and in particular Mohaniya karma hinders the soul to acquire Vitarga State. Once one
attains a state of Vitarga, the other three Ghti karma are automatically destroyed within 48 minutes and
a person attains Keval-jnn and then at the end of the life he attains liberation.
From an individual spirituality point of view, if one truly removes Mithytva and Kashya (collectively
known as Mohaniya Karma) one attains liberation. This can easily be achieved with the help of Punya
karma.
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Practically, Jain philosophy clearly states that to attain liberation one should continuously do virtuous
activities without any expectation of the fruits of his work. Only Mohaniya karma hinders a person to
attain liberation.
06 Classification of Punya (Shubha) and Pp (Ashubha) Karma

Out of the approximately hundred varieties of nature Bondage or Prakriti Bandha, some are considered
as virtuous or Shubha Prakritis and some are termed as non-virtuous or Ashubha Prakritis. However,
there are some minor differences in the exact classification. The following examples will illustrate the two
categories:
Ghti Karma
Kinds of Karma
Virtuous or Shubha nature
Non-virtuous or Ashubha nature
Knowledge obscuring
(Jnnvaraniya)
None
All five subtypes
Perception obscuring
(Darshanvaraniya)
None
All the nine subtypes
Deluding (Mohaniya)
Faith deluding (Samyaktva)
All other twenty four subtypes
Laughter (Hsya)
(Note - All 28 subtypes are

considered non-virtuous by some
scholars)
Attraction (Rati)
Masculine (Purusha-ved)
Obstructing (Antarya)
None
All five types
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Aghti Karma
Kinds or Karma
Virtuous or Shubha nature
Non-virtuous or Ashubha nature
Feeling pertaining
(Vedaniya)
Pleasure producing (Sht Vedaniya)
Displeasure producing (Asht

Vedaniya)
Physique
As stated earlier virtuous Physique Karma
The others are non-virtuous or
Determining (Nm) includes those categories out of 93
Ashubha categories.
subcategories of this Karma which makes for
Example - Animal and inferior
happiness and satisfaction of the being
states fall into non-virtuous group
Example of virtuous Nm-karma - Celestial of Nm-karma categories.
and human states of existence
Status (Gotra)
High status (Uchcha)
Low status (Neech)
Life Span (yu)
Heavenly life span
Hell life span
Human life span

Animal life span
It may be added that when Karma Bondage occurs it is not compartmentalized in purely happy or purely
unhappy types of Bondage. It is combined accruals of Karma into the soul but the categorizations in
happy (Shubha or Punya) or unhappy (Ashubha or Pp) types of Bondage are determined by the
predominant nature of the Karma bondage. It further depends on the degree of actions (Yoga) and
passions (Kashya) in the soul at that time. If the action is Shubha or good and the Kashya is also
subdued, the Bondage occurring will be of a happy or Shubha category of Karma, while in the opposite
conditions it will be unhappy or Ashubha Bondage.
This distinction and discussion is important, as misunderstanding of this subject has resulted in confusion,
controversies and even schism in the Jain philosophy. The happy or Shubha Karma or Punya, though a
bondage of the soul, cannot be shunned, but is generally preferable to the unhappy or Ashubha Karma or
Pp in the conduct of the beings. These Shubha Karmas can be avoided only after reaching a certain
stage when they become a burden. They can be compared to a ladder, which has to use for going up,
though once the top is reached the ladder is not needed and may be discarded, but only after the higher
platform is reached. It may be concluded that the saints and nuns who follow the five major vows and
who are at an advanced stage of spiritual conduct need not care much for Shubha or happy Karma.
However, the laymen and laywomen should not abjure (renounce) the Shubha Karma. This can be seen
in daily life when Jain laymen are seen engaged in acts of pity and charity ranging from building hospitals
and shelters (for men and animals alike) to feeding them in times of need. It is hoped the above
clarification will, to some extent, neutralize or invalidate the charge against Jainism that it teaches
selfishness and makes a man self-centered, caring for ones own salvation without any social
commitment.
07 Practical Aspects of Punya Karma and Pp Karma

From the practical point of view, people prefer Punya over Pp and therefore they engage themselves in
such acts and thoughts that bring in Punya for the following reasons:
Good activities bring Punya, and bad activities Pp.
Happy and comfortable situations like having a handsome and strong or beautiful and graceful body, good
health, a loving spouse, children to be proud of, wealth, amenities, being born in a higher family, and a
longer lifespan are due to Punya. Non-virtuous Karma on the other hand result in unhappy and miserable
situations like ugliness, illness, a quarrelsome spouse, not having children, vicious children, poverty,
being born in a lower family, having a shorter lifespan, etc.
The fruit of Punya is pleasure and the fruit of Pp is pain.
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From a realistic point of view, both Punya and Pp lead the soul further into the Samsr because:
Both are caused by physical, verbal and mental activities
Both are karmic material in nature
Fruition of both is harmful to the real happiness of soul
Both lead towards the path of influx and bondage of karma
As long as the soul is embodied, it does indulge in some or other activity. This activity may be physical,
verbal, mental or combination of these. It is possible that a person may refrain from physical activity for
some time. His mental apparatus however never rests. It functions even in sleep. Every activity involves
Karma and he has to bear consequences eventually. Because of the ever presence of the Karma
(Krman body), subtle vibration of the soul creates an Adhyavasya (primal drive - subconscious mind)
that affects the thought process associated with colors (Leshy). These psychic colors depending upon
their good or bad nature generate passionate thoughts that may translate into good or bad activities.
These activities are responsible for influx and bondage of good or bad Karma.
Good as well bad bondage of Karma hinders the purity and freedom of soul. Punya bondage is like
handcuffs made of gold and the Pp bondage are like iron handcuffs causing the soul to wander in the
cycle of birth and death, because fruits of good or bad Karma have to be faced. Therefore, a true believer
should treat Punya and Pp as an obstruction to attaining Moksha, the path of liberation and the true
nature of the soul. Thus, he should always be absorbed in the self (endeavor for the activities that stop
and eradicate Karma). However, when Jiva is in the lower spiritual stages (Gunasthna), and long
continued self-absorption is not possible, he should resort to Punya - good deeds, such as, devotion to
Pancha Paramesthi, services to Jain ascetics, and study of scriptures in order to keep away Pramda.
However, he should continue his efforts to attain the status of self-absorption.
Thus, activities such as compassion, Jivadaya, charity, offering food, water, shelter, protection of
environment, honesty, purifying thoughts, physical and mental state of true happiness, result in producing
Punya or meritorious karma.
Activities such as violence, dishonesty, stealing, unchastity, attachment to worldly objects, anger, conceit,
deceit, lust, and impure thoughts result in producing Pp or non-virtuous Karma.
08 Summary
In short, those auspicious karma, accumulated through past births, which causes the bondage of new
auspicious karma at the time when the soul is enjoying their sweet fruits, are called Punynubandhi
Punya. Those inauspicious karma accumulated through past birth, which cause bondage of auspicious
karma through equanimity, peace, atonement and good activities at the time when the soul is
experiencing their bitter fruits are called Punynubandhi Pp. Those auspicious karma, accumulated
through past births, which cause the bondage of inauspicious karma at the time when the soul is enjoying,
with indulgence and infatuation, their sweet fruits, are called Ppnubandhi Punya. In addition, those
inauspicious karma, accumulated through past births, which cause the bondage of new inauspicious
karma at the time when the soul is experiencing their bitter fruits, are called Ppnubandhi Pp.
Virtuous as well as non-virtuous Karma cause bondage in which the soul becomes enchained by these
Karma. Both of them obstruct the souls liberation and are to be avoided. This can be done by cultivating
a sense of detachment in all possible situations, favorable as well as unfavorable. No situation lasts
forever and every conceivable situation come to an end eventually. Why then get infatuated or feel
miserable in a situation, which is ephemeral? If a person stays attuned to such a detached attitude and
maintains equanimity, he does not attract new Karma. His earlier Karma will steadily shade off as he
bears their consequences, or he / she eradicates them by austerities. In due course, he / she will shed all
Karma and proceed on the path of liberation.
In the initial stage of spiritual progress, one should eliminate sinful activities as much as possible and put
maximum effort in virtuous activities such as charity, helping others, improving the environment, and ones
own spirituality. In general, get involved in the social and spiritual upliftment of the society and self. The
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Punya karma acquired by these virtuous activities will provide positive or favorable circumstances such as
healthy human life, good social status, long life, and spiritual teachers to enhance spiritual growth further.
Using ones Punya one should continue to do virtuous activities without any expectation of reward, power,
and fame. This awareness will reduce or eliminate ego (Kart Bhva) and other vices like attachments
and aversions. Once all vices are eliminated, a person does not acquire any new karma but eliminates
old karma through Nirjar and ultimately attains Keval-jnn and hence liberation.
Since virtuous activities acquire punya karma and if we believe that all karma provide hindrance to attain
liberation, then one can easily conclude that Jainism negates virtuous activities.
It seems that this belief and associated logic are not the correct interpretation of Jain Karma philosophy.
The proper way to interpret Karma philosophy is as follows:
Jain philosophy states that
Only Mohaniya karma is responsible to acquire new Karma.
Also in our spiritual progress, only Mohaniya karma is completely removed first before any other
karma is completely removed.
Once Mohaniya karma is removed, all other remaining karma become powerless and they cannot
stop a person to attain liberation.
To destroy Mohaniya karma one needs human life, healthy body, compassionate nature, and
spiritual surroundings. Only virtuous Karma can provide such an environment to the individual
Hence one should conclude that Jainism encourages everyone to continue to do virtuous activities
without any ego and expectation of reward throughout our life.
With the elimination of all ego, one does not have any desire for the result of his virtuous activities
and accepts the outcome as it is. This is a true nature of a spiritually advanced person.
In summary, on the path of spiritual progress, one eliminates sinful activities and adopts virtuous activities
in the initial stage. Later one continues doing virtuous activities but eliminates ego, expectations, and
other vices. Without the presence of ego or desire, a person cannot acquire new Mohaniya karma but
continues to eliminate old karma and ultimately attains liberation.
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B11 - Anekntavda I - Theory of Multiplicity

01 Introduction
Modern day logic is defined as the study of principles and method of argumentation. An argument in the
system of logic is a set of statements.
Jain logic is ancient. Its roots can be traced to the Holy Scriptures in which it states, Non-absolutism is
the principal dogma of Jainism. Furthermore, every statement is to be accepted as relative truth.
Let us take an example. My name is Kirit. My fathers name is Prabhudas and my sons name is Amit.
Now I am father and son at the same time. How can this be? From Prabhudass perspective, I am a son
and from Amits perspective, I am a father. Thus, both statements are true from their own perspectives.
Soul is eternal as well as changing. How can these two conflicting statements be true? According to Jain
logic, they are true statements in their own perspective. Soul is eternal from a substantial point of view
(Dravya). The soul is ever changing from a modal point of view (Paryya).
Philosophical and religious arguments about the nature and origin of reality are as old as human history.
In India, sages and philosophers held many metaphysical views and were in constant dialogue and
argument with one another. The Jains were active participants in the debates, and among their central
tenets was the position referred to as Anekntavda. Translated literally, it means the multiplicity and
relativity of views. Anekntavda means that in many cases the arguments adopted by the various
participants in a debate all hold some validity. Because the Jain position is able to overcome the
apparent inconsistencies between the other views, it comes closer to fully grasping the one underlying
truth.
Anekntavda maintains that the truth has many facets. Each viewpoint may be true from one
perspective while not so from the other. Furthermore, only the omniscients know the whole truth. Worldly
beings without omniscience are limited in their capacity to know and comprehend the whole truth. This is
elegantly demonstrated in following story.
An Elephant and The Blind Men
Once upon a time, there lived six blind men in a village. One day the villagers told them, Hey, there is an
elephant in the village today.
They had no idea what an elephant looks like since they were blind. They decided, however, to go and
feel the elephant anyway. Each of them touched the elephant.
Hey, the elephant is like a pillar, said the first man who touched his leg.
Oh, no! It is like a rope, said the second man who touched the tail.
Oh, no! it is like a thick branch of a tree, said the third man who touched the trunk of the elephant.
It is like a big hand fan said the fourth man who touched the ear of the elephant.
It is like a huge wall, said the fifth man who touched the belly of the elephant.
It is like a solid pipe, said the sixth man who touched the tusk of the elephant.
They began to argue about the elephant and every one of them insisted that he was right. They were
getting agitated. A wise man, who was passing by saw this. He stopped and asked them, What is the
matter? We cannot agree on what the elephant is like. They said. Everyone told what he thought the
elephant was like. The wise man calmly explained to them, All of you are right. The reason every one of
you is perceiving elephant differently is because each one of you touched a different part of the elephant.
Oh! they said. There was no more fighting. They felt happy and content that they were all right.
This story clearly demonstrates the fact that one cannot make an affirmative statement regarding the truth
without knowing the whole truth. Truth has many facets and can be expressed in many different ways.
Any statement regarding the truth may be true in its own limited way. So, rather than arguing like the
blind men, we should say, Maybe you have your reasons. One should know the complete truth, and then
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analyze the truth from all different angles. In this ever-changing universe, an infinite number of viewpoints
exist. These viewpoints depend on the time, place, circumstances, and nature of individuals.
According to Jain metaphysics, innumerable material and spiritual substances, each of, which is the locus
of innumerable qualities, constitute reality. Not only are there innumerable substances, each with
innumerable quality, but each quality is susceptible to an infinite number of modifications. Nonomniscients cannot comprehend this complex reality, for ordinary knowledge is limited not only by the
limited power of the senses and reason, but also by the perspectives adopted by the knower as well as by
the conditions of space, time, light, and so on.
Six blind men touched an elephant and came out with their own opinion that the elephant is like a pillar,
python, drum, pipe, long rope, and huge fan depending on the parts of the body that they touched. They
could be right from their own perspective, but an elephant is an elephant, and the person who can see
knows an elephant as total. He also knows that the elephant could be like a pillar, python, drum, pipe,
long rope and a huge fan from the perspective of the legs, trunk, abdomen, tusk, tail, and ears.
Therefore, if you do not have complete knowledge, do not believe in other possibilities and think that the
partial point of view is the only truth and others are wrong, then the partial point of view is not right.
Thus, understanding of Jain logic helps a lot for tolerance. Nothing may be absolutely wrong and nothing
may be absolutely right. All the statements are true in their own perspective. Because of our inability to
know substance as a whole, we cannot have complete knowledge of a substance. Only the omniscient
Bhagawn has perfect knowledge, and therefore the complete knowledge.
The spoken and written language has many limitations. So one has to understand the broader meaning
of Jain logic and then try to understand reality in that perspective. We should know all the angles of the
substance and then present the partial point of view, and then we are right. Presenting the partial point of
view, and then considering it as a complete knowledge is wrong according to Jain logic. We should also
keep in mind, that when a sentence is spoken, we should know from what angle it is spoken. If we
understand it correctly, then our knowledge base increases. Literature is also written either in a
substantial point of view (Dravyrthika Naya), or modal point of view (Paryyrthika Naya).
Thus to have complete knowledge or organ of knowledge (Pramna Jnn), we should also know partial
points of view (Naya). The partial point of view becomes a pillar on which the building of the organ of
knowledge rests. Of course, the true and complete knowledge of a substance is only possible with
omniscience.
02 Application of Anekntavda
Develop a strong urge to seek truth
Believe in many possibilities
Do not insist only on your own approach
Accept partial truth as expressed by others
Accept the truth even if it is expressed by adversaries
Accept that the truth can consist of seemingly opposing views
Exercise equanimity towards all
Anekntavda and Its Relevance to Modern Times
The principle of Anekntavda along with other Jain principles of Ahimsa and Aparigraha, if faithfully
adhered to in its right perspective, has great relevance for modern times.
These principles can bring contentment, inner happiness and joy in the present life through spiritual
development based on freedom from passions and kindness towards all beings. Nonviolence (Ahimsa)
which strengthens the autonomy of life everywhere, non-absolutism (Anekntavda) which strengthens
autonomy of thoughts & speech, and non-possessiveness (Aparigraha) which strengthens autonomy of
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interdependence are the three realistic principles, which strengthen our belief that every living being has a
right to self-existence.
These principles translate into three practices:
One should not kill
One should not trample others thoughts
One should not trample the natural world
If we truly adopt these three ideas then there will be:
No acts of war
No economic exploitation
No environmental and ecological destruction
In conclusion, we can say that following these principles can:
Establish universal friendship and peace through nonviolence
Establish true social equity based on non-acquisitiveness and non-possession
Reconcile differences between diverse religious faiths, political parties, and communal and
racial factions through the philosophies of pluralism non-absolutism and relativism.
Promote ecological conservation through the values of self-restraint, an austere lifestyle, nonpossessiveness.
03 How to know a Substance?

To know a substance, there are 4 different categories, which are described in the scriptures.
Characteristics (Lakshana) of a substance
True Knowledge (Pramana)
Partial point of view (Naya)
Analysis of truth (Nikshepa)
1. Lakshana (Characteristics of a Substance)

One should know the characteristics of a substance. The characteristic (Lakshana) should be such that it is present
only in the substance and not in any other substance. For example, when wesay that the soul is formless, this is not
its absolute characteristic because there are other substances like medium of motion, medium of rest, space, and
time, which are also formless substances. Nevertheless, if we say that the souls characteristic is to know then it
becomes a true characteristic. Every soul starting with the lowest form (Nigod) to the highest form (Siddha) has
characteristics of knowledge. Touch, taste, smell and color are all characteristics of matter because none of the other
five substances have these characteristics. Thus, a peculiar characteristic present in only one substance and not in
any other substance is known as its true characteristic.
2. Pramna (True Knowledge)

Pramna is a valid knowledge of the self and non-self without limitations. It views an object in its entirety and
accepts agreeable things while discarding the disagreeable. To know a substance from all angles is called the organ
of knowledge, or true knowledge. On the rise of true knowledge doubt, illusion, and ignorance are removed and a
nature of a thing is understood rightly to a considerable extent. The knowledge that allows one to differentiate and
to make decisions about the self and others (Sva and Para) is called the organ of knowledge or true knowledge. The
organ of knowledge consists of several different and apparently opposite points of views. Thus with the organ of
knowledge, one gets equanimity, and becomes tolerant of different points of views. The perception, which grasps
the nature of a thing in a proper and fuller form, is called the organ of knowledge.
Pramna knowledge is gained by direct (Pratyaksha) or indirect (Paroksha) means. Indirect Pramna is gained by
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sensory organs and by reading and listening to discourses. Thus Mati Jnn and Shruta Jnn are examples of indirect
Pramna and Avadhi Jnn, Manaha Paryava Jnn and Keval Jnn are examples of direct Pramna.
3. Naya (Partial Point of View)

Any knowledge, which is true only for a given situation or from a given point of view is called Naya (a partial point
of view). The thought activity, which grasps only one aspect of an object with the aid of scriptures, is called a
partial point of view.
Thus any statement made from one point of view can never be true from all aspects. The language to express this
obvious paradox is known as Sydvda in Jain scriptures. Thus Sydvda is a theory of conditional predication and
relativity of propositions and judgments.
Emphasizing the limits of ordinary knowledge, Jainism developed the theory that truth is relative to the perspective
Naya from, which it is known. Furthermore, because reality is many sided and particular knowledge is true only
from a limited perspective, all knowledge claims are only tentative (Syt) just as in, X may be Y, rather than X is
Y. This is known as the Sydvda (theory of relativity) or Anekntavda (theory of multiplicity of viewpoints).
Thus, doctrine of Sydvda or relativity states that the expression of truth is relative to different viewpoints. What is
true from one point of view is open to question from another. Absolute truth cannot be grasped from any one
particular viewpoint. Absolute truth is the total sum of individual partial truths from many different viewpoints,
even if they seem to contradict each other.
Like the blind men, each person perceives things from their own perspective. These perspectives are determined by
many factors, including socio-cultural conditioning, particular place, time, circumstances, hopes, fears and, of
course, subject to the limitation of our sensory perception, and reasoning power. When it is understood that
knowledge is limited by the particular perspective from which it is achieved, it becomes easy to see that claims of
knowledge are conditioned by the limitation of the perspective that it assumes and should always be expressed as
only tentatively true. Just as the blind men should have been more circumspect, saying for example, Standing here,
feeling the object with my hands, it feels like a winnowing fan. This elephant may be looking like a winnowing
fan. We must understand that any claims of knowledge should be asserted only conditionally.
A deeper understanding of Anekntavda and Sydvda provides great insight into the problems of human
interactions that cause conflict, grief, envy, and hatred. It teaches us to be tolerant towards other viewpoints. This
allows us to live in harmony with people of different thinking. Similarly, it is highly applicable in understanding
social problems and national strife. More importantly, these doctrines also provide ways of resolving global
differences and conflicts.
Total knowledge or organ of knowledge (Pramna Jnn) is the sum total of all partial points of view. Thus to
understand a substance in its fullest form, one must have knowledge of all partial points of view including seemingly
opposite partial points of view. Just as Pramna is pure knowledge, so also Naya is pure knowledge. The former
grasps the entire thing, while the latter grasps only one of its many aspects.
There are several different classifications of partial points of view given in scriptures. The detail on this can be
found in the next chapter.
4. Nikshepa (Analysis of Truth)

Analysis of truth can be done with precision and clarity in different ways. A substance has various attributes.
Keeping those attributes in mind, a substance can be divided into different ways. Language is a means of
communication. All practical exchange of knowledge has language for its main modality. When it is embodied in
language, intangible knowledge becomes tangible and hence conveyable. Language is made up of words. The same
word is employed to yield several meanings depending on the purpose or context. Employment of a word to express
different meanings is done at least in four different ways. These four ways are known as Nikshepa.
Four Nikshepa (Four Way Analysis of Truth):

1. Name (Nm):
The meaning that is not derived etymologically, but is gathered on the basis of convention set up
by the father, mother or some other people, is known Nm Nikshepa. It means to refer to the
object merely by its name. Our daily activity becomes easier by giving name to an object. For
example, a poor persons name is King. He is known as King by name, even though he is very
poor.
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2. Symbol (Sthpan):
It means referring a person through his image, idol, picture, painting, etc. These things contain in
themselves the symbol of an original object; e.g. looking at a marble idol at a temple, one says
that this is Mahvir Swmi. In this usage, we superimpose the real thing on its representation,
viz., a statue, a photograph, or a picture.
3. Potentiality (Dravya):
Here one refers to an object by mentioning its past condition or future condition. The term
Dravya in the word Dravya Nikshepa has the sense of potentiality. For example, we refer to a
person as a king now even though he is not a king but is going to be a king in the future.
4. Actuality (Bhva):
It means the name signifying the object is meaningful in its present condition. This meaning
satisfies the etymology of the concerned word. A person is called king (Rj), when he is actually
carrying the royal scepter and is shining with glory on that account; he is king in the real sense.
For example, the word Tirthankar is used only after the soul attains omniscience and is now
preaching and establishing a fourfold religious congregation.
04 Summary
We worship Supreme Soul (God) by respectfully remembering and muttering His name, worshipping His
image, worshipping Him by devotedly serving the spiritual teacher, because the real spiritual teacher can
be regarded as Supreme Soul (God) in potentia. In this way, Nam Nikshepa, Sthpan Nikshepa, and
Dravya Nikshepa (rather our activities performed with respect to these three meanings) lead to Bhva
Nikshepa (rather the activity with respect to the Bhva Nikshepa, or the actual attainment of the state
corresponding to the actual etymological meaning of the concerned word).
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B12 - Anekntavda II - Pramna, Naya and Sydvda

01 Introduction
Logic broadly means the study of the structure and principles of reasoning or of sound arguments. In the
west, it also includes certain other meanings all related to different meanings of a Greek word logos.
Logic is of prime importance in Indian philosophy, to both philosophy and religion. The knowledge of logic
is a must for one who wants to understand a religion and its philosophy.
It has been held by almost all systems of Indian Philosophy that no liberation is possible without
knowledge and conduct. Thus the theory of knowledge, which includes its conception, sources and
classification, becomes an independent branch of philosophy. Some scholars consider logic a part of
epistemology also. Whatever the case may be, its importance and history both are recognized since the
ancient period.
Jain logic is not only as the lump of all sciences but also helpful for practical affairs and the sustaining
principles of religion (Dharma). After all, logic is not an end in itself but a means for the ideal life.
The history of Jain logic and Jain epistemology goes as far back as its canonical literature. We find the
doctrines and the discussions as well as reasoning on the doctrines even in the philosophical works by
Umsvti and Kunda-Kundchrya. The Nyyvatra by Shri Siddhasen Diwkar, as far as we know, is
the earliest manual on logic composed for the benefit and training of Jain authors who till his time studied
Nyya possibly from other sources available to them. Shvetmbar chrya Siddhasen Diwkar has been
accepted as the first Jain writer on pure logic. During the period between5th and 16th century some
noteworthy Jain logicians, from Siddhasen to Yashovijayaji are Mallavdi, Haribhadra, Akalank, Virsen,
Vidynandi, Devasuri, and Hemchandra-chrya.
02 Aim and Subject matter of Jain Logic

We can say that the chief aim is to understand the scriptures and the doctrine, which again is not possible
without the correct knowledge of Pramnas (total view knowledge) and Nayas, (partial viewpoint
knowledge). The subject matter of Jain logic includes all such topics resulting from Jain theory of
knowledge and reality. Apart from the Pramnas as sources for knowledge, the Naya-vda and Saptabhanga-vda, the Dravystika and Paryystika views, and the enumeration and classification of Naya
are some of the quite interesting topics included in Jain logic.
Pramna (Valid knowledge) in Jain philosophy is divided into two modes: Pramna and Naya. Pramna
is knowledge of a thing as it is, and Naya is knowledge of a thing in its relation. Naya means a standpoint
of thought from which we make a statement about a thing. Siddhasen Diwkar in Nyyvatra writes,
Since things have many characteristics, they are the object of complete knowledge (omniscience); but a
thing conceived from one particular point of view is the object of Naya (or one-sided knowledge).It may
be noted here that Naya is a part of Pramna because it gives us valid knowledge of its object. Naya
being a particular standpoint determines only a part of its object. A Naya can also be defined as a
particular intention or viewpoint - a viewpoint which does not rule out other different viewpoints and is
thereby expressive of a partial truth about an object as entertained by a knowing agent or speaker.
Nayas do not interfere with one another or enter into conflict with one another. They do not contradict one
another. They uphold their own objects without rejecting others objects.
Naya becomes pseudo Naya, when it denies all standpoints, contradicts them, excludes them absolutely
and puts forward its partial truth as the whole truth.
According to the Jain logic, Naya becomes a form of false knowledge as it determines the knowledge not
of an object but part of an object. They say that false knowledge is knowledge about something which is
not a real object or in conformity to what it is, the part of an object and not non-object. The knowledge of
an object determined by Naya is valid knowledge from that point of view. It does yield certain valid
knowledge about part of the object.
The Pramna kind of knowledge comprises all the aspects of a substance. Pramna includes every
aspect; and not as understood from any one aspect.
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03 Classification of Pramna
Pramna is of two kinds
Pratyaksha (direct)
Paroksha (indirect)
Pratyaksha Jnn (Direct knowledge)

Direct knowledge is that which is obtained by the soul without the help of external means.
Pratyaksha Jnn is of three kinds, namely Avadhi-jnn, Manah-Paryva Jnn and Keval-jnn.
The
Paroksha Jnn (Indirect knowledge)

Indirect knowledge is that which is obtained by the soul by means of such things as the five senses and
the mind. Paroksha Jnn is classified into Mati-jnn and Shruta-jnn.
Thus, there are total five kinds of Pramna: (1) Mati-jnn (2) Shruta-jnn (3) Avadhi-jnn (4) Manahparyva jnn (5) Keval-jnn.
Pratyaksha Pramna (Direct Knowledge)

The souls knowledge of substance is pure. The souls involvement is direct in obtaining this type of knowledge. It
can be of 2 types.
Direct or Practical
Smvyavahrik Pratyaksha Pramna
Transcendental
Pramrthika Pratyaksha Pramna
Direct Knowledge in a conventional sense (Smvyavahrik Pratyaksha Pramna):

Partial proper knowledge of a given substance acquired with the help of senses and mind is called
direct knowledge in the conventional sense (Samvyavaharik pratyaksha).
The knowledge obtained by the soul through sensory (Mati-jnn) knowledge and articulate (Shrutajnn) knowledge, is called indirect knowledge for two reasons: 1) There is a need for the senses and
minds involvement and 2) The knowledge is impure because the knowledge obtained from senses
and mind usually is for others and not for the soul. However, when the soul obtains right faith
(Samyag Darshan), at that time, the sensory knowledge and articulate knowledge are used for the
knowledge of the self. Therefore, this is called direct knowledge in a conventional sense. Here the
knowledge is partially true (Ekadesha Spasta).
Transcendental knowledge (Pramrthika Pratyaksha Pramna):

When the soul obtains direct knowledge without the help of any external means (like senses and
mind), then it is called transcendental knowledge. It can be of two types:
Partial perception (Vikal Pramrthika)
Perfect perception (Sakal Pramrthika)
Partial Perception Knowledge (Vikal Pramrthika):

When the soul obtains direct knowledge of a formed substance without the help of senses and
mind, it is called partial knowledge. It is of two types:
Clairvoyance Knowledge (Avadhi Jnn)
Telepathy (Manah-paryva Jnn)
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Clairvoyance (Avadhi Jnn):

Clairvoyance refers to knowledge of things that are out of the range of senses. Here the soul can perceive
knowledge of a substance with a form (Rupi Padrtha), which exists at great distance or time. In celestial
and infernal souls, this knowledge is present since birth. In human and animal, this knowledge can be
obtained as a result of spiritual endeavors.
Telepathy (Manah-paryva Jnn):

In this type of knowledge, the human soul has a capacity to comprehend others thoughts. Great saints
who have achieved a high level of spiritual progress can possess this knowledge.
Perfect Perception Knowledge (Sakal Pramrthika):

The Omniscient knowledge is called the Perfect Perception Knowledge. Omniscient Bhagawn
having Keval-jnn (Sakal Pramrthika)knows about all substances in the universe, and all of their
modes of past, present and future at a given time. When a soul in his quest for purity destroys all
four destructive (Ghti) karma at the 13th stage of the spiritual ladder, it obtains this omniscient
knowledge. This is perfect knowledge and stays with the soul forever.
About Keval-jnn, Dr. Rdhkrishnan writes: It is omniscience unlimited by space, time or object.
To the perfect consciousness, the whole reality is obvious. This knowledge, which is independent
of the senses and which can only be felt and not described, is possible only for purified souls free
from bondage.
Paroksha Pramna (Indirect Knowledge)

The knowledge that is impure, of others, and not of the self is called indirect perception. Here we take the help of
external means like the five senses and the mind. So, the partial knowledge obtained with someone elses help is
called the indirect knowledge (Paroksha Pramna).
Sensory Knowledge (Mati Jnn):

This knowledge is gained through the senses and/or mind. Reflection on what has been perceived,
reasoning, questioning, searching, understanding, and judging are the varieties of sensory
knowledge. It can also be classified as remembrance, recognition, induction, and deduction.
Remembrance (Smaran)
Recognition (Pratyabhijna)
Induction (Tarka)
Deduction (Anumna)
Scripture Knowledge (Shruta Jnn):

This knowledge refers to conceptualization through language. It is obtained by studying the
scriptures and listening to the discourses. Scripture knowledge (gam Knowledge) consists of
comprehension of meaning of words that are heard or derived from the senses and the mind. This
knowledge is authoritative.
04 Summary of Pramna
Pramna is capable of making us accept the agreeable things and discard the disagreeable ones; it is but
knowledge. The object of valid knowledge according to Jains is always a unity of a number of aspects or
characteristic, such as general and the particular, the existent and the nonexistent, etc.
Valid knowledge or pure knowledge is the total or partial destruction of ignorance. The fruit of Pramna
is of two sorts: direct and indirect. Direct fruit of all Pramna is the annihilation of ignorance. As regards
the indirect fruit of pure knowledge is indifference. It is also said that, the immediate effect of Pramna is
the removal of ignorance; the mediate effect of absolute knowledge is bliss and equanimity, while that of
ordinary practical knowledge is the facility to select or reject.
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The subject of all forms of valid knowledge is the self, as known by direct knowledge. The spirit (soul or
Jiva) is the knower, doer and enjoyer, illumines self and others, undergoes changes of condition, is
realized only in self-consciousness, and is different from the earth, etc. The soul, as described in Jainism,
is permanent but undergoes changes of condition.
With reference to theistic approaches, Jainism believes in soul and its liberation. Moreover, it accepts
and agrees to the fact that no liberation is possible without the true knowledge of reality; and logic or
Pramna is the aid to such knowledge. This is neither an intellectual exercise nor a game of arguments
to refute, but to know and sharpen understanding for spiritual progress.
On account of its knowledge, the soul is different from inert substances. As the cover over it goes on
decreasing, its knowledge goes on increasing and showing itself. Like a mirror that reflects everything,
the soul can know anything that can be known. If there is no cover at all, it is natural that it can know all
things. It is illogical to say that we can know only up to this extent, not more than this. Therefore, a
Keval-jnni knows everything directly. For a Keval-jnni, all boundaries of the soul are dissolved allowing
one to know everything from an unbiased, unattached point of view. For most laypeople, dissolving the
boundaries and cultural programming that has been ingrained in ones being from birth is necessary for
spiritual upliftment.
Only he who possesses this kind of knowledge can expound sound doctrines and only he is the supreme
spiritual well-wisher. After that, even those who act according to his commands are well - wishers. For
great Ganadhars, gams are the Pramnas the source of true knowledge.
Jainism asserts that knowledge attained is the knowledge of real objects. What is known is not all
aspects of the reality of an object, but only one or some. In Jainism, knowledge depends on experience
and experience is always partial, in the sense that reality in totality is never revealed. Under the
circumstance, whatever is known is known in relation to a standpoint and therefore absolution is to be
surrendered. This is the root of Naya-vda and Sydvda.
05 Naya-vda
The term Anekntavda consists of three terms: Aneka, Anta, and Vda, The term Aneka, means
many or more than one, Anta means aspects or attributes and Vda means ism or theory. In its
simple sense, it is a philosophy or a doctrine of manifold aspects. It has been variously described and
translated by modern scholars. Prof. S. N. Dasgupta expresses it as relative pluralism against extreme
absolutism. Dr. Chandradhar Sharma translates it as doctrine of manyness of reality. Dr. Satkari
Mookerjee expresses it as a doctrine of non-absolutism. This is also expressed as a theory of
conditional predication or theory of relativity of propositions. Since the doctrine of Anekntavda is
opposed to absolutism or monism (Eknta-vda), we would prefer a phrase doctrine of non-absolutism
to convey the meaning of Anekntavda. The doctrine of Anekntavda can be subdivided in two
categories:
Naya-vda relates to thoughts and analysis
Sydvda relates to speech
What we know by the analytical process of Naya-vda, we express by the synthesis of Sydvda and the
base of both is knowledge. According to the Jains, in order to have a complete and comprehensive
judgment of reality one has to take into account the main substance that has the element of permanence
and undergoes changes in various forms. In this process of change, the previous form dies away and a
new form comes into existence. The birth of the new form is called Utpd (emergence), the death of the
old form is called Vyaya (disappearance) and the substance, which remains constant during this process
of birth and death, is called Dhrauvya (Permanence). When one is able to comprehend all these three,
one can arrive at a proper judgment about the thing in question. When the self takes the form of a human
being, you can know it as a man or a woman. When it takes a form of vegetable, you can describe it as
grass. All these descriptions are true from the standpoint of the forms that the self has assumed.
Therefore, when we recognize a thing from the point of view of the modification or change, it is called
Paryyrthika Naya. Paryya means modification, change. However, when we recognize that thing
from the point of view of substance, it is called Dravyrthika Naya. In the former mode is predominant
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and substance subordinate, in the latter substance predominant and mode subordinate. The former
considers changing aspect of reality while the latter considers its permanent aspect.
The greatest contribution that the Jains have made to the world of thought is by their theories of Nayavda and Sydvda. The word Syd in Sanskrit means perhaps but in Jainism it is used to show the
relativity of a judgment and the word Naya means Standpoint. Truth or reality is always complex and
has many aspects. If one is impressed by one of the aspects of a complex reality and begins to identify
the reality, only by that aspect, he is bound to make a wrong judgment about reality. Therefore, the Jain
seers exhort us to look at the complexities of life and knowledge from every standpoint and from positive
as well as negative aspects. They recognize that the comprehension (view) of an ordinary human being
is partial and hence valid only from a particular point of view, which cannot give a correct or even a nearly
correct comprehension of the whole. The complex reality has not only an infinite number of qualities but
also an infinite number of relations. Again, it may be looked at differently by different people and under
their different circumstances. It assumes different forms and appearances for which due allowance ought
to be made. All this makes it difficult to form a correct judgment about it unless a systematic and logical
method is found to identify it. This method is called Naya-vda. As Dr. S. Rdhkrishnan observes:
"The doctrine of Nayas of Standpoint is a peculiar feature of Jain logic. A Naya is a standpoint from which
we make a statement about a thing. What is true from one standpoint may not be true from another.
Particular aspects are never adequate to the whole reality. The relative solutions are abstractions under
which reality may be regarded, but do not give us a full and sufficient account of it. Jainism has a basic
and fundamental principle that truth is relative to our standpoint."
Thus Naya can be defined as a particular viewpoint; a viewpoint which gives only a partial idea about an
object or view which cannot overrule the existence of another or even a contrary view about the same
object. If an object or theory is judged only from one standpoint, the judgment is one sided and it is
termed as Eknta. Eka means one and Anta means end. Thus, Eknta means one-sidedness. The
Jains therefore ask us to judge from all aspects, which is called Aneknta. This is the basic principle of
Jain philosophy. Every fundamental principle of Jain philosophy is based on Aneknta. Throughout its
approach, Aneknta has been to accept the different aspects or even contradictory aspects of reality and
to evolve a synthesis between the contradictory philosophical theories.
A Jain seer would say, both are correct from the standpoint from which they look at the problem, but both
make their statements, which do not conform to the principle of Aneknta and hence do not give a correct
judgment of reality. Jains say that changes are as real as the original substance. A jug made of a clay
substance cannot be used as anything except as a jug and since the use is real, the form of a jug which
clay has assumed cannot be unreal. If the clay substance assumes some other form of an earthen vessel
meant for cooking, that vessel could not be used as a jug even though the clay substance remains the
same. If this is so, how can we say that the form the substance assumes at a particular time is unreal
and only the substance is real? The substance of clay appears to be the only real thing to those who
concentrate on substance and ignore the form. It is not correct to say that because there is a change in
the form, the changing form is unreal. If it is real even for a moment, its reality must be accepted and
recognized. If a comprehensive view of the whole reality is to be a comprehensive perception of a thing,
it is possible only when its permanent substance (Dravya) is taken into account along with its existing
mode (Paryya). As chrya Siddhasen states we can understand a thing properly by perceiving its
various aspects.
06 Classification of Naya
Jain philosophers have given broad classifications of different aspects (Nayas) through which we can
perceive a thing. Naya can be classified as the following two types:
Nishchaya Naya (Absolute Point of View)

Here one takes a substance and picks up one of its attributes (Guna) and analyzes one part of its attribute. This is
called absolute point of view, e.g. to call a clay pot as a form of clay as it is made of clay. Here clay is a substance
and one of its attributes is represented in the form of a pot. The standpoint that concentrates on the original pure
nature of a thing is called Nishchaya Naya. It implies the real or the ultimate meaning or interpretation of an object.
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Vyavahr Naya (Practical Point of View)

The substance and its attributes are interdependent and can never be separated. To consider them as separate is
called the practical point of view. For example, to know is an attribute of the soul. In addition, to consider
knowledge in a separate way from the soul is called practical point of view. In the practical point of view, one takes
into account the association of a substance with another substance. Even though it is not right to know a substance
this way, day-to-day activities become somewhat easier. E.g. we use clay pot to hold water, so now we call this pot
a water pot. Here the pot is not made of water, but clay. However, because of waters association with the pot, we
call it a water pot. The right way of telling will be that this is a pot made of clay, and we use it to store water. This
absolute way of saying a sentence takes a long time and not practical. That is why we call it a water pot. It conveys
the meaning. The day-to-day activities become easier thereafter. Even though the soul and body are separate, we
use the word interchangeably. We do indicate the body as living because of the association of the soul and body.
From Nishchaya Naya or absolute stand point, a soul is independent, self-existed and uncontaminated by matter.
From Vyavahr stand point, it can be called impure as soul is bound with Karma leading to the cycle of birth and
death. Such classification of Naya or standpoints enables identification or distinction of objects or theories
according to particular class of Naya.
Classification of Naya:
Naigama Naya
Generic and Specific view or teleological view
Sangrah Naya
Collective
Vyavahr Naya
Practical view
Rujusutra Naya
Linear view
Shabda Naya
Literal view
Samabhirudha Naya
Etymological view
Evambhuta Naya
Determinant view.
There are hundreds of sub classifications of these seven Nayas but without going in details, we shall presently
discuss the bare outlines of these seven Nayas. Before doing so, it may be noted that first three Nayas are with
reference to the identification of the main substance called Dravya and hence are known as Dravyrthika Nayas.
The remaining four refer to the standpoints, which identify the modes of the main substance and hence are known as
Paryyrthika Nayas.
Dravyrthika Nayas (Substantial Point of View)

Dravyrthika Naya means the standpoint that concentrates on a substance (the generic and permanent aspect).
Dravyrthika Naya (substantial standpoint) considers all things to be permanent or eternal. For example, it states
that a pot qua substance clay is permanent or eternal. In this point of view one considers the substance as a whole
and gives its modes subsidiary status. E.g. while talking about the soul, one will consider the soul as immortal, was
never created, nor will it ever be destroyed. On the other hand, Paryyrthika Naya regards all things as
impermanent, because they undergo changes (transformations). Hence it declares that all things are non-eternal or
momentary from the standpoint of modes or changes. The standpoint that grasps the generic aspect is Dravyrthika
Naya. And the standpoint that grasps the specific aspect is Paryyrthika Naya.
This can be subdivided as follows
Naigama
Generic Or Specific Or Teleological
Sangrah
Collective Generic
Vyavahr
Practical
1. Naigama Naya (Generic):

The etymological meaning of the word Naigama is the end product or result. Tattvrtha-sra
gives an illustration of a person who carries water, rice and fuel and who, when asked what he
was doing, says he is cooking. This reply is given in view of the result, which he intends to
achieve though at the exact time when the question is put to him he is not actually cooking. His
reply is correct from the point of view of Naigama Naya, though technically it is not exactly correct
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because he is not actually cooking at the time when he replies. The general purpose, for which
we work, controls the total series of our activities. If someone passes his judgment based on that
general purpose, he asserts Naigama Naya, i.e., the teleological viewpoint. These empirical
views probably proceed on the assumption that a thing possesses the most general as well as
the most special qualities and hence we may lay stress on any one of these at any time and
ignore the other ones. It overlooks the distinction between the remote and the immediate, noting
one or the other as if it were the whole, depending upon the intention of the observer.
A man has decided to perform an act of theft. The religious works regard him as defiled by the
sin of theft, though he has actually not performed the act of theft. The standpoint adopted by the
religious works is that the act, which is sought to be undertaken, is as good as being
accomplished. This is also an instance of Sankalpi - Naigama.
2. Sangrah Naya (Collective Point of View):

We get this Naya (viewpoint) when we put main emphasis on some general class characteristics
of a particular thing ignoring altogether the specific characteristics of that class. Such a view is
only partially correct but does not give the idea of the whole and it ignores the specific
characteristics of that thing.
In the collective point of view, the knowledge of an object is in its ordinary or common form. The
special qualities of the object are not taken into account. For example, assume there to be 500
people in a hall. Here we are now considering only general qualities like people and not
considering like how many were men, women, children, old, young, etc.
One considers the general attributes of a substance like a substance has existence and
eternality. Now these attributes are common to all six universal substances. Here we are
considering the general attributes of a substance and ignoring the specific attributes of each
substance. Concentrating on a common quality, such as consciousness that is found in all souls,
one can say that all souls are equal.
Its scope is more limited than Naigama Naya.
3. Vyavahr Naya (Practical):

If we look at a thing from this standpoint, we try to judge it from its specific properties ignoring the
generic qualities, which are mainly responsible for giving birth to the specific qualities. This
amounts to the assertion of empirical at the cost of universal and gives importance to practical
experience in life.
This point of view sees an object in its special form rather than the common form. The special
attributes of an object are taken into consideration. The practical view, concentrates on the
function of a thing or being. It is analytic in approach and often uses metaphors to explain the
nature of things.
On the basis of the collective point of view, and after describing things in a collective form, it is
necessary to find out their special characteristics. For example, when we utter the word
medicine it includes all branches of medicine but when one says allopathic, osteopathic,
naturopathic, homeopathic, etc. then we can understand its specialty. This can be further divided
by its name, patent, quality, uses, etc. These divisions are examples of a distributive point of view
and have a tendency towards greater exactitude.
With understanding of Naigama Naya we shouldrecognize the potentiality of achieving liberation
by all souls. As all souls are capable of liberation, we should appreciate that potentiality in all
souls. And we show our respect and humbleness to all living beings. When we act accordingly
with all, this becomes Vyavahr Naya. Many times we act in accordance to Paryya, however if
we realize to Dravya we can reduce our internal and external conflicts.
Paryyrthika Nayas (Modification Point of View)

Modification point of view (Paryyrthika Naya) Paryyrthika Naya regards all things as impermanent, because
they undergo changes (transformations). Hence it declares that all things are non-eternal or momentary from the
standpoint of modes or changes. In this point of view one considers modes of a substance as a primary subject. The
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substantial consideration becomes secondary. One considers a substance with origination and perishing of its
modes, e.g. while talking about soul, one will consider ever-changing modes of soul. One will consider the four
realms (Gati) of existence, birth, growth, decay, death of a living being, etc. This can be subdivided as follows
Rujusutra
Linear Point of View
Shabda
Literal Or Verbal
Samabhirudha
Etymological
Evambhuta
Determinant Point
4. Rujusutra Naya (Linear Point of View):

It is still narrower than Vyavahr in its outlook, because it does not emphasize all the specific
qualities but only those specific qualities, which appear in a thing at a particular moment, ignoring
their existent specific qualities of the past and the future. The past and future modes of a thing
are not real as they have served or will serve their purpose and do not exist at the moment.
The approach of the Buddhists is of this type. To ignore the specific qualities of the past and
future and to emphasize only continuing characteristics of Reality is the fallacy involved here.
In this point of view, one considers ideas like reality, etc. as the direct grasp of here and now,
ignoring the past and future. It considers only the present mode of a thing. Ruju means simple,
sutra means knowledge. Suppose a man was a king and he is not a king now, thus his past is of
no use in a linear point of view. Similarly, a person will be a king in the future, but is meaningless
in a linear point of view. Only the present mode is recognized in a linear point of view making the
identification easier and scope narrower.
5. Shabda Naya (Literal Point of View):

The Verbalistic approach is called as Shabda Naya. This standpoint maintains that synonymous
words convey the same meaning or thing, provided they are not different in tense, case ending,
gender, number, etc. In other words, it states that two synonymous words can never convey the
same thing if they have different tenses, case endings, genders, and numbers. So it is not
appropriate to use words in different genders, number etc. to refer to the same object or event.
The literal point of view uses words at their exact face value to signify the real nature of things.
Each word has a very particular meaning. In the literal view, even changing the gender, numbers,
words ending or tense of a word is thought to change its meaning and therefore to change the
object to which it refers. Therefore, it is not appropriate to use words in different genders,
numbers, etc. to refer to the same object or event. E.g. the words pot and pitcher signifies same
meaning, but in the following sentence, the meaning gets changed, why did you bring a pot? I
only want a pitcher.
6. Samabhirudha Naya (Etymological Point of View):

It is different from Shabda Naya because it concentrates on the etymological distinction between
the synonyms. If carried to the fallacious extent this standpoint may destroy the original identity
pointed to by synonyms. It discards the conventional use of a word in favor of the meaning
derived from its root. The etymological view asserts that, because the roots of synonyms are
different, they are not actually synonyms in the sense of words that mean the same as each
other.
A group of words may basically mean the same things but as individual words, they represent a
special condition, e.g. hut and palace are places to live. However, poor people live in a hut and
king lives in a palace, in an etymological (word historical or derivation) point of view, it represents
a specific quality or grammatical property of a word.
7. Evambhuta Naya (Determinant Point of View):

This Naya recognizes only that word which indicates the actual action presently attributed to the
individual. In other words, among synonyms only that word should be selected which has a
correlation with the action referred to.
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In this point of view, the word or sentence, which further determines its characteristic property in
its present state, is used. It recognizes only the action implied by the root meaning of a word. To
be real, the object must satisfy the activity meant by the word. A word should be used to denote
the actual meaning. e. g. the word thief is to be used only when a person is caught stealing and
not because a person is a known thief. It represents a strict application of a word or statement.
07 Summary of Naya
Partial truth of Individual Naya
As already noted, the purpose of pointing out to this detailed classification of Nayas is to show how
different individuals can view the same object from different perspectives. However, these different
aspects are only partially true and since they are only partially true, they are not capable of being
wholly true. They, however, cannot be rejected as wholly untrue also. These different aspects can be
illustrated by the reactions of some blind people who were asked to go to an elephant and give its
description after touching and feeling it. One who touched its legs described it like a pillar; one who
touched the tail described it like a rope and so on. Each one was right from his own standpoint
because he could experience only a particular limb of the elephant and not the whole elephant. Each
one of them was, however, wrong because his description did not conform to the reality, which the
elephant possessed. Only one who could see the whole could comprehend this reality.
Utility of Naya Theory
The analysis of Naya shows that every judgment is relative to that particular aspect from which it is
seen or known. This is also called Speksha-vda that means relativity of our particular knowledge or
judgment to a particular standpoint. Since human judgments are always from particular standpoints,
they are all relative and hence not absolutely true or absolutely false. Their outright acceptance as a
sole truth or rejection as totally false would not be correct. This led the Jain seers to their famous
doctrine of Sydvda, which means the doctrine of relativity.
Naya-vda reveals a technique to arrive at such an understanding. It teaches us that truth is revealed
to us only partially if viewed from a particular aspect. Even if one finds that a proposition is quite
contrary to the conviction he had for the whole life and hence the cause of great irritation to him, once
he applies the principles of Naya-vda his irritation begins to subside. The simple reason being is that
he begins to realize the real cause for that contrary proposition.
08 Sydvda or Sapta-Bhanga (Seven Predications)

Let us now understand what the theory of non-absolutism is as the Jain theory of reality from its
metaphysical point of view. The Jain approach to ultimate reality can be expressed in two words:
realistic and relativistic. The universe is full of innumerable material atoms and innumerable individual
souls. They are separately and independently real. Again, each thing and each soul possesses
innumerable aspects of its own. A thing has got an infinite number of characteristics of its own. Thus,
according to the metaphysical presupposition of Jainism, a thing exists with infinite characteristics.
The theory of Anekntavda is the metaphysical theory of reality. Jainism brings out another aspect of
reality and that is its relativistic pluralism. While Anekntavda explains reality metaphysically,
Sydvda explains it epistemologically (dealing with knowledge). Both are two aspects of the same
reality. We have already seen how human knowledge is relative and limited which ultimately makes all
our judgments relatively or partially true, and not absolute. Sydvda is also called Sapta-bhangi
Naya (sevenfold judgment). Sydvda is known as the theory of relativity of propositions or theory of
relativity of judgments. Some critics call it the theory of relativity of knowledge. We can say that
Sydvda is the epistemological explanation of reality; Sapta-bhangi Naya is the method or the
dialectic of the theory of sevenfold judgment. It is the logical side of the theory.
The doctrine of Sydvda holds that since a thing is full of most contrary characteristics of infinite
variety, the affirmation made is only from a particular standpoint or point of view and therefore it may
be correct or true. However, the same assertion may be wrong or false from some other standpoint or
point of view. Thus, the assertion made cannot be regarded as absolute. All affirmations in some
sense are true and in some sense are false. Similarly, all assertions are indefinite and true in some
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sense as well as indefinite and false in some other sense. Assertions could be true, or false or
indefinite. Thus, Jainism proposes to grant the non-absolute nature of reality and relativistic pluralism
of the object of knowledge by using the word Syt (or Syd) before the assertion or Judgment.
The word Syt literally means may be. It is also translated as perhaps, somehow, relatively or in
a certain sense. The word Syt or its equivalent in English used before the assertion makes the
proposition true but only under certain conditions i.e. hypothetically. What is to be noted is that the
word Syt is not used in the sense of probability leading to uncertainty. Probability again hints at
skepticism and Jainism is not skepticism. Since reality has infinite aspects, our judgments are bound
to be conditional. Thus, Sydvda is the theory of relativity of knowledge. The Jains quoted quite a
good number of parables, which are conventionally used by Jain writers to explain the theory. The
most famous one for the grip over the core of the theory is the famous parable of six blind men who
happened to come across an elephant. Each one was sure and asserting about his own description
alone being correct. However, each one was correct from his point of view though contrary to each
other. Thus the Jains hold that no affirmation or judgment is absolute in its nature, each is true in its
own limited sense only. The affirmations will tell either about the existence, or non-existence, or about
the inexpressible. Combining these three will give four more alternatives. So, we derive the seven
alternatives technically known as Sapta-bhanga Naya or the sevenfold Judgments.
Theory of Seven Predications (Sapta-Bhanga)

To clarify the above approach of ascertaining the truth by the process of Sydvda, the Jain philosophers have
evolved a formula of seven predications, which are known as Sapta-bhanga. Sapta means seven and Bhanga
means mode. These seven modes of ascertaining the truth are able to be exact in exploring all possibilities and
aspects. For any proposition, there are three main modes of assessment, namely, (1) A positive assertion (Asti),
(2) A negative assertion (Nsti), (3) Not describable or expressible (Avaktavya). However, for greater clarity
four more permutations of these three are added as under: Asti-nsti, Asti-avaktavya, Nsti-avaktavya and
Asti-nsti-avaktavya. The word Syt is prefixed to each of these seven predications to prevent the
proposition from being absolute.
All these seven predications are explained with reference to an ethical proposition that It is sin to commit
violence. With regard to this proposition, the seven predications noted above can be made as under:
Asti
It is sin to commit violence with an intention to commit the same
Nsti
It is not a sin to commit violence on an aggressor who harms an innocent and

helpless person
Asti-nsti
It is sin to commit violence in breach of moral and social laws, but it is not a sin if
violence is required to be committed in performance of moral or social duties
Avaktavya
It is not possible to say whether violence is a sin or virtue without knowing the
circumstances under which it is required to be committed
Astiavaktavya
Indeed violence is sinful under certain circumstances, but no positive statement of this
type can be made for all times and under all circumstances.
Nstiavaktavya
Violence is not indeed sinful under certain circumstances, but no positive statement of
this type can be made for all times and under all circumstances
Asti-nstiavaktavya
Violence is sinful, but there are circumstances where it is not so. In fact no statement
in affirmation or negation can be made for all times and all circumstances
All these seven modes can be expressed with regard to every proposition. The Jain philosophers have applied them
with reference to self, its eternality, non-eternality, identity and character. In fact, this approach of Aneknta
permeates almost every doctrine, which is basic to Jain philosophy. S. Gopalan quotes Eliot in this connection as
saying:
"The essence of the doctrine (of Sydvda) so far as one can disentangle it from scholastic terminology, seems just
for it amounts to this, that as to matters of experience it is impossible to formulate the whole and the complete truth,
and as to matters which transcend experience, language is inadequate."
At no time in the history of mankind, this principle of Sydvda was more necessary than in the present.
This is the general view of the method of the Jain dialectic. Only this type of dialectical method can represent
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Sydvda. The theory of sevenfold predication is treated as synonymous with Sydvda owing to the fact that the
number of possible or alternative truths under the conditional method of Sydvda are seven only.
Critical Evaluation of Sydvda

Jains admit that a thing cannot have self-contrary attributes at the same time and at the same place. What Jainism
emphasizes is the manyness and manifoldness of a thing or the complex nature of reality. Dr. Rdhkrishnan says,
"Since reality is multiform and ever-changing, nothing can be considered to exist everywhere and at all times and in
all ways and places and it is impossible to pledge us to an inflexible creed."
A. N. Upadhhye writes that Sydvda and Naya-vda has supplied the philosopher the catholicity of thought. It
also convinces one that Truth is not anybodys monopoly with tariff walls of denominational religion while
furnishing the religious aspirant with the virtue of intellectual toleration. This is the part of that Ahimsa which is
one of the fundamental tenets of Jainism. Lastly, in the words of Dr. Y. J. Padmarajiah, Anekntavda is the
heart of Jain metaphysics and Naya-vda and Sydvda (or Sapta-bhangi) are its main arteries. To use a happier
metaphor: the bird of Anekntavda flies on its wings of Naya-vda and Sydvda.
Through Anekntavda, and thus through Naya-vda and Sydvda, Jains bring a solution to the age-old controversy
between the absolutism and nihilism or between the one and the many or the real and the unreal.
Theistic Implication of Sydvda

Thus, the spirit to understand the other and others standpoint and to learn to tolerate the conflicting or contrary
situation helps a lot towards the higher development of right conduct. It broadens the mind and makes a person
quite objective and open in his thinking. Such a person, like Jain monks, reads extensively the treatises of other
schools. It proves to be good training to identify extreme views and to apply the proper corrections. Thus, here
also, we find Sydvda a great help towards right knowledge and right conduct. Sydvda, by molding a person
towards better conduct and higher knowledge, proves to be of great theistic significance.
One of the aims of life is to make the earth a better and worthier world. Sydvda in spite of its dry dialectic and
forbidding use of logic is not without a lesson for the practical human beings of the world.
Pundit Dalsukhbhai Malvania, an authority on Jainism, in one of his essays on Anekntavda explains that the motto
of Anekntavda is Ahimsa and that is the prime reason that Jain philosophy is based on Anekntavda. The very
idea of not to hurt others but to be kind and sympathetic towards others views and thus to be friendly is the logical
outcome of Ahimsa. Ahimsa in its positive concept becomes love and compassion. A perfect theism, not in its
narrow rigid sense, but in the sense where broad religiousness, deep spirituality and high knowledge are thought of
for the souls ultimate liberation from bondage, require Sydvda as its valid approach to have an objective vision of
truth, to be tolerant, to be sympathetic and to have an attitude of impartiality. Without all these, no theism in its
actual practice is possible. Sydvda shapes a personality into a theistic one.
Moreover, subjective attitude and past recollections towards the same or similar objects play a decisive role in
judgment. At the same time prejudices and predilections, social upbringing, environmental necessities and politicosocial taboos also play a very decisive role in a judgment about an idea.
In fact, every object and every idea has infinite characteristics and is required to be judged from a variety of
standpoints. What should be our reaction towards a thing if we are convinced that everything in this universe has
infinite characteristics and with limited knowledge, a human being is not capable of determining all these
characteristics? Certainly, if our approach were objective and unbiased, we would not rush to take an absolute view
of that thing or thought by keeping in mind the limitations of our knowledge. Our judgment based on limited data is
likely to be wrong. We would, however, not have actual perception. Therefore, in our prudence, we would say that
the judgment formed about actually perceived things is likely to be true. While saying so, we would not rule out
the possibility that it may turn out to be untrue if looked at from any other perspective. This is the approach of
Sydvda, which implies that each and all knowledge is relative. What we know by the analytical process of Nayavda, we express by the synthesis of Sydvda. As already noticed, the etymological meaning of the word Syd is
Perhaps. However, it is used to suggest a relative truth. The theory of Sydvda is based on the premise that every
proposition is only relatively true. It all depends upon the particular aspect from which we appreciate that
proposition. Since all propositions are related to many circumstances, our assertions about them depend entirely
upon the particular circumstances through which we are viewing them. Since our view has a limited aperture, we
cannot know everything and hence it is appropriate to avoid our absolute assertion.
For instance, when we say that a particular thing weighs 5 lb., our statement about the weight is related to the
gravitational force exerted on that thing by our planet, the earth. The same thing may not weigh anything if
removed from this gravitational field or may weigh differently on a different planet. The same can be said about our
statements relating to time and space and about every human experience. It is the matter of our daily experience that
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the same object, which gives pleasure to us under certain circumstances, becomes boring under different
circumstances. Scientific truths are, therefore, relative in the sense that they do not give complete and exhaustive
knowledge of the objects under study and contain elements that may be changed with further advance in knowledge.
Nonetheless, relative truth is undoubtedly useful as it is a stepping stone to the ultimate truth.
09 Is Self Permanent or Transitory?

In the field of metaphysics, there has been serious controversy about the real nature of Self. While
Vedntists believe that, everything that is found in this universe is Brahma, the super self, permanent,
and the material things are found to have no reality, as they are transitory in nature. The Buddhists
would say that everything in this universe including the super-self is transitory and constantly
changing. These are the two extreme views as they concentrate only on particular aspects to the
exclusion of other aspects. The Jains say that both are relatively correct from the viewpoint through
which they see the thing, but both are incorrect in as much as they fail to take the comprehensive view
of all the aspects involved. The Jains would say that, from the point of view of substance (Dravya) self
is permanent but from the point of view of modifications (Paryya), it is transitory. Since substance
and its modes should be taken as an integrated whole in order to comprehend it properly, both the
attributes of permanence and transitoriness should be taken into account. Both to the Vedntists as
well as to the Buddhists, the Jain seer would say Syd Asti, i.e., "From one aspect you are right and
applying his Aneknta Naya, i.e., looking at the problem from different angles would come to the
above conclusion. Thus the doctrine of relativity, which is the practical application of the theory of
multifold aspects (Naya-vda), is nothing but the doctrine of metaphysical synthesis. This doctrine has
a great value in our day - to - day individual and social life.
10 Importance of Anekntavda
The importance of this comprehensive synthesis of Sydvda and Aneknta Naya in day-to-day life
is immense in as much as these doctrines supply a rational unification and synthesis of the manifold
and reject the assertions of bare absolutes.
Mahatma Gandhis views (wrote in 1926) about the Jain theory of Aneknta are as follows:
It has been my experience, that I am always true (correct) from my point of view and often wrong from
the point of view of my critics. I know that we are both (I and my critics) right from our respective
points of view."
"I very much like this doctrine of the many view points of the reality. It is this doctrine that has taught
me to judge a Muslim from his standpoint and a Christian from his. From the platform of the Jains, I
prove the noncreative aspect of God, and from that of Rmnuja the creative aspect. As a matter of
fact we are all thinking of the unthinkable describing the indescribable, seeking to know the unknown,
and that is why our speech falters, is inadequate and been often contradictory."
The history of all conflicts and confrontations in the world is the history of intolerance born out of
ignorance. Difficulty with the human being is his/her egocentric existence. Aneknta or Sydvda
tries to make the human being conscious of his/her limitation by pointing to his narrow vision and
limited knowledge of the manifold aspects of things, and asks him/her not be hasty in forming absolute
judgments before examining various other aspects - both positive and negative. Obviously, much of
the bloodshed, and much of tribulations of mankind would have been saved if the human being had
shown the wisdom of understanding the contrary viewpoints.
The doctrine of Sydvda also clarifies the metaphysical doctrine of Self envisaged by the Jains. The
proposition Syd Asti is positive in character and points out the positive attributes of the thing in
question. These are individual attributes, which belong to and are inherent in the thing in question.
Therefore, when the proposition Syd Asti is applied to Self, it conveys that Self is justified in its
existence only from the point of view of its own individual attributes, modes, space and time. However,
when the other proposition of the doctrine namely Syt Nsti is applied to it, it means the Self does
not possess the attributes and modes which do not belong to it. It is just like a pot that can be
identified as a pot only if it carries the attributes of a pot but it cannot be identified as a pot if it carries
the attributes, which are foreign to it. Therefore, the negative identification of Syt Nsti when applied
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to Self would mean, that if the self tries to adopt the attributes of Pudgal (matter) which are foreign to
it, it is not the self. In other words, Sydvda teaches us that Self can be identified positively as
Syd Asti only if it is viewed from its own attributes, and negatively as Syd Nsti to show that it is
not Pudgal, etc. if it is viewed from the attributes that are foreign to it.
Thus, the doctrine of Sydvda gives clarity to the real character of the Self and by the same process
of reasoning, the real character of Pudgal, i.e., non-sentient things.
11 Anekntavda and Ahimsa

However, the important aspect of Anekntavda and Sydvda is the subtlety with which it introduces
the practice of Ahimsa (nonviolence) even in the realm of thought. The moment one begins to
consider the angle from which a contrary viewpoint is put forward, one begins to develop tolerance,
which is the basic requirement of the practice of Ahimsa. The origin of all bloody wars fought on the
surface of this earth can be traced to the war of ideas, beliefs and disagreements. Anekntavda and
Sydvda puts a healing touch at the root of the human psyche and tries to stop the war of beliefs,
which lead to the war of nerves and then to the war of bloodshed. It makes all absolutes in the field of
thought quite irrelevant and naive, and it imparts maturity to the thought process and supplies flexibility
and originality to the human mind. If mankind will properly understand and adopt this doctrine of
Anekntavda and Sydvda, it will realize that real revolution was not the French or Russian
Revolutions; the real revolution was the one, which taught man to develop his/her power of
understanding from all possible aspects.
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B13 - Anekntavda III - Five Samavya or Causal Factors

01 Introduction
Who is responsible for the events that occur in the world? Hegel said it is history. Marx said it is the
system. Various views have been propounded to explain the occurrence of events. These theories put
forward mutually conflicting answers to the question of who or what causes events in this universe to
transpire. An event does not take place because of one reason. There is always more than one factor
involved. Per Jain philosophy, a situation develops or an event happens because of five reasons
operating simultaneously.
Some schools of thought believe that whatever happens is Gods wish. They think that:
God has created the universe
God manages the universe
God decides who gets what
This type of belief contrasts with that of the Jains, who believe that the six basic substances of the
universe are eternal and they are:
Soul (Jivstikya)
Material atoms (Pudgalstikya)
Medium of motion (Dharmstikya)
Medium of rest (Adharmstikya)
Space (kshstikya)
Time (Kl)
They are indestructible and cannot be created. Nobody manages the universe. Everything in the
universe takes place in accordance with the laws of nature. Every individual feels the appropriate
repercussions of his/her actions in accordance with his/her own Karma.
02 Samavya
Samavya is the name of the group of five causes that are associated with every situation or event. It
gives the connection between action and causes. Without a cause, no action can take place. These five
causes have a deep connection with everything that takes place in the universe. These all are
responsible for all events (positive or negative) in the universe. The five Samavya (group of factors
functioning simultaneously) are:
Kl (Time)
Svabhv (Nature of a Substance)
Niyati (Fate)
Nimitta and Prrabdha (External Circumstances, and/or Karma)
Purushrtha (Self Effort or Free Will)
Some people give focus only to one of these causes and ignore the others. The theory of Anekntavda,
the Jain philosophy of multiplicity of viewpoints, rejects this way of viewing matters from a single angle.
The Jain philosophy views and reveals the importance of each Samavya from the Anekntavda and
considers these five Samavya as the causes for any action or reaction. Without these five, nothing can
take place.
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1. Kl (Time)
Time gives sequence to whatever happens in the universe. The Karma that are bound to the soul due to activities
may not immediately manifest their fruits as soon as they are bound. The fruits of Karma appear at a specific time
depending on the nature of the Karma itself.
Karma have to depend on time to present their fruits. One cannot have fruits the very moment a tree is planted. The
seed cannot neglect the temporal limitation set out by time for its transformation into a tree; even nature depends on
time for its manifestation or actualization.
Time is a controlling principle. Without it, temporal order cannot be accounted for. If there were no time, a spout, a
stem, a stalk, a flower and a fruit - all would emerge and exist simultaneously. We cannot but acknowledge the fact
that time plays an important role in the events of ones life.
If man understands that time is one of the important factors that produces an effect, he will learn to be patient during
the period from the inception of the work to its completion or accomplishment. Otherwise, he will wrongly expect
success or accomplishment the moment the work has commenced or at least before its due time. He may then lose
all hope on account of not attaining success. This will make him slack in his efforts. As a result, he may be
deprived of success in the future.
2. Svabhv (Nature of a Substance)

Every substance has its own nature and they generate effects according to it. Time is not everything. Even if the
right time arrives, certain seeds do not sprout. Why are thorns sharp? Why do most flowers have beautiful colors?
Why are some animals cruel? Why are some animals clever and capable of rapid movement? Why does a dog
bark? A single answer to all these questions is that it is their nature (Svabhv). For example, to bark is a dogs
nature. You will not be able to grow mangos on a lemon tree. In matters like these, individual nature is considered
as the main cause.
Nothing can generate an effect against its own inherent nature, even if all other causal conditions such as time,
human effort, etc., are present there. An insentient or sentient thing produces an effect strictly in accordance with its
own inherent nature. Undoubtedly, the place of inherent nature is very important in the production of an effect or in
the occurrence of an event.
3. Niyati (Destiny)
Niyati means destiny or fate. In this world, there are certain things that are predetermined and unalterable. In these
situations, whatever has been destined will take place. Whatever has to happen keeps happening. In this process,
change cannot be made despite our best laid plans. For example, even if we make all possible efforts, we cannot
prevent the aging process or may not be able to save someones life. If someone were going to hit our car from
behind, he/she would do so despite our best efforts. In essence, although we are in control of most events that occur
throughout our life, there are certain things that are beyond our control.
Destiny can be regarded as identical to a certain type of karma, an unalterable karma. In Jain terminology, it is
called Nikchit karma. The Nikchit karma is that which is unalterable and which most certainly causes the
experience of pleasure or pain to the concerned soul at the time of its fruition. The fruit or result of such type of
karma being Niyat (fixed and unalterable), the karma is known by the name Niyati. However, it must be stressed
that the concept of Nikchit only applies to a select few karma and cannot be used as a justification for apathy or
evil.
4. Nimitta or Prrabdha (External Circumstances and Karma)

Nimitta is an apparent cause of a result of a catalytic agent (helper) of a process, result or activity. There can be one
or more Nimitta in any given event. Nimitta can be either external (person, objects) or internal (Karma). Guidance
of a Guru and scripture or an event can be an external cause.
Happiness, misery and various conditions related to us depend on diverse karma. Sometime we notice that good
deeds yield bitter fruits and evil deeds yield sweet ones. Behind this apparent anomaly, it is the force of karma that
is at work. All strange things and all the sad and happy things we experience; are all due results of previously
bonded Karma. Consider this example: a mother gives birth to twins. One turns out to be different from the other.
This is because of ones own Karma. The rich become poor, the poor become rich, and sometimes the rich become
richer and poor become poorer. This is also because of ones own Karma. Everyone has to experience both the
good and the bad consequences of their Karma.
There occur inexplicable or strange events in the life of an individual or of a group, which are described as
determined or controlled by Fate. From such events, we get the idea of the existence of karma.
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5. Purushrtha (Self-effort or Free Will)

Purushrtha or individual effort has a special place. A person cannot progress if he/she depends on Time or Nature
or Destiny or Karma but he/she does not put forth effort. The human race has progressed because of efforts and
initiatives. It is not possible to improve anything without effort.
Which one is the most important of these five? Which is the most effectual? The controversy regarding these
questions is not of today; but has existed for centuries. Countless arguments and counter arguments have been made
for and against one or another proposition. One who supports one view disagrees with other causes. However, Jain
philosophy does not consider these five from a single point of view; nor does it consider anyone of them as the only
right one. The Jain philosophy considers their collective effect as valid and right. We must understand that in the
production of each and every effect, all five causal factors are not equally important. Of course, all of them are
necessarily present there simultaneously to produce an effect. However, with respect to a particular effect a
particular causal factor acts as the principal one and the rest act as subordinate to it.
However, Jain philosophy does put more emphasis on individual effort (Purushrtha), because individual effort is
the only one in our control. Individual effort can change or eradicate ones Karma. Purushrtha of the past is Karma
of the present and Purushrtha of the present is Karma of the future. If we continue to put forth self-effort to shed
our Karma, our destiny will improve and that can happen sooner depending upon the eradication of Karma.
However, we must understand that it takes all five causes for any action to take place.
We cannot help but recognize the importance of human effort. Those who regard karma as supreme should question
themselves as to who generates karma. It is the activity and passions of the soul that generates karma. Karma
makes the soul wander in the cycle of life and death, whereas human effort wages war against karma, destroys its
entire force and leads the soul to Siddhashila. It is not the force of karma that brings about the manifestation of the
state of liberation. In fact, it is the destruction of karma that is the only cause of liberation. It is only human effort
that can destroy karma. When one directs ones attention to this uncommon characteristic of human effort, one finds
it improper to give sole importance to karma. This is the reason why the knowledgeable and wise saints have taught
us that the only means for improving and destroying karma is ones firm determination to keep ones mental, vocal
and bodily operations auspicious (virtuous) or pure while performing spiritual good, auspicious, praiseworthy or
compassionate acts. Those who depend solely on karma become despondent and indolent. Hence, they are deprived
of success.
Though human effort has to depend on time, nature, etc., it is the most efficient way to bring victory to man. In the
modern age, many wonderful things have been invented and widely used. These inventions serve as brilliant
instances of the efficacy of human effort. Individuals or nations that put forth great efforts make progress and attain
prosperity and welfare. On the other hand, idle individuals and nations fall behind and degenerate on account of
their lack of vigor and vitality; they consequently become slaves of others and subject themselves to their
oppressions. If the achievements attained or inventions made by human effort are misused, it is the people who
misuse them that are at fault and not the achievements or inventions.
03 Significance of Samavya
To form an opinion on any one of the five causes indicates our ignorance about Jain reality.
However during our spiritual growth period, we should reflect on one cause that will reduce or minimize
our vices and enhance our spirituality.
During the action or activity period one should reflect on:
Ones own effort for the success (Determination, Free will, Self-effort)
At the conclusion of an activity or action one should reflect on:
If the result is positive
The success was due to the help from others (external Nimitta or circumstances)
If the result is negative
The failure was due to my past karma (internal Nimitta), the failure was predestined or, my effort
was not adequate
Person needs Freewill, Determination, and Effort to progress from Illusionary/Ignorant state (1st
Gunasthna) to Monkhood state (6th Gunasthna).
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Person cannot spiritually progress further without dissolving his/her ego.

To the person with an ego, all events that occur in the universe seems predestined.
This does not mean that events are predestined in reality (all five causes are equally present).
We may continuously change two of the five causes:
Purushrtha and Nimitta (Self Effort or Free Will, Karma and External situation)
Hence, the probability of all events being predetermined is very low.
During an ignorance state, a person is controlled by surroundings (Nimitta).
Hence on the path of spiritual progress, the person should be surrounded by the proper
environment.
As spiritual progress occurs, the effect of external causes reduces, and the power of soul
increases.
Karma philosophy applies to ourselves, Compassion applies to all.
04 Summary
We have now seen the importance of the five causal factors. All five are useful in their own places. All
contribute to the production of an effect. We should not give exclusive importance to any one of them,
rejecting all others or relegating them to an utterly insignificant place. The believers in the doctrine of time
are under the sway of illusion, if they accept time while excluding the other factors without properly
evaluating their contribution. This view is the right view, which accords proper placement to all the causal
factors. Contrary to it, the wrong view is that, which regards anyone of them as the sole cause,
neglecting the rest.
Jainism puts most emphasis on Purushrtha (to rely a great deal on ones own efforts and initiatives)
since it is the only one in our control and can make an impact on other Samavya in future. No progress
can be made if one depends only upon fate or Karma. Individual effort (Purushrtha) can help in
shedding Karma and in purifying ones consciousness. Believing in these five causes is the beginning of
the theory of multiplicity of views (multifaceted truth or Anekntavda).
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B14 - Fourteen Gunasthna: Stages of Spiritual Development

01 Introduction
In the book "Outlines of Jainism Shri J. L. Jaini defines that: "In Jainism fourteen stages are indicated
through which the soul progresses from an impure state to the final pure state of liberation (Siddha). The
psychical condition of the soul due to the fruition (Uday), partly settling down (suppression) and partly
perishing of Karma matter (Kshayopasham) is called "Gunasthna".
In Jainism, the Gunasthnas describe the path, modalities and prerequisites for the bonded soul
(Bahirtm) to become a liberated soul (Paramtm) through the path of internal progress (by becoming
Antartm). The process begins with the soul, which is at the lowest stage from times immemorial,
circulating in the cycles of births and deaths due to lack of true belief, true knowledge and true conduct.
Since there is a divine spark in every soul (without which it will not be a living being), it is struggling to find
its true identity and potential of becoming liberated. Thus, a constant struggle is going on between forces
of darkness of wrong belief (Mithytva) and forces of light of true belief (Samyaktva). Forces of darkness
(Mithyatva) try to keep the soul tied down to the Samsr (worldly existence) while forces of light
(Samyaktva) try to help the soul attain liberation. In the long run there comes a chance when by reducing
its Karma load the forces of light (Samyaktva) prevail and the soul is able to break the shackles of
Mithytva (wrong belief) just like a piece of straw is able to escape out of a whirlpool. This is like cutting
the Gordian knot and is also called Granthi Bhed in Jain terminology. Once this happens, the soul is set
on the road of rising Gunasthnas. In other words, the pilgrim has found his path and the Pilgrims
Progress has begun which may ultimately lead to the liberation of the soul though it may take years and
years. During this progress through different Gunasthnas, the soul has to encounter ups and downs and
also very unusual and unprecedented experiences during the ascent.
Gunasthnas denote purely spiritual exercise - the fourteen levels relate to the spirit or the soul it
embodies. The progression or regression is of the soul and is on a spiritual scale and according to
spiritual yardsticks. It cannot be seen, observed or measured in the physical world. Though the stages of
spiritual development relate to the soul or are of the soul, they directly result from karma (matter)
contaminating the soul. The worse and more intense association of Karma with the soul, the lower the
stage of spiritual development of the soul. Conversely the lesser and lighter the Karma load is on the
soul, the higher and better stage it can attain.
Karma may appear as the immediate cause determining Gunasthnas, but since karma in turn accrue,
arise or subside by Yoga (activities/vibration), Kashya (passion), Pramda (negligence), Avirati
(indiscipline) and Mithytva (false faith) as seen earlier, these ultimately are responsible for the souls
progress or downfall. As the Yoga and Kashya etc. are committed by the soul itself with or without other
conditions participating in the final and ultimate analysis, it is the soul itself that determines its
Gunasthnak or its progression or downfall.
Though only fourteen stages are identified, there are innumerable points on the path of liberation on
which the soul transits up and down or at which it stays - just like numerous points or stations on a railway
route are characterized by a few important or junction stations. The soul has been on this path since time
immemorial and will be so till its final liberation, with its final destination being the completion of spiritual
development.
The Gunasthna, on which the soul may be, varies from moment to moment depending on its Karma
Uday (operation of karma) or Kshayopasham (destruction and suppression of karma), Rga and Dvesha
(attachment and aversion) or Yoga and Kashya (activity and passion). This is similar to ones blood
pressure varying from one moment to the next. To identify the Gunasthna of a being exactly at any
moment is only possible by a Keval-jnni (the Perfect Being) since it is a purely spiritual barometer. It is
not possible for ordinary beings to assess ones spiritual stage since they can only form some idea by the
external conditions, circumstances, and behavior of the beings. The real diagnosis is possible only by
assessing the level of their thought process that no one other than Keval-jnni can know.
The movement of the beings from one Gunasthnak to another is not in strictly numerical order i.e. first to
second and so on. The soul moves up and down on the spiritual path according to logical rules e.g. from
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first Gunasthna the soul transits straight to the fourth, but it may regress to third or second on its path to
the first for reasons given later.
We will know more about them as we briefly describe each of the fourteen Gunasthnas, in the
subsequent paragraphs.
02 Fourteen Gunasthnas
The 14 stages of spiritual development are as follows:
01
Mithy-drashti Gunasthna
Wrong faith
02
Ssvdana Samyag-drashti Gunasthna
Having tasted true faith
03
Samyag Mithy-drashti Gunasthna
Mixed faith stage
04
Avirata Samyag-drashti Gunasthna
Vow less right faith
05
Desha-virat Shrvak Gunasthna
Partial renunciation
06
Pramatta-samyat Gunasthna
Full renunciation with less awareness
07
Apramatta-samyat Gunasthna
Renunciation with awareness
08
Apurva-karan or Nivritti-bdara
Gunasthna
Meditative state
09
Anivritti-bdara Gunasthna
Advance meditative state
10
Sukshma-samparya Gunasthna
Stage of subtle greed
11
Upashnt-moha (Kashya) Gunasthna
Suppressed passions state
12
Kshina-moha (Kashya) Gunasthna
Passionless stage
13
Sayogi Kevali Gunasthna
Active omniscience state
14
Ayogi Kevali Gunasthna
Inactive omniscience state
01. Mithy-drashti Gunasthna

This is the lowest or first stage wherein the soul, due to manifestation of Mohaniya (Deluding) Karma, does not
believe in the Right Path to salvation. The characteristic mark of this Gunasthna is perversity of attitude towards
truth; or unbelief in the truth taught by the Jina in its entirety. The soul at this stage has a minimum degree of right
vision and very indistinct enlightenment - just enough that is required for a living conscious soul. A soul may find
itself in this stage from the start or it may come to it from higher stages but the reason is the same - the manifestation
of Deluding (Mohaniya) Karma. From this stage, a soul rises only to the fourth stage for the very first time and not
to the second or the third as will be described later. In this Gunasthna, all 28 types of Deluding (Mohaniya) Karma
are in manifestation.
02. Ssvdana Samyag-drashti Gunasthna

This is the second higher stage where the soul finds itself for a very short time on its downward journey to the first
stage but with some taste or memory of the higher stage. A soul has attained the higher stage due to the arising of
true belief or enlightenment for a short duration due to suppression of Deluding (Mohaniya) Karma. However, due
to the re-manifestation of the same Karma of an acute type, it goes back to the first stage staying for a short period in
the second stage with taste of true belief lingering which has given it the name of a Gunasthna with a taste. From
this stage, it only goes downwards to the first Gunasthna (Mithytva).
03. Samyag Mithy-drashti Gunasthna

This third stage is marked by indifference towards true belief, the soul being in a mixed state of belief and non-belief
in the true doctrines. This condition arises on account of manifestation of mixed Deluding Karma in the soul at a
higher stage (Fourth) from which the soul comes down to this stage. The stay in this third stage is also of very short
duration and is transitional, the soul going down to the first stage of complete unbelief - Mithytva, or making a
recovery and rising up to higher stages with right faith.
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04. Avirata Samyag-drashti Gunasthna

In this stage the soul, though having been blessed with Right Belief and Right Knowledge, is not able to proceed on
the path of Right Conduct in as much as it is not capable of adopting the vows for the lack of will, power and energy.
The path of salvation consists of all the three elements of Right Belief, Right Knowledge and Right Conduct, the last
one consisting of vows. Due to the operation of Karma, the being may have Right Faith and Right Knowledge and
even know and accept the vows of Right Conduct, but due to weakness it is not able to properly practice the vows.
The Right Faith may be due to suppression (Upasham) or annihilation (Kshaya) of Faith Deluding Karma as a result
of which the being attains this stage from stage (1) Mithytva. The barrier on conduct is due to the rise of Conduct
Deluding Karma on the other hand. As such from this stage, the door is open for the soul to rise or fall. In the case
of rise, it may proceed forth to higher stages by suppressing the Karma or annihilating them. In case of a fall, it goes
to stage (2) and thence to stage (1); or to stage (3) and further on as stated earlier.
In any case, the souls that have once touched this Gunasthna, must reach their destination of Nirvana though it may
take time; the maximum limit of which is Ardha (half) Pudgal Parvartan or a very long time.
In this Gunasthna, three types of Faith Deluding (Darshan Mohaniya) Karma and four Anantnu-bandhi Kashya
(these seven Karma are called Darshan-saptak) are either suppressed, eradicated or a combination of both.
05. Desha-virat Shrvak Gunasthna

When a being gathers sufficient will and power to persevere on the path of spiritual and moral progress, it adopts the
Vows (Minor vows) meant for laymen (Shrvak) thus partially refraining from sins ensuring partial self-control.
Thus it achieves this stage, number five, though due to the partial manifestation of Deluding Karma it is still not able
to completely renounce the world which is required for the next stage. This is the highest stage possible for a
layman; hereafter all higher stages require adoption of asceticism by renouncing the world for achieving complete
self-control. This stage is important because it is a starting point for the being to adopt Right Conduct and to begin
discarding an undisciplined life (Avirati) though only partly. In this Gunasthna, Darshan-saptak and four types of
Apratykhyni Kashya are suppressed, eradicated or a combination of both.
06. Pramatta-samyat Gunasthna

In this stage of spiritual development, the soul renounces the world completely, ensuring complete self-control by
adopting all the major vows prescribed for a Sdhu for purity of conduct. However, occasionally it tends towards
negligence (Pramda), hence, the name is Pramatta or negligent Samyat Gunasthna. These manifestations are
essentially the product of the Karma bondage of deluding Karma (Mohaniya). Depending upon the dispensation of
Karma the being may land down in stage (v) Desha-virat or even in stage (iv) of Avirata Gunasthna from this stage.
However, if it is able to adjure negligence (Pramda) it may progress to the next stage No. 7 (vii) Apramatta Samyat
Gunasthna. The salient feature of this stage is a completely disciplined life by adoption of all the five Major Vows
(Mah-vrata). This means complete dedication to the practice of the Three Jewels; - Right Faith, Right Knowledge
and Right Conduct which is prescribed as the royal road leading towards liberation. Thus, in this stage the second
cause of Bondage of Karma i.e. Avirati is also discarded by the soul. In this Gunasthna, Darshan-saptak, four types
of Apratykhyni Kashya and four types Pratykhyni Kashya are suppressed, eradicated or a combination of
both. However, negligence (Pramda) exists.
07. Apramatta-samyat Gunasthna

Herein are Sdhus who have not only adopted all vows and self - control but also avoid negligence (Pramda)
completely. Next a soul will travel on one of the two spiritual ladders, one of suppression/subsidence of Karma and
other of complete annihilation of Karma. Obviously only the latter can lead to liberation; the former may lead back
to lower stages, though it may temporarily allow for significant progress. They are named Upasham Sreni
(suppression ladder) and Kshapak Sreni (annihilation ladder) according to their nature.
From this stage of spiritual development, the soul may go down to stage 6 (vi) of Negligence or may progress on the
pathways called Srenis (ladder), which may be the Suppression of the Karma known as Upasham Sreni or the
Annihilation of the Karma known as Kshapak Sreni.
If the soul goes to stage 6 (vi), it can come back to stage 7 (vii) and this process of going back and forth can
continue for a long time, until death or until one of the Srenis is attained. Very very few souls can go higher than the
seventh stage (vii) during the 5th r from Bharat Kshetra. In respect of Srenis also, only Kshapak Sreni
(Annihilation of Karma) can ensure complete liberation (and not the Upasham Sreni). The inclination and
preparation for these Srenis takes the being to the next stage, number eight, called Apurva Karan Gunasthna.
From stage 7 (vii) to stage 10 (x), the soul purifies itself by progressively reducing passions (Kashyas). Of course,
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Mithytva, Avirati, and Pramda have already been discarded. This stage is therefore the beginning of the four
stages of progressive purity, which prepare the soul for the higher stages, of 11, 12 and 13. At the same time, this
stage being on the border is full of chances of downfall of the soul to lower stages due to Karma manifestation and
due to Pramda (negligence), etc.
In this Gunasthna, Darshan-saptak, four types of Apratykhyni Kashya and four types Pratykhyni Kashya of
are suppressed, eradicated or a combination of both. However, no negligence (Pramda) exists.
08. Apurva-karan or Nivritti-bdara Gunasthna

As implied by its name, this stage involves unprecedented (Apurva) attainments by the soul facilitating it for the
path of liberation. These are the destruction of intensity (Rasaghta) and duration (Sthitight) of bound Karma.
Through such processes of purification, the soul begins to ascend on one of the two Srenis (ladders), either the
Upasham Sreni (Suppression ladder) or the Kshapak Sreni (annihilation ladder). Some of the other processes the
soul undergoes for the sake of the rise on the Srenis are called Gunashreni i.e., reduction in the duration of Karma
and Gunsankram or conversion of harsh Karma into the mild ones. All these important events in the evolution of the
soul are unusual and unprecedented; therefore, the name given to this stage is Apurva (Unprecedented) Karan
Gunasthna. The fact is reiterated that all these events in the sphere of activities of the soul are due to the Karma old and new and their manifestation, suppression or annihilation.
09. Anivritti-bdara Gunasthna

A stage of even greater purity of thought than the earlier one, this stage takes the soul to the verge of enlightenment.
In this stage, the soul continues further purification based on one of the two Srenis (ladders) started in the eighth
Gunasthna; - Upasham (suppressing of Karma) or Kshapak (Annihilation of Karma), which determines its future
destiny. However, in this stage there is the possibility of Deluding (Mohaniya) Karma manifesting in its crude
(Bdara) form. The striking feature of this stage is a high degree of suppression or destruction of Karma with
resultant purity of the soul and progress to the next stage. However, if the soul allows itself to be afflicted by
Karma, it may go back to lower stages too.
10. Sukshma-samparya Gunasthna

In this stage of a high degree of purity of the soul, there do remain some traces of Deluding Karma (Mohaniya) in
the form of the smallest amount of subtle greed. If this is also overcome, the soul progresses to stage 11 or 12. If
the soul suppresses (Upasham) the subtle greed, then stage 11 is reached. If the soul annihilates (Kshaya) it, then
stage 12 is reached.
Henceforth, the distinction between the two Srenis is that while there is no liberation from Upasham Sreni while the
Kshapak Sreni leads to Moksha as will be explained later.
This is the stage up to which both Yoga (activities) and Kashya (passions) are present, though the latter is of a very
minute (Sukshma) degree. It does not allow the soul to go to the higher stages, 11 and 12, which respectively
require suppression or destruction of remaining passions. If this does not happen, the soul may sink back to lower
stages afflicted not only by Kashyas but also negligence, vowlessness and wrong belief. In this Gunasthna, all
types of Deluding Karma except Sanjvalan Lobha (Subtle Greed) are suppressed or eradicated.
11. Upashnt-moha (Kashya) Gunasthna

By suppressing completely all Kashyas including subtle greed (in the Tenth Gunasthna), the soul attains this stage
(also known as Upashnt Kashya) for a short while. However, it is only suppression or subsidence (and not
annihilation) of the Karma, like dirt settling down in water. Therefore, as soon as this suppression (Upashaman)
stops, Karma manifest themselves and the soul falls back to the lower stages. Furthermore, in this stage
Jnnvaraniya Karma hampers the soul and, therefore, it is still Chhadmastha (a person in the state of bondage). For
obvious reasons, this Gunasthna lasts for a very short duration and as there is no possibility of rising higher, the
soul descends to lower stages even landing in the first, the lowest Gunasthna. The depth to which the soul may
sink depends upon the particular type of Karma and Kashya (Passions) afflicting the soul. However, such a soul
can stage a recovery even in the same lifetime and attain liberation passing through different stages rising via
Khsapak Sreni. In this Gunasthna, all types of Deluding Karma are suppressed.
12. Kshina-moha (Kashya) Gunasthna

The soul that is able to destroy completely the subtle greed remnants of Mohaniya (Deluding) Karma in the tenth
Gunasthna attains this stage (also known as Kshina Kashya) as it is on the Kshapak Sreni, bypassing the (11th)
stage, which was for the Upasham Sreni. This is a stage of almost the highest purity of meditation, whereby the soul
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also destroys the other Karma namely Jnnvaraniya, Darshanvaraniya and Antarya. At the end of this stage, the
soul becomes omniscient - a Keval-jnni - and enters the (13th) stage of Sayogi Kevali, which is the stage of
omniscience. However, in this 12th stage the soul is still not perfect, but is only Chhadmastha, as the name of this
Gunasthna indicates. This is due to the part Bondage of Major or Ghti Karma, which the soul sheds in the last
moments of this stage for progress to the next stage of perfect knowledge etc. This is made possible by the soul as it
has given up passion or Kashya completely and resultantly the Ghti Karma are eliminated. As such, this stage is
important as a stepping - stone to liberation or Moksha. In this Gunasthna, all types of Deluding Karma are
eradicated.
13. Sayogi Kevali Gunasthna

This is the stage where all the Kashyas (passions) are destroyed and, therefore, the Ghti and Smparyika Karma
(Karma with passion) are eliminated and the soul is blessed with Perfect Faith (Samyag Darshan), Perfect
Knowledge (Samyag Jnn), Perfect Conduct (Samyag Chritra) and Perfect Prowess (Virya). It is the stage of
Godhood known as Kevali, Jina or Arihanta in Jain terminology. Only Aghti Karma remain that keep the soul
embodied and they also come and go without further binding the soul. A lot can be written about this stage, which is
not possible of complete description, by words. Here only Yoga (simple activities of mind, speech and body)
remains, but since they are passionless and without attachment, they do not bind to the soul. In Vednta, this stage is
known as Jivan-mukta, as such beings though embodied and in this world are not bound by Karma and are beyond
the world. Such a state may last for a short or a very long time depending upon remaining Aghti karma. Some
such souls are called Tirthankar who lay the foundations of the true path and preach the true religion for the
guidance of the Sangh (fourfold order). Therefore, they are given precedence over the liberated souls - the Siddhas in the Navakr Mantra. In this Gunasthna, all types of Ghti Karma are eradicated.
14. Ayogi Kevali Gunasthna

This is the last and momentary stage of duration equal to time taken in uttering five short vowels. During this stage,
even Yoga stops and all the remaining Aghti karma are simultaneously exhausted by the soul and it leaves the body
and attains liberation, free from further births and deaths in the world. This is achieved by the soul engaging in the
highest type of meditation, known as Shukla Dhyna, in which all types of subtle as well as gross physical, vocal
and mental activities stop. The result is a state of complete motionlessness, internal and external, known as
Shaileshi-karana, for the short duration equal to the time taken in uttering five short vowels. This is followed by
liberation not only from the body, but also from worldly existence and Karma Bondage for all times to come.
03 Summary
This brief description of Gunasthna can be closed with some further remarks to throw light on their
salient features from the point of view of spiritual development. The first three stages are marked by
external activity of the soul, when it is involved with things other than itself and the soul is Bahirtm
(extrovert). From stage fourth to twelfth, it becomes Antartm (introvert) concerned with its own welfare.
In the last two stages, the soul attains godhood and is called Paramtm (the perfect soul).
From the point of view of Karma Bondage, it has to be noted that the five causes (Mithytva, Avirati,
Pramda, Kashya and Yoga) determine (along with the Bondage) the stage (Gunasthna), and their
presence or absence result in regression or progression of the soul on these stages, respectively.
When all the five causes of Bondage persist in the soul, it remains either in the first stage of Mithytva or
the third stage of Samyag Mithy-drashti.
When the soul gets rid of Mithytva (False Vision) but if the other four causes subsist, it can rise up to
stages number four and five; Ssvdana, Avirata and Desha-virat.
By getting rid of Avirati (Undisciplined life), the soul can reach stage number six; Pramatta Virat because
Pramda (negligence) is persisting.
By getting rid of Pramda, the soul reaches stage seven or Apramatta Virat and if capable continues to
stage ten Sukshma Samparya through further purification.
Thus from stage seven (7) to stage ten (10) only two causes of Bondage remain viz.; Kashya (Passions)
and Yoga.
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By freeing itself from passions (Kashya), the soul can reach up to stages (11), (12) and (13) called
Upasham Moha, Kshina Moha and Sayogi Kevali.
At the end of stage, number (13) the soul also stops Yoga and enters stage (14) - Ayogi Kevali state for a
very brief moment and relinquishes the body thus achieving liberation or Moksha.
The following table provides clearer relationships between Gunasthna and the causes of Karma
Bondage, Meditation (Dhyna), Leshy (States of Mind) and type of soul:
04 Relationships among Gunasthna, Karma, Leshy, and Dhyna

No
Gunasthn
a
Causes of Karma
Bondage Present
Meditation
(Dhyna)
Leshy (States of Mind)
Type of Soul
Mithydrashti
All five (Mithytva,

Avirati, Pramda,
Kashya & Yoga)
rta &
Raudra
All Six (Krishna, Neel, Kapot,

Tejo, Padma & Shukla)
Bahirtm
(Extrovert)
Ssvdana
Avirati, Pramda,
Kashya & Yoga
rta &
Raudra

Bahirtm
(Extrovert)
Samyag
Mithydrashti
All five (Mithytva,

Avirati, Pramda,
Kashya & Yoga)
rta &
Raudra

Bahirtm
(Extrovert)
Avirata
Samyagdrashti
Avirati, Pramda,
Kashya & Yoga
rta,
Raudra &
Dharma

Antartm
(Introvert)
Desha-virat
Samyagdrashti
Avirati, Pramda,
Kashya & Yoga
rta,
Raudra &
Dharma

Antartm
(Introvert)
Pramattasamyat
Pramda,
Kashya & Yoga
rta &
Dharma

Antartm
(Introvert)
Apramattasamyat
Kashya & Yoga
Dharma
Only Auspicious ones (Tejo,

Padma & Shukla)
Antartm
(Introvert)
Apurvakaran
Kashya & Yoga
Dharma &
Shukla
Shukla
Antartm
(Introvert)
Anivritti
Bdara
Kashya & Yoga
Dharma &
Shukla
Shukla
Antartm
(Introvert)
10
Sukshmasamparya
Kashya & Yoga
Dharma &
Shukla
Shukla
Antartm
(Introvert)
11
Upashammoha
Yoga
Dharma &
Shukla
Shukla
Antartm
(Introvert)
12
Kshinamoha
Yoga
Dharma &
Shukla
Shukla
Antartm
(Introvert)
13
Sayogi
Kevali
Yoga
Shukla
Param Shukla
Paramtm
(Perfect Soul)
14
Ayogi Kevali
None
Shukla
None (Aleshi no Leshy)
Paramtm
(Perfect Soul)
Thus, it is clear from the above that the whole scheme of Gunasthna is derived according to the principle
of decreasing sinfulness and increasing purity of the soul and the lessening of Karma bondage. To
progress on this scale, the being has to eliminate each of the causes leading to Karma bondage in the
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successive order stated above (i.e. Mithytva, Avirati, Pramda, Kashya and Yoga) one by one. Thus,
one can bring refinement in its own qualities (the Guna) and therefore the name - fourteen stages of
progress of the soul is the Fourteen Gunasthna.
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CONDUCT
C01 - Pancha Paramesthi
C02 - Jain Ascetics: Sdhus and Sdhvis
C03 - Jain Lay people: Shrvaks and Shrviks
C04 - Bhvans (Reflections)
C05 - Leshys (State of Mind and Karmic Stains)
C06 - Panchchr: Five Codes of Conduct
C07- Jain Ethics and the Environment
C08 - Application of Nonviolence
C09 - Jain Yoga
C10 - Jainism in Action
C11- Living
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C01 - Pancha Paramesthi

01 Namaskr Mantra
Namo Arihantnam
I bow to Arihantas who have achieved enlightenment by overcoming inner enemies and weaknesses,
who have attained infinite knowledge and infinite bliss, and showed us the path that brings an end to
the cycle of birth and death.
Namo Siddhnam
I bow to Siddhas who have attained the state of perfection and immortality by liberating themselves of
all karma.
Namo yariynam
I bow to chryas who are the heads of religious orders and who practice the supreme virtues.
Namo Uvajjhynam
I bow to Updhyys who are well versed in all gams and teach them to monks, nuns, and other
followers.
I bow to all the Sdhus and Sdhvis (monks and nuns) that follow the five great vows of conduct for
self-purification and inspire us to live a simple life.
Eso Pancha Namukkro, Savva Pvappansano
This fivefold obeisance eradicates all sins.
Mangalnam Cha Savvesim, Padhamam Havai Mangalam.
This Navakr Mantra is foremost amongst all that is auspicious.
The Navakr Mantra is the most sacred mantra in Jainism and can be recited at any time. While reciting
the Navakr Mantra, we bow down and offer obeisance to Arihanta (souls who have reached the state of
non-attachment towards worldly matters), Siddhas (liberated souls), chryas (heads of the Jain Sangh,
consisting of Sdhus, Sdhvis, Shrvaks, and Shrviks), Updhyys (those who have mastered and
teach scriptures and Jain principles to followers), and all Sdhus and Sdhvis (monks and nuns, who
have renounced their worldly attachments).
Together, they are called Pancha Paramesthi (five supreme beings). In this mantra, we worship their
virtues rather than worshipping any one as an entity. When we recite Navakr Mantra, it reminds us that
one must work hard to attain these virtues. This mantra is also called Namaskr or Namokr Mantra
because in this Mantra we offer Namaskr (bowing down) to these five supreme beings. Recitation of the
Navakr Mantra creates positive vibrations around us and repels negative ones.
The ultimate goal of every embodied soul should be to become a liberated soul.
To liberate from the cycle of life and death, we ultimately need to renounce worldly affairs by becoming a
monk or a nun. By following the right path, we will progress to a higher spiritual state (Kevali or Arihanta),
and ultimately proceed to become a Siddha after nirvana (liberation from the cycle of birth and death).
The Navakr mantra shows us that path.
Navakr Mantra is composed of 68 letters in nine lines. In the first and second line, obeisance is offered
to the omniscient Lords. In the third, fourth, and fifth line, obeisance is offered to Guru Mahrj. The
remaining four lines explain the importance of this obeisance. Some Jain traditions do not include the last
four lines in Navakr Mantra.
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There are 108 attributes of the Pancha Paramesthi (Arihanta, Siddha, chrya, Updhyy, and
Sdhu.)The Jain rosary has 108 beads signifying the 108 attributes of the five supreme beings. These
108 attributes are as follows:
Arihanta
12 attributes
Siddha
8 attributes
chrya
36 attributes
Updhyy
25 attributes
Sdhu
27 attributes
Total
108 attributes
02 Arihanta
The word Arihanta has many meanings. The word is derived from the word Arhat. Those who are
revered by heavenly beings and humans are known as Arhants or Arhats. The word Arihanta is also
made up of two words: 1) Ari means enemies, and 2) Hant means destroyer. The enemies referred to
here are inner desires and passions, namely anger, ego, deceit, and greed. Therefore, Arihanta means
destroyer of enemies. The real nature or the qualities of our soul will not be realized or manifested until
we eliminate these passions. When an individual destroys all four kinds of defiling karma attached to his
soul, he attains the full manifestation of absolute knowledge, Keval-jnn. That person is now known as
Kevali (Omniscient) or Jina. An Omniscient lives in realization of infinite knowledge, perception, energy,
and bliss. It is essential to be totally free from passions to get rid of four kinds of defiling karma. One
becomes omniscient only upon eradicating all four defiling or Ghati karmas.
These four defiling Karmas are:
Jnnvaraniya (Knowledge Obscuring) Karma
Darshanvaraniya (Perception Obscuring) Karma
Mohaniya (Deluding) Karma
Antarya (Obstructing) Karma
These karma are called Ghti (destructive) karma because they directly affect the true nature of the soul.
When these Karma are destroyed, a person attains the following four infinite qualities (Anant Chatushtay):
Keval-jnn (Anant-jnn) - Perfect knowledge due to the destruction of all Jnnvaraniya

Karma
Keval-darshan (Anant-darshan) - Perfect perception due to the destruction of all

Darshanvaraniya Karma
Anant-chritra - Passionless state due to the destruction of all Mohaniya Karma
Anant-virya - Infinite energy due to the destruction of all Antarya Karma
Classification of Arihanta
There are two broad classifications of Kevalis:
Smnya (simple) Kevali
Tirthankar Kevali
Upon attaining omniscience, Smnya Kevalis simply spend the remainder of their lives in meditation until all nondestructive karmas are exhausted. Tirthankar Kevalis, upon attaining omniscience, reestablish the Jain Sangha
(fourfold Jain order) consisting of Sdhus, Sdhvis, Shrvaks (male householders), and Shrviks (female
householders). They devote their lives to preaching and guiding others toward the path leading to liberation. In
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each half of one time cycle, only 24 Kevalis attain the distinction of Tirthankar. The first Tirthankar of our time
period was Bhagawn Rishabhadev, and the twenty-fourth and last Tirthankar was Bhagawn Mahvir. Bhagawn
Mahvir lived from 599 BC to 527 B.C.
According to some, all Kevalis are called Arihanta because they have destroyed their four inner enemies. However,
in the Navakr Mantra, the word Arihanta refers only to Tirthankar Kevali. All those who attain omniscience attain
liberation upon nirvana, and these liberated souls are now known as Siddhas. Thus, all kevalis, whether or not they
are Arihanta, become a Siddha upon nirvana. The Siddha stage is the ultimate stage for the soul. It is important to
understand that the Arihanta stage precedes the Siddha stage for Tirthankars, which means that Siddhas are more
spiritually advanced. However, since Siddhas have attained ultimate liberation, we do not have access to them. In
the Navakr Mantra, obeisance is first offered to Arihantas because Arihantas devote their remaining lives to
preaching and guiding us to the path of liberation. Without their preaching and guidance, nobody can attain
liberation.
At the time of Nirvana (liberation from the worldly existence), Arihantas shed off the remaining four Aghti
(Non-destructive) karma:
Nm (Body Determining) Karma
Gotra (Status Determining) Karma
Vedaniya (Feeling Pertaining) Karma
yushya (Life-span Determining) Karma
These four karmas do not affect the true nature of the soul; therefore, they are called Aghti karma. They
are related to the physical body of the soul.
Tirthankars were human beings like us who went through the cycle of birth and death, accumulating
Karma. One of the Karma they earned was the Tirthankar Nm-karma. One acquires this Nm-karma by
having an intense desire of spreading the message of compassion towards all living beings,
anekntavda, non-possessiveness and self-control to all living beings.
This Nm-karma is determined two lives prior to the life they attain Moksha. This karma matures in the
third life, where they attain Keval-jnn.
For example, Shntinth Bhagawn attained Tirthankar Nm-karma in the tenth life (Bhav) when he was
born as Prince Megharath. He attained Keval-jnn in his twelfth life (Bhav) as Shntinth.
Samavasaran
Samavasaran (assembly hall) is a place from where Tirthankars preach religious sermons to the people.
The Samavasaran is a three-layered circular structure with a sacred Ashok tree at its center. It is created for a
Tirthankars sermon soon after he attains Keval-jnn.
The Samavasaran is either circular or square. There are three enclosures. The lowest one is made of silver, the
middle one is made of gold, and the uppermost is made of precious stones like diamonds. The lower most enclosure
serves as a parking ground for heavenly beings and human beings, the middle one is meant for animals, and the third
and the uppermost is where heavenly beings and human beings listen to the sermon.
The sermon is delivered to ascetics, lay people, heavenly gods, and animals.
During the sermon, a Tirthankar always faces East, but the Devas (heavenly gods) create three replicas of him facing
the other three directions, so that the assembly of heavenly beings, humans and animals can see and listen to a
Tirthankars sermon no matter where they are sitting. Tradition has it that once an Arihanta (Jina) attains Kevaljnn, he gives sermons several times a day in the local language of the people. When the 24 tirthankars of this time
period gave sermons, they delivered them in the common language of the time, which was Ardha-mgadhi Prkrit.
Twelve Attributes of Arihantas

Tirthankars have 12 unique attributes called Atishayas. The first four attributes are manifested in the Tirthankar
upon attaining Keval-jnn and the later eight attributes, known as Pratihrya, are endowed by heavenly gods once
the Tirthankar attains Keval-jnn.
Four Main Attributes:

Omniscience
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All heavenly gods and humans respect and bow down to Tirthankar
Thirty five special qualities of Tirthankars sermon
Absence of all calamities and diseases within 125 Yojan (unit of area measurement) of
Tirthankar
Some Jain traditions believe the four Anant Chatushtay (Infinite Knowledge, Infinite Perception,
Perfect Conduct, Infinite Energy) are the four main attributes rather than aforementioned attributes.
Eight Other Attributes endowed by Heavenly Gods (8 Prtihryas):

Simhsan
A divine seat from where Arihanta delivers sermons
Bhmandal
A halo behind Arihantas head
Chmar
Angels waving fans (Chowries) to honor Arihantas greatness
Chhatra
A three tier divine umbrella over the head suggesting the Arihantas superiority
over the three regions - Hell, Earth, and Heaven.
Ashok
Vruksha
A tree under which Arihanta sits
Pushpa-vristi
A continuous shower of fragrant flowers
Deva
Dundubhi
A divine announcement declaring Arihantas sermons
Divya Dhvani
Celestial music accompanying Arihantas sermons
Some Jain literature expands on the 12 attributes to 34 attributes of Tirthankars also known as 34
Atishaya. Some differences exist between the Shvetmbar and Digambar traditions in defining these
Atishayas.
Thirty-four Atishayas of a Tirthankar - Shvetmbar Tradition

Four (4) Attributes present at Birth:
Divine and healthy body, which is fragrant and without perspiration
Fragrant breath
Milky white, odorless blood and odorless flesh
Invisible food intake (diet) and excreta
Eleven (11) Attributes attained at Omniscience or Keval-Jnn:

The first eight attributes indicate absence of disease, enmity, calamity, plague, flooding, draught,
famine, and political unrest up to a distance of 125 Yojan (an ancient degree of measurement. 1
Yojan = approximately 4 miles).
9th attribute - The Tirthankars sermon, though delivered in Ardha-Mgadhi language, is
understood well by all, including animals, and is heard clearly up to 1 Yojan away.
10th attribute - Aura or Halo (Bhmandal) A circle of light around Tirthankars head.
11th attribute - A total of 10,000,000 x 10,000,000 (= 100,000 billion) human beings, heavenly
beings, and animals can be accommodated within a space of 1 Yojan Squared when a Tirthankar
delivers sermons.
Nineteen (19) Attributes created by Heavenly Gods:

Wheel of dharma (Dharma-chakra) that moves with the Tirthankar
Chmar
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A throne
Three layered umbrella over the head of the Tirthankar
A flag (Dharma-Dhaj)
Nine golden lotus flowers to walk upon
A gold, silver, and jewel-laden fort (Samavasaran) for delivering sermons
Visibility of Tirthankars face from all directions while delivering sermons
Ashok tree
Thorns face downwards where the Arihant is walking
Trees bow down to the Tirthankar
Music from divine drums at the time of sermons
Cool, soothing breeze
Circumambulation of birds
Sprinkling of fragrant water
Shower of fragrant flowers
Tirthankars hair and nails do not grow following renunciation
Ten million heavenly beings always accompany the Tirthankar
The seasons are always favorable
Thirty-four Attributes of a Tirthankar - Digambar Tradition

Ten (10) Attributes present at Birth:
Most beautiful body
Body full of fragrance
Body devoid of perspiration
Body devoid of excretion
Peaceful and soothing voice
Unmatched physical strength
Milk-like blood
1008 desirable birthmarks and features
Proportionally built body
Solid physique
Ten (10) Attributes attained at Omniscience or Keval-Jnn:

Prosperity exists everywhere in the presence of Arihanta
Walking without touching the ground
Visibility of Arihantas face from all four directions
Total compassion
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Life devoid of obstacles

No food required to sustain life
Perfect knowledge
No growth of hair and nails
No blinking of eyes
No formation of a shadow of body
Fourteen (14) Attributes created by Heavenly Gods:

Speaking a universal language
Enabling all beings to get along with each other
Clean air everywhere
Clear skies
Fruits, crops, and flowers flourish year-round irrespective of season
Miles and miles of neat and clean grounds
Lotuses made from gold under Tirthankars feet
Sounds of reverential praises in the skies around Tirthankar
A slow and fragrant breeze
Fragrant rain
Removal of all potential obstacles from the land
Contentment everywhere
Movement of the Dharma-chakra (symbolic wheel of religion) in Tirthankars Samavasaran
Presence of eight embellishments: Chhatra, Chmar, Dhaj (flag), bell, Kalash (sacred vessel),
fan, swastika, and mirror around the Tirthankar
03 Siddha
As explained in the section of Arihanta, when an individual destroys all four kinds of defiling karma (Ghti
Karma) attached to his soul, he attains the full manifestation of absolute knowledge, Keval-jnn. That
person is now known as Kevali (Omniscient) or Jina. All omniscient ultimately become Siddha when they
exhaust the remaining four destructive karmas upon attaining nirvana. Siddhas are liberated souls that
are free from the cycle of birth and death. These liberated souls stay permanently in a place called
Siddha-shil, which is located at the top of the universe. They have reached the highest state, which is
liberation, and have attained Moksha. They have eradicated all their Karmas and do not accumulate any
new Karma, thus freeing themselves forever from the cycle of birth and death (Akshaya-sthiti).
A liberated soul has infinite bliss (Anant-sukha), infinite knowledge (Anant-jnn), infinite perception
(Anant-darshan), and infinite energy (Anant-virya).These souls have the ability to know everything that is
happening now, that has happened in the past, and that will happen in the future. They are only knowers
and observers but not doers. They have no desires and are completely detached from any sense of
craving or aversion (Anant-chritra, Vitargatva).Despite the fact that all Siddhas retain a unique identity,
they are equal (Aguru-Laghutva) and formless (Arupitva).
Eight Attributes of Siddha

Anant-jnn
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Infinite knowledge
Anant-darshan
Infinite perception
Anant, Avybdha-sukha
Infinite, uninterrupted bliss
Anant-chritra
Infinite perfect conduct
Akshaya-sthiti
Immortality
Arupitva
Formlessness
Aguru-laghutva
Equal-ness with other Siddhas
Anant-virya
Infinite energy
04 chrya
chrya is the spiritual head of the Jain congregation (Sangha) in the absence of Tirthankar. The
teachings of Tirthankar are carried on by the chryas. They are our spiritual leaders. The responsibility
of spiritual (not social or economic) welfare of the entire Jain community rests on the shoulders of the
chryas. Before reaching this state, one has to do an in depth study and achieve mastery of the Jain
scriptures (gams). In addition to acquiring a high level of spiritual excellence, they also lead the
congregation of monks, nuns, and laypeople. They have knowledge of various languages and other
philosophies and religions of the world. They have the following 36 attributes:
Thirty-six Attributes of chrya - Shvetmbar Tradition

Five Attributes - Control over pleasures or pain derived from five sense organs
Touch, Taste, Smell, Sight, Hearing
chrya Mahrj remains in perfect equanimity whether these sensory experiences are favorable or
unfavorable.
Nine Attributes - Guard against sensual pleasure to observe celibacy

(Brahmacharya)
They do not stay near or in a place where persons of the opposite sex, eunuchs, or animals live.
They do not stay alone in a place with a person of the opposite sex.
They do not observe a person of the opposite sex.
They do not sit at the same place where a person of the opposite sex has been sitting until a
certain amount of time has elapsed.
They do not listen to the conversations of couples and do not live in a place where they must
share a common wall with a couple.
They do not think about any sensual pleasures or experiences from their life before
renunciation.
They do not consume intoxicating food or liquids.
They do not indulge in tasty foods and eat simple foods in moderation.
They do not adorn the body and wear simple clothes.
Four Attributes - Complete control over four passions (Kashyas)

Krodha (Anger)
Mna (Ego)
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My (Deceit)
Lobha (Greed)
Five Attributes - Observation of five great vows (Mah-vratas)

chrya Mahrj observes these great vows and does not ask, encourage, or appreciate anybody
who indulges in any activity which is contrary to these vows.
Prntipt Viraman Vrata (Nonviolence):
Complete and total commitment to nonviolence in thoughts, words, and actions
Mrushvda Viraman Vrata (Truthfulness):
To speak only harmless truth
Adattdna Viraman Vrata (Non-stealing):
To take only those things which are duly given
Maithuna Viraman Vrata (Celibacy):
To observe complete celibacy
Parigraha Viraman Vrata (Non-possessiveness):
To own no money, property, or ornaments. They should own no more than the bare necessity of
clothing and pots to accept alms.
Five Attributes - Observation of five codes of conduct (chr)

Jnnchr (Code of conduct regarding right knowledge):
To study and teach scriptures, to write and encourage others to write and publish scriptures,
and to take proper and due care of religious books.
Darshanchr (Code of conduct regarding right faith in Jina):
To understand the preaching of Jina without any doubts and to respect and honor Jina and the
path to liberation.
Chritrchr (Code of right conduct regarding ascetic life):
To observe ascetic regulations and restrictions properly and to help other monks do the same.
Tapchr (Code of right conduct regarding observation of austerities):
To observe austerities and to encourage and help others observe austerities. There are 12
different ways to observe austerities to shed karma. The austerities related to voluntary
endurance of hardships and restrictions of bodily pleasures are known as external austerities
(Bhya Tapa).The austerities of inner discipline are known as internal austerities (Abhyantar
Tapa).
Virychr (Codes of conduct regarding mental, verbal, and physical abilities):
To use mental, verbal, and physical abilities properly and constantly engage in spiritual activities
without a moment of laziness.
Five Attributes - Observation of five kinds of carefulness (Samitis)

Iry Samiti (Carefulness in movements to avoid any Hims).
Bhsh Samiti (Carefulness of speech so as to speak only harmless truth and to speak only
what is necessary).
Eshan Samiti (Carefulness in accepting alms (Gochari) to avoid the 42 faults of accepting
alms).
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dna-Bhand-Matt-Nikshepan Samiti (Carefulness in handling clothes, pots, and pans used

for alms).
Prishth-panik Samiti (Carefulness in disposal of bodily waste)
Three Attributes - Observation of restrains of thought, speech, and body (Guptis)

Mana Gupti (control over mind)
Vachan Gupti (control over speech)
Kya Gupti (control over body)
Summary of the 36 attributes of chrya Mahrj:
Control over five sense organs
Observance of celibacy in nine ways
Freedom from four passions
Commitment to five great vows
Observation of five codes of conduct
Carefulness in five activities
Control over mind, speech, and body
Thirty-six Attributes of chrya -Digambar Tradition

Six Attributes - Six Bhya Tapa (External Austerities)
Anashan
Not eating for a set period of time
Unodari
Eating less than needed
Vritti-sankshep
Eating within the limits of predetermined restrictions

Material - Eating only a certain number of items
Area - Eating only within the limits of a certain area
Time - Eating only once at certain time
Mode - Eating food obtained or made only by certain
means
Rasa Tyg
Eating non-tasty food ; eg.- yambil
Kya-klesha
Penance, tolerating physical pain voluntarily
Sanlinat
Staying in a forlorn place and occupying minimum space
Six Attributes - Six Abhyantar Tapa (Internal Austerities)

Pryashchitta
Repentance or remorse
Vinay
Respect for others
Veyvachcham
Selfless service to monks, nuns, and the needy
Swdhyy
Study of religious scriptures
Dhyna
Meditation
Kyotsarga
Giving up physical activities and staying absorbed in the

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soul
Ten Attributes - Ten Supreme Virtues

Ksham
Forgiveness
Mrdava
Humility
rjava
Straightforwardness
Shaucha
Content - absence of greed
Satya
Truth
Sanyam
Restraint of all senses
Tapa
Austerities
Tyg
Renunciation
kinchanya
Non-possessiveness
Brahmacharya
Celibacy
Five Attributes - Five chrs (Codes of Conduct)

Darshanchr
Codes of Acquiring Right Faith
Jnnchr
Codes of Acquiring Right Knowledge
Chritrchr
Codes of Acquiring Right Conduct
Tapchr
Codes of Austerities
Virychr
Codes of Exercising Energy or Vigor
Six Attributes - Six vashyaks (Essential Duties)

Devapuj
Prayer to Tirthankars
Gurupsti
Devotion and service to Gurus
Swdhyy
Studying of Scriptures
Sanyam
Self-restraints
Tapa
Penance
Dna
Imparting Knowledge and Protection of Life)
Three Attributes - Three Guptis (Control)

Mano Gupti
Control over mind
Vachan Gupti
Control over speech
Kya Gupti
Control over body
05 Updhyy
A Sdhu, who has mastered the Jain scriptures (gams) and philosophical systems, is given the rank of
an Updhyy. They teach Jain scriptures to other ascetics and laypeople. Updhyys possess 25
attributes. These 25 attributes are the symbolic representation of the 25 Jain scriptures they study.
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Twenty-Five Attributes of Updhyy
11 canonical texts (Anga gam) compiled by Ganadhars, who were the immediate disciples of
Tirthankar
12 canonical texts (Upnga gam) compiled by Shruta Kevalis
1 scripture that enumerates 70 ways to observe code of conduct
1 scripture that enumerates 70 ways to observe and perform rituals and activities
According to Digambar Tradition, Updhyy has Knowledge of 11 Anga gam (same for all Jain sects) and 14
Digambar Anga-bhya gams
06 Sdhus and Sdhvis

When householders want to become detached from the worldly aspects of life and want spiritual uplift,
they renounce the worldly life and become Sdhus (monks) or Sdhvis (nuns).Before becoming a Sdhu
or a Sdhvi, a layperson must stay with Sdhus or Sdhvis to understand their lifestyles and study
religion for several months. When they feel confident that they will be able to live the life of a monk or a
nun, they inform the chrya that they are ready for initiation. If the chrya is convinced that they are
capable of following the vows of Sdhus and Sdhvis, he prepares them for Diksh. Diksh is an
initiation ceremony which a householder must perform before becoming a monk or a nun. At the time of
Diksh, Sdhus and Sdhvis commit to the five major vows for the rest of their lives. Their lives are
directed towards the upliftment of their souls to the state of liberation.
Sdhus and Sdhvis follow the five great vows, which are explained below:
Vow
Meaning
Explanation
Ahims Mahvrata
Nonviolence
Not to commit any type of violence
Satya Mahvrata
Truth
Not to indulge in any type of lie
Asteya Mahvrata
Non-stealing
Not to take anything not given properly
Brahmacharya
Mahvrata
Celibacy
Not to indulge in any sensual activities
Aparigraha Mahvrata
Non-possessive
Not to acquire more than what is needed to

maintain day-to-day life
When monks and nuns commit to these five vows, they promise to never break these vows and to never
ask or encourage anybody else to break these vows - whether in thought, speech, or action.
Twenty-seven Attributes of Sdhus Shvetmbar Tradition

Five great vows as explained above
To protect five one-sensed beings found in water, fire, earth, air, and plants, and group of
moving living beings known as Tras beings (includes as one group all two-sensed to fivesensed living beings)
To control pleasures derived from any of the five senses: touch, taste, smell, sight, hearing
To observe five types of carefulness
To control mind, speech, and body
To not eat before sunrise and after sunset
To forgive others
To avoid greed
To endure hardship
To endure suffering
To be introspective
1
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To keep the heart pure
Some scriptures mention following 27 attributes of Sdhu and Sdhvi:

Five Great Vows (Mah-vrata)
Control of 5 senses
Devoid of Kashya: Anger, Ego, Deceit, Greed
Guptis Control of mind, speech and body
(1)Bhva or Reflection (Dharma and Shukla Dhyna), (2)Karan or Activities (following

prescribed activities and regulations) and (3)Yoga (body, speech and mind activities)
3 Jewels: Darshan, Jnn, and Chritra
Forgiveness
Samvega Disinterest in worldly affairs and interest in liberation
Conquering of Parishaha Enduring hardships and suffering with equanimity
Sanlekhan - Endurance and fearlessness towards death and associated pains, and also
acceptance of voluntary death
Twenty Seven Attributes of Sdhus - Digambar Tradition

Attributes of the Digambar (sky-clad) monks vary somewhat, but they have one significant requirement that male
monks must not wear any clothes.
Observation of five great vows: Mah-vrata
Observation of five kinds of carefulness (Samitis)
Control of five senses
Observation of six essentials (Six vashyaks - same as in Digambar chryas)
6 other attributes:
Kesha-lochan
Plucking of own hair
Asnna
No bathing
Bhumi Shayan
Sleeping on the floor
Adanta-dhovan
No brushing of teeth
Uttisthan-hr Sevan
Eating food in standing posture
Ekabhukti
Eating only once a day
Some Jains that consider twenty-eight attributes for monks add not wearing any clothes as one more attribute.
When we recite Navakr Mantra, we should remember the 108 virtues of five supreme beings and strive to attain
those virtues. When someone is determined to attain those virtues, he or she will naturally commit fewer sinful
activities. In addition, simply engaging in prayer will help eradicate bad karmas. This is why the sixth line of
Navakr Mantra explains that offering obeisance to the five supreme beings destroys sins. Eradication of sins and
purification of soul are the most important steps for the spiritual upliftment of the soul towards its journey to
salvation. The last line in the Navakr Mantra states that this sutra is the most blissful and auspicious sutra in the
entire universe. The Navakr Mantra has stayed in its original version since the beginning of time and will stay that
way forever. It contains the real essence of all 14 Purvas. One should recite Navakr Mantra upon waking up in
morning, before going to bed, before meals, before starting any new activity, and preferably all the time. One who
dies while reciting and/or listening to Navakr Mantra will be reborn as a heavenly being or a human. There is a lot
of deeper meaning within the Navakr Mantra, so it is important to take time to understand the lines as you say
them.
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C02 - Jain Ascetics: Sdhus and Sdhvis

01 Introduction
The Jain Sangha is made up of Sdhus (monk), Sdhvis (nun), Shrvaks (layman), and Shrviks
(laywoman).Shrvaks and Shrviks have to carry out their duties as a worldly men and women. They
also have responsibilities towards their families and Sangha in general. They are required to take care of
Sdhus and Sdhvis with regards to their food, health, and living places. They, therefore, have to have a
certain level of worldly attachments. However, when a person renounces all their worldly attachments by
taking Diksh, he becomes a monk or a nun. The man is now known as a Sdhu and the woman is now
known as a Sdhvi. Sdhus and Sdhvis are completely detached from social and worldly activities.
They spend their lives spiritually uplifting their souls and spiritually leading lay people towards the path
preached by Tirthankar Bhagawn. When they get initiated into the life of Sdhus and Sdhvis, they must
take five major vows and live strictly in accordance with those vows. These five major vows are known as
Five Mah-Vratas.
Right faith, Right knowledge, and Right conduct, known as Ratna Trayi, are the three essentials for
attaining liberation. In order to acquire them, one must observe the five vows.
A vrata or vow is a specific code of conduct. In Jain scriptures, the term Vrata has been defined as:
A religious rule of behavior observed with determination for a particular or indefinite period. It always
indicates aversion and abstinence from doing foul and shameful acts. It reveals an inclination and
conduct towards doing good and virtuous acts.
The complete renunciation of worldly attachments is called Mah-vrata (major vows), practiced by the
Sdhus and Sdhvis, and the partial renunciation of worldly attachments is called Anu-vrata, (minor vows)
practiced by Shrvaks and Shrviks.
02 Mah-vratas (Major Vows)

According to the chrnga Sutra, the following are the five Mah-vratas for Sdhus and Sdhvis:
1. Ahimsa Mahvrata (Nonviolence)

Ahimsa Mahvrata is the renunciation of the hurting, destroying or causing pain of all living beings, whether the
living being is mobile or immobile. It is the abstinence from killing living beings, causing others to do it, or feeling
good about it. After taking this vow, one must confess, blame, repent, and exempt himself of these sins that are
committed in the three modes of mind, speech, and body.
2. Satya Mahvrata (Truth)

Satya Mahvrata is the renunciation of all vices of false speech arising from anger, greed, fear, or enjoyment. It is
the abstinence from speaking lies, causing others to do it, or feeling good about it. After taking this vow, one must
confess, blame, repent, and exempt himself of these sins that are committed in the three modes of mind, speech, and
body.
3. Achaurya Mahvrata (Non-stealing)

Achaurya Mahvrata is the renunciation of taking that which is not given, irrelevant of size, amount, or value of that
which is taken. It is the abstinence from taking what is not given, causing others to do it, or feeling good about it.
After taking this vow, one must confess, blame, repent, and exempt himself of these sins that are committed in the
three modes of mind, speech, and body.
4. Brahmacharya Mahvrata (Celibacy/Chastity)

Brahmacharya Mahvrata is the renunciation of all sensuous pleasurable activities of any sort. It is the abstinence
from enjoying sensuality, causing others to do it, or feeling good about it. After taking this vow, one must confess,
blame, repent, and exempt himself of these sins that are committed in the three modes of mind, speech, and body.
5. Aparigraha Mahvrata (Non-attachment/Non-possessiveness)

Aparigraha Mahvrata is the renunciation of all attachments, irrelevant of size, amount, or value. It is the abstinence
from having such attachments, causing others to have such attachments, or feeling good about such attachments.
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After taking this vow, one must confess, blame, repent, and exempt himself of these sins that are committed in the
three modes of mind, speech, and body.
When a person renounces the worldly life and is initiated into monkhood or nunhood, the man is called a Sdhu,
Shraman, or Muni, and the woman is called a Sdhvi, Shramani, or ry. Their renunciation is total, which means
they are completely detached from social and worldly activities and they do not take any part in those activities
anymore. Instead, they spend their time in spiritually uplifting their souls and guiding householders such as us on
how to uplift our own souls.
In summary, while taking these vows, they say, O Lord Arihanta! I will not commit the sins of violence, express
falsehood, steal, enjoy sensual pleasures, or be possessive. I will not commit these sins by speech, thought or
physical deeds, nor will I assist or order anyone to commit these sins. I will not approve or endorse anyone
committing such sins. Oh Lord! I hereby take a sacred and solemn vow that throughout my life, I will follow these
five major vows and strictly follow the code of conduct laid out for Sdhus and Sdhvis.
Therefore, Jain Sdhus and Sdhvis never intentionally cause harm or violence to any living being. They live
according to the pledge that they should not harm even the tiniest creatures. They always speak the absolute truth.
They do not lie on account of fear, desire, anger or deceptive intentions. Without the permission of the owner, they
do not take even the smallest thing, such as a straw. They observe the vow of celibacy very strictly. They do not
touch members of the opposite sex, even children. If members of the opposite sex touch them by mistake or
ignorance, they must undergo a ritual of repentance (Pryashchitta) for self-purification. Jain Sdhus and Sdhvis
do not keep money with them. They do not own or have control over any wealth, houses, or other properties. They
limit their necessities to the lowest amount possible and do not have any attachments towards these necessities.
03 Rules of Conduct for Specific Activities

In addition to the five great vows, Sdhus and Sdhvis follow many other rules of conduct. They do not
eat or drink from 48 minutes before sunset until 48 minutes after sunrise. They drink only boiled water.
They meditate, perform rituals, and study scriptures most of the day. They observe fasts and various
penances according to their physical capacity. They keep themselves apart from worldly affairs.
Gochari (Alms)
Jain Sdhus and Sdhvis do not cook their food, do not ask others to prepare special food for them, and do not
accept any food which is prepared specifically for them. They go to different laypeople and accept a small portion
of vegetarian food from each house. This practice is known as Gochari. Just as cows graze the top part of grass by
moving from place to place, Jain monks and nuns do not take all their food from one house, so that person offering
them food will have enough left for his family members and will not need to cook again. The process of cooking
involves subtle violence in the form of heating a fire, chopping vegetables, using water, etc. Sdhus or Sdhvis do
not want to be the cause of any violence. Also, they go inside the house where the food is being cooked or kept so
they can visually assess the quantity of food and accept only a small portion. This way, they can also make sure that
the food ingredients and the method of cooking is within the limits of their vows.
However, Digambar monks do not keep any possessions. They do not even keep any utensils required to bring alms.
So, on each day, they take food (hr) from only one house. They eat and drink only once a day, standing in one
position. They fold both hands together so that a layman can put a small amount of food in their hands until they
have finished eating.
Vihr (Travel)
Jain monks and nuns always walk barefoot. They do not use any vehicles for traveling. Regardless of whether it is
cold weather or scorching hot, whether the road is rough, unpaved, or full of thorns, whether it is the burning hot
desert sand or sun-baked asphalt, they do not wear any footwear at any time, to avoid crushing the living beings on
the ground. When they travel from place to place, they preach religion and provide proper spiritual guidance to
people. They do not stay more than a few days in any one place except during the rainy season, which is about four
months in duration. The reason they do not stay anywhere permanently or for a long period of time in one place is
to avoid developing an attachment for material things and the people around them. Sdhus and Sdhvis generally do
not go out at night. The place where they stay is called Upshray or Paushadha Shl. They may stay in places other
than the Upshray if those places are offered to them by the owners, are suitable to the practice of their disciplined
life, and do not disturb or impede the code of conduct.
Loch (Plucking of hair)

Jain Sdhus and Sdhvis pluck their hair at the time of initiation; Diksh, and twice a year thereafter or at least once
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a year before Paryushan. This is called Kesha-lochan or Loch. It is also considered one kind of austerity where one
bears the pain of plucking hair in complete equanimity.
Clothing
As mentioned earlier, Digambar monks do not wear any clothes. Shvetmbar monks wear unstitched or minimally
stitched white cotton clothes. A loincloth, which reaches to just below knees, is called a Cholapattak. Another cloth
covering the upper part of the body is called Pangarani Uttariya Vastra. A cloth that drapes over left shoulder and
reaches above the knee is called Kmli. They also carry a bed sheet and a mat to sit on. Shvetmbar monks also have
a Muhapatti, a square or rectangular piece of cloth of a prescribed measurement, either in their hand or tied on their
face covering the mouth. They also have an Ogho or Rajoharan (a broom of woolen threads) to gently clear insects
from where they sit or walk. Digambar monks have a Morpichhi (peacock feathers) instead of an Ogho and a
Kamandal (small wooden pot) in their hands to carry water for cleansing. This practice may vary among different
sects of Jains, but the essential principle remains the same: to limit needs.
Conferring a Title
Jain Sdhus and Sdhvis devote their lives to spiritual activities such as meditation, spiritual study, self-discipline,
and preaching. When they reach a higher level of spiritual attainment, their Guru Maharaja confers upon them
special titles.
Title of Panys and Ganipad

To attain the status of Ganipad, a Sdhu must have in-depth knowledge of the gam Bhagavati
Sutra and some other gams. To attain the title of Panys-pad, a Sdhu should have attained
comprehensive knowledge of all aspects of the Jain gams.
Title of Updhyy
This title is given to a Sdhu who has mastered all gams, scriptures, and all other philosophical
systems. They teach Jain scriptures to other Sdhus, Sdhvis, and lay people.
Title of chrya
chrya is the spiritual head of the Jain congregation (Sangha) in the absence of Tirthankar. This is
the highest rank a Sdhu can ever achieve. The teachings of the Tirthankars are carried on by the
chryas. They are our spiritual leaders. chryas bear the responsibility for the spiritual well-being
of the entire Jain Sangha. Before reaching this state, one must do an in-depth study and gain
mastery of the Jain scriptures- gams. In addition to acquiring a high level of spiritual excellence,
they also lead the congregation of monks, nuns, and laypeople. They should also know various
other languages, philosophies, ideologies, and religions.
Title of Pravartini
This title is given only to Sdhvis after attaining the knowledge of certain gam Sutras such as
Uttardhyayan Sutra, chrnga Sutra and Das (ten) Payann Sutra.
04 Summary
Jain Sdhus and Sdhvis are unique among other religious faiths in how they lead very rigorous ascetic
lives. Their lives are an exceptional example of non-possessiveness. Their entire life is dedicated to the
spiritual upliftment of theirs and others souls. They bestow their blessings on all by saying Dharma
Lbha (May you attain spiritual prosperity).Sometimes, they bless devotees by putting Vsakshep
(scented sandalwood powder) on their heads and saying May you cross the ocean of life and death.
They bless everyone, irrespective of caste, creed, gender, age, wealth, and social status. They show the
path of a righteous and disciplined life to everyone through discourses, discussions, seminars and camps.
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C03 - Jain Lay people: Shrvaks and Shrviks

01 Introduction
Along with the path of liberation consisting of right faith, right knowledge, and right conduct, Jainism has
also defined rules of conduct to be observed by its followers. The rules are designed so that everyone
will be in a position to follow them. Accordingly, the rules have been divided into two categories: those
prescribed for the householders and those prescribed for the ascetics. Naturally, the rules for the laity are
less rigid than the rules for the ascetics. This is because the laity has not renounced the world,. They
have to look after their family and have social responsibilities. On the other hand, the ascetics have given
up all worldly pleasures and family relationships, and have adopted the five great vows (Mahvratas).
Jain ethics outlines the following twelve vows of limited nature to be carried out by lay people. Every Jain
should adopt these vows according to one's individual capacity and circumstances with the intent to
ultimately adopt the 5 Mahvratas (great vows). Of these twelve vows, the first five are main vows of
limited nature (Anu Vratas).They are somewhat easier to follow in comparison with great vows (Mah
Vratas).The next three vows are known as merit vows (Guna Vratas), because they enhance and purify
the effect of the five main vows. These vows aid in governing the external conduct of an individual. The
last four are disciplinary vows (Shiksh Vratas), intended to encourage the performance of the
householders religious duties. They govern ones internal life and are expressed in a life marked by
charity. They are preliminary to the discipline of an ascetics life. The three merit vows (Gunavrata) and
four disciplinary vows (Shiksh vratas) together are known as the seven vows of virtuous conduct (Shil).
During Pratikraman, lay people reflect on minor violations (Atichr) of these vows that occurred in the
past. They ask for forgiveness for past minor violations which may have occurred knowingly or
unknowingly. He/she would reflect on each of these violations so that in the future they would not repeat
the same errors and be more aware if such circumstances arise.
These vows are to be followed in thought, action, and speech, and others should be encouraged to follow
them as well. The layperson should be very careful while observing and following these limited vows.
These vows, being limited vows, may still leave great scope for the commitment of sin and possession of
property. The twelve vows are described as follows:
02 Vratas For Shrvaks and Shrviks (Twelve Vows of Laity)

Five Main Vows of Limited Nature (Anu-Vratas):
Name
Scriptural Name
Meaning
01 Ahimsa Anuvrata
Sthul Prntipt Viraman-vrata
Limited Vow of Nonviolence
02 Satya Anuvrata
Sthul Mrushvda Viraman-vrata
Limited Vow of Truthfulness
03 Achaurya Anuvrata
Sthul Adattdna Viraman-vrata
Limited Vow of Non-stealing
04 Brahmacharya
Anuvrata
Svadr-santosh
Limited Vow of Celibacy
05 Aparigraha Anuvrata
Ichchh Parimna or Parigraha

Parimna Vrata
Limited Vow of Non-possessiveness
Three Merit/Supporting Vows (Guna Vratas):

06 Dig Parimna Vrata
Restraints of Geographical Limitations/Vow of Limited Area of Activity
07 Bhoga-Upabhoga
Vrata
Consumption Restraints/ Vow of Limited Use of Consumable and NonConsumable items
08 Anartha-Danda Vrata
Vow of Avoidance of purposeless sins/activities
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Four Disciplinary Vows (Shiksh Vratas):

09 Smyika Vrata
48 Minutes of Meditation and equanimity/ Vow of Equanimity

and Meditation for limited duration
10 Desvaksika Vrata
Stricter Geographical Limitations/ Vow of activity within limited

space and duration
11 Paushadha Vrata
Practicing the life of a Monk/ Vow of ascetic's life for a limited

duration
12 Atithi Samvibhg Vrata
Vow of Charity
Five Anuvratas (Minor Vows)

01. Ahimsa Anuvrata (Limited Vow of Nonviolence):
Ahimsa Parmo Dharma signifies that nonviolence is the supreme religion.
Among these five vows, nonviolence (Ahimsa) is the cardinal principle of Jainism. The concept of
Ahims is based on the fact that every living being wishes to be happy and tries to avoid pain.
Therefore, in order to avoid giving pain, we should refrain from hurting others.2500 years ago, Lord
Mahvir extended the concept of non-violence to all living beings. He urged everyone to be peaceful
with all, even one-sensed beings. Every living being has a right to exist and it is necessary to live
with all other living beings in perfect harmony and peace.
As long as we live, we hurt many living beings. The air that we breathe and the water that we drink
contain small organisms. Even the vegetarian food that we eat is prepared from plant lives, which
are one-sensed beings. It is impossible to observe complete non-violence, because indulging in
some sort of violence is inevitable for survival. chrya Umsvti defines violence as 'Pramattayogt Prna Vyaparopanam Hims. It means that the deprival of life because of non-vigilance is
violence.
Lord Mahvir said:
One should not injure, subjugate, enslave, torture, or kill any living being including animals, insects,
plants, and vegetation.
In this vow, a person must not intentionally hurt any living being, whether they are plants, animals,
human etc. A person should not hurt the feelings of any living being either, whether it is by thought,
word, or action, by himself or herself or through others, or by approving such an act committed by
somebody else. Intention in this case applies to selfish motives, sheer pleasure, and even avoidable
negligence.
In Jain scriptures, the nature of violence is classified in four categories:
Intentional/Premeditated
Violence
To injure or kill any living being knowingly
Common Violence
To commit violence towards movable living beings while carrying out

domestic activities like cooking, cleaning, building a house, etc.
Vocational Violence
To incur violence during the execution of ones work in society
Defensive Violence
To commit intentional violence in defense of ones own life
Intentional/premeditated violence is totally prohibited for everyone. Although common violence may
be unavoidable for survival, one should still attempt to minimize violence in all daily activities such as
preparing food, cleaning, etc. This attempt to minimize violence provides the basis for the Jain
householders practice of filtering drinking water, vegetarianism, not eating meals at night, and
abstinence from alcohol. Ones agricultural, industrial, or occupational living activities may also
involve injury to life, but the injury should be kept to a minimum, through careful measures and
precautions. If possible, a householder should choose an occupation that minimizes violence to
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other living beings. Sometimes, however, a householder may not have a choice but to use violence
defensively and vocationally. A person may use force, if necessary, in the defense of his or her
country, society, family, life, property, and religious institute. Violence committed without intention,
through mere negligence, should also be avoided. At the end of the day, violence caused
unintentionally is also a sin. We should always be remorseful for any violence we may have inflicted
upon other living beings, whether it was avoidable or not.
This is the essence of religion. It embraces the welfare of all living beings including animals, insects,
vegetation, beings in the air and water, etc. The Jain faith goes one radical step further and declares
unequivocally that wasting things and creating pollution are also acts of violence.
Nonviolence is also based upon the positive quality of universal love and compassion. One who
accepts this ideal cannot be indifferent to the suffering of others. As believers of Ahimsa, we cannot
hurt others, ourselves, or show insensitivity to the pain and misery that may be caused by other
factors. A true observer of Ahimsa has to develop a sympathetic attitude. He or she should get rid of
the feelings of anger, arrogance, animosity, jealousy, and hostility that degrade the mind and
generate violent instincts.
Mental tortures by way of harsh words and evil thoughts are considered violence in Jainism. On the
other side, to pursue the vow of nonviolence actively, one must help the needy, care for and share
with others, and show kindness to everyone.
Ahimsa also has a deeper meaning in the context of ones spiritual advancement. Violence imposed
upon others leads to the acquisition of new karma, which hinders the souls spiritual progress. In
other words, violence towards others is violence to ones own soul because it impedes one's own
spiritual progress.
Non-violence is the sheer anchor of Jainism. It is also the main contribution of Jainism to humanity.
It includes all other vows: truth, non-stealing, chastity and non-attachment.
02. Satya Anuvrata (Limited Vow of Truthfulness):

This vow is about refraining from malicious lies, which are uttered with an evil intention and with the
knowledge that the statement is false. In this vow, a person avoids all types of lies, including giving
false evidence, cheating others, giving false witnesses in or out of court, and forging fake
documents. Evading taxes and cheating in business is also a form of falsehood.
The secret to earning wealth is honesty and morality. The roots of one's own happiness, peace,
mental health, and welfare lie in morality. Falsehood can also be in the form of denial of a fact, the
affirmation of that which does not exist, calling a thing something other than what it is, and
statements that are destructive to others. On the positive side, it also requires refraining from
speaking any truth that may cause suffering to others. If the truth has the potential to harm others or
hurt their feelings, it is better to remain silent. A householder should minimize the minor violations to
this vow related to self-defense, protection of his family and country, business, and job-related
circumstances. He should be fully aware of these Atichrs (violations of the vow) and repent them
continuously.
Truth should be observed in speech, mind, and actions. One should not utter a lie, ask others to do
so, or approve of such activities.
Anger, greed, fear, pride, hatred, and jokes are the breeding grounds of untruth. Speaking the truth
requires moral courage. Only those who have conquered greed, fear, anger, jealousy, ego, and
frivolity can speak the truth. This vow is about more than abstaining from falsehood; it is seeing the
world in its real form and adapting to that reality. The vow of truth puts a person in touch with his or
her inner strength.
03. Achaurya / Asteya Anuvrata (Limited Vow of Non-stealing):

Stealing consists of taking the property of others without their consent or by unjust or immoral
methods. This vow prohibits the acquisition of anything that may be unattended or unclaimed.
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The householder should refrain from smuggling, buying or accepting stolen property, using false
weights and measures, or substituting inferior items for the originals. Black-marketing, smuggling,
evading taxes, changing documents, and plagiarizing are also various forms of theft. One should
observe this vow very strictly and should not touch even a worthless thing that does not belong to
him or her. When accepting alms or aid, one should not take more than what is needed. To take or
to earn more than ones need is also considered theft in Jainism. Using any resource beyond ones
needs and misuse of any part of nature is considered a form of theft.
The vow of non-stealing insists that one should be very honest in actions, thoughts, and speech.
One must not cheat and use illegal means in acquiring worldly things by himself or herself, acquiring
such items through others, or by approving such acts committed by others.
04. Brahmacharya Anuvrata (Limited Vow of Celibacy / Chastity):

In a spiritual sense, the word Brahmacharya means maintaining equanimity by being free from
attachments and aversions. In a practical sense, it means celibacy and avoidance of sensual
activities. It is very easy to become privy to basic instincts, but for the sake of ones own health,
well-being, and self-control, it is important to remain celibate before marriage.
As an adult, one may lead a family life by getting married, earning money, raising children, and
fulfilling social obligations. Marriage is devised mainly for providing a sheltered sex life and
procreation. Even for the householder, an unrestrained or lustful married life is not encouraged.
Though mythology is filled with tales of polygamy, only monogamous relationships are encouraged.
Premarital and extramarital relations, indulging in illicit sensual activities, intensifying passions by
consuming intoxicating substances like drugs and alcohol, watching provocative movies, reading
provocative books and magazines, and listening to provocative songs and conversations are all
activities one should avoid.
The basic intent of this vow is to conquer passion and to prevent the waste of energy. This vow is
meant to impart a sense of serenity to the soul.
05. Aparigraha Anuvrata (Non-possession / Non-attachment):

Non-possession is the fifth limited vow. Until a person knows that happiness and peace that come
from within, he or she tries to fill his or her emptiness and insecurity with material acquisitions.
Jainism believes that the more wealth a person possesses, the more he or she is likely to commit sin
to acquire and maintain possessions, and in the long run he or she will be unhappy. Wealth creates
attachment, which results in continuous greed, jealousy, selfishness, ego, hatred, and violence. Lord
Mahvir has said that desires have no limit. An attachment to worldly objects results in the bondage
of karma, so desires should be reduced and consumption levels should be kept within reasonable
limits.
One must impose a limit on ones needs, acquisitions, and possessions, including land, real estate,
goods, valuables, animals, and money. The surplus should be used for the common good. One
must also limit every day usage of the number of food items and other articles.
The Jain principle of limited possession for householders leads towards equitable distribution of
wealth and comforts in society. Generously giving charitable donations and ones own time for
community projects are a part of a Jain householders obligations. This sense of social obligation
cultivated from religious teachings has led Jains to establish and maintain innumerable schools;
colleges; hospitals; clinics; orphanages; relief and rehabilitation camps for the handicapped, old, sick
and disadvantaged; and hospitals for birds and animals.
Non-possession and non-attachment are to be observed by speech, mind, and actions. One should
not possess excessive amounts of items, ask others to do so, or approve of such activities.
Non-possession, like non-violence, affirms the oneness of all living beings and is beneficial to an
individual in his/her spiritual growth and to society.
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Three GunaVratas (Merit Vows)

06. Dig-Parimna Vrata (Vow of Limited Area of Activity):
This vow limits one's worldly activities to certain areas in all ten directions: north, south, east, west,
north-east, north-west, south-east, south-west, upwards and downwards. He or she sets definite
boundaries and simply limits the radius of his or her movements to a specific number of miles. By
doing this, he or she can at least prevent himself or herself from committing violence in the area
beyond the radius they have set for themselves.
The main purpose is to reduce transportation and other incidental activities that involve unnecessary
violence as well as other avoidable pitfalls. If this vow is observed, there will be a considerable
increase in the scope for self-development and spiritual welfare. This is because outside of the
limited area of activity, the limited vows become full vows (Mah-vratas).
07. Bhoga-Upbhoga Vrata (Vow of Limited use of Consumable / Non-consumable

items):
Generally, sins are committed by using or enjoying consumable (Bhoga) and non-consumable
(Upbhoga) objects.
Consumable (Bhoga) objects are things that can only be used once, such as food and drink.
Non-consumable (Upabhoga) objects are things that can be used several times, such as furniture,
clothes, and ornaments.
This vow is a self-imposed restriction on the use of consumable material like food and drinks and
durable material like clothing, footwear, cosmetics, jewelry, furniture, vehicles, etc. The purpose of
this vow is to restrict the indiscriminate use of goods. Any use of an item directly or indirectly
involves some degree of violence. We first have to consider whether the purchase we make is
necessary and unavoidable and the degree of violence involved with that item. If our purpose can be
served by using other material involving a lesser degree of violence, then that should be the choice
of item used.
On the same grounds, the consumption of food, meat, alcohol, honey, root vegetables, and eating at
night are prohibited to decrease violence. By setting a limit by predetermining the number of items to
be used, one can develop self-restraint and willpower.
One should limit the use of these two types of items according to ones need and capacity by taking
this vow. This vow expands upon Aparigraha Anuvrata.
This vow also forbids a layman from engaging in certain occupations that involve destruction of
plants or other forms of life, cruelty to animals, polluting the environment, wasting natural resources,
and selling toxic substances.
08. Anartha-Danda Vrata (Vow of Avoidance of Purposeless Sins/Activities):

One must not commit unnecessary or purposeless sins such as the examples below:
Thinking, talking, or preaching evil or ill of others.
Being inconsiderate. Some examples include walking on grass when a sidewalk or road is available,
or leaving the water running while brushing your teeth.
Manufacturing or supplying arms for war.
Reading or listening to immoral literature.
Being careless.
Four Shiksh Vratas (Disciplinary Vows)

09. Smyika Vrata (Vow of Equanimous State for Limited Duration):
This vow involves sitting down peacefully in one place for at least 48 minutes, not allowing passions
of attachment and aversion to take place in the mind, and contemplating on the nature of the soul.
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The householder examines the purity of life he or she has attained, reads religious works showing
the path of self-development and spiritual evolution, and concentrates on the supreme, liberated
soul. During this period, one should observe equanimity towards all objects, thinking evil of no one,
and be at peace with the world.
The equanimous state of 48 minutes makes a person realize the importance of a life-long vow to
avoid all sinful activities and is a stepping stone to a life of full renunciation. During Smyika, one
also meditates on the soul and its relationship with karma. This vow may be repeated many times in
a day.
10. Desvaksika Vrata (Vow of Activity of Limited Space):

This vow sets a new limit within the limitations already set by Dik Vrata and Bhoga -Upbhoga Vrata.
The general life-long limitation of doing business in certain areas and the use of articles are further
restricted for particular days and times of the week. This means that one shall not, during a certain
period of time, perform any activity or make any business deals, or travel beyond a certain city,
street, or house. The objective of this vow is to further refrain from impure activities.
11. Paushadha Vrata (Vow of Ascetic's Life for Limited Duration):

The term Paushadha means that which nourishes and fosters the soul or its natural qualities. This
vow requires that a person live the life of a monk for a day or longer. During this time, one should
retire to a secluded place, renounce all sinful activities, abstain from seeking pleasure from all
senses, and observe restraint of body, speech, and mind. A person follows five great vows (Mah
vratas) completely during this time. He or she passes his or her time in spiritual contemplation,
performs meditation (Smyika), engages in self-study, reads scriptures, and worships the Panch
Parmesthi. This vow promotes and nourishes ones religious life and provides training for an ascetic
life.
12. Atithi Samvibhg Vrata (Vow of Charity):

This vow encourages the offering of necessities of life: food, medicine, etc.to monks and the
The offerings should be pure and given with reverence. Donating ones own possessions to
and others provides inner satisfaction and raises ones consciousness to a higher level.
saves one from acquiring more sins if he or she would have used the same item for his
nourishment, comfort, and pleasure.
needy.
monks
It also
or her
Sanlekhan Vrata (Peaceful Death)

In the final days of life, a householder can attain a peaceful death if he/she truly follows the twelve vows above.
Peaceful death is characterized by non-attachment to worldly objects and by a suppression of passions at the time of
death. The last thought should be of a calm renunciation of the body, and this thought should be present long before
death.
Sanlekhan is a well-ordered, voluntary death, taken while in ultra-pure meditation and in a state of complete
awareness. It is not inspired by any passion and involves gradual withdrawal from the consumption of food in such
a manner that would never disrupt ones inner peace, state of complete equanimity, or awareness.
It allows the very spiritually advanced person to terminate his or her life by certain practices, principally fasting,
under specified circumstances and under the supervision of an ascetic. This is sanctioned only when a person
strongly feels that he or she is a burden to society and cannot progress further spiritually due to poor health or
extreme old age. It generally takes 30 to 120 days to die after taking this vow.
The aspirant has no dissatisfaction, no sorrow, no fear, and no dejection; the mind is calm and composed and the
heart is filled with the feeling of universal love and compassion. It is also called death with equanimity.
Sanlekhan is thus a spiritual process of renouncing ones passions and body by internal and external austerities. It
involves giving up relationships, enmity, and attachment to possessions with a pure mind, forgiving others, and
asking for forgiveness.
It should be noted that Sanlekhan is not a form of suicide or assisted death. It is usually performed by those who
have led a very spiritual life and is taken under the presence of a guru.
Therefore, there is a fundamental difference between suicide and Sanlekhan. Suicide is the result of the outburst of
passions whereas Sanlekhan is the result of dispassion. Jainism does not sanction instantaneous termination of
ones own life. It is considered suicide and it happens in the highest state of anger or depression.
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03 Summary
By practicing these twelve vows, a lay person may live a righteous life and advance towards a spiritual
state where he works on conquering desires. While earning wealth, supporting his family, and taking up
arms to protect himself, his family, and his country against intruders, a layman is taught self-restraint, love
and equanimity. By giving up attachments, he/she gradually prepares himself or herself for the life of an
ascetic.
The practice of limiting the number of things to be kept or enjoyed by oneself eliminates the danger of
concentration of wealth and in turn will help to minimize poverty and crime in society. Therefore, limiting
the desires of individuals results in an ideal society.
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C04 - Bhvans (Reflections)

01 Introduction
Jain religion puts a significant emphasis on the thought process of a human being. A persons behavior
and his or her actions are generally the reflection of his or her thought process. So, it is not only the
action, but also the intention behind the action is vital in the accumulation of Karma. Therefore, one
should be very careful about his or her thoughts, and the subject matter of his or her thoughts.
To bring equanimity of thoughts and self-control in life, Jainism recommends reflecting or meditating on
the twelve specific aspects of thought process known as Bhvan (Anupreksh). Bhvan means
reflection or contemplation. They are designed to serve as an aid to spiritual progress leading to the path
of renunciation. They are reflections upon the fundamental facts of life. Reflecting on these aspects, one
can come closer to seeing life as it really is, without preconceived ideas and delusion. By engaging in
these reflections, one can stop the entry of new karmas as well as eradicate old karmas. The following
are the twelve main Bhvans:
02 Twelve Main Bhvans

01 Anitya Bhvan (Impermanence)
All external substances including the body are transitory (Anitya).They are constantly changing and are perishable.
But behind this continuous change, there is an unchanging constant entity, the soul. Therefore, we should not have
attachment for temporary things, but we should strive to uncover the purity of the eternal soul. The following stanza
from Jain scriptures describes this philosophy:
Oh you fool! Why do you unnecessarily worry about your prosperity and beloved family? Oh you fool, know and
realize that your life and relatives are as fragile as a drop of water, dangling on top of a blade of grass, constantly
shaking in the wind.
Thinking about impermanence should not lead one to become lazy. On a positive note, to attain the pure nature of
the soul, one should walk on the path of morality. This Bhvan also helps us to not be troubled in times of
adversity, as that too will pass.
02 Asharan Bhvan (Helplessness)

When everything is transient, where can one find protection? Who can one depend on? Human beings experience
tremendous agony when disease, old age, and death occur. No worldly things like wealth, family, and fame can
provide comfort or take away our pain. Meditating on the second Bhvan helps us to build inner strength. One can
find protection in the four pure entities - Arihanta; who have conquered inner weaknesses, Siddha; the perfect soul,
Sdhu; who guides one through the religion, and Dharma, the religion taught by the enlightened.
When a person succumbs to old age and death, not a single relative will be able to save him from that death. So, the
best thing to do is take refuge in Jin Dharma!
This Bhvan uproots the passion of pride. It also helps one to face the adversities of life in perfect equanimity by
being self-dependent. However, the thought of no one being able to help another person should not keep one away
from benevolent acts of compassion and friendliness. Meditating on this reflection makes one humble and reminds
us that only salvation is ultimate freedom from miseries.
03 Samsr Bhvan (Cycle of Life and Death)

The cycle of life is full of dualities - birth and death, pleasure and pain, happiness and misery, good and bad.
Circumstances in life go up and down like a ferris wheel. If one does not identify with these dualities by neither
grieving in pain nor being elated in pleasure, and stays unaffected by just being an observer, they can free
themselves from the miserable cycle of birth and death. Meditating on this Bhvan gives a purposeful direction to
life.
04 Ekatva Bhvan (Solitariness)

Since we have assumed so many forms, we do not see our one and only true self. We focus on the outside and forget
our soul, which came in this world alone and will leave alone. Thinking of the solitariness of the soul should not
frighten us; instead, it should build our inner strength. I came in this world alone with my own good or bad karma.
Only I am responsible for my actions. I have the opportunity to make the best out of all situations. As long as I am
in this world, I cannot live alone. Therefore, I should build a bridge between myself and other living beings that can
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take me across without being attached.

Oh, you wise one! Think about the inherent property of all things. Is there anything that is ones own in this world?
When one understands this deeply in his or her heart, will he or she ever get any kind of pain?
05 Anyatva Bhvan (Otherness of Body)

Our body is transitory and is different from the soul. The body is mortal and the soul is immortal. We need to
experience the difference between what is self and what is not. We identify ourselves as enjoyers of sensory objects,
owners of possessions, or members of racial, cultural or religious groups. By identifying ourselves with temporary
things like the body, we become bound. We want to free ourselves from the material world and experience our
incomparable selves. By contemplating on this thought, we will avoid becoming a slave of the sense organs and will
not be troubled by bodily pains.
06 Ashuchi Bhvan (Impurity of Body)

This body is made up of impure substances and it produces impure substances. It is constantly under the process of
deterioration and decay. In spite of that, all our worldly possessions are because of our attachment to our body. That
is the root cause of cravings and thereby bondage of karma. Keeping this impure aspect of body in mind can help us
lessen our attachment to the body and bodily pleasures. It also destroys pride in our physique, beauty, or race.
Even though the body is impure, it should not be neglected or misused. It should be cared for with proper selfcontrol, as it is the primary instrument to carry out virtuous acts leading to liberation. We should not indulge in
material objects or things to satisfy the undisciplined cravings of the body.
07 srava Bhvan (Influx of Karma)

Thinking about the ways karmic matter flows into the soul makes us aware of our weaknesses. The passions, nonvigilance, and unrestrained actions of body, speech, and mind are open doors for karma. Thinking about this
Bhvan brings awareness and alerts us about our shortcomings.
As soon as I hastily try to get rid of whatever little karma by enduring it, these srava enemies fill me up with new
karma every single moment. What a misery! How do I fight with these enemies? How will I be liberated from this
dreadful cycle of life and death?
08 Samvar Bhvan (Stoppage of Karma)

Samvar means blocking the influx of karmas. It is a defense against srava. Once we are aware of influx of karma,
we can take appropriate actions to stop this influx of karma. This can bring discipline in life, thereby reducing or
preventing the influx of karmas.
Oh, you who desire Moksha! With your insights, think about the possible remedies to fight against these srava
enemies and put those efforts into action.
09 Nirjar Bhvan (Eradication of Karma)

Nirjar means to shed off accumulated karmas. By knowing the 12 types of austerities, thinking about them, and
putting them into practice, we can shed our karma.
10 Loka-svabhva Bhvan (The Nature of Cosmos)

Loka-svabhva Bhvan teaches us to contemplate on the constituents of the universe, its nature and the interaction
of soul and matter. Thinking about our attachment to ever-changing matter makes us aware of its futility and our
ignorance. Thinking about our trivial place in the vastness of the universe makes us humble and dissolves our pride.
11 Bodhidurlabh Bhvan (Rarity of Enlightenment)

This Bhvan is about contemplating how difficult it is for souls wandering in the four stages of existence to attain
human life and Jin dharma. It is only as a human, and only through following teachings of Tirthankar Bhagawn,
that we can attain liberation. In this Bhvan, we should contemplate that it is a rare thing that we are born as
humans and are fortunate to have the benefit of the teachings of Jineshvar Bhagawn. We must use this human life
for the betterment of our souls and help others to do the same. The soul, always entangled with passions and natural
instincts, needs vigorous effort to overcome weaknesses and to cultivate virtues. Therefore, it is said in the
scriptures that:
After listening, understanding, and comprehending religion, whenever we try to initiate efforts to follow religion,
the swarm of inner enemies (attachment, hatred, fatigue, laziness, sleep) are always ready to attack good endeavors
and to try to obstruct us.
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It is also said in Uttardhyayan Sutra, In this world four things, are rare to living beings: the human life, listening to
religion, faith in religion, and the energy to follow right conduct.
12 Dharma Bhvan (Religion)

True religion is one that helps us achieve the cherished goal of liberation. The religion taught to us by Tirthankar
Bhagawn is comprised of non-violence, self-control, and penance. Tirthankars have established a religion which
teaches us charity, right conduct, austerity, and spirituality. We should constantly contemplate on the thought that
this religion should prevail in our hearts forever.
03 Four Auxiliary Bhvans (Compassionate Reflections)

The four auxiliary Bhvans represent a positive means of supporting the five vows. They help to
develop purity of thought and sincerity in the practice of religion. They play a very important role in the
day-to-day life of a householder in acquiring tolerance, calmness, and compassion. Moreover, these
reflections can be practiced very easily. Adopting these Bhvans in daily life can make a person very
virtuous.
Maitri Bhvan
Contemplation of Friendship
Pramod Bhvan
Contemplation of Appreciation
Karun Bhvan
Contemplation of Compassion
Mdhyastha Bhvan
Contemplation of Neutrality
1 Maitri Bhvan (Contemplation of Friendship)

Lord Mahvir said, We must be friends to all living beings. The feeling of friendship brings love and respect to
others. Our soul has been in contact with each soul existing in this universe from the infinite cycle of past births.
Every living being has a keen desire to live just as we do. Everyone wants to be happy and free of pain just as we
want to be.
This initiates a feeling of goodwill towards all living beings and in turn leaves no room for harm or deceit. If we
contemplate on Maitri Bhvan, our thoughts, words, and actions will not be harsh, and we will not hurt anybody.
On the contrary, we will help and protect every living being. We should think of only the loving and caring
experiences of the past, and pardon every soul for their mistakes. Friendliness softens the heart and nourishes the
capacity to be tolerant, forgiving, and caring for one another. Friendliness and nonviolence strengthen each other.
2 Pramod Bhvan (Contemplation of Appreciation)

Sincere appreciation of good qualities in others is an extremely powerful tool for attaining the same qualities
ourselves. In this Bhvan, we admire the success of others.
One of the most destructive forces in our lives is jealousy. However, cultivating the quality of admiration of others
can destroy jealousy. As jealousy subsides, negative impulses are turned into positive ones, and in due time, we will
be at peace. Praising the virtues of others with joy and respect eliminates ones ego.
Pramod Bhvana can be practiced by showing tremendous respect to all Sdhus / Sdhvis, Shrvaks / Shrviks and
benevolent people.
3 Karun Bhvan (Contemplation of Compassion)

The feeling of sympathy and kindness produced in our heart upon witnessing the suffering of other living beings is
Karun (compassion). Compassion for those who are less fortunate fosters a charitable heart. Since we have
accepted everyone as a friend, we cannot just stand aside and let them suffer. We should help those who are in
distress and those who are weak, sick, and helpless. When we help someone who is poor, sick, or in need of
something, we show our compassion by material means. On the other hand, when we help those who are ignorant,
have wrong beliefs, and are suffering due to their passions by showing them the true spiritual path, we show spiritual
compassion.
One can practice Karun Bhvan in several different ways. Helping senior citizens, tutoring other students in
school and carefully removing an insect from the house into an open area are some ways to practice Karun
Bhvan.
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4 Mdhyastha Bhvan (Contemplation of Neutrality)

To have indifference or to stay neutral in any situation is practicing Mdhyastha Bhvan.
In Mdhyastha Bhvan, one should stay neutral and uninvolved with those who, even after realizing and knowing
what is right and wrong, continue to practice bad habits. We can try our best to help, support, or advise them, but
some people, out of arrogance, stubbornness, or ignorance, may refuse to take the right path. This may bring disgust
and aversion in our mind. Instead of developing hatred or anger towards them, getting disappointed, or getting more
involved, we should realize that we have done all that we could and that ultimately changing their ways is up to
them. Even though we desire the well-being of such people, we should not let our mind be disturbed by what they
are doing. We should simply hope and wish well for them to embrace the right path. By contemplating this
Bhvan, we will not have undue attachment or detachment to a given situation or a person.
04 Summary
In summary, we can avoid the influx of bad karmas and live peacefully by developing friendships with all
living beings, admiring their success, holding their hands when they are in distress, and leaving them
alone at the times when they do not heed to right guidance. Until it becomes the natural way of life to
observe these Bhvans, we should contemplate on them as many times as possible.
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C05 - Leshys (State of Mind and Karmic Stains)

01 Introduction
Leshy means state of mind. Generally most of our actions reflect the state of our mind. Jainism places
a great deal of importance on the state of our mind when we act upon anything. The attachment of
Karma depends more on the state of mind than action itself. The following story illustrates how the state
of our mind reflects upon our activities.
Once there were six friends who went on a hiking trip. Along the way, they got lost in a forest. After a
while, they got hungry and thirsty and they had no food or water. They searched for food for some time
and finally found a fruit tree.
As they ran to the tree, the first man said, Lets cut the tree down and get the fruit. The second one said,
Dont cut the whole tree down, cut off a big branch instead. The third friend said, Why do we need a big
branch? A small branch has enough fruit. The fourth one said, We do not need to cut the branches, let
us just climb up and get all the fruit. The fifth man said, Why pick so many fruit and waste them?
Instead just pick enough fruit to eat. The sixth friend said quietly, There are plenty of good fruit on the
ground, so lets eat those first.
This story clearly shows the state of mind of six friends, which led to actions ranging from cutting the
entire tree to picking up fruit from the ground. These six levels of thoughts represent six types of
Leshys.
The first friends state of mind represents Krishna (black) Leshy.
The second friends state of mind represents Neel (blue) Leshy.
The third friends state of mind represents Kpot (gray) Leshy.
The fourth friends state of mind represents Tejo (red) Leshy.
The fifth friends state of mind represents Padma (yellow) Leshy.
The sixth friends state of mind represents Shukla (white) Leshy.
Krishna Leshy is the worst and Shukla Leshy is the best. Krishna, Neel, and Kapot Leshys lead the
soul to ruin and the last three lead the soul to spiritual prosperity. We know that our minds wander into
different states all the time for better or for worse. Therefore, we should strive for a better state of mind
progressively. The story of King Prasannachandra who lived during Lord Mahvirs time illustrates how
fast surroundings can affect our mind, our Leshys, and our spiritual progress.
02 Classification of Leshys
Let us understand how a person with different Leshys behaves and what the outcomes of such Leshys
are.
1. Krishna (Black) Leshy

People in this state of mind do not show any compassion or mercy. Everyone is afraid of them as their anger
frequently turns into violence. They are always burning with jealousy and they have ill will for everyone. They are
full of enmity and malice, and do not believe in spirituality. This state of mind is the worst and most dangerous. If
one dies while in this state of mind they will be reborn in hell.
2. Neel (Blue) Leshy

People in this state of mind are proud, arrogant, and lazy. They are not trustworthy and other people avoid their
company. They are cheaters, cowards, and hypocrites. These people avoid religious discourses. If one dies while in
this state of mind they will be reborn as a one sense living being.
3. Kpot (Gray) Leshy

People in this state of mind always remain sad and gloomy. They find faults in others and are vindictive. They
boast about themselves, become angry over small matters, and lack mental balance. If one dies while in this state of
mind they will be reborn as an insect, a bird, or an animal.
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4. Tejo (Red) Leshy

People in this state of mind are very careful about their actions and can discriminate between good and evil. They
know the difference between what is right and what is wrong. They are kind, benevolent, religious, and lead a
harmonious life. If one dies while in this state of mind, they will be reborn as a human being.
5. Padma (Yellow) Leshy

People in this state of mind are kind, benevolent and forgiving. They observe some austerities and are vigilant in
keeping their vows till their last breath. They remain unaffected by joy and sorrow. If one dies while in this Leshy,
they will be reborn in heaven as a celestial being.
6. Shukla (White) Leshy

There are two levels of this Leshy. The great soul observes the first level of this Leshy and strictly observe the
principles of nonviolence, truth, non-stealing, celibacy, and non-attachment. They are trustworthy and do not have
any ill feelings. They remain calm even if someone abuses them. If one dies while in this state of mind, they will be
reborn as a human or heavenly being.
In the second level of this Leshy, one has a state of mind where there is no more attachment or hatred and treats
everything with equanimity. They do not become happy or sad. Their state of mind is the purest. When one dies in
this perfected state of mind, he or she will be liberated from the cycle of life and death.
Please refer to the Story of King Prasannachandra in the Story section of the manual.
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C06 - Panchchr: Five Codes of Conduct

Nnammi Dansanammi A Charanammi Tavammi Tahay Viriyammi
yaranam yro Ea Eso Panchah Bhanio
-- Panchchr Sutra
Knowledge, faith, conduct, austerities and vigor constitute the fivefold code of conduct
01 Introduction
Religion has two major aspects. One deals with principles and the other with practice. The latter
constitutes the observance part of religion. Observance of Jainism can again be divided in two broad
categories. One part deals with the observance of code and the other with the observance of restraints.
When we talk of the Jain code, we mean the norms of observing the right conduct as laid down by the
preceptors of Jainism. Right conduct, however, is only a part of the spiritual code. There are several
other aspects, like true knowledge and faith, that form parts of the same code. The ultimate purpose of
the right conduct is, after all, to gain liberation, which, in spiritual terms, is known as Moksha.
chrya Umsvti stated in Tattvrtha-Sutra:
Samyag-darshan-jnn-chritrni Mokshamrgah
Samyag Darshan, Samyag Jnn and Samyag Chritra constitute the path of liberation.
Samyag means right, correct, rational or proper. Darshan stands for conviction or faith, Jnn for
knowledge, and Chritra for conduct. The combination of those three aspects leads to liberation. Since
code, in Jain terminology, stands for chr, these three aspects are termed as Darshanchr, Jnnchr
and Chritrchr. They are thus the basic constituents of Jain code.
Two subsidiary codes of conduct are those related to the exercise of physical, verbal, and mental abilities
(Virychr), and the ones related to austerities (Tapchr).Although Tapchr and Virychr are parts of
Chritrchr, they are categorized separately as they are very significant to Jainism.
Thus,
Darshanchr, Jnnchr, Chritrchr, Tapchr, and Virychr are the fivefold Jain code and together
they are known as Panchchr (Panch means five and chr means conduct)
02 Panchchr (Five Codes of Conduct)

Jnnchr
Code of Acquiring Right Knowledge
Darshanchr
Code of Gaining Right Faith
Chritrchr
Code of Acquiring Right Conduct
Tapchr
Code of Acquiring Right Austerities
Virychr
Code of Exercising Right Vigor or Energy
Darshan means faith, but it also denotes belief, conviction, outlook, and attitude and so on. Jnn means
knowledge, but it also implies enlightenment. Chritra means conduct and includes practice, behavior,
etc.
1 Jnnchr (Code of Conduct Related to Right Knowledge)

Kle Vinae Bahumne Uvahne Tah Aninhavane
Vanjan Attha Tadubhaye Atthaviho Nnmyro
-- - Panchchr Sutra
Proper timing, reverence, esteem, required austerities, gratitude and loyalty, reading carefully, grasping meaning and
understanding the underlying sense constitute the eightfold code of knowledge.
Mati-Jnn, Shruta-Jnn, Avadhi-Jnn, Manah-Paryva-Jnn and Keval-Jnn are the five categories of the Jnn.
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Indirect Knowledge or Paroksha Jnn:

Mati Jnn and Shruta Jnn:
Mati means intelligence. The knowledge acquired by using intellect or by exercising the mind is
therefore called Mati-jnn.
Shru means to hear. By implication, it also covers reading, writing, and learning. Therefore,
Shruta-Jnna means the knowledge gained by listening, reading, and studying.
These two categories thus deal with knowledge that can be gained by the use of the senses and
mind. Since the mind is considered the intangible sense, these categories of knowledge are
termed as sensed-based knowledge or Indriydhin Jnn. Knowledge of different arts and
sciences fall within these categories. Since the use of senses does not directly involve the soul,
Jainism considers these two categories as indirect knowledge or Paroksha-jnn. This type of
knowledge is subject to destruction and does not last forever.
Direct Knowledge or Pratyaksha Jnn:

The other three categories are not sense-based. They arise by virtue of spiritual development and
are called direct knowledge, or Pratyaksha-Jnn. They are extra-sensory (can be experienced
without exercising the senses.)
Avadhi Jnn:
Avadhi-jnn pertains to the knowledge of tangible aspects. The term Avadhi denotes certain
limitations. Avadhi-jnn therefore means knowledge of tangible aspects beyond sensory
perception, subject to the limitations of time and space.
For instance, a person may gain capability to know by extra-sensory perception, what had
happened, or what is going to happen during a specified period. Such a period may be of a few
hours, a few days, a few years, or even a few lives.
On the other hand, a person may gain capability to know what is happening within a specified
distance.
Avadhi-jnn thus prevails within defined time and space.
everlasting.
This capability is not infinite nor
Manah-Paryva Jnn:
Manah means the mind and Paryya means the changing state of an object. This category
therefore denotes the capability to understand the thinking process and mental attitudes of others.
It pertains only to intangible aspects. This capability also is not infinite and its operation is subject
to limitations. It consists of two types: Rujumati and Vipulmati. The former can disappear, while
the latter stays with the soul until it attains Keval-jnn.
Keval Jnn:
Keval means only as well as pure. In the former sense, Keval-jnn means exclusive prevalence of
knowledge only and nothing else. In the latter sense, it is pure, untainted knowledge. Either of
these interpretations enables it to operate without any limitations. The person attaining this
knowledge gets infinite capability to know everything, tangible or intangible, and in the past,
present and future. This knowledge is therefore termed as true enlightenment. In addition, a
person with such knowledge is known as omniscient or Sarvajna. Keval-jnn is indestructible.
Once Keval-jnn is attained, it stays with the soul forever.
How does one gain knowledge?

The soul is indestructible. In its purest form, the soul exhibits inherent qualities of infinite knowledge,
infinite perception, infinite bliss, and infinite energy. However, bonded karma prevents the soul from
exhibiting its purest nature.
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It should be clearly understood that knowledge does not come without effort. Attaining right
knowledge is the first and the foremost step in our journey towards liberation. The way to acquire
knowledge is by eradicating or suppressing Karma. This can be done by undertaking virtuous
Karma and/or by bearing the consequence of operating Karma with equanimity. The karma that
prevents the soul from acquiring knowledge is known as knowledge obscuring (Jnnvaraniya)
karma. We acquire knowledge-obscuring karma if we do not properly follow the codes of conduct
related to knowledge as prescribed by our scriptures.
Let us understand this phenomenon by illustrating the case of Mati-jnn (empirical knowledge).
Suppose some particular prayer has to be memorized. One person may succeed in memorizing it
with little effort, another may have to repeatedly recite it for memorizing it, and someone else may fail
to memorize it despite all possible efforts. In the first case, the bondage of obscuring Karma is very
loose. In the second case, the bondage is rather tight and needs more efforts or higher
countervailing Karma to break the bond. In the third case, the bondage is unbreakable and the
consequences of that karma must come to fruition. Everyone should therefore endeavor or
undertake such countervailing Karma to break the bondage of the knowledge obscuring Karma.
Endeavors to break the bondage of knowledge obscuring karma by self-effort is known as
Purushrtha. Whether it succeeds or not depends upon the intensity of the operative Karmas.
Purushartha has two aspects, external and internal. Trying to gain Mati-jnn and Shruta-Jnn by
developing and exercising physical and mental abilities is external Purushrtha. Trying to gain
spiritual development by practicing Nirjar (eradication of karmas) is internal Purushrtha. Avadhijnn, Manah-Paryya-Jnn and Keval-jnn automatically emerge by internal Purushrtha. Everyone
should therefore devote maximum energy for internal Purushrtha.
Jain tradition is particularly concerned with acquiring knowledge (Jnn). For that purpose, it lays
down the following code of conduct (chr):
Studying at the proper time
Reverence for teachers and proper care for the means of gaining knowledge
Esteem for the learned
Observance of the required austerities for getting properly equipped for knowledge
Utmost loyalty to preceptors
Accurate study of the sutras (religious scriptures)
Understanding the proper meanings of sutras
Grasping the underlying meaning, essence, and purpose of sutras
One should appropriately select the school and subjects of study, study at the proper time, attend
classes regularly, patiently learn and absorb what is being taught, carefully follow instructions, do the
required homework, take proper care of books and other study materials, respect teachers, etc.
Undertaking research, remaining in touch with the latest developments, taking refresher courses,
participating in seminars and workshops for the purpose of more intensive study, etc. constitute more
advanced means of Purushrtha.
It should be understood that not everyone has the same capacity to absorb what is being taught.
The outcomes are therefore bound to be different. However, if one wants to gain knowledge, pursue
goals with diligence, and has access to capable teachers and guides, they can surely gain what they
might be seeking. In other words, knowledge-obscuring Karma would give way in the face of
Purushrtha.
By practicing these codes of conduct, one can lessen the load of Jnnvaraniya Karma and thus
manifest the inherent knowledge the soul possesses. If these codes of conduct are not observed,
not only will our efforts to gain knowledge be futile, but we will bind more Jnnvaraniya karma to the
soul and prevent us from gaining knowledge in the future.
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2. Darshanchr (Code of conduct related to Right Faith)

Nissankia Nikkankhia Nivvitigichchh Amoodh-ditthia
Uvavooha Thirikarane Vachchhal Pabhvane Attha
-- Panchchr Sutra
Doubtlessness, absence of expectation, unflinching faith, not being unduly influenced, adoration and
encouragement, stabilization, affection, and creating favorable impressions constitute the eightfold code of right
faith.
Darshan means belief, faith, conviction, and realization. These four epithets actually convey an hierarchy. When a
person acquires some knowledge, they tend to believe it. Thus, knowledge and belief go hand in hand. Then, one
has to gain faith. For instance, we know from books or teachers that the soul is everlasting, and we try to believe
that. However, as long as we are not truly convinced, our faith in the everlasting soul is not really there. For
gaining conviction, we first have to have faith in the concept and then contemplate and ponder over it. After true
conviction, we gain self-realization. Such realization is true Samyag-darshan.
The code that lays down the method of gaining right faith is known as Darshanchr. The eight aspects of
Darshanchr are:
Nissankia
Staying above all doubts
Nikkankhia
Absence of expectations
Nirvichikits
Unflinching faith
Amoodha-drashti
Not to be influenced or swayed by glamorous shows of any faith
Uvavooha
Adoration and encouragement
Sthirikaran
Stabilizing the faith of others
Vtsalya
Affection for coreligionists
Prabhvan
Raising the esteem for the true faith
Of these eight aspects, the first one, which denotes the conviction, is of utmost importance. The remaining seven,
which are helpful in raising the intensity of conviction, can be considered supplemental. This has been discussed in
the chapter Ratna-trayi Moksha Mrg (three fold path of liberation). These eight aspects are vital to attainment of
the right perception or Samyaktva. It is impossible to have proper insight without gaining right perception.
3. Chritrchr (Code of conduct related to acquiring Right Conduct)

The next step in our journey towards liberation is putting in practice what we have learned through true knowledge
and the right faith. Living a life in accordance with the right knowledge and right faith is Chritrchr. Tirthankar
Bhagawn has recommended different codes of conduct for Sdhus and Sdhvis and for lay people. Codes of
conduct prescribed for Sdhus and Sdhvis are mandatory and absolute. Since lay people have to carry out worldly
chores and obligations, they are bound to commit certain mundane sins, which will be in violation of the absolute
practice of Chritrchr. Therefore, Tirthankar Bhagawn has recommended that lay people remain vigilant to the
best of their ability at all times in following the codes of Chritrchr.
Chritrchr prescribed for lay people may be categorized in three broad categories: Observation of 12 vows,
observation of five categories of carefulness in daily activities (Samiti), and observation of three types of restraints
(Gupti).The twelve vows apply only to Shrvaks and Shrviks, and are discussed in chapter C04 of the conduct
section.
Panihna-Jogjutto Panchahim Samiehim Tihim Guttihim

Esa Charittyro Atthaviho Hoi Nyavvo
-- - Panchchr Sutra
Observance of five Samitis and three Guptis with a balanced mind is considered the eightfold code of conduct.
After gaining conviction, one has to put it into practice. That practice is known as Chritrchr. The term means
right behavior or right conduct. We will first consider here the monastic code of conduct and then the lay people
code of conduct.
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Five Samitis (Carefulness):

1 Iry Samiti:
Whenever one has to make movements, one should remember that there happen to be living
beings everywhere. One has to remain vigilant enough to see that he does not step, crush,
trample, or otherwise hurt any living being by making movements. Since some minute violence is
bound to occur in spite of all precautions, it is advised that after every movement, one should
undertake a short Kusagga for atonement of violence inadvertently caused by such movements.
2 Bhsh Samiti:
This meticulously pertains to vocal or oral activities. Even exercising vocal faculty can
minute living beings that pervade the air. This Samiti therefore lays down that every
aspirant should speak slowly and only when necessary. Harsh and unnecessary speech
cause mental hurt has to be avoided altogether. Moreover, the speech has to be
beneficial, and pleasant. Otherwise, one should observe silence.
hurt the
spiritual
that can
truthful,
3 Eshan Samiti:
This meticulously pertains to obtaining food and water, which are essential for survival. The
aspirant has to get such food and water by going for alms. He should, however, be careful and
vigilant even while accepting such food and water. The offer for alms should not involve any type
of force or compulsion on the part of the giver. The food and water being offered should have
been made out of acceptable, vegetarian ingredients that involve minimal violence.
4 dna Nikshepa Samiti:

This meticulously pertains to taking or placing any objects. Reckless pulling, pushing, lifting,
laying, or otherwise mishandling objects can hurt living beings. If one is not careful, such activities
can result in avoidable violence. Utmost care and vigilance should therefore be exercised while
undertaking such activities. One often comes across the use of the term Upayoga during Jain
rituals and performances, which means staying vigilant.
5 Utsarga or Prishth-panik Samiti:

This meticulously pertains to disposal of wastes (excretion and urination.) Jainism does not permit
reckless behavior even in the case of disposal. It has laid down proper rules of disposal: human
excretion should be carried out in a place not habited by living beings. Since latrines and urinals
happen to be the breeding grounds for a variety of germs and insects, Jainism forbade their use
by the monastic order. Jainism indicates that ascetics should stay outside the city so human
waste can be disposed of properly. This Samiti lays down the mode of disposing all wastes in a
way that would cause minimal violence and inconvenience to others.
Three Guptis (Controlling Ones Faculties):

The final category of Chritrchr is the Three Guptis, which is the three types of restraints in daily
activities.
Monks and nuns are supposed to devote their entire life to spiritual pursuit. Since they have
renounced the worldly life, they are not supposed to get involved in any worldly activities. They have
to spend their entire time and energy towards spiritual upliftment and compassion towards all living
beings and are not expected to use their mental, vocal or physical energy for any worldly gain.
Exercising energy solely for that purpose is known as Gupti, which can be translated as total control
of ones faculties.
1 Mana Gupti:
The first of the Guptis is Mana Gupti, which includes restraints related to control of the mind
(control over mental energy).Observing Mana Gupti requires that we have pure thoughts, and
engage in meditation and Smyika (equanimity) whenever possible. We also do not get mad at
others or wish evil on them.
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2 Vachan Gupti:
The next Gupti is restraints related to control of speech, or Vachan Gupti. Restraints related to
speech are similar to those discussed in carefulness in speech. The only difference here is
controlling and restraining our speech.
3 Kaya Gupti:
The third and final Gupti is restraints related to control of the body, or Kaya Gupti. Kaya Gupti
requires that we do not use perfumes or wear flashy clothes and that we take proper care of our
health.
chrya Shri Umsvti stated in Tattvrtha-sutra: Samyag-yoga-nigraho Gupti. It means that the
right exercise of control is Gupti. One should therefore exercise appropriate discretion in
controlling mental, and physical faculties. These three Guptis are known as Tigutti or Trigupti.
Ashta Pravachan Mt:

These five Samitis and three Guptis constitute the eightfold monastic code of conduct. In Jain
terminology, these eight aspects are collectively known as Ashta Pravachan Mt. It means that
these eight aspects of religious teaching are as beneficial to spiritual aspirants as the lessons
mothers teach their children.
The observance of the five major vows (restraints) of non-violence, truth, not taking anything without
the express permission of the owner, celibacy and non-possessiveness are also implied in this code.
Total non-possessiveness is the distinguishing feature of Jain monks. They accept the bare
minimum of clothing from followers. They also keep a couple of wooden bowls for accepting food
and water. The wooden articles are allowed because they are light in weight and can be easily
cleaned with a small amount of water. Similarly, monks can also have spiritual books for study.
The greatest disciplinary practice that helps them observe nonviolence is Smyika. The term
literally means staying in equanimity. The person observing Smyika has to stay away from all
worldly involvement. That practice should ultimately lead to the fusion of the mind with the true Self
by developing detachment towards all external objects. Those who renounce the worldly life are
therefore required to take the vow of staying in Smyika for the rest of their lives.
Jain monks and nuns should not stay for too long at any one place to avoid developing attachment to
any particular place or people. However, during the monsoon season, a lot of germs and insects
breed in the dirty rainwater and a lot more violence can occur if monks and nuns move from place to
place. Therefore, during that period, monks and nuns are required to stay at one place. During the
rest of the year, they continue to move barefoot from place to place. Such movements have to be
made without using any vehicle, because manufacture, maintenance, and movements of vehicles
can also cause a lot of violence.
This is no doubt a rigorous code. However, Jain monks and nuns willingly observe the code
because they are oriented towards the well-being of the soul. They know that physical comforts or
discomforts are transitory and the soul is not affected by such ever-changing situations. They can
therefore easily stay unconcerned about their physical well-being. Moreover, they train themselves
for undergoing the rigors of the monastic code by undertaking fasts and other austerities. Because
they follow such rigors, Jain monks and nuns are held in high esteem. The laity considers them as
enlightened entities and reveres them as spiritual guides.
Recently, we have been witnessing a tendency towards avoiding the rigors of this code. Many
monks now make use of light footwear. There are also monks who do not mind the use of vehicles
and who stay with their hosts for longer periods of time.
Many Jains have now settled in countries outside of India. They need the guidance of monks for
ritual performances and other religious activities. They invite monks to their new countries that
cannot be reached without the use of vehicles. In western countries, where climatic conditions
necessitate adequate protection, the traditional monastic wear of wrapping the body with two pieces
of cloth does not work. Nor is it feasible to go from home to home for alms.
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Realizing these needs, chrya Tulsi has created a new cadre of male Shamans and female
Shamanis. They are well trained in various aspects of Jainism; they learn English and communicate
well with the people. Such Shamans and Shamanis renounce worldly life but are permitted to use
vehicles and stay with their hosts.
The code of conduct for laymen is known as Shrvakchr. Most of the stipulations of the monastic
code are applicable to them, but they are modified for the worldly life. For instance, laypersons also
should control their mind, speech and body to the extent possible. As householders, they are of
course required to undertake various worldly activities. While doing so, they should not lose sight of
the right perception. If they happen to transgress the limits of Shrvakchr, they should also
repent, just as monks do when they violate their codes of conduct. Shrvak Pratikraman Sutra,
which is popularly known as Vandittu, lays down the transgressions of right perception as follows.
Sank Kankha Vigichchh, Pasansa Taha Santhavo Kulingisu

Sammattassaire, Padikkame Desiam Savvam.
-Panchchr Sutra
If I have indulged, during the day, in any transgressions of Samyaktva, like harboring
doubts, expectations, wavering faith, adoration of the wrong faith, or acquaintance with
believers in false doctrines, I must repent.
Shrvaks should, of course, stay vigilant to avoid hurting any living being. They cannot remain
without possessions, but they should lay voluntary limitations on their possessions and desires. In
place of major restraints, they have to observe five minor vows called Anu-vratas. Moreover, they
should observe three auxiliary restraints and four disciplinary restraints.
4 Tapchr (Code of conduct related to observing Austerities and Penance)

Brasavihammi Vi Tave Sabbhintar-Bhire Kusal-Ditthe
Agili Anjivi Nyavvo So Tavyro
-Panchchr Sutra
The cause of endless cycles of birth and death for the worldly soul is karmic bondage. This removal of karmic
bondage is known as Nirjar and the ways in which Nirjar is achieved are collectively known as Tapa or austerity.
Jain scriptures have prescribed the specific ways to observe austerities, which is known as Tapchr. This code
states that we must observe austerities in an appropriate way, with true faith, and according to our ability.
Austerities should never be observed in order to gain worldly pleasures, out of jealousy, or to gain the admiration of
others.
There are 12 types of external and internal austerities one can follow.
Jain tradition lays considerable emphasis on the observance of Tapa. Really speaking, Tapa is a part of Chritra. In
view of its special importance to spiritual aspirants, it has been considered as a separate part of the spiritual code,
known as Tapchr.
The worldly soul has been ignorant about its true nature and has been associated with karmas. Consequently, it has
been entangled in an unending cycle of birth, death, and reincarnation.
It can, however, be liberated from that cycle by removing its ignorance about its true nature and its Kashya (anger,
greed, ego, and deceit) which can eradicate all of its Karmas. This is known as Nirjar. It is of two types. Simply
bearing the consequences of old Karmas is Akm Nirjar. Most of the time, the person happens to react to the given
situation with more emotion. Such Nirjar leads to acquisition of new Karmas and cannot lead to liberation.
Sakm Nirjar does not lead to new Karmas. One of the ways to achieve such Nirjar is to resort to austerities.
Sakm Nirjar should be performed by remaining neutral, so that one can avoid gaining more karmas.
In order to avoid misconception of what austerities are, Jainism has laid down the concept of Tapa in great detail.
Austerities have been actually conceived as physical and mental exercises that can be helpful for achieving Nirjar.
The physical exercises are external or Bhya Tapa and mental ones are internal or Abhyantar Tapa. Since internal
austerities are concerned with inner aspects, it will be evident that they are meant for spiritual development.
External austerities, on the other hand, are useful only to the extent they are helpful in undertaking internal ones.
Both these categories of Tapa are divided into six subcategories each. Thus, there are twelve types of Tapa.
Bhya Tapa (External Austerities):
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Anasan-Moonoariy Vitti-Sankhevanam Rasachcho

Kya-Kileso Sanlinay Ya Bajzo Tavo Hoy
-Panchchr Sutra
Fasting, eating less, curtailing desires, avoiding tastes, facing physical hardships, and
occupying restricted space are the external austerities.
1 Anashan (Fasting):
Ashan means to eat and Anashan means not to eat (fasting.) Such fasting is usually known as
Upavs. Upavs means staying close to the soul. When a person stays tuned to the nature of
soul, they may not remember the physical body or other physical needs like hunger. So refraining
from food can be a consequence of Upavs, but is not the essential part of Upavas. Anashan,
therefore, is the physical act of refraining from food, and Upavas describes the mental focus on
the soul.
2 Unoari or Unodari (Eating less):

This means eating less than what is needed for satisfying appetite or hunger. This austerity has a
health consideration as well. Recent research has shown that eating in moderation is good for
health and can even increase longevity. It also prepares the body and mind for meditation.
3 Vitti-Sankhevanam or Vritti-sankshepa (Curtailing desires):

This means adding further restrictions. Human beings have the tendency to acquire as many
things as possible to satisfy current or future needs. However, we all know that possession of
many things does not necessarily make one happy. Happiness is a function of mind and can be
attained only by contentment. By observing this austerity, one can learn to stay content with
minimum requirements. One meaning of this austerity is to restrict the number of food items per.
4 Rasachcho or Rasatyg (Avoiding tastes):

This means giving up the attachment for tastes. Often, we are too busy trying to fulfill our cravings
and lose self-discipline. We become slaves to our hunger and appetites. Ways to practice this
austerity include yambil Vrata, where one eats only once a day and commits to eating foods that
do not contain salt or other spices. Another way to practice this vow is to give up a favorite food.
5 Kya-Kileso or Kya-Klesha (Facing physical hardships):

This literally means bearing physical affliction. During spiritual pursuit, one comes across many
hardships. If one is not accustomed to bear them, one cannot maintain peace of mind. It is
therefore necessary that aspirants get used to bearing hardships and physical discomforts. This
austerity teaches us to bear physical discomfort with equanimity.
6 Sanlinay or Sanlinat (Occupying restricted space):

This is also referred to as Vivikta-shayysan. It means staying in a forlorn place and occupying
minimum space. The normal human tendency is to gain the most possible amenities in life. The
purpose of this austerity is to curtail that tendency and to practice feeling comfortable within a
restricted area. This term can also mean staying tuned or attentive.
The purpose of these external austerities is to equip aspirants to face hardships that they may come
across during spiritual pursuits. This will help them observe peace and tranquility of mind even in
adverse circumstances.
Abhyantar Tapa (Internal Austerities):

Pyachchhittam Vinao Veyvachcham Tahev Sajzo
Jhnam Ussaggo Vi A Abbhintarao Tavo Hoy
-Panchchr Sutra
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Repentance, modesty, selfless service, study of the self, meditation, and staying beyond
physical aspects are the internal austerities.
1 Pyachchhittam or Pryashchitta (Repentance):
This means atonement or repentance. We often indulge in wrong and undesirable activities
Because of addiction, weakness of mind, pitfalls, or shortsightedness. The spiritual aspirant has
to stay constantly aware of all of these indulgences. Whenever one notices anything wrong on his
part, one should repent and atone for it. Ones sense of remorse should be strong enough to
avoid repeating such indulgences. If this austerity is undertaken with sincerity, one can eventually
reach the state of perfection.
2 Vinay (Modesty):
This means modesty and respect for others. Respect has to be appropriate and may even take
the form of worship for deserving entities. This will help the aspirant proceed towards spiritual
development. For instance, if one has regard for his preceptor, he would not undertake any
activity without seeking guidance from such preceptor. This would automatically keep him away
from indulging in any wrong or undesirable activities. He would also want to attain the attributes of
those deserving entities and this can lead him towards perfection.
3 Veyvachcham or Vaiyvruttya (Selfless service):

This means selfless service. The spiritual aspirant should realize that all living beings have the
same type of soul. He should, therefore, feel a sense of amity towards everyone. He would then
be willing to serve others without expecting anything in return. Such service can result in
elimination of arrogance.
4 Sajzo or Swdhyy (Study of Self):

Literally, this means study of oneself. It takes two forms. One is to become aware of ones own
faults and limitations and work towards avoiding them. The other form of Swdhyy is to
understand the nature of the true Self. The aspirant learns that the soul is inherently pure,
enlightened, flawless, and imbibed with infinite perception, knowledge, power, and bliss. He would
strive to manifest those attributes to attain liberation.
5 Jhnam or Dhyna (Meditation):

Meditation in Jainism means attentiveness and specifies four types of Dhyna known as rtadhyna, Raudra-dhyna, Dharma-dhyna and Shukla-dhyna. The first two categories are nonvirtuous and do not form part of this austerity. The remaining two are virtuous and are needed for
meditation.
Dharma-Dhyna means contemplating about spiritual aspects to get rid of
defilements. Shukla-dhyna is ones absorption within the nature of soul. When one attains this
state, he is not far away from liberation.
6 Ussaggo or Kyotsarga (Giving up the physical body):

Kyotsarga actually denotes giving up all physical, verbal and mental activities and staying
absorbed in the true nature of soul. When such absorption is complete and remains
uninterrupted, it is called liberation.
Thus, from the above descriptions of internal austerities, it is evident that observing such
austerities amounts to observing Upavs. If a person can observe these austerities for an
extended period of time, he would have no time to care for physical, sensory, mental, and other
worldly aspects. Nirjar can thus easily be achieved by such Tapa. chrya Shri Umsvti once
summarized this by stating: Tapas Nirjar Cha, meaning Nirjar can be achieved by Tapa. This
primarily conveys the observance of internal restraints while resorting to the external ones as a
means to become more prepared for internal austerities.
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5. Virychr (Code of conduct related to physical and mental ability / Code of exercising
Vigor or Energy)
The final set of codes of conduct relate to exercising our physical and mental capabilities to the fullest and in the
appropriate manner, which is known as Virychr. We cannot properly observe the preceding four codes of conduct
without the appropriate use of our physical, mental, and verbal capabilities. Since our ultimate goal is Nirjar of
karma, Virychr must lead us to Nirjar. Laziness, ignorance, negligence, ego, greed, and deceit are the major
causes of a behavior contrary to the practice of right Virychr. Bhagawn Mahvir has said that we must not spend
even a single moment being lazy in our journey towards liberation. Instead, we should properly observe codes of
conduct regarding knowledge, faith, conduct, and austerities to the fullest and according to our best mental, verbal,
and physical capabilities. We should also engage in religious activities as preached by Tirthankar Bhagawn.
Anigoohia-Bal-Virio Parakkamai Jo Jahuttamutto

Junjai A Jahthmam Nyavvo Viriyro
-Panchchr Sutra
When one applies his unrestricted capacity and vigor for practicing the spiritual code, it is known as Virychr, or
the code of exercising vigor.
Like Tapchr, Virychr also is a part of Chritrchr. In view of its importance, however, Jain tradition treats it as
a separate part of the spiritual code.
For undertaking any activity, one has to exercise energy. This applies to worldly and spiritual aspects. All of us are
aware that exercising energy is necessary for gaining anything. However, how many people actually exercise their
energy appropriately? While undertaking any activity, most people are overcome by indolence. They are frequently
led by the tendency to indulge in lethargy, sluggishness, etc. For instance, a student might be aware that to get a
good grade, they need a certain score. However, due to laziness, that student may not put in the required amount of
work and not get the grade he has the potential to achieve.
Self-motivation and use of ones energy is needed to rise above all obstacles. There is no motivation comparable to
self-motivation. If a high degree of self-motivation is required for worldly success, a much higher degree is needed
for spiritual purposes.
According to the scriptures, the following five causes are the main factors that inhibit the spiritual growth.
Mithytva or wrong perception
Avirati or absence of restraints
Pramda or indolence
Kashya or defilements
Yoga or physical involvement
Detailed analysis of these factors would indicate that laxity, laziness and lethargy, which are the principal
constituents of indolence, are inherent in these inhibiting factors. Religion emphasizes that the spiritual aspirant
should undertake every activity efficiently without indulging in indolence.
Five Major types of Vices (Indolence):

Vishay
Indulgence in sensuous objects like sound, sight, smell, taste and touch
Kashya
Anger, Ego or arrogance, deception and greed
Vikath
Unnecessary talk pertaining to politics, nation, food, and sensual

pleasures
Nidr
Excessive sleep or non-alertness
Pranay
Too much attachment to material objects or people
These aspects tend to lead people towards a lethargic path away from the liberation of the soul.
Every aspirant is therefore required to avoid all these types of indolence and to practice the spiritual
code with vigor and enthusiasm.
This leads us to an important but controversial issue. Jainism believes in karma and that living
beings must bear the consequences of their karma. Is that the same thing as being inactive and just
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waiting for things to happen? The difference is between Prrabdha and Purushrtha, or destiny vs.
endeavor. Let us look at the two in details:
Prrabdha, or destiny is usually seen as resulting from Karma, while Purushrtha or endeavor is
viewed as the effort to overcome such destiny. Thus, Prrabdha and Purushrtha appear contradict
each other. Prrabdha denotes the consequence of our earlier karma, while Purushrtha represents
our determination at the present moment. While describing the nature of karma, Jainism does
emphasize that undertaking the right kind of Purushrtha can modify the impact of past karma.
Thus, our present free will or determination has an edge over the fruits of our past Karma.
Virychr asks us to undertake intensive determination for overcoming the impact of Karma acquired
earlier. The implication of the spiritual code thus shows the hollowness of the contention that we are
helpless victims of earlier Karmas. Virychr indicates that all aspects of the spiritual code should
be observed with utmost vigor and exercising such vigor is called Purushrtha.
03 Summary
In summary, the sole cause of endless cycles of birth and death is the bondage of karma to the soul. For
removal of these karmic bondage, Nirjar is the only way to end these cycles of birth and death and
achieve liberation. Proper observation of the codes of conduct is essential.
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C07- Jain Ethics and the Environment

01 Jain Ethics
Jainism states that Earth, Water, Fire, Air, and Vegetation, which constitute the five basic elements of our
environment, possess life. They possess one sense, which is the sense of touch. Animals and human
beings possess all five senses and a mind. The five senses are: touch, taste, smell, sight, and hearing.
Human beings are also blessed with advanced developed thinking. Therefore, they are responsible for
achieving oneness and harmony among all living beings, including the environment, through
compassionate living and disciplined behavior.
Lord Mahvirs entire life was full of compassion and was an example of how to live in perfect harmony
with nature and provide utmost respect for the environment.
Lord Mahvir made the following profound statements:
All life is bound together by mutual support and interdependence. This is an ancient Jain scriptural
aphorism of Tattvrtha sutra.
One who neglects or disregards the existence of earth, air, fire, water and vegetation, disregards his
own existence.
We harm and kill other lives because of our greed and possessiveness.
Since all lives are interconnected, one should realize that if we harm one, we harm all living beings, and
greed, possession, and possessiveness are the primary causes of all violence as well as the imbalance in
the environment.
These ancient statements form the basis of the modern science of ecology.
The main theme of Lord Mahvirs teaching:
Ahimsa (Non-violence) is respect for the life of all living beings.
Aparigraha (Non-possession / Non-possessiveness) stems from respect for other lives as well as
environment.
Anekntavda (Nonone-sidedness/ Open-mindedness) is respect for the views of the other
because truth has many sides.
02 Three Cardinal Principles of Conduct

Ahimsa (non-violence), Anekntavda (multiplicity of views) and Aparigraha (non-possession and nonpossessiveness) are the three cardinal principles of conduct in Jainism.
Ahimsa (Compassion / Non-violence)

Ahimsa means caring for and sharing with all living beings as well as tending to, protecting, and serving them. It
entails universal friendliness (Maitri), universal forgiveness (Ksham), and universal fearlessness (Abhay).
The basic tenet of Jainism is Ahimsa Parmo Dharmah. From an ethical point of view, Dharma means duty.
Hence, the tenet indicates that compassion is the supreme duty of an individual.
From a religious and philosophical point of view, Dharma means the true nature of a substance. Hence, compassion
is the true nature of a human soul.
In addition, the Jain dictum Parasparopagraho Jivnm indicates, Living beings (souls) render service to one
another. Hence, the Jain motto is "Live and Help Others to Live. This is called Compassionate Living.
Ahimsa is the principle that Jains teach and strive to practice not only towards human beings, but also towards all
other living beings, including those in our environment. The scriptures tell us: Do not injure, abuse, oppress,
enslave, insult, torment, torture, or kill any living being including plants, vegetables. Do not pollute water, air, and
earth. The teaching of Ahimsa refers not only to the avoidance of physical acts of violence but also to the avoidance
of violence in speech and thoughts. Ahimsa also refers to an active concern and compassion for fellow humans and
other living beings. Ancient Jain texts explain that intention to harm or the absence of compassion are what makes
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actions violent.
Ahimsa also has a deeper meaning in the context of ones spiritual advancement. Violence imposed upon others in
any form by our body, mind, or speech leads to the bondage of new bad karma, which hinders the souls spiritual
progress.
In other words, violence towards others is a violence towards ones own soul because one acquires bad karma,
which impedes ones spiritual progress and journey towards liberation.
Anekntavda (Doctrine of Multiplicity of Viewpoints)

The concept of universal interdependence underpins the Jain theory of knowledge, known as Anekntavda. In this
ever-changing universe, an infinite number of viewpoints exist for any situation. These viewpoints depend on the
time, place, circumstances, and nature of individuals.
Anekntavda means acceptance of all viewpoints; which are in accordance with reality, positive in nature, and do
not deny any genuine viewpoints. This is also known as non-absolutism.
This leads to the doctrine of Sydvda or relativity, which states that the expression of truth is relative to different
viewpoints (known as Nayas). What is true from one point of view is open to question from another viewpoint.
Absolute truth cannot be grasped from any one particular viewpoint. Absolute truth is the totality of individual
(partial) truths from many different viewpoints, even if they seem to contradict each other. However, it takes into
account the positive viewpoints of other human beings, other communities, and other nations, leading to
interdependent coexistence.
Characteristics of Anekntavda:
Equanimity towards all
A strong urge to seek the whole truth
Belief in many possibilities and acceptance that the truth can consist of seemingly opposing views
Consideration the truth expressed by oneself is a partial truth and accepting truth even if it is expressed
by adversaries
A deeper understanding of Anekntavda and Sydvda provides great insight into the problems of human
interactions that cause conflict, grief, envy, and hatred. Similarly, it is highly applicable in understanding social
problems and national strife. More importantly, these doctrines also provide ways of resolving global differences
and conflicts.
Aparigraha (Non-possession)
Jain ascetics have no possessions. Similarly, Jainism advocates that lay followers should minimize their desire for
accumulation of possessions. This will help ones spiritual progress.
Giving charitable donations and ones own time for social and religious projects is a part of a Jain householders
obligations. This sense of social obligation cultivated from religious teachings has led Jains to establish and
maintain innumerable schools, colleges, hospitals, clinics, orphanages, relief and rehabilitation camps for the
handicapped, old, sick, and the disadvantaged as well as hospitals for ailing birds and animals.
Wants should be reduced, desires should be curtailed and consumption levels should be kept within reasonable
limits. Using any resource beyond ones needs and misuse of any part of nature is considered a form of theft. The
Jain faith also declares that waste and creating pollution are acts of violence.
Summary
Ahimsa supersedes all concepts, ideologies, rules, customs and practices, whether they are traditional or
modern, eastern or western, political or economical, self-centered or social. Non-violence is guarded by
truthfulness, non-stealing, chastity and non-possessiveness.
Anekntavda stops the violence of thought and speech. Anekntavda is also called the intelligent expression
of Ahimsa.
Aparigraha (non-possession) stems from respect for other lives and the environment.
03 Survival of Life vs Ethical Living

It is not possible to sustain human life with absolute non-violence and absolute non-possession. To live a
life, one needs food, minimal clothes, and shelter. Hence, the destruction of living beings are
unfortunately essential for human survival. The goal of Jainism is to live our human life with minimum
violence to other living beings and the environment.
Principle of Minimum Violence for Human Survival:
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A living being with all five senses (animals, birds, and fish etc.) feels maximum pain and their destruction
involves greater violence. Killing many-sensed beings has greater negative impact on the environment.
A living being with one sense (plants, vegetables, water, air, earth etc.) feels minimum pain and its
destruction involves minimum violence and produces a minimum negative impact to the environment.
Hence, Jainism advocates vegetarianism and is against raising animals for food for ethical, spiritual, and
environmental reasons.
04 Ethical Living and Dairy Products

Violence in the Dairy Industry
All Jains believe in vegetarianism and most Jains are vegetarians. Hence it is of no value to the Jain community at
large to discuss cruelty to animals and death inflicted by the meat industry.
However, a majority of Jains consume dairy products. Because animals are not directly killed during the milking
operation, these Jains justify that their consumption of dairy products is not in violation of the fundamental principle
of Ahimsa.
This may be true in olden times for the following reasons:
For our survival, a cow's milk was essential because crop production was not enough to feed the entire human
population.
The cows were taken care of as if they were family members, and only excess milk was consumed, after cows had
fed their calves.
Today, the output of modern agricultural production is such that it can feed the entire world several times over.
Also, the dairy industry is commercialized. Dairy cows are treated as milk producing machines. It inflicts terrible
cruelty on cows.
As there is a huge demand for dairy products, modern dairy industries have to raise animals on a mass scale.
Raising large numbers of animals for food creates a significant ethical problem and environmental imbalance
because it involves a significantly greater use of natural resources than for the equivalent amount of plant food. The
cruelty to animals and the impact on the environment by this industry is unimaginable.
The following list summarizes some of the violence (Himsa) inflicted on animals used in the production of dairy
products. These problems exist in large factory farms of the U.S. or Europe as well as in the small dairy farms in
India (or anywhere else in the world). I speak from experience; I have visited several large dairy farms in USA and
many small dairy farms in India and observed these practices.
Cows are kept pregnant all the time. They may be subject to artificial insemination and other
practices that ensure the maximum production of milk.
Approximately 80% of baby calves are sold to the veal or beef industry, where they are slaughtered
between the ages of six months to three years in the West. Sometimes, in several village in India,
farmers let the male calf die of hunger (I have observed this practice in our holy city of Palitana).
Milk cows are sold to slaughterhouses after five to six years of age when their milk production drops
more than 30% (this is true in India more than 95% of the time). The life expectancy of a dairy cow
is 15 to 20 years.
Hormones and antibiotics are fed or injected daily to increase milk yield (except in organic dairy
farms). Almost all small dairies in India also use hormones and antibiotics.
Since cows are continuously kept pregnant and also fed or injected daily with hormones and antibiotics, they
produce about three times more milk than what they would produce normally and naturally (about 80 years ago). In
other words, the cow's body has to work 3 times more to produce such a large quantity of milk.
In this way, farmers try to meet the growing demand of dairy products without increasing the number of cows.
After about five years of this intense stress, the cows body breaks down and her milk production drops significantly.
At this time, she is sent to a slaughterhouse (legally in the western world and in most cases illegally in India.) There
are many illegal slaughterhouses in India. I have visited a few of them in Ahmedabad and other places. Less than
1.0% of cows end-up in the cow shelter place known as Panjarapol in India.
Organic Dairy Farm

The organic dairy farm is generally smaller than the huge factory-style farm. It does not use antibiotics, pesticides,
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and hormones on the cows. There are no additives added into the milk. However, these farms also practice the
following:
Keep cows continually pregnant
Sell approximately 80% of calves to the veal or beef industry
Sell cows to slaughterhouses after five or six years
Therefore, organic milk is almost as cruel as regular milk.
05 Jainism and the Environment What does Jainism teach about ecology?
The ancient Jain scriptural aphorism Parasparopagraho Jivnm (all life is bound together by mutual
support and interdependence) forms the basis of the modern day science of ecology. This ancient Jain
principle teaches that all of nature is bound together, and says that if one does not care for nature, one
does not care for oneself.
It is logical that for our own wellbeing, we need to respect our environment and look after it.
According to Jainism, living beings are not only plants and animals, but the air, water, and earth also contain living,
sentient beings. The environment is, therefore, an enormous living system. Under the principle of non-violence, it
is our duty as Jains to protect the environment. Many modern Jains concern themselves primarily with direct forms
of Ahims, such as not eating meat and not killing small insects. Jainism, however, demands that we also consider
indirect forms of Ahims. Indirect Ahims is sometimes more difficult to incorporate into our daily lives because
we often do not immediately see the consequences of our actions, which could be very violent and destructive to the
environment. In order to practice indirect Ahims, the first step is to become aware of environmental problems and
the simple things we can do to help.
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Summary
In summary, the teachings of Jainism advocate the following practices in daily life:
Respect the lives of others and the environment we live in.
Be compassionate and practice non-violence. Minimize harm to all living beings including air, water,
earth, fire, and vegetation.
Be vegetarian and avoid the use of animal-based products.
Practice self-restraint. Reduce needs and wants as much as possible. Use excess for the welfare of the
society.
Eliminate waste, reuse / recycle products, share resources, and do not waste the gifts of nature.
Jainism in action is an eco-friendly religion which preserves and protects the Earth and environment, respects the
lives of animals, birds, fish, and other beings, and promotes the welfare of the society through the application of its
primary tenets of Ahims and Non-possessiveness.
The Three Rs of Recycling

1. REDUCE:
When you reduce the amount of garbage you throw away, you are helping the environment. Less
garbage means less waste that will have to be disposed of at a landfill or incineration site. That, in
turn, produces less pollution.
Heres how you can help reduce during your next shopping trip:
Look for products that use only enough packaging to ensure quality. Those that have many layers of
plastic, foil, or other wrappings for no reason are a waste of resources.
Buy the largest size package whenever you can. You usually get more for your money, because you
get more product and less packaging.
Buy concentrated forms of beverages, soaps, household cleaners, and fabric softeners whenever
you can. By adding water yourself, you can save money and reuse containers
2. REUSE:
Using products or packages more than once is a great way to reduce the flow of garbage.
Here are a few tips for you to follow:
Search for products that are designed to be used many times, such as fabric grocery bags, ceramic
mugs and rechargeable batteries.
Save boxes, bags, tins, jars, and plastic containers. You can usually find innovative ways to reuse
these items in your home, garage, or office.
Give away any unwanted clothing you may have. Instead of throwing old clothing away, give it to a
relative, a friend, or a charity.
3. RECYCLE:
Recycling is the collection and re-processing of materials into new, usable products. Right now,
paper, glass, steel, aluminum and plastic are the most recycled items in the United States.
Most communities choose to have residents recyclables picked up curb side by their towns
sanitation department. Others have instituted voluntary drop-off programs which require residents to
take recyclables to a designated recycling center in or near their town.
Either way, the various materials wind up at a recycling center. At the center, these materials are
separated and made available to manufacturers who clean them and make new products out of
them.
To further support recycling, all you need to do is purchase products made from your recyclables.
By reducing, reusing, and recycling, you will be supporting this environmental process.
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Environmental Concerns: Climate Change

Climate change refers to the gradual warming of the earths atmosphere due to increased emissions
of noxious gases in the air. These gases trap heat on the earths surface and are expected to
increase the earths average temperature by 8-10 degrees in the next 50-100 years. One of the
most serious effects of climate change is rising sea levels. As temperatures increase, water
expands, and many polar ice caps could melt. This could result in a critical loss of coastal land; lowlying areas like Florida and Louisiana could become completely flooded, and entire countries like
Bangladesh and many small islands could be wiped off the map. The loss of coastal land is
especially scary with regards to the exponentially increasing population rates around the world,
especially in developing countries like Thailand, India, and Mexico. Land area is shrinking, but the
population is growing. Natural resources that are already scarce will face increasing pressure. The
potential loss of land caused by global warming will likely worsen the quality of life for millions of
people and further endanger the status of our environment. Climate change is also expected to
interrupt many natural ecosystems. Plants and animals adjusted to certain types of climates may
find it hard to survive in new environments and may subsequently, face extinction.
Causes of climate change
Climate change is mostly caused by the emission of certain gases (like carbon dioxide), called
greenhouse gases, into the atmosphere. The most damaging sources of greenhouse gas emissions
are automobiles and fuel-burning power plants. Tropical forests are extremely effective in absorbing
carbon dioxide, but as nearly one acre of forestland is cleared every minute, greenhouse gases are
collecting in the atmosphere at a rate too fast for the remaining forestland to control.
What can we do to control climate change?
The United States is the worlds biggest contributor of greenhouse gases. On average, an American
uses about twice as much dirty energy as most Western Europeans and about 50 times more than
a person living in India. Although US energy use is, in part, a major political issue, there are many
things we can do to help clean up our air and control global warming. The worlds 1.3 billion cows
annually produce 100 million tons of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas, which traps 25 times as
much solar heat as carbon dioxide. Vegetarianism will significantly reduce the production of
greenhouse gases.
Reduce gasoline use. Try to drive as little as possible, using alternative modes of transport like
walking, biking, carpooling, and public transport. When you do have to drive, use the cleanest
gasoline available. Encourage the use of a small engine, fuel efficient cars, and public transportation
when available.
Reduce energy use. Use lower watt light bulbs like 20 or 25 watts instead of 80 watt or halogen
bulbs. Turn off lights and all electric gadgets when not in use. When shopping for appliances, make
sure you ask the salesman to show you the most energy efficient options. Use fans instead of A/C,
as fans use only about 1/10 the amount of energy as A/C. Make sure your house is not losing lots of
heat through cracks and window leaks. This will not only reduce your monthly electric bill, but will
also help keep our air clean and control global warming!
Agricultural Problems and Forest Loss
The vast majority of the worlds population are farmers who produce the food that we eat. Feeding
the worlds people, however, has become quite a contentious issue over the past 50 years, since
many modern agricultural techniques damage the environment.
One of the most serious consequences of agricultural production is the loss of forests. The vast
majority of commercial farms today are monoculture plantations. This means that one farm grows
just one crop. What usually happens is several hundred acres of forestland are cleared for farmland.
The land, once rich with thousands of different species of plants and animals, is replaced with rows
of corn.
06 Summary and Recommendations

The Jain Way of Life is very ethical and respects and honors the Earth and the environment. Our
scriptures indicate that we need to practice our religion based on time, place, and the environment that
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we live in. In other words, we should practice our religion by using our wisdom in a way that we do not kill
or exploit animals for our survival.
A cow is tortured (kept pregnant, fed or injected with hormones and antibiotics) during their milk
production cycle and almost all dairy cows are slaughtered after five or six years of their life even though
their life expectancy is 15 to 20 years. It seems that the cruelty that exist in milk production is as bad as
meat production.
From the point of view of environmental degradation, all animal-based products (milk, leather, silk, and
wool) cause significant harm to the environment relative to plant-based products.
Both Shvetmbar and Digambar sects use milk and milk products in temple rituals. This is an ancient
tradition. We should reevaluate the usage of dairy products (ghee for rati, milk and sweets for puja, etc.)
in temple. Our scriptures indicate that no tradition is to be followed blindly. The highest Jain principle of
non-violence (hurting or killing of five sensed animals) should not be compromised under any
circumstances.
Milk and other products represent certain religious symbols in Jain rituals. However, the product we use
in the rituals must be of a non-violent source. The intention of our rituals is to inspire us to grow
spiritually. The net outcome of the rituals should result in the reduction of our ego, greed, anger, lust, and
attachments. Milk and other dairy products, which involve such violence, cannot help us grow spiritually.
In our rituals, we should substitute regular milk with simple water, soya bean milk, or almond milk.
Vegetable oil should be substituted for ghee which is used in Deevo, and dry nuts can replace various
types of sweets. We should serve only vegan (strict vegetarian) meals during any religious function.
Please remember that if we consume dairy products for our personal use, we are responsible individually
for our actions and the resulting karma or sins. However, if we use dairy products in temples and
religious functions, it is as if the entire community commits the sin. For this reason, we do not use root
vegetables in religious programs even though more than 95% of Jains of North America consume root
vegetables at home.
Almost all Jain youth (YJA and YJP youth) of North America accept the fact that extreme cruelty to cows
exist in the dairy industry and that the usage of dairy products in religious functions grossly violates our
basic principles of Ahimsa. About 15% of Jain youth are vegan. The New York Times reports that, mostly
for ethical reasons, more than six million Americans are vegan.
07 Jain Conduct and its Relevance to Modern Times

The principles of Jainism, if properly understood in their right perspective and faithfully adhered to, have
great relevance for modern times.
They also advocate a path of minimum violence, minimum accumulation of possessions and nonattachment, and the practice of self-restraint.
These principles can bring contentment, inner happiness, and joy in the present life through spiritual
development based on freedom from passions and kindness towards all beings.
Non-violence (Ahimsa) which strengthens the autonomy of life everywhere, non-absolutism
(Anekntavda) which strengthens autonomy of thoughts and speech, and non-possessiveness
(Aparigraha) which strengthens autonomy of interdependence, are the three realistic principles which
strengthen our belief that every living being has a right to existence.
These principles translate into three practices:
One should not kill
One should not trample others thoughts
One should not trample nature
If we truly adopt these three ideas then there will be:
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No acts of war
No economic exploitation
No environmental and ecological destruction
In summary, to live a proper ethical life and to protect the environment we should:
Establish universal friendship and peace through non-violence
Practice compassionate living by respecting the lives of other beings and the environment we live in
Establish true social equality based on non-acquisitiveness and non-possession
Reconcile differences between diverse religious faiths, political parties, and communal and racial
factions through the philosophies of pluralism or non-absolutism
Promote ecological conservation through the values of an austere life-style, non-possessiveness, and
self-restraint
Practice a pure Vegetarian / Vegan lifestyle by avoiding all animal-based foods and products. This
includes all dairy products such as milk, cheese, butter, ghee, ice-cream, and meat, fish, eggs, honey,
leather shoes, fur, silk, and pearls
Reduce needs and wants as much as possible and minimize consumption
Do not waste the gifts of nature. Reuse and recycle all products and share resources Nature provides
enough for our need and not enough for our greed
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C08 - Application of Nonviolence

01 Introduction
Vegetarianism is has been a principle of health and environmental ethics throughout India for thousands
of years. It remains, to this day, a cardinal ethic of Jain thought and practices. Each form of life, even
water and trees, possesses consciousness and energy. Nonviolence, (Ahimsa), the primary basis of
vegetarianism, has long been central to several religious traditions of India, especially Jainism.
More than twenty-five hundred years ago, Lord Mahvir made a simple yet profound statement: All of life
is just like me. I want to live and so do all souls. The instinct of self-preservation is universal. Every
living being clings to life and fears death. Each one of us wants to be free from pain. So let me carry out
all my activities with great care so that I am not harmful to any living being.
The philosophy of nonviolence should be firmly incorporated in our daily life. Non-violence is more than
refraining from violence; it is a deep reverence for all life. Jainism defines internal violence as violent
thoughts (Bhva Hims) and external violence as violence committed by speech or actions (Dravya
Hims).There is a causal relation between internal and external violence. In most instances, external
violence is caused by anger, jealousy, or unfulfilled ambitions. In reality, however, the result of such an
act of violence, we hurt ourselves the most. Before putting anyone down, judging others, or treating
anyone as an inferior being, we must examine ourselves.
Before buying or using any product, we must ask, By my action, am I causing any living being to pay a
price in pain? Directly or indirectly, am I destroying any life? From the moment this awareness becomes
a part of our daily lives, a vegetarian way of life becomes a natural outcome of inner understanding. By
doing everything we can to minimize violence, we enjoy living with a pure consciousness and a clean
conscience. As an added benefit, we are able to live a longer and healthier life.
Jain philosophy emphasizes being vigilant in our thoughts, speech, and all activities to minimize the harm
we cause to other living beings and to direct our actions and intentions to revere all forms of life. This
requires vigilance, awareness of motives, and fearlessness to live in tune with natures laws. The
underlying feeling should be not to arouse fear in any living being, but to demonstrate love and
compassion. It is true that just by breathing, using water, walking, and cutting trees, we are destroying
living beings, but the underlying emphasis and awareness should always be to minimize the harm we
cause to living beings. The more developed the senses of a living being are, the more that living being
can feel pain. Since fish, birds, and animals have a well-developed sense of pain, we must refuse to be a
cause to their agony and pain. We must not use or exploit animals and other living beings for our selfish
pleasures and benefits. All animals cling to life, struggle to survive, and fear pain and death. We must
feel for their helplessness in the face of mans gluttony, greed, and callousness. We must do everything
we can so that they live unmolested. We must realize that every fruit, leaf, or grain that ends up on our
plate had to lose its life in order to give us life. But the sad fact is that without plants, we cannot survive.
What Do Vegetarians Eat?
The staples of a vegetarian diet are grains, legumes, vegetables, fruits, nuts, and seeds. Protein can
easily be obtained through a variety of grains and legumes. Fiber and essential vitamins, minerals, and
carbohydrates can be obtained from many raw vegetables, and green leafy vegetables are especially rich
in iron.
Do Vegetarians Eat Dairy and Eggs?
Vegetarians who use dairy products are called lacto-vegetarians. Those who do not even use dairy
products are called vegans. Nowadays, production and procurement of dairy foods milk, butter, ghee,
ice-cream, cheese, etc involve significant cruelty, which vegetarians and vegans should refuse to support.
The dairy industry is inherently linked to the meat industry. When female cows stop giving milk or reduce
their milk quantity at a certain age, they are sent to the meat industry for slaughtering. If they give birth to
a male calf, the calf is raised on an iron-deficient diet to make tender meat known as veal. One should
not consume any dairy products in order to avoid cruelty to animals.
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In poultry farms, chickens are considered no better than egg producing machines. They are housed in
small congested cages known as chicken havens. Due to shortage of space, they naturally become
violent, offensive, obsessed, and quarrelsome. They attack one another in a barbarous manner. To
prevent them from fighting and wounding one another, they are de-beaked (to remove the upper beak of a
bird to prevent egg eating or attacks on other bird). Due to de-beaking, they are unable to even drink
water.
A fertilized egg is the prenatal stage of a chicken. To eat fertilized eggs is like consuming a chicken
before its birth. Unfertilized eggs are the result of the asexual cycle of chicken and are produced in very
unnatural ways. Unfertilized eggs are also animate because they are born out of chickens body with its
blood and cells. These eggs are also produced with cruel treatment of the chickens. No egg, fertilized or
unfertilized, is produced without violence. Both are non-vegetarian foods.
02 Animal Cruelty and Ecological Impact

Planet Earth is suffering. The escalating loss of species, destruction of ancient rain forests to create
pasturelands for livestock, loss of topsoil, and the consequent increase in water impurities and air
pollution have all been traced to non-vegetarian foods in the human diet. No single decision that we
make as individuals or as a race can have such a dramatic effect on the improvement of our ecology as
the decision to not eat non-vegetarian food. Many seeking to save the planet for future generations have
made this decision for this reason alone.
The choice of a vegetarian/vegan diet is an expression of a sincere consideration for the ecology of the
planet as well. In addition, there are billions of starving people who can be fed only if the raising of
livestock was stopped. Consider these facts:
Slaughtering of Animals in USA
Cattle
130,000 slaughtered per day
Calves
7, 000 slaughtered per day
Hogs
360,000 slaughtered per day
Chickens
24, 000,000 slaughtered per day
03 Ecological Impact of Non-vegetarianism

Water Consumption
Livestock (cattle, calves, hogs, and pigs) production accounts for more than half of all the water consumed in USA.
To produce 1 lb. of meat, an average of 2500 gallons of water is used as compared to 1 lb. of wheat, which requires
108 gallons of water, 1 lb. of rice, which needs 229 gallons of water, and 1 lb. of potatoes, which requires just 60
gallons of water.
It also creates significant amounts of waste and environmental imbalance. The waste released in the environment by
the United States meat and dairy industry is about 230,000 pounds per second, polluting our land, air and water
systems, as reported by the USDA.
Slaughtering animals requires hundreds of millions of gallons of water every day. The waste in these places,
estimated at about two billion tons a year, mostly ends up in waterways, polluting water, killing thousands of fish,
and creating a human health problem.
Thus, we should avoid the consumption of all animal products like meat, poultry, dairy, and seafood.
Land Usage
A third of the surface of North America is devoted to grazing.
Considering the consumption of food by live stock. An average of 40 lbs of vegetation is used to produce 1 lb. of
meat. Half of American croplands grow livestock feed for meat and dairy products.
2% of US cropland produces fruits and vegetables, while 64% of US cropland is for producing livestock feed.
One acre of prime land can grow 5, 000 lb. cherries, 10,000 lb. green beans, 30,000 lb. carrots, 40,000 lb. potatoes,
or 50,000 lb. tomatoes versus only 250 lb. beef.
220 million acres of land in the USA 25 million acres in Brazil, and half the forests in Central America have been
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de-forested for livestock production.

85% of annual US topsoil loss is directly associated with raising livestock.
Cost Comparison
The cost of raw materials consumed to produce food from livestock is greater than the value of all oil, gas, and coal
consumed in America.
Growing grains, vegetables, and fruits uses less than 5% as much raw materials as does meat and dairy production.
2 calories of fossil fuel are used for 1 calorie of protein from soybeans, while 78 calories of fossil fuel are used for 1
calorie of beef.
6.9 kg of grain and soy are used to make 1 kg of boneless trimmed pork.
DIET FOR A NEW AMERICA By John Robbins

If Americans reduced their meat/dairy intake by just 10%, the savings in grains and soybeans could feed 60 million
people per year, which is the total number of people who starve to death worldwide.
04 Abstinence from Drinking Alcoholic Beverages

For observing the vow of non-violence (Ahimsa Vrata), it is specifically laid down that a person should
renounce drinking alcohol. According to the sacred text of Purushrtha Siddhi Upya, alcohol stupefies
the mind; one whose mind is stupefied forgets piety; and the person who forgets piety commits violence
without hesitation. Again, it is important to understand that drinking liquor leads to the commitment of
violence because liquor is the reservoir of many lives which are born in alcohol. Similarly, it is significant
that many dishonorable passions like anger, pride, deceit, greed, fear, disgust, ridicule, grief, boredom,
and lust arise due to the inhibition of senses while drinking liquor and these passions are nothing but
different aspects of violence.
From the aspect of Ahimsa, in wine making, a clarifying agent, usually an animal byproduct, is added to
make wine clear by removing proteins from it. These clarifying agents are egg white, gelatin from skin
and connective tissue of pigs and cows, isinglass from bladder of sturgeon fish, and casein from milk.
Some old Mediterranean countries use the blood of mammals for this purpose as well.
Ethical reasons:
chrya Samantabhadra, in the book of codes of conduct of a Shrvak, describes not consuming alcohol
as one of the eight qualities of a shrvaks. Other Jain Scriptures also list alcohol consumption as one of
the seven addictive vices.
Alcohol is a mind altering drug, a depressant that alters mental faculty leading to impaired judgment and
memory. Under the influence of alcohol, one indulges in emotions of anger, ego, aggression, lust, etc.
One can see that any mind altering substance will lead to carelessness (Pramda) which in turn lead to
influx of inauspicious karmas. According to Jain principles, consumption of alcohol and mind altering
substances:
Does not allow us to follow the five vows
Does not allow us to have full control over the four passions
Leads to influx of karmas due to carelessness (Pramda)
Involves violence to more than one-sensed beings as it takes a lot more than 48 hours of the
fermentation process, and many alcohols contain products from living beings that have more than one
sense
Medical reasons:
Alcohol injures every cell it comes in contact with.
With every drink of alcohol, one loses brain cells leading to chronic memory loss and possibly Alzheimers
disease.
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It enhances GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter.

It weakens glutamine, an excitatory
neurotransmitter.The net result is sluggishness or decreased mental faculty and therefore alcohol is
classified as a central nervous system depressant.
Alcohol causes cirrhosis of liver, esophageal cancer, pancreatitis, malnutrition, accidents, suicides, and
many other diseases.
One also has trouble with his/her senses, including a feeling of numbness, blurred vision, and trouble with
hearing and taste.
Social reasons:
8% of the US population suffers from alcohol abuse and/or alcohol dependence. This number does not
include social drinkers.
The human brain has the power to think, analyze, and speak. Alcohol alters all three. This is the basic
cause of alcohol-related social problems including domestic violence, aggressive behavior, anger,
violence, sexual abuse and rape, broken families, ruined careers, and binge drinking and its associated
problems.
05 Refraining from Consumption of Honey

Along with refraining from consumption of alcoholic beverages and meat, refraining from consumption of
honey is also very important for following the vow of nonviolence. The use of honey invariably entails the
destruction of life of bees. It is also clear that even if a person uses honey obtained without killing
honeybees, it still involves violence because living beings are still killed which are spontaneously born
within the honey. It is important to note that it takes nearly a million bees to create 1 pound of honey.
06 Conscious Consumer
The three fundamental principles of Jainism are Ahims (non-violence), Anekntavda (multiplicity of
view-points) and Aparigraha (non-attachment/non-possessiveness). If, in a 3-legged stool, one leg is
broken, the stool will fall. The leg we will pay the most attention to and try to fix is the broken one.
Ahims is one of the main tenets of Jainism and the one that affects all forms of life: those that can speak
for themselves (human beings), and those that cannot (animals and plants.) Followers of Ahims make
sure that they do not hurt animals or are not involved in the killing of animals for any reason.
If one asks a little child, Where does meat come from? The answer is often the supermarket. It is easy
to explain that meat, fish, lobsters, etc. come directly from killing living beings.
It is often difficult, however, to find out where all the ingredients of a product came from or how the
product was tested. For example, shampoos do not specify where all the ingredients came from (animal
by-products or not). They also do not mention whether they have tested these products on animals like
rabbits. Often, shampoo drops are put in their eyes to see if they tear up. Would we use a shampoo like
that? Probably not! As educated consumers, we try to understand where these things come from. When
someone gives us something, we ask, What is it? If someone asks us to eat something, askew ask,
What is it? In the same way, if we are asked to use a product, we should also ask, Where does it come
from?
As Jains, we should make a conscious effort to avoid all forms of animal exploitation, harm, and cruelty.
This may include avoidance of all animal-based food products including animal and fish flesh, dairy
products, gelatin, and many other foods. This also includes not wearing clothes containing animalderived ingredients like leather, silk, and fur, and avoiding usage of any household products that have
been tested on animals like many soaps, shampoos, cosmetics, etc.
We Jains are grounded in spiritual values and strive to align our actions with our beliefs. The natural
extension of our strong belief in Ahims should be taken beyond just foods.
Eggs
These days, the poultry industry has been marketing eggs as vegetarian food. It claims that since the eggs are
unfertilized, they would never hatch into a chick, and hence they have no life.
It is true that the eggs produced by the commercial poultry industry are unfertilized. However, they cannot be
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deemed as cruelty free. By consuming eggs we support an industry that involves a significant amount of cruelty and
inhumane treatment of birds.
Different birds are used for egg production. Chicks are hatched at hatcheries, raised in pullet barns for about 19
weeks, and then transferred to the laying hen barn for their egg production life.
The average laying hen produces more than 300 eggs a year. Hens begin egg production at five to six months of age
and continue to lay eggs for at least 12 months. Wild birds lay only in the springtime when daylight hours are
increasing. To stimulate laying hens to lay eggs all year round, bright lighting in the barn is maintained for 14 to
17 hours a day.
Small groups of three to five hens are kept in cages. The cages are built at an angle so eggs automatically roll out
for collection and are gathered twice a day. They are then packed and refrigerated on the farm, ready for delivery to
the grading station.
In the U.S., approximately 300 million egg-laying hens are confined in battery cages. These are small wire cages
stacked in tiers and lined up in rows in huge warehouses. The USDA recommends giving each hen four inches of
feeder space, which means the agency would advise packing 3 hens in a cage just 12 inches wide. The birds
cannot stretch their wings or legs, and they cannot fulfill normal behavioral patterns or social needs. Constantly
rubbing against the wire cages results in severe feather loss and bruises and abrasions.
Practically all laying hens have part of their beaks cut off in order to reduce injuries resulting from excessive
pecking, (an aberrant behavior which occurs when the confined hens are bored and frustrated). Debeaking is a
painful procedure which involves cutting through bone, cartilage, and soft tissue. Once they are debeaked, they
have difficulty drinking water.
Laying about 300 eggs per year, the bodies of these hens are severely taxed. They suffer from fatty liver
syndrome when their liver cells, which work overtime to produce the fat and protein for egg yolks, accumulate
extra fat. They also suffer from what the industry calls cage layer fatigue, and many die of egg bound when
their bodies are too weak to pass another egg.
After one year in egg production, the birds are classified as spent hens (hens that cannot lay anymore eggs). They
are then sent off to slaughterhouses. They usually end up in soups, potpies, or similar low-grade chicken meat
products where their bodies can be shredded to hide the bruises from consumers. The hens brittle, calcium-depleted
bones often shatter during handling and/or at the slaughterhouse.
For every egg-laying hen confined in a battery cage, there is a male chick that was killed at the hatchery. Because
egg-laying chickens have been selected exclusively for maximum egg production, they dont grow fast enough or
large enough to be raised profitably for meat. Therefore, male chicks of egg-laying breeds are of no economic
value. They are literally discarded on the day they hatch usually by the least expensive and most convenient means
available. They may be thrown in trash cans where they are suffocated or crushed under the weight of others.
Pearls
In the olden days, lustrous and beautiful natural pearls were a symbol of wealth and pride for those who owned
them. For those who care about Ahims, the pearl is a symbol of pain and suffering.
Pearls are a response to an irritation caused by a foreign particle. It naturally occurs when sand or a bit of a shell is
accidentally trapped inside the oyster. It is like having a foreign particle in the human eye, causing irritation until it
is removed. Generally, the oyster cannot expel the foreign particle. To reduce the pain, it secretes a substance called
nacre, which surrounds the particle. After several years layers of nacre forms a pearl around the particle, making it
less painful. Due to this natural process, pearls were rarely found.
To avoid waiting for natural pearls, humans started searching for young oysters in the deep ocean to make cultured
pearls. A short while after the oysters are removed from the sea, an artificial irritant - a nucleus graft - is inserted in
them.
The nucleated oysters are returned to the sea in specific areas so that they can be retrieved later. Here the oysters
feed and grow depositing lustrous layers of nacre around their nuclei to avoid the pain of a foreign particle.
After a period of 3 to 4 months, the oysters are ready for harvest. They are brought ashore and opened with sterile
instruments. Sometimes the oysters are used several times before they are bruised and can no longer be used. Then
they are thrown away.
The Oyster
There once was an oyster whose story I tell
Who found that some sand had got into his shell.
It was only a grain, but it gave him great pain.
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Oysters have feelings even though theyre so plain.

Now, did he berate the harsh workings of fate
that had brought him to such a deplorable state?
Did he curse at the government, cry for election
And claim that the sea should give him protection?
No, he said to himself as he lay on a shell
Since I cannot remove it, I shall try to improve it.
The years went on, and the small grain of sand that had bothered him so turned into a beautiful pearl, richly aglow.
Now the tale has a moral- for isnt it grand what an oyster can do with just a morsel of sand? What couldnt we do if
wed only work on dealing with with some of the things that get under our skin?
Silk
Most of us use silk material and silk products because they look very elegant and draw attention from others.
However, while enjoying different kinds of silk, we may not realize or we may be ignoring what goes on behind the
scenes to obtain this material. We Jains, the believers of Ahims, should understand how silk is obtained.
The life cycle and life history of the silk worm is a very important part of this formula. It starts with the silk moth
laying eggs. Each moth lays somewhere between 300 to 600 eggs. Once the eggs are laid, the silk moth usually
dies.
The eggs are held in cold storage for some time. In the early parts of each spring these eggs are put into incubators.
An incubator is a hot chamber, maintained at a certain temperature, suitable for the growth and subsequent hatching
of the eggs.
After 20 days of incubation, these eggs hatch and tiny silkworms emerge. They are about inch in the beginning.
The worms are kept in very clean trays.
These silkworms have very large appetites. They are fed fresh mulberry leaves and these tiny worms grow into fat
worms about three inches long and one inch thick.
To get these mulberry leaves for the worms the farmers grow them for this specific purpose. These worms look very
adorable. The worms are put in baskets filled with mulberry leaves. They eat continuously and grow fat.
When they stop growing, they are transferred to different wooden baskets with spiral compartments filled with stems
of straws and twigs. Here, the worms have very little space to move. To attach themselves to the twigs, the worms
spin a web. While moving around, the worms secrete a gum-like fluid that hardens the silk threads together. After
spinning for about 3 days, a cocoon formation is completed around the worm. Now the worms change into a pupa
that lives inside the cocoon. They mature until they become moths which can emerge out of the cocoon.
If the pupas were allowed to have their natural life, they would grow inside the cocoon to a silk moth in about 3
weeks. However, they are not allowed to reach this stage because when the worms break the cocoon, the silk
threads are broken into small fragments. These fragmented threads cannot be used to make silk yarns.
To produce 100 grams of elegant silk yarn, about 1, 500 pupas have to be killed. Therefore, we can calculate how
many pupas would have to be killed to obtain different silk products for human pleasure- maybe 1, 000; 2, 000; 5,
000; 10,000; or more!
Some people gather large numbers of cocoons in wooden baskets and put them in boiling water for a certain period
of time. Other people put the large baskets of cocoons in heat chambers for some time. Silkworm pupas have to die
so humans can wear silk.
This is not the end of story of the silk moth. To harvest healthy moths and to preserve high quality of silk threads,
the moths have to go through different types of treatments in labs.
If we touch a hot pot or stick our finger in hot water, it hurts. We get blisters and need a lot of love and care to make
the hurt feel better. Imagine your entire body being put into an oven or in boiling water! We Jains, believers of
Ahims, have many more choices of what to wear. Clothes only cover our bodies; our inner beauty is of importance
and what counts. Are we willing to take responsibility for all the four-sensed beings killed just to wear one outfit?
The choice is ours: whether we care or not for the pupas that have to be killed to make silk. The more aware we are
of the violence involved and the more we choose to ignore it, the more the karma becomes a part of our soul. We
have a choice; the pupas do not!
Varakh
Varakh is silver foil used for decorating Indian sweets. But to prepare this Varakh some body parts of cattle/ox are
used. The process makes use of intestines of cattle or ox that are obtained from the slaughterhouse. This is obtained
after killing the cattle/ox for beef. The intestines are pulled out of the animal and handed over to the manufacturers
of Varakh. Before handing over the intestines, they are washed in the slaughterhouse to get rid of the blood and
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mucus in the limited facility that is present in the slaughterhouse. We are not sure how well they are cleaned.
Intestines are cut into small pieces and bound together like pages in a notebook.
Silver pieces are placed in the middle of these bound intestines, and the whole thing is placed in a leather bag and
sealed. Experts, who know how to make Varakh, hammer the bag with wooden sticks until the entire bag flattens
out. The silver piece would be flattened into silver foil. This silver foil is separated from the intestine pack and
placed between pieces of paper.
This is Varakh - ready for use. Even staunch vegetarians, who shy away from eggs, unknowingly consume this as a
part of sweets, pn, supri, and fruits. Idols of Tirthankars are covered with varakh when they are adorned. The
silver-topped sweets are even served as prasd in temples and religious occasions. Some unknowingly consume this
because of the additional taste that Varakh supposedly provides.
Now the question is Why the intestines of the cattle/ox? Why not use something else? The reason behind using
the intestines of the cattle/ox for preparing Varakh is because of the elasticity of the intestines. They do not break or
tear even after severe pounding.
In India, estimates indicate that 2, 75, 000 kilos of Varakh are consumed. Can you estimate how many cattle and
ox are sacrificed for just a bit of taste?
07 Summary
Jainism prohibits all kinds of intoxicants and stimulants. Though violence is unavoidable in the
sustenance of life, Jainism, by rules of conduct, limits any violence to the bare minimum for the purpose
of sustaining life. The rules of conduct never sanction injury, but they restrict it to the lowest possible
minimum by taking into account the level of development of the injured living beings. The higher the
stage of development of the injured being is, the closer it has approached the state of perfection, and the
more sin is committed. Thus, from a practical point of view, the sin of hurting a plant is smaller than that of
hurting an animal; the sin of hurting an animal is smaller than that of hurting a human being, etc. From
this standpoint, it can be understood why Jainism forbids flesh-eating and, on the other hand, allows
consumption of vegetables.
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C09 - Jain Yoga

01 Introduction
Yoga is defined as a systematic effort to balance and direct various levels of one's own energy for selfperfection. It is also defined as a union of the human individual with the its existence. This does not refer
only to the physical body, but the entire being, including intellectual and emotional processes.
Yoga is a science that helps man communicate with his body, mind, and soul. Yoga is based on physical,
mental, intellectual, moral, and spiritual disciplines. When man has complete control over his physical,
mental, and intellectual energies, he can lead a positive life. By practicing yoga regularly, man attains
mastery over himself. Yoga lays the foundation for purity in actions, emotions, and intellect.
However, many misconceptions exist with regards to the purpose and meaning of yoga among Jain
communities. Some think yoga is a part of the Hindu religion, that yoga means sitting in exasperating
postures for hours at a time or that yoga only brings peace and happiness.
02 Meaning of Yoga in Jain Tradition

The word yoga has been used in Jain philosophy in several different ways.
Any activity or intent which helps the soul achieve liberation is called yoga. In other words, any activity
which purifies the mind by freeing it from attachment and aversion is called yoga.
Purification of the mind creates an awareness of the qualities of the soul and assists it in the destruction
of karmas. It consists of practicing the three jewels of Right Conviction, Right Knowledge and Right
Conduct, which lead to liberation. This view is propounded by chrya Haribhadra-suri in Yoga Vimshik
and chrya Amitagati in Yogasra-Prabrta.
In Jain gam literature, it is said that liberation can be attained by innumerable types of Yogas. Even
walking, staying, eating, and earning become yoga if they are done with full awareness of the self and
according to guidance shown by Tirthankars or Jinas.
Yoga is that which unites. While dealing with the topic of the influx of Karma, chrya Umsvmi has
said that the activity of the body, speech, and mind, which creates vibration in the soul, is called yoga.
Karmic matter flows into the soul through the channel or medium of activity. If such activity is
accompanied by auspicious intention, it becomes the cause of merit or punya; if it is accompanied by
inauspicious intension, it becomes the cause of demerit or ppa. If the activity is pure, then there is no
vibration in the soul and hence no bondage.
The word Yoga is used for Dhyna or Meditation in Jainism.
03 Four Primary Paths to Yoga

Indian traditions define that there are four primary paths to yoga which lead the worldly soul to liberation.
They are:
1. Bhakti Yoga (Path of Devotion)

The path of devotion aims at the enjoyment of supreme Love and Bliss. It focuses on realization of Truth (true
reality, true potential) through means of devotion and surrender. Prayers, rituals, and ceremonial processes are its
basic approach. Chanting, singing, and repeating Tirthankars names are also important practices. In the initial
stage of spiritual progress, a temple or a similar place is needed to practice Bhakti yoga. Ultimately, Bhakti yoga
develops humility within and dissolves ego. This is an excellent form of yoga for emotionally-oriented people.
2. Jnn Yoga (Path of Knowledge)

The path of knowledge aims at the realization of the unique and supreme self. Intellectually-oriented people prefer
this path because it uses study, thinking, direct inquiry, and contemplation as its practices. This path is typified by
spiritual discrimination between what is real (true reality) and what is unreal or illusion (Mithytva or My) in the
universe.
The path uses intellect as a means to negate bondage to the material world through inquiry and analysis. The mind
itself is used to examine its own nature. This is typified by inquiring through meditation: "Why am I here?" "What
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is real and unreal?" and "Who am I?" This leads to the ultimate realization of truth. In the initial stage, one requires
the guidance of a true teacher or scriptures to practice Jnna yoga.
Both Jainism and Buddhism primarily use this path.
3. Karma Yoga (Path of Action)

Karma yoga is the yoga of action and selfless service for the benefit of humanity and all living beings at large. This
includes social work, ecology, environmental protection, education, animal protection, and the more. It can be
practiced anywhere at any time. The person does not expect any benefits or results from their work. This dissolves
one's ego. This is an excellent form of yoga for action-oriented people.
4. Ashtnga Yoga (Path of Self Control and Meditation)

Ashtnga yoga aims at the liberation and perfection not only of the body, but also of the mental being.
It is the science of physical and mental control. Two-and-a-half millennia ago, sage Patanjali in his immortal
manuscript, the Yoga Sutra, instituted Ashtnga Yoga. However, archeological evidence and the study of ancient
scriptures suggest that yoga was practiced in ancient India as early as 3000 BC. Yoga is a science that helps humans
communicate with and gain control over their body, mind, and soul. When they have complete control over their
physical, mental, and intellectual energies, they can lead a positive life. By practicing yoga regularly, one attains
mastery over him or herself.
Sage Patanjali defined the aim of yoga as controlling the Chitta Vrittis (thought processes) to attain the highest union
or yoga. The Jain definition of yoga is that it is what connects or leads the soul to liberation. Even though sage
Patanjali did not totally adhere to the Jain faith, Jain chryas have sanctioned his Ashtnga Yoga as a spiritual
practice that can lead to the path of liberation.
The average person may find it difficult to grasp the intricacies of stilling the mind and merging the individual soul
with the universal soul (Paramtm).The communion exists between body and nerves, nerves and mind, mind and
intellect, intellect and consciousness. With proper understanding, awareness, and practice, one can realize pure
consciousness.
A human is a product of intellect, emotions, action, where the seat of intellect is the head, the seat of emotions is the
mind, and the seat of actions is the body. By uninterrupted practice and devotion, one can still the body and mind,
and realize the pure soul. Yoga lays the foundation for purity in actions, emotions, and intellect.
Patanjali has enumerated eight steps of yoga. Yoga is based on principles of morality (Yama and Niyama), physical
discipline (sana and Prnyama), mental alertness (Pratyhra and Dhran) and spiritual awakening (Dhyna and
Samdhi).We have been given a body through which the soul can realize itself, and it is our duty to treat the body
with respect. Even though sage Patanjali may not belong to Jain tradition, Jain chrya Shri Haribhadra Suri (7th
AD) sanctioned his Ashtnga Yoga as a spiritual practice that can lead to the path of liberation.
The eight-fold stages of Yoga and meditation of Shri Haribhadra-Suri respectfully acknowledges the great sage
Patanjali and his Yoga Sutra. He wrote four works on yoga (1) Yoga-Vimshik in Prkrit (2) Yoga-Shataka in
Prkrit (3) Yoga-Bindu in Sanskrit and (4) Yogadrashti Samuchchaya in Sanskrit. Both Shri Patanjali and Shri
Haribhadra-suri propounded Ashtnga yoga as a path to attain liberation.
Eight Steps of Ashtnga Yoga:

1. Yama (Restraints):
In the initial stage, a person should restrain from violence, untruthfulness, non-chastity, stealing,
and material possessions. Yama encompasses commandments transcending class, creed, time,
and circumstances. They are the guidelines for how we interact with the outer world, the social
disciplines to guide us in our relationships with others.
1. Ahimsa (Non-violence):
Ahimsa or non-violence is the awareness and practice of non-violence in thought, speech and action. It
advocates the practices of compassion, love, understanding, and patience.
2. Satya (Truthfulness):
Truthfulness or Satya is to be in harmony with mind, speech, and action according to truth. A truthful
person is someone who expresses in his or her speech exactly what he or she thinks and acts accordingly
as well.
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3. Asteya (Non-stealing):
Non-stealing or Asteya signifies that one should not take anothers property, thought, speech, and action
without his or her approval. Asteya stands against greed and envy. It advocates the qualities of
contentment and self-sufficiency in order to progress beyond base cravings.
4. Brahmacharya (Celibacy):
Celibacy or Brahmacharya brings humans closer to the soul. This Yama denotes avoiding all sensual
pleasures, whether mental, vocal, or physical.
5. Aparigraha (Non-possessiveness):
Aparigraha indicates that one does not accumulate worldly objects, when driven by greed and attachment.
This state is attained when one remains detached from sensory pleasures of all kinds, and thereby
effectively refrains from committing Hims or violence of any sort.
2. Niyama (Observances - Individual Discipline):

In the second stage, a person should develop virtues like cleanliness (external and internal),
contentment, austerity, religious study, and self-surrender to the true Self. The Niyama are about
self-control. Their practice harnesses the energy generated from the practice of the earlier Yama.
1. Shaucha (Purity):
Shaucha implies both external and internal purity. Water purifies the body; truthfulness, the mind; true
knowledge, the intellect; and the soul is purified by knowledge and austerity. It advocates the practices of
intellectual purity, purity of speech, and of the body.
2. Santosh (Contentment):
The second Niyama is that of contentment, which is described as not wanting more than what one has
earned by his or her honest labor. This state of mind is about maintaining equanimity through all that life
offers. It involves the practice of gratitude and joyfulness. This state of mind does not depend on any
external causes.
3. Tapa (Austerity):
Austerity, the third Niyama, is described in Yoga philosophy as power to stand thirst and hunger, cold and
heat, discomforts of place and postures, silent meditation and ritual fasts. It also maintains that the
perfect human is one who practices both mental and physical austerity.
4. Swdhyy (Study of the Self):

Swdhyy consists of scriptural studies and introspection.
5. Ishvar Pranidhna (Meditation on the Divine):

Ishvar Pranidhna, the last of the Niyamas, is the dedication of all our actions, performed either by
intellect, speech, or body, to God without any expectation of reward. The mortal mind can aspire to
realize the Divine through dedication, purification, and concentration of the mind.
The Benefits of Practicing Yama and Niyama
Yama and Niyama help in managing our energy in a constructive manner, complementing our
outer life to our inner development. They help us view ourselves with compassion and awareness.
They aid us in respecting the values of this life and in balancing our inner growth with outer
restraint. In short, they help us lead a conscious life.
Yama and Niyama are not about right and wrong. They are about being honest with the true self.
Living according to these principles make it is possible to connect with the Divine and improve
the quality of our lives. The first two stages are meant for moral purification. Without these, no
spiritual progress is possible.
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3. Asana (Physical Exercise):

In the third stage, a person should do physical exercise (Hatha yoga) to keep the body healthy
and the spinal cord straight in preparation for long periods of meditation.
Yogsana is a posture in harmony with one's inner consciousness. It aims at the attainment of a
sustained and comfortable sitting posture to facilitate meditation. sanas also help in balancing
and harmonizing the basic structure of the human body, which is why they have a range of
therapeutic uses too.
sanas basically perform five functions:
conative,
cognitive,
mental,
intellectual
spiritual
Conative action is the voluntary exercise of organs. Since sanas are the main yogic instrument
of balancing the body, they consist of various physical postures, which are designed to release
tension, improve flexibility, and maximize the flow of vital energy. The purpose of the sanas is to
create a flow of positive energy so that our concentration is directed within ourselves and the mind
is able to perceive the effects of our objective action, the cognitive action.
When the former two actions are fused, our mind guides organs to perform the sanas more
correctly. The resulting energy flow and awareness leads to a mental state of pure joy. Physical
postures, therefore, end up affecting the various interrelated channels of the mind-body complex.
Ultimately, the performance of a perfect Yogsana leads to the intellectual absorption of the mind
on a single task (Dharan), which in turn leads to the fusion of the individual spirit with the Divine
Self (Dhyna).
Benefits of Yogsana
The regular practice of Yogsana has an immense amount of therapeutic value. In addition to
various physiological benefits, it positively affects our minds, our energies, and our creative
intelligence.
Regular practice helps to keep our body fit, controls cholesterol levels, reduces weight, stabilizes
blood pressure, and improves heart performance. Greater physical fitness leads to reduction of
physical stress and greater vitality. sanas harmonize our vitality and mental energy flow by
clearing any blockages in the subtle body leading to mental equilibrium and tranquility. They make
the mind strong, thus enabling our human body to endure pain and unhappiness stoically and with
fortitude. In the western world, Yoga has lost its true meaning and became a practice only for
physical fitness and external happiness. In reality, it is a tool for spiritual development.
4. Prnyama (Rhythmic Breathing):

In the fourth stage, a person should regularly practice the control of vital energy through certain
breathing techniques. Rhythmic breathing helps concentration of the mind.
Sitting still (step 3) and rhythmic breathing (step 4) makes the mind fit for looking inward.
Pranayama makes the body fit for concentration and mediation.
'Prnyama' is a compound term: Prna and Yama mean the maintenance of Prna (life force)
in a healthy way throughout one's life. It is more than just a breathing exercise. Ancient yogis,
who understood the essence of Prna, studied it and devised methods and practices to master it.
These practices are better known as Prnyama. Since breath or Prna is basic to life, the
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practice of Prnyama helps in harnessing the Prna in and around us, and by deepening and
extending it, Prnyama leads to a state of inner peace.
Various techniques of Prnyama give agility, strength, and flexibility to the body enabling the
meditator to control his or her physical needs. It purges the body of all its impurities. They also
quiet the mind and the sensory organs, thereby increasing powers of concentration.
Various Stages of Prnyama
Inhalation techniques are about regular and controlled inhalation. The techniques involve
regulating the entire breathing process and reducing the number of inhalations per minute.
Exhalation exercises involve slow and ordered breathing in addition to reducing the number of
inhalations and exhalations per minute. The third stage consists of retaining the breath after
stopping natural inhalation and exhalation. The last stage of Prnyama is about converting both
exhalation and inhalation into storing the retained breath in various internal organs for various
lengths of time. From a spiritual point of view, exhalation is getting rid of superficialities, inhalation
is looking inwards, and retention of breath is staying in equanimity.
Benefits of Prnyama
The practices of Prnyama, the correct breathing technique, help us manipulate our energies.
Most of us breathe incorrectly, using only half of our lung capacity. Prnyama reinstates our
breathing process, helps us release tension, and develops a relaxed state of mind. It also
balances our nervous system and encourages creative thinking. In addition, by increasing the
amount of oxygen supplied to our brain, it improves mental clarity, alertness, and physical wellbeing.
When practiced along with Yogsanas, the benefits of Prnyama are more pronounced.
According to Patanjali's Yoga Sutra, Prnyama enables the mind to acquire the capacity to
concentrate on any given object. The manuscript also states that scientific breathing helps unveil
true knowledge from the darkness of ignorance. However, it is advised to be aware of all the do's
and don'ts of Prnyama before practicing them.
5. Pratyhara (Detachment of Mind):

In the fifth stage, a person should practice detachment of the mind from the five senses: touch,
taste, smell, sight, and sound, which provide pleasant or unpleasant feelings. This mental
exercise gradually slows the rush of thoughts from within to the surface of the mind. Now the mind
has become ready for concentration on one object or on one idea.
Pratyhara involves appropriately managing the senses, rather than simply suppressing them. It
involves cultivating the senses for increased attention rather than distraction. Pratyhara may be
practiced with mantra meditation and visualization techniques.
Benefits of Pratyhara
It is essential to practice Pratyhara to achieve the last three essential meditative stages of
Dhran, Dhyna, and Samdhi. Perfecting this technique of yoga is also essential in freeing
yourself from the eternal cycle of rebirths.
6. Dhran (Complete Absorption of the Mind on a Single Task):

In the sixth stage, a person should concentrate the mind either on one external object or one
internal idea upon which to meditate. One finds that, in spite of the best of efforts, the mind does
not remain glued to a chosen object. The object appears too hazy and there are breaks in
concentration. One has to make repeated attempts during Dharana which ultimately lead to
emptying or removing all other thoughts.
Dhran involves developing and extending our powers of concentration. This is done by
directing and controlling our attention and mind-fixing skills, such as concentrating on the Chakras
(specific space-points in the body) by turning inwards.
7. Dhyna (Meditation):
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The thought removal process (Dharana) naturally leads to meditation (Dhyna) in the seventh
stage. Meditation is an unbroken flow of thought towards an external object or an internal idea.
In Dhyna, the mind attains the ability to sustain its attention without getting distracted. Unlike the
other six limbs of yoga, this is not a technique, but rather a state of minda delicate state of
awareness. This state precedes the final state of Samdhi. When the objective flow of
uninterrupted concentration reaches the subjective state, the union of object and subject takes
place to transcend to the seventh step, Dhyna (meditation), at the peak of which is Samdhi.
Meditation (Dhyna) is the process of concentration of the mind on a single topic without
wandering. chrya Umsvti has classified the four kinds of meditation.
Non-virtuous Meditation (two types)
If this concentration arises from intense passions like attachment, aversion, hatred, and animosity,
then this is not virtuous meditation and it is worthy of rejection.
rta Dhyna (Painful or Sorrowful Meditation)
Raudra Dhyna (Wrathful or Enraged Meditation)
Sorrowful and enraged meditations are inauspicious and make the soul wander in the
transmigratory state with resultant suffering of innumerable births and deaths.
Virtuous Meditation (two types)
On the other hand, if it arises from the search for the truth and from absolute detachment towards
worldly affairs, it is virtuous meditation. It is the cause of spiritual good and liberation, and worthy
of acceptance.
Dharma Dhyna (Righteous or Auspicious Meditation)
Shukla Dhyna (Spiritual or Pure Meditation)
Righteous meditation is of an auspicious type. Spiritual meditation occurs at a very high level of
spiritual growth of the soul and it ultimately ends in salvation - nirvana of the soul.
8. Samdhi (Total Absorption or Super Conscious State):

To reach Samdhi, peace in body and poise in the mind are prerequisites that are acquired by
practicing sana and Prnyama.
Through intense practice, meditation turns into Samadhi. In Samadhi a person is unconscious of
everything about oneself. Even the object of meditation melts away but the vision of the object
occupies the entire mind. The knowledge of the object becomes complete.
This represents the goal of existence and what all-living beings are moving towards. It transcends
time, space, and causation; the three elements present during ordinary, sensory experience. The
mind does not bother with those experiences.
The first five steps of the Ashtnga Yoga are only for preparations of the mind for yoga, which is
concentration. The last three steps constitute the application of concentration.
It is the ability to become one with the true self and merge into an object of concentration. In this state of
mind, the perceiver and the object of perception unite through the very act of perceptiona true unity of
all thought and action. This is the pinnacle of all yogic endeavorsthe ultimate yoga or connection
between the individual and the universal soul.
04 Yoga Benefits
Some apparent benefits of yoga are physical and mental therapy, as well as curative and preventive
therapy. According to medical scientists, yoga therapy is successful because of the balance created in
the nervous and endocrine systems which directly influences all the other systems and organs of the
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body. The very essence of yoga lies in attaining mental peace, improved concentration, a relaxed state of
living, and harmony in relationships.
Regular practice of sanas, Prnyama and meditation can help treat diverse ailments such as diabetes,
blood pressure, digestive disorders, arthritis, arteriosclerosis, chronic fatigue, asthma, varicose veins, and
heart conditions. Laboratory tests have proved the yogi's increased abilities of consciously controlling
autonomic or involuntary functions, such as temperature, heartbeat, and blood pressure.
The aging process can be slowed down by practicing yoga. By keeping the body clean, flexible and well
lubricated, we can significantly reduce the catabolic process of cell deterioration. Practicing yoga can
provide chronic pain sufferers with useful tools to actively cope with their pain and counter feelings of
helplessness and depression.
Studies have also shown that practicing Yoga, results in increased brain activity, which is associated with
better cognitive performance. Yogic stretching and breathing exercises have been seen to result in an
invigorating effect on both mental and physical energy and improved mood.
05 Yogic Diet
It is said that our level of development, mental and spiritual, is reflected in the kind of food we eat, and our
stage of consciousness is revealed in the nature of that chosen food. Both Yoga and yurveda
recommend a Sttvika or a pure vegetarian diet. Such a diet encourages the development of the higher
qualities of peace, love, and spiritual awareness.
Yoga and Ahimsa
The basis of an ideal Sttvika diet is the attitude of ahimsa or nonviolence. A Sttvika or ascetic diet is
purely vegetarian, avoiding all methods which involve the killing or harming of animals. In addition, a lot
of emphasis is placed on natural foods, which involves foods grown in harmony with nature, on good
soils, ripened naturally, and cooked in the right manner and attitude. A diet based on fresh fruits, fresh
vegetables with the exception of onions and garlic, whole grains and beans, nuts, plant-based oils, natural
sugar, and sweet spices like dry ginger is recommended for the practice of Yoga. Even while practicing a
vegetarian diet, hot and extremely spicy food, artificial or processed food, stale and reheated food,
artificial beverages, alcohol, tobacco, other stimulants, and overeating should be avoided. Following such
a diet helps in the development of Prna or vital energy and spiritual consciousness.
06 Yogic Samkalpa (Oath) For Meditation

Yoga cultivates the will or Samkalpa for self-realization, which are spiritually based. They consist of the
intention that one will perform various yogic practices in order to grow spiritually. The following are a few
simple yogic Samkalpas:
Bhakti Yoga or Devotional Samkalpa:
"OM! I will perform the following yogic practices as an offering to the Divine Beloved. May all the divine
powers bless me in this endeavor!"
Jnana Yoga or Knowledge Samkalpa:
"OM! I will perform the following meditations to gain knowledge of God and the higher Self. May God and
the great teachers aid me in this effort!"
Karma Yoga or Service Samkalpa:
"OM! I will perform the following actions as a service to God and to living beings in order to help alleviate
suffering!"
07 Method of Yoga Meditation

The following are a few easy tips to remember while practicing Yoga Meditation:
Sit in a comfortable posture with an erect spine, preferably in a specific yoga posture such as
the Padmsan or the Lotus posture.
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Energize the breath through Prnyama.

Hold a visualization for a few minutes to clear the sensory field and focus the mind internally.
The visualization may relate to peaceful colors, geometric designs (Yantra), natural images, or
that of a deity or guru.
Repeat an affirmation or prayer to increase positive thought power.
Repeat a mantra such as 'OM' to still the mind. Ideally one should repeat a mantra at least 108
times before the meditation.
Silently focus on the mind and let it empty itself out.
Depending on one's natural temperament, it would help to try and establish contact with either
God or a Higher Consciousness through the natural movement of one's heart.
By cultivating attitudes as indicated below, the mind retains its undisturbed calmness.
Friendliness towards the happy,
Compassion for the unhappy,
Delight in the virtuous, and
Disregard towards the wicked,
Just as the naturally pure crystal assumes shapes and colors of objects placed near it, the Yogi's mind
becomes clear and balanced, and attains the state devoid of differentiation between knower, knowable,
and knowledge. This culmination of meditation is Samdhi.
08 Summary
All four types of Yogas cover the entire spectrum of human personalities. Ashtnga Yoga concentrates on
the subtle body, while the other three Yogas, Bhakti-yoga, Jnn-yoga, and Karma yoga, use some part of
the mental being, will power, heart, or intellect, as a starting point. The goal is to arrive at the liberating
Truth, Beatitude, and Infinity, which is the nature of spiritual life. Love, Knowledge, and Action are the
three divine powers in human nature.
A person does not need to be searching for God to practice yoga. One only needs to have a desire to
free oneself from the bonds that restrict oneself from being truly free. Once these bonds are broken, one
realizes the true human potential, the true reality, and the God/Self within. A person can attain total
freedom or realize God within using any of the four paths. However, at the final liberating state all paths
merge, meaning the ultimate spiritual quality and characteristics of all liberated persons (souls) are the
same.
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C10 - Jainism in Action

01 Nutrition, Health and Spirituality
Currently, the idea that spirituality plays an important role on health has become increasingly popular
even among the medical community. Preventive health and wellness research has established a
conclusive link between a persons spirituality and their heath. Individuals who prayed and meditated
regularly got sick less frequently, recovered faster and were generally healthier and happier than those
who used preventative health or wellness principles without a spiritual practice. Spiritual health can help
physical health to manifest. The same way, physical health and nutrition can help spirituality to manifest.
When you are poorly nourished, your emotions and mood worsen and your energy and brain functioning
are significantly reduced. This in turn hinders your spiritual progress. A healthy body leads to a healthy
mind, and a healthy mind is essential for spiritual progress. Nutrition and exercise are the most important
things for a healthy body.
As Jains, we should eat a well-balanced and cruelty-free diet. That is why Jains champion vegetarianism
and veganism.
Instead of meat and dairy, vegetarians have known for years that foods rich in soy protein offer a good
alternative to any animal-based product. Unlike other beans, soy offers a complete protein profile,
meaning they contain all the amino acids essential to human nutrition.
The USDA now states that a daily diet containing 25 grams of soy protein, which is also low in saturated
fat and cholesterol, may reduce the risk of heart disease.
People who eat more generous amounts of fruits and vegetables as part of a healthful diet are likely to
have reduced risk of chronic diseases, including stroke and cardiovascular diseases.
Keeping USDA food groups in mind, the following food groups serve our vegetarian needs and provide a
balanced nutritional diet.
It is important to understand the food groups and eat the right amounts of each food group - too much of
any one item is not healthy. Some Jains also avoid root vegetables as an added austerity.
Whole Grains
Five or more servings a day
This group includes bread, rice, pasta, hot or cold cereal, corn, millet, barley, bulgur, buckwheat, and tortillas. Build
each of your meals around a hearty grain dish -- grains are rich in fiber and other complex carbohydrates, as well as
protein, B vitamins, and zinc.
Serving size: 1/2 cup hot cereal, 1 ounce dry cereal, 1 slice bread
Vegetables
Three or more servings a day
Vegetables are packed with nutrients; they provide vitamin C, beta-carotene, riboflavin, iron, calcium, fiber, and
other nutrients. Dark green, leafy vegetables such as broccoli, collards, kale, and turnip greens, chicory, or bok-choy
are especially good sources of these nutrients. Dark yellow and orange vegetables such as winter squash and
pumpkin provide extra beta-carotene. Include generous portions of a variety of vegetables in your diet.
Serving size: 1 cup raw vegetables, 1/2 cup cooked vegetables
Fruits
Three or more servings a day
Fruits are rich in fiber, vitamin C, and beta-carotene. Be sure to include at least one serving each day of fruits that
are high in vitamin C -- citrus fruits, melons, and strawberries are all good choices. Choose whole fruit over fruit
juices, which do not contain very much fiber.
Serving size: One medium piece of fruit, 1/2 cup cooked fruit, 4 ounces juice
Protein and Amino Acids

Two or more servings a day
Legumes -- beans, peas, and lentils -- are all good sources of fiber, protein, iron, calcium, zinc, and B vitamins. This
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group also includes almonds and nuts, chickpeas, all Indian beans like Mung and Dal, baked and re-fried beans,
soymilk, and soy derivatives like Tempeh and textured vegetable protein.
Serving size: 1/2 cup cooked beans, 4 ounces tofu or Tempeh, 8 ounces soymilk
Vegetable Fats and Oils

Use sparingly
Sweets and salt are in this food group. Fats and Oils are full of calories and cholesterol. Use them
sparingly while cooking. Do not cook at too high temperatures because that will destroy most of the
nutrients. Limit the use of spices to avoid acidity. Unbleached flour is best, as it keeps nutrients. If we
maintain these food groups and the portions recommended, and add exercise to our daily routine, we will
remain healthy.
Examples of Jain-friendly items:
Breakfast
Cheerios, Cocoa Puffs, Frosted Flakes, Rice Krispies, Fruit by the Foot, Kix, Pop Tarts (Several unfrosted
varieties), Bisquick powder for pancakes and waffles
Snacks
Triscuit, Wheat Thins, Soy Crisps, Fritos, Ritz, Snyders Pretzel Sticks, Famous Amos Sandwich Cookies,
Nabisco Teddy Grahams, Baked Goods, Duncan Hines Brownie & Cake Mixes, Jello-O Instant Pudding,
Krispy Kreme, Fruit Pies, Little Debbie Cake Donuts, Wonder Bread
02 Yoga, Health and Spirituality

The following exercises are a good workout routine for the entire body.
Eye Exercises
Like any other muscles, the eye muscles need exercise if they are to be healthy and strong. Most of the time we
shift our gaze minimally from left to right, like when reading. By moving the eyes in every direction, without
turning your head at all, can help strengthen eye muscles, help to prevent eyestrain, and improve eyesight. Breathe
normally while you are practicing these exercises.
Rolling your eyeballs:

Look up; look down (x5).
Look far right; look far left (x5).
Look top right; look bottom left (x5); look top left; look bottom right (x5).
Look up, circle around slowly - clockwise (x5); anti-clockwise (x5).
Hold your thumb up about a foot from your face. Then look at your thumb, then at the wall beyond your thumb,
then back (x5).
Palming:
Rub your palms together vigorously until they feel warm. Now cup your hands over your closed eyes, without
pressing too hard. The heat and the darkness will soothe and relax your eyes
Tadsan (Palm Tree Pose)

Steps
Stand erect, feet together, hands folded in front.
Keep spine and neck straight and abdomen in normal contour. Focus eyes on a point in front.
Inhaling (2 seconds), raise both arms and both heels simultaneously. Arms are stretched and close to or touching the
ears. Palms should be facing inwards.
Reach your maximum stretch position and maintain this for a few seconds, retaining the breath (4 seconds)
While exhaling, bring arms and heels down simultaneously (2 seconds) and Repeat
Benefits of Tadsan
Stretches entire body
Rhythmic breathing helps expansion of lungs, develops respiratory muscles, improves capacity of lungs and its
blood circulation
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Strengthens abdominal muscles

Increases height up to a certain age
Causes vertical stretching of the spine
Increases neuro-muscular coordination
Trikonsan (Triangle Pose)

Steps
Stand with your feet about 3-4 feet apart. Point your left foot to the left, and your right foot slightly to the left.
Stretch your arms out at shoulder level and bring the left arm straight up, against your left ear. Now inhale.
As you exhale, bend to the right and lean slightly forward to bypass your ribs. Slide your right hand down your
right leg and hold on to the lowest part of your body that you can reach. Look out at your left hand. Take several
full breaths in this position before releasing it. Repeat, bending to the left.
Benefits of Trikonsan
It stretches and develops the muscles of the spine.
This pose tones the muscles of the feet and the ankles, and it makes the hips and thighs more elastic.
It tones and stimulates the nerves situated in the lumbar area of the spine.
It reestablishes the mobility of the thorax. It reestablishes the breathing balance and ventilates the two lungs.
Padmsan (Lotus Posture)

Steps
Sit down on a mat, legs fully stretched out.
Fold the right leg and place it on the opposite thigh.
Try to make the folded knee touch the mat. If necessary, press it down with the hands.
Now, fold the left leg and keep it on the opposite thigh and make the knee touch the mat.
Keep the spine erect, throw your chest forward, keep your head and neck straight, and draw the abdomen in.
Close your eyes or fix them on an object.
Spread the left hand with its back touching the two heels, the palm turned upward. Do the same with your right
hand.
Time: 10 minutes with normal breathing
Benefits of Padmsan
Padmsan is a better meditative posture than any other sana.
It helps tone the thighs and your lower parts become more flexible.
It cures pains in the joints, especially the ankles and knees.
Mind becomes relaxed; concentration increases.
Tension and frustration are reduced.
Padmsan cures constipation and indigestion.
Vajrsan (Thunderbolt Pose)

Steps
Sit kneeling
Shape toes to join at the back, heels apart.
Place buttocks in cavity and keep thighs together.
Adjust hands on respective thighs, keep the spine erect, keep head and neck straight, and draw abdomen in contour.
Close your eyes and practice normal breathing.
Mentally go through what you did the previous day (reflect) and do not stop to analyze.
Time: 10 minutes
Benefits of Vajrsan
Corrects posture
Better flexibility of ankle and feet because they are stretched.
Leg and thigh muscles are enhanced and any pain associated with those body parts will be reduced.
Lends to mental conditioning and emotional control
Preparation for meditation
Improves concentration and memory
Develops awareness and results in introspection
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Supta Vajrsan (Supine Thunderbolt Pose)

Steps
Sit in the same position as Vajrsan. Rest hands on your thighs.
Holding your toes, lower your elbows till they touch the floor.
Lower your whole body to the floor.
Retain this position for a minute.
Come back up to the Vajrsan position.
Benefits of Supta Vajrsan

This sana acts on the feet, in the sense that the pain in the area is diminished if you stay in this pose for 10-15
minutes.
The practice of this sana leads to the stretching of the ligaments and tendons, which will maintain their elasticity.
It has an outstanding effect on blood circulation.
Shashaksan (Rabbit Pose)

Steps
Sit in the same position as Vajrsan. Rest hands on your thighs.
While inhaling, raise your hands over your head.
While exhaling, bend forward, touching your hands and your forehead to the floor.
Retain this position for a minute.
Come back up to the Vajrsan position.
Benefits of Shashaksan
This posture reduces high blood pressure.
It calms anger and maintains peace.
It strengthens the muscles of the legs, thighs, and spine.
Bhujangsan (Cobra Pose)

Steps
Lie on your stomach, arms kept at your sides with palms down, legs fully stretched out with toes pointing outwards,
and chin touching the ground.
Inhaling slowly, raise the head, truck, chest and abdomen till the navel portion is about to leave the ground.
The upper part of the body from the waist is only to be lifted up in the manner of a cobra head.
Retain breathing when you have raised your trunk.
Exhaling slowly, come back to the original position, relaxing completely.
Benefits of Bhujangsan
Helps in keeping dorsal spine elastic and flexible.
Reduces pain attached to the ribs, spinal cord.
Stretches the abdominal muscles.
Helps in considerable reduction of abdominal muscles.
Helps in eliminating constipation and relieves indigestion and intestinal gas.
This sana eliminates the feelings of uncertainty and inferiority, and generates a tonic, spiritual, confident, and
loving attitude.
Dhanursan (Bow Pose)

Steps
Lie down on your front, head down. Inhale and bend your knees up, then reach back with your hands and clasp hold
of your ankles. Exhale.
While inhaling, raise your head and chest and, simultaneously, pull your ankles up, lifting the knees and thighs off
the floor. Arch backwards and look up. Take three deep breaths in this yoga pose, then exhale and release it.
The Rocking Bow- Come into the Bow, then rock forward as you exhale, backward as you inhale. (Dont use your
head to rock) Repeat up to ten times, then relax.
Benefits of Dhanursan
This prevents the premature calcification of the vertebral joints and it acts on the ligaments, muscles, and nervous
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centers placed along the spine.

The blood flow in the digestive system becomes substantially better.
It reduces anxiety.
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C11- Living Values

01 Introduction
We have been learning about the four passions (Kashya) for as long as we can remember. Mahvir
Bhagawn became a Tirthankar because of his ability to overcome these passions. Gautam-swmi was
liberated when he removed his passions. We all have these passions, and at times, it seems impossible
not to get angry or be proud of our achievements. It can take lifetimes and it requires extensive spiritual
effort to get rid of these passions. It is an extremely demanding path and the individual has to be
dedicated and prepared to avoid activities like cheating, stealing, or hurting others by mind, speech, or
body.
Although we have learned about the four passions, we have not yet learned about the keys to overcoming
these passions, better known as the four virtues. The four virtues should be incorporated in our lives as
much as possible, and only then can we begin to free ourselves from the passions.
Destroy anger through calmness/forgiveness; overcome ego by modesty/humility; discard deceit by
straightforwardness/honesty, and defeat greed by contentment. -Dasa-Vaiklika 8-38
02 Anger/Forgiveness (Kshama)
Anger (Krodha) is one of our most common weaknesses (Kashya). We feel angry when we do not get
what we want or when we are hurt because of what someone said or did. It is easy to get angry at
someone that you think has wronged you, but to forgive that person is another story. Alexander Pope
once said, To err is human; to forgive, divine. Can anger be eliminated? Anger can be difficult to
eliminate. However, its expression can be controlled. Everyone makes mistakes, but only those with
courage, control, and strength can forgive those mistakes. A moment of anger can ruin lifetimes of
friendships and relationships; however, a word of forgiveness can save it all.
An adult is speeding on the expressway and yelling at the person in front of them for being too slow. A
police officer stops the adult for speeding. What will the adult do? Will they get angry at the police and
scream at him? Or, even though they are upset at being caught speeding, will they speak very politely
and respectfully? A person who was angry earlier can become very polite as soon as they face a
situation in which they need to be calm.
As a child, you may complain about another child who takes away your toy or pencil and you may fight
with that child. But if you are called to the Principals office, would you get angry and fight with the child
there, or would you talk politely to the Principal?
According to Jain philosophy, the way to eliminate anger is by replacing it with forgiveness. We usually
consider forgiveness as something that the person who has wronged us must ask of us. However, it is
something that should happen internally whether or not the other person asks for forgiveness. It is a gift
to yourself, and it is not something you are doing for someone. Forgiveness dares you to let your anger
subside and allow yourself to be a better and bigger person.
A teacher once told each of her students to bring a clear plastic bag and a sack of apples to school. For
every person they refused to forgive in their lifes experiences they had to choose an apple, write the
name of the person and date on it, and put it back in the plastic bag. Some of their bags became quite
heavy within a few days.
Then they were asked to carry this bag with them everywhere for one week. They had to put it beside
their bed at night, on the seat next to them in the car, next to their desk at school. They even had to take
it with them to their friends houses.
The hassle of lugging this sack everywhere with them made it clear what weight they were carrying. They
had to pay attention to it all the time and not forget it by leaving it in embarrassing places. Naturally,
within a couple of weeks the apples became rotten and it turned into a nasty, smelly slime. This, in turn,
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made them unpleasant company. It did not take long for each of the students to figure out that getting rid
of the apples was much more important than carrying them around.
This is a great metaphor for the price we pay for keeping our anger and pain.
By forgiving someone, we are putting the Tirthankars message into action and we are advancing our
souls on the path to liberation. We need to forgive in order to reduce our passions and follow the
footsteps of the Tirthankars.
Recommended reading from Jain Story Section Chandkaushik
03 Ego (Pride)/Humility (Vinay)

According to Jain philosophy, Ego (Mna) has no place in our lives. Pride makes every great
achievement useless, in that no one appreciates a proud person. Only someone that is humble and
modest is liked and has his/her achievements recognized. People lose respect for you when you are
constantly discussing yourself. Only by showing interest in others, and less in yourself, can you maintain
successful relationships.
Pride is what keeps us from realizing our true souls, which keeps us from attaining Moksha. A Buddhist
monk once said, Enlightenment can come only after humility the wisdom of realizing ones own
ignorance, insignificance and lowliness, without which one cannot see the truth. Our scriptures say that
without humility, the right knowledge, the right faith, and the right conduct cannot be obtained. Only
through humility can we realize our true achievements on the path to liberation.
Humility is easily achieved if one stays away from the following eight types of Ego:
Pride of Knowledge
Pride of Worship
Pride of Family
Pride of Race
Pride of Power
Pride of Excellent Attainment
Pride of Austerity
Pride of Body
If we give up these eight types of pride, we can live a life of humility that will be reflected in everything we
do. We become considerate of others, and we speak only looking out for the well-being of others, rather
than with a hidden agenda of our own. Without the virtue of humility, the path to liberation seems long
and faraway.
Unity, peace, and prosperity increase when we show humility towards all life forms. Popular sayings like
Pride comes before a fall, One who bows is liked by all, show that ego and pride are vices appreciated
by no one. In contrast, humility is welcomed everywhere as a great virtue.
Just as trees rich in fruits hang low to provide fruit to the passerby and monsoon clouds full of water come
down towards earth as rain, we should develop a natural tendency for benevolence. Whatever great work
we may accomplish will be undone if we are full of ego and pride about our achievements.
Recommended reading from Jain Story Section Bhubali
04 Deceit/Honesty (Straightforwardness)
Straightforwardness (Honesty) is one of the fundamental qualities of the soul. However, when we get
carried away by the lure of money and luxuries or ignorance, we began to follow the path of deceitful
conduct, rather than the path to liberation. Just because no one can read our thoughts, it does not mean
we can lie to others and cheat them for our own well-being. Once we create a world of lies and cheating,
it is almost impossible to come out of it. There are always stories circulating of people in high-paying
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positions that cheat the government on their taxes. Once they are caught, they lose everything, and are
often imprisoned. If they were just honest from the beginning, they would be enjoying more than ever;
however, their deceit brings them to misery.
Some people lie, cheat or steal to get away from difficult situations or people. When people do that and
are caught they feel ashamed. If they are not caught they are always scared of being found out and they
feel guilty.
Straightforwardness (honesty) entails being frank with others and having a high moral code. By being
honest, not only do you eradicate your karma, but your life becomes natural, worry-free, and peaceful.
You become more successful in all your endeavors because people trust you. Being honest is being
truthful in thoughts, words and deeds. You have to have good thoughts, to say what you think and to do
what you say. When truthful thoughts, words and deeds become one, a persons character becomes
strong and unshakable. To live a life of truth:
We should make sure our thoughts are good.
Always have good and happy thoughts. Forgive the faults of others and remember that no one is
perfect, including us. Give other persons the benefit of doubt.
Say what you think.
Never think one thing and say something else. Nevertheless, while speaking the truth always
remember to say it in a polite manner without hurting anyone. Prefer to remain quiet if your speech,
though honest, may hurt others.
Do what you say.
Keep your word. Keep your promises. If you say you will do something, even if it is a small thing, you
should do it. You should be the same in your thoughts and your actions. If you are transparent like
that you will be happy and at peace.
A person who speaks the truth is trusted and loved by others. Everyone likes to be friends with a truthful
person. However, a person who lies gradually loses all his friends because nobody likes or trusts a
person who tells things that are not true. Not only are they unsuccessful in their lives, they also attract
karma to their souls. This karma inhibits them from attaining liberation. Truth is simple. When we lie, we
have to worry about covering up one lie with another. Honesty and truthfulness give us strength and
peace, while deceit creates weakness and fear.
The first set of values to crumble under the pressures and demands of life are honesty and truthfulness.
When we lay a strong foundation for inner growth, we can withstand the temptations and compromises
surrounding us. Truth is a means to inner strength, peace and the trust and love of others. Only through
the virtue of straightforwardness (honesty) can you purify your mind, speech, and body.
Recommended reading from Jain Stories King Hansa
05 Greed/Contentment (Santosh)
Greed (Lobha) is the cause of many of our problems. Greed is a key player in the lives of most living
beings. We are never satisfied with what we have, and when we get more, our desires only multiply.
Greed is known as the most difficult passions to remove, or the father of all sins. It is the root of the other
passions; because of greed we are deceitful, angry, and egotistical. Living beings are greedy for wealth,
material possessions, fame, beauty, and several other things. As a result of greed, people can never be
truly happy- they always want more. Greed destroys relationships because when you are acting on
account of greed, you do not realize what is important to you, and you resort to deceit, violence, and
anger to get what you want. Greed has no bounds and it is impossible to be happy when you are greedy.
Just as fire is not quenched by the fuel and the ocean by thousands of rivers,
similarly no living being is satisfied even with all the wealth of all the three worlds.
-Bhagavati rdhan, 1143
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Being free of greed signifies that you are content. Just because you are content does not mean that you
should not acquire basic necessities or make honest efforts to earn, but you should limit your
possessions. It means being happy even when you do not have everything. Even if you have more than
you need, you should donate and help others through your wealth and possessions. Only when you
practice the virtue of contentment can you travel far on the path to liberation.
No matter how many materialistic things you possess you will always find somebody with more money, a
bigger house, a better car, etc. Pursuit of worldly gains is futile because ultimately it leaves you with
greater dissatisfaction. Once the desire to acquire what so-and-so has arises within you that burning
desire can never be fulfilled as there is always going to be someone who has more than you.
Contentment signifies a state of complete satisfaction and it is another fundamental of the soul.
Contentment is remaining satisfied with what one has while being subjected to various longings and
temptations in day-to-day life. In order to move on the path of attaining liberation, we should be happy
and thankful for what we have, and not wish for more than we need.
Recommended reading from Jain Stories Section Puni Shrvak
06 Compassion
We should feel compassion (Karun) upon witnessing the miseries of all living beings.
When we see animals and people suffering from pain and misery, we should try to help them in whatever
way we can.
We can help the suffering of others in many different ways. We should provide food to those who are
hungry, give money for their basic necessities, heal their mental anguish with soft calming words, and
give medicine to help their physical suffering.
We can help others by being compassionate. The greatest form of compassion (Karun) reveals itself
when one is willing to help all living beings irrespective of who they are and without any reservation.
If we lack compassion we indulge in various acts that lead to bad karma.
When this bad Karma matures, we suffer from mental, physical and emotional ailments: diseases, insults
and cruelty.
The degree of compassion depends upon a persons progress on the path of spiritual development. We
have several incidences where great people have sacrificed the most valued things in their lives to
alleviate the suffering and pain of the smallest living beings.
There is an incident from the life of Swmi Daynand Saraswati. One day, he was walking from Banras
to Ddpur. It was a rainy day and the roads were flooded. One bullock-cart loaded with grass was stuck
in the mud. With every effort made to pull the cart out of the mud it was sinking deeper and deeper.
Swmis heart filled with compassion when he saw the suffering of the bulls. He took hold of the cart,
freed the bulls, and pulled the cart out of the mud.
Compassion is to respect all forms of life including animals, birds, insects and nature. Respect and
regard for all forms of life is possible only if we truly believe that all life forms are equal.
Recommended Reading from Jain Stories Section - Meghakumr
07 Friendship
Sand and Stone
Two friends were walking through the desert. During the journey, they had an argument and one friend
slapped the other on the face. The one who got slapped was hurt but without saying anything he wrote in
the sand:
Today my best friend slapped me in the face.
They kept on walking until they found an oasis where they decided to take a bath. The one who had been
slapped got stuck in the swamp and started drowning; but his friend saved him.
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After he recovered from the near drowning he wrote on a stone:

Today my best friend saved my life.
The friend, who had slapped and saved his best friend, asked him, After I hurt you, you wrote in the
sand. And now you write on a stone. Why?
The other friend replied: When someone hurts us we should write it down in sand where the winds of
forgiveness can erase it away. But when someone does something good for us, we must engrave it in
stone where no wind can ever erase it.
Learn to write your hurts in the sand and to carve your blessings in stone.
-Unknown
Much of the vitality in a friendship lies in the honoring of differences, not simply in the enjoyment of
similarities.
-James L. Fredricks
You can make more friends by becoming interested in other people than you can by trying to get other
people interested in you.
-Dale Carnegie
You can hardly make a friend in a year, but you can easily offend one in a minute.
-Chinese Proverb
Friendship makes life easier and richer. It has been proven that people who are social and have a lot of
friends live longer and are healthier and happier than people who do not have friends.08 The Power of
Holding Hands
By Rabbi Harold Kushner
I was sitting on a beach one summer day watching two children, a boy and a girl, playing in the sand.
They were hard at work by the waters edge, building an elaborate sand castle, with gates, towers, moats
and internal passages. Just when they had nearly finished their project, a big wave came along and
knocked it down, reducing it to a heap of wet sand. I expected the children to burst into tears, devastated
by what had happened to all their hard work. But they surprised me. Instead, they ran up the shore away
from the water, laughing and holding hands, and sat down to build another castle.
I realized they had taught me an important lesson. All the things in our lives, all the complicated
structures we spent so much time and energy creating, are built on sand. Only our relationships to other
people endure. Sooner or later, a wave will come along and knock down what we have worked so hard to
build up. When that happens, only the person who has somebodys hand to hold will be able to laugh.
Your joys are doubled and your sorrows halved in the presence of friends and loved ones. Both the
children could either cry about the broken castle or they could laugh about it and start all over again. In
the long run, it does not matter what you have or what you get. It matters what you give.
08 The Power of Determination

The little country schoolhouse was heated by an old-fashioned, pot-bellied coal stove. A little boy had the
job of coming to school early each day to start the fire and warm the room before his teacher and
classmates arrived.
One morning, they arrived to find the schoolhouse engulfed in flames. They dragged the unconscious
little boy out of the flaming building, more dead than alive. He had major burns over the lower half of his
body and was taken to a nearby county hospital.
From his bed the dreadfully burned, semi-conscious little boy faintly heard the doctor talking to his mother.
The doctor told his mother that her son would surely die - which was for the best, really, because the
terrible fire had devastated the lower half of his body.
But the brave boy didnt want to die. He made up his mind that he would survive. Somehow, to the
amazement of the physician, he did survive. When the mortal danger was past, he again heard the
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doctor and his mother speaking quietly. The mother was told that since the fire had destroyed so much
flesh in the lower part of his body, it would almost be better if he had died, since he was doomed to be a
lifetime cripple with no use at all of his lower limbs.
Once more the brave boy made up his mind. He would not be a cripple. He would walk. But
unfortunately from the waist down, he had no motor ability. His thin legs just dangled there, all but
lifeless. Ultimately, he was released from the hospital. Every day his mother would massage his little
legs, but there was no feeling, no control, nothing. Yet his determination to walk was as strong as ever.
When he wasnt in bed, he was confined to a wheelchair. One sunny day, his mother wheeled him out
into the yard to get some fresh air. This day, instead of sitting there, he threw himself from the chair. He
pulled himself across the grass, dragging his legs behind him.
He worked his way to the white picket fence bordering their lot. With great effort, he raised himself up on
the fence. Then, stake by stake, he began dragging himself along the fence, convinced that he would
walk. He started to do this every day until he wore a smooth path all around the yard beside the fence.
There was nothing he wanted more than to develop life in those legs.
Ultimately, through his daily massages, his iron persistence, and his resolute determination, he did
develop the ability to stand up, then to walk slowly, then to walk completely by himself, and then to run.
He began to walk to school and then run to school, to run for the sheer joy of running. Later in college, he
made the track team.
Still later, in Madison Square Garden, this young man who was not expected to survive, who would surely
never walk, who could never hope to runthis determined young man, Dr. Glenn Cunningham, ran the
worlds fastest mile!
Recommended reading from Jain Stories The Two Frogs
09 Self Reliance
A man found the cocoon of a butterfly. One day, a small opening appeared. He sat and watched the
butterfly for several hours as it struggled to force its body through that little hole.
Then it seemed to stop making any progress. It appeared as if it had gotten as far as it could, and it could
go no further. Therefore, the man decided to help the butterfly. He took a pair of scissors and snipped off
the remaining bit of the cocoon. The butterfly then emerged easily.
However, it had a swollen body and small, shriveled wings. The man continued to watch the butterfly
because he expected that, at any moment, the wings would enlarge and expand to be able to support the
body, which would contract in time. Neither happened
In fact, the butterfly spent the rest of its life crawling around with a swollen body and shriveled wings. It
was never able to fly.
What the man in his kindness and haste did not understand, was that the restricting cocoon and the
struggle required for the butterfly to get through the tiny opening were natures way of forcing fluid from
the body of the butterfly into its wings. By doing so, it would be ready to fly once it achieved its freedom
from the cocoon.
Sometimes struggles are exactly what we need in our lives. If we were allowed to go through our lives
without any obstacles, it would cripple us. We would not be as strong as what we could have been. We
would never fly.
I asked for Strength..
And I got Difficulties to make me strong.
I asked for Wisdom..
And I got Problems to solve.
I asked for Prosperity..
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And I got Brain and Brawn to work.

I asked for Courage
And I got Danger to overcome.
I asked for Love.
And I got Troubled people to help.
I asked for Favors.
And I got Opportunities.
I received Nothing that I Wanted..
I received everything that I needed.
Very often we want someone to help us and do things for us. However, it is equally important to learn to
do things for ourselves. As in the above story, if the butterfly had been allowed to be self-reliant and had
come out of the cocoon by himself, he would have become a very pretty butterfly, admired by all. When
there was intervention, with the thought of helping, he was in fact hurt by it and lost far more than he
gained. Just as gold is more pliable when it is heated, we get more self-sufficient and better as we go
through lifes difficulties and work out a solution for ourselves. We need to keep our standards high and
rise up to them instead of lowering our standards to make life easier and more comfortable.
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RITUALS
D01 - Jain Symbols
D02 - Emblems, Dreams, Puja Rituals
D03 - Going to the Temple (Shvetmbar & Digambar Tradition)
D04 - Importance of Proper Performance of a Ritual
D05 - Six vashyakas (Six Essentials and Daily Observances)
D06 - Paryushan and Das Lakshana Parva
D07 - Jain Festivals (Parvas) and Celebrations
D08 - Jain Temples & Pilgrimage Places
D09 - Yakshas and Yakshinis
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D01 - Jain Symbols

Symbols through their shape, meaning and implication play an important role in religion. They are the
outward manifestation of the deeper ideology. They provide a glimpse into the religious culture and
practice that comes from its basic principles. They can provide easier understanding of the religious
philosophy. The effect produced by the symbol is more intense than the impression made by ordinary
language. With symbols, relatively difficult spiritual meaning becomes understandable even to the
ordinary mind.
01 Jai Jinendra - Greeting

Jai Jinendra literally means, May the religion established by the Jina prevail in our hearts. As we greet
others we say, Jai Jinendra because we see an image of a Jina, destroyer of all inner enemies, in them.
Recognizing this, we bow down with respect to their Soul. Every Soul is capable of becoming a Jina, the
destroyer of inner enemies; anger, greed, ego, and deceit. Jina is also known as Arihanta or Tirthankar.
We consider them as Jain Gods.
02 Michchhmi Dukkadam - Greeting

Michchhmi Dukkadam is another greeting which requests forgiveness usually spoken after performing
the annual forgiveness and repentance day ritual known as Samvatsari Pratikraman. Ideally, the
forgiveness should be requested as soon as one realizes his/her mistake.
03 Jinlaya - Jain Temple (Dersar or Mandir)

A Jinlaya, Dersar, or Mandir is a place of worship where a person experiences immense peace and
serenity.
The images of Tirthankars and the temples environment promote introspection and bring home the
feeling that God resides within ones own heart. Therefore, each person can follow a path of purification
of the inner self devoid of anger, greed, ego, deceit, and attachment from their lives.
04 Om
The symbol common to all religions in India is Om. In Hindu philosophy, it consists of three letters, viz.
A, U, and M. When these three letters are joined together, by the rules of euphony it is sounded OM. It
expresses the creative, the preservative, and the destructive principles. When the letter A is pronounced,
the breath comes out from the throat, which signifies creation. The letter U keeps the breath in the mouth
for a time and, therefore, is the symbol of the preservative principle. The letter M stops the breath for a
time and lets it out through a different channel, the nostrils, and symbolizes destruction and regeneration.
Om means completeness. It is a symbolic word meaning infinite, the perfect, and the eternal. The very
sound is complete, representing the wholeness of all things.
Upon attaining absolute knowledge or omniscience, the body of the Arihanta emanates Om (called the
Divine Sound - Divya Dhwani). It is an involuntary, spontaneous, and melodious sound that all humans,
animals, and heavenly beings can understand as a sermon, in their own language.
Om sounds like Aum, which is the seat of the five benedictions (salutations of supreme beings) and is
made up of five sounds and letters: a, a, , u, and m:
The first letter a represents Arihanta (a living human being in the highest perfected state who has
realized the true nature of the soul and reality and has conquered passions).
The second a represents Ashariri (Siddha, a liberated soul who does not have a physical body.
While the Arihant is living, acting as spiritual master, this is a liberated soul after human existence.)
The third letter represents chrya (an ascetic who is head of the Jain congregation).
The fourth letter u represents Updhyy (an ascetic teacher).
The fifth letter m represents Muni (Sdhus or Sdhvis who practice Jain principles).
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The Om represents a salutation to the five revered personalities in the Jain religion. Om is a shortened
form of the Namokr Mantra.
05 Hrim
The word Hrim is a seed mantra. It is called Hrimkr mantra. It is a mystical symbol representing the
invisible sound, infinity, and divine energy of the 24 Tirthankars. While meditating on Hrim, one can
experience the sublimating energy of Tirthankars.
06 Arhum
The word ARHUM is a mantra representing all vowel and consonant sounds used in the Sanskrit
alphabet. The first vowel in the Sanskrit alphabet is a and the last consonant is h. Therefore, while
meditating on this mantra, one focuses on the silent sound of the universe.
07 Swastika
The Swastika is considered an auspicious and a pious symbol. The red arms of the swastika represent
the four possible states (gatis) of rebirth: human, heaven, hell, and animal. These four states are
represented clockwise starting from the upper left corner on the Swastika. Our aim should be liberation
from these four states of rebirth. The swastika also reminds us that we should become pillars of the four
folds Jain Sangh. This means that first we should strive to be a true Shrvaks or Shrviks, and when we
overcome our social attachments, we should renounce worldly life and follow the path of a Sdhu or
Sdhvi to be liberated. The four arms are also representative of Dna (charity), Sheel (virtue), Tapa
(austerities), and Bhva (noble thoughts)
The three green dots above the swastika represent the three jewels of Jainism Samyak Darshan,
Samyak Jnn and Samyak Chritra. This represents the Jain path of liberation.
At the very top there is a small yellow crescent called Siddhashil, a place for liberated souls. The yellow
dot above the crescent represents a Siddha or a liberated soul. In order to achieve this stage, a soul
must destroy all attached karmas. Every living being should strive for this state of Liberation or Moksha.
08 Tilak
People belonging to different religious sects make different marks called Tilak, on their foreheads
representing different beliefs. They are made with some kind of fragrant paste. The Jains use sandal
wood paste mixed with saffron. It is made in the center just between the two eyebrows, either in round or
in an almond shape. According to physiology, this is a center of nerves, a plexus, which is a source of
decision-making power, inner sight. When we go through a course of moral and spiritual discipline, we
see many things through this center, which we cannot see by the ordinary vision. When we make that
sign we mean it is through the tenets of the Tirthankars we are going to live our life. We want to acquire
that power by the aid of which we can have right knowledge.
09 Universal Jain Symbol

This universal Jain symbol is a combination of various symbols, each having a deeper meaning. It was
adopted during the 2500 Nirvana celebration of Lord Mahvir.
The outline of the symbol is defined as the Universe or Loka. The lower part of the symbol represents the
seven hells (Nraki). The middle part of the universe contains the Earth and the planets (Manushyaloka). The upper part contains the heavenly abodes (Devaloka) of all the celestial beings and the abode
of the Siddhas (Siddha-shil). Jains believe that this universe was neither created by anyone, nor can it
be destroyed by anyone. It is static and will remain at the same location in the vast empty space of the
entire existence.
The Swastika is explained on the previous page. The raised hand means stop. The word in the center
of the wheel is Ahims, meaning non-violence. These two symbols remind us to stop for a minute and
think twice before starting any activity. This gives us a chance to analyze our activities to be sure that
they will not hurt anyone by thoughts, words and deeds.
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The wheel in the hand shows that if we are not careful and ignore these warnings, then just as the wheel
goes around, we will repeatedly go through the cycle of birth and death. The text underneath the symbol,
Parasparopagraho Jivnm translates to Living Beings (souls) Render Service to One Another.
10 Federation of Jaina Logo

The Federation of Jain Associations in North America (JAINA) has adopted this symbol. The Swastika
from the main Jain symbol has been replaced by the Aum or Om symbol. In the western world, the
Swastika is not viewed as a pious symbol.
11 rti
The rti has 5 lamps. The flame is lit on a cotton wick soaked in oil. The rti is waved in a circular
motion in front of a Tirthankar idol at the end of a ritual ceremony and also at night before the temple
closes. The darkness symbolizes negativity, fear, and ignorance, whereas the light symbolizes divinity.
The light of the rti dispels darkness, signifying the overcoming of negativity through virtue, fear through
courage, and ignorance through knowledge.
The 5 lamps symbolize:
Panch Parmesthi (Arihanta, Siddha, chrya, Updhyy, Sdhu)
Five types of jnns or knowledge (Matijnn, Shrutjnn, Avadhijnn, Manah Paryvjnn,
Kevaljnn)
Five great vows (Ahims, Non-stealing, Truthfulness, Celibacy, Non-possession)
12 Mangal Deevo
Mangal deevo has a single wick lamp that is lit and waved in a circular motion right after the rti. The
flame is lit on a cotton wick soaked in oil. When the wick is lit, it illuminates the face of the Jina. In this
manner, we wish that it would illuminate our hearts with truth and compassion.
The single lamp is also a symbol of kevaljnn (infinite knowledge) and liberated soul
13 Ashta Mangal
The belief in auspicious objects is very old in Indian culture. It is believed that they bring good luck and
happiness in the families and houses. They are usually hung on threshold of a house. The Ashta Mangal
or eight auspicious objects are known to Jain worship from ancient times. The tradition is to depict these
eight unique objects with rice grains in front of the idol of a tirthankar. At present you may find them in the
temple, engraved on a wooden or a metal slab. They are;
1. Swastika
It symbolizes four destinies; a) human beings, b) heavenly beings, c) hellish beings and d) tiryancha (includes rest of
the living beings). The root of Swastika is SU+US; SU means benefic and US means existence; so it also represents
glory, prosperity, progress and success.
2. Shrivatsa
It is a beautiful mark on Jinas chest as it were the highest knowledge manifested from the heart of the Jina. It
symbolizes the endless cycle of re-birth.
3. Nandvarta
This is a big Swastika with nine corners. It indicates treasure of nine kinds of material, physical, mental and
spiritual wealth.
4. Vardhamnak
Vardhamn means to increase. Vardhamnak symbolizes increase in wealth, health and most importantly spiritual
progress.
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5. Kalash
It symbolizes all spiritual wealth. It symbolizes completeness of knowledge. Its mouth represents eternity, the
throat - losing old mode and the base represents occupying new mode.
6. Bhadrsan
It is also called Sinhsan, meaning throne. It is auspicious because it is sanctified by the feet of Lord Jina.
7. Minyugal
It symbolizes beings rescued from the ocean of misery of earthly existence.
8. Darpan
It symbolizes true self. True self is our own soul.
14 Mna Stambha
The pillar which stands before Digambar temple is called Mna Stambha, that which brings an end to
pride. It typically includes at its apex a four-faced Jina in Samovasaran. The story is when Indrabhuti
Gautam, proud of his knowledge, went to debate Bhagwan Mahvir, at the mere sight of the pillar in front
of the Samovasaran his pride and vanity disappeared.
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D02 - Emblems, Dreams, Puja Rituals

01 Lnchhans (Emblems Or Symbols)
As all Tirthankars have attained the supreme spiritual stage, their idols (murti) represent the utmost
qualities and virtues of a Tirthankar. Tirthankars idol is a mere representation of their virtues and not a
representation of their physical bodies. Therefore, all idols are carved in the same fashion. However, the
only identifying feature of a given idol is the symbol, which is engraved at the base of the idol that
distinguishes one from the other Tirthankars.
When a Tirthankar is born, he or she has a particular mark on their right thigh. This birthmark is in the
form of a speck called Lnchhan emblem (symbol). This symbol can be found on the base of the idol to
identify that Tirthankar. For example, an idol of Bhagawn Mahvir Swmi will have a symbol of a lion
engraved at the base of the idol, while an idol of Prshva-nth will have a symbol of a snake. Some
differences exist between the symbols of Digambar and Shvetmbar sects and are defined on the below
table.
Temples of the Digambar sect have the idols of Tirthankars in their natural unadorned form with their eyes
semi-closed in meditation. It represents the Tirthankar (Jina) as a liberated soul (free from attachment
and aversion).
Temples of the Shvetmbar sect have the idols adorned in a very elegant manner. The eyes vividly
communicate peace and loving compassion. Positive vibrations emanate from the adorned energy
centers. Shvetmbar idols are often times vividly decorated with colorful golden and silver threads called
ngi. It represents the Tirthankar as a spiritual king and sovereign victor of all the inner enemies and five
senses.
Sometimes the color of the idol is different. This color is associated with the physical body of a Tirthankar
(see Tirthankar symbol and color table in this section).
02 Tirthankars
Time rolls along in eternal cycles of rise and decline. Utsarpini is a rising era in, which human morale
and natural conditions improve over time. At the end of Utsarpini, begins Avasarpini, a declining era of
the same length, in, which human morale and virtues deteriorate. Each era consists of six sub divisions
called rs. During the 3rd and 4th rs of every rising and declining era of each cycle, twenty-four souls
become Tirthankars in our region known as Bharat Kshetra. They are the humans like us who rise to the
highest divine level. They had gradually purified their soul in prior lives after achieving Samyag Darshan,
right faith and had acquired a special karma called Tirthankar Nm Karma. The Tirthankar Nm Karma is
acquired by performing one or more of the 20 specific austerities along with an intense desire to lead all
living beings to the path of liberation. Tirthankar Nm Karma matures in the final life and leads the person
to become a Tirthankar after taking Diksh and observing austerities to destroy all Ghti destructive
karmas. After attaining omniscience Keval-jnn), Tirthankar organizes the Jain religion to suit the
changing times. They reinstate the fourfold order of Sdhus (monks), Sdhvis (nuns), Shrvaks (male
householders), and Shrviks (female householders) of Jain religion.
Arihantas, Jinas, Kevalis, and Vitargi are synonyms for Tirthankars. Arihanta means destroyer of inner
enemies, Jin means victor of inner enemies, and Vitargi means one who does not have attachment
or hatred towards anyone or anything. This means that they are absolutely detached from worldly
aspects.
Upon becoming Tirthankars they spend their remaining life in meditation and preaching all living beings to
the path of liberation.
Number of Tirthankars
It was stated earlier that Tirthankars are born only in 3rd and 4th rs in our region called Bharat Kshetra of Jambu
Dvip. Since we are in the 5th r now, no Tirthankar exist in our region. In the 3rd and 4th rs of current
Avasarpini cycle, the twenty-four Tirthankars were born in our region. Generally, when we state that there are
twenty-four Tirthankars, we specifically mean that there were twenty-four Tirthankars in the 3rd and 4th r of the
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current Avasarpini time cycle.

According to Jainism, there are 15 regions in the universe where the possibility of Tirthankars exist. Out of these,
10 regions - 5 Bharat and 5 Airvat are such that the human behavior and natural conditions continuously changes
and Tirthankars appear only during 3rd and 4th rs.
The other five regions 5 Mah-videha are such that the conditions are always conducive to have Tirthankar. At
present, there exist four Tirthankars in each Mah-videha Kshetra regions. Thus, there are a total of 20 Tirthankars
preaching Jainism in Mah-videha regions at present times. Shri Simandhar Swami is one of the 20 Tirthankars. In
many Jain temples, an idol of Shri Simandhar Swami is installed which represents and reminds us that at present
there are living Tirthankars preaching Jainism in the other part of the universe. This is also important since a soul
can transmigrate and take a human birth in one of the Mah-videha regions now and progress to reach liberation
even though it is not possible to attain liberation in the present time in our region Bharat Kshetra.
Past and Future Tirthankars

There were twenty-four Tirthankars Chovisi in our region in the past Utsarpini half cycle of time. There will also be
twenty-four Tirthankars in the next Utsarpini half cycle. The names of both past and future Tirthankars are clearly
mentioned in our scriptures. There have been infinite such Chovisis in our Bharat Kshetra as well as Airvat
Kshetra. In reality, there have been infinite number of Tirthankars in the past and there will be infinite numbers of
Tirthankars in the future.
Tirthankar Stutis
There are many Stutis praising the qualities of Tirthankars in Jain literature. Following is the list of some popular
Stutis.
Logassa Ujjoyagare (Chatur Vinshati Stava) Sutra This sutra is recited to offer obeisance to twenty-four
Tirthankars. It consists of names of each Tirthankar and their qualities.
Namutthunam (Shakra Stava) Sutra This sutra is said to be composed by Indra, the Heavenly God in the
praise of Arihantas (present and past). In this stuti, only their virtues are stated without any specific names of
Tirthankars.
Bhaktmar Stotra This is most popular Stotra composed by chrya Mnatunga Suri in praise of Tirthankar
Rishabhdev.
nandghana Chovisi Jain monk Shri nandghanji who was a great poet has composed 24 Stutis one stuti
for each Tirthankar) in praise of twenty-four Tirthankars.
Tirthankars, Symbols, And Color

No.
Name
Shvetmbar
Symbol
Digambar Symbol
Color
1
2
3
4
5
Rushabhadev or dinth
Ajitnth
Sambhavnth
Abhinandan Swmi
Sumatinth
Bull
Elephant
Horse
Monkey
Curlew Bird
Gold
Gold
Gold
Gold
Gold
6
7
8
9
Padmaprabha Swami
Suprshvanth
Chandraprabha Swami
Suvidhinth or
Pushpadanta
Red Lotus
Swastika
Crescent Moon
Crocodile
Bull
Elephant
Horse
Monkey
*Red goose
(Chakv)
Red Lotus
Swastika
Crescent Moon
Crocodile
10
11
12
13
14
15
Shitalnth
Shreynsnth
Vsupujya Swmi
Vimalnth
Anantnth
Dharmanth
Shrivatsa
Rhinoceros
Buffalo
Pig-Boar
Eagle
Vajra
*Kalpa-vruksha
Rhinoceros
Buffalo
Pig-Boar
*Hawk
Vajra
Gold
Gold
Red
Gold
Gold
Gold
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Red
Gold/Green*
White
White
16
Shntinth
17
Kunthunth
18
Aranth
19
Mallinth
20
Munisuvrat Swmi
21
Naminth
22
Neminth
23
Prshvanth
24
Mahvirswmi
*Different from Shvetmbar tradition
Deer
Goat
Nandvarta
Pot
Tortoise
Blue Lotus
Conch Shell
Snake
Lion
Deer
Goat
*Fish
Kumbha
Tortoise
Blue Lotus
Conch Shell
Snake
Lion
Gold
Gold
Gold
Blue/Gold*
Black
Gold
Black
Blue/Green*
Gold
Tirthankars, Parents, and Important Places

No.
Name
Father
Mother
Birth Place
Diksh
Place
Nirvana
Place
Rushabhadev or
dinth
Ajitnth
Sambhavnth
Abhinandan
Swmi
Sumatinth
Padmaprabhaswmi
Suprshvanth
Nbhi
Maru Devi
Ayodhy
Ayodhy
Ashtpad
Jitshatru
Jitri
Samvar
Vijay
Sen
Siddhrth
Ayodhy
Shrvasti
Ayodhy
Ayodhy
Shrvasti
Ayodhy
Sametshikhar
Sametshikhar
Sametshikhar
Megharath
Shridhar
Pratishtha
Mahsen
Sugriva
Mangal
Devi
Susim
Devi Devi
Prithvi
Lakshman
Rm Rni
Ayodhy
Kaushmbi
Vrnasi
Chandrapuri
Kkandi
Ayodhy
Kaushmbi
Vrnasi
Chandrapuri
Kkandi
Sametshikhar
Sametshikhar
Sametshikhar
Sametshikhar
Sametshikhar
Dradharath
Vishnu
Vasupujya
Nand Rni
Vishnu Devi
Jay Devi
Bhadrilpur
Simhapuri
Champpuri
Bhadrilpur
Simhapur
Champpuri
Sametshikhar
Sametshikhar
Champpuri
Krutavarma
Simhasen
Bhnu
Vishvasen
Surasen
Sudarshan
Kumbha
Sumitra
Vijay
Samudravijay
Shym
Devi
Suyash
Suvrat
Achir
Shree Rni
Devi Rni
Prabhvati
Padmvati
Vipr
Shiv Devi
Kmpilyapur
Ayodhy
Ratnapur
Hastinpur
Hastinpur
Hastinpur
Mithil
Rjgruhi
Mithil
Dwrk
Sametshikhar
Sametshikhar
Sametshikhar
Sametshikhar
Sametshikhar
Sametshikhar
Sametshikhar
Sametshikhar
Sametshikhar
Girnar
Ashvasen
Siddhrtha
Vm Devi
Trishal
Kmpilyapur
Ayodhy
Ratnapur
Hastinpur
Hastinpur
Hastinpur
Mithil
Rjgruhi
Mithil
Suryapur/
Sauripur
Vrnasi
Kshatriyakund
Vrnasi
Kshatriyakund
Sametshikhar
Pvpuri
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Chandraprabha
Suvidhinth /
Pushpadanta
Shitalnth
Shreynsnth
VsupujyaSwmi
Vimalnth
Anantnth
Dharmnth
Shntinth
Kunthunth
Aranth
Mallinth
Munisuvratswmi
Naminth
Neminth
23
24
Prshvanth
Mahvirswmi
10
11
12
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Important Information About Tirthankars

Tirthankar Rushabhadevs mother was Mrudevi Mt and according to Shvetmbar tradition, she was
the first person to attain liberation in this era.
Tirthankar Rushabhadev had 100 sons. The name of his eldest son was Bharat (first Chakravarti king)
after whom our native nation Bhrat (India) is named. One of Bharats sons, Marichi, ultimately
reincarnated as Tirthankar Mahvir, the last Tirthankar of this era. Tirthankar Rushabhadevs second son
was Bhubali, and according to Digambar tradition, he was the first person to attain liberation in this era.
Shvetmbar tradition believes that Tirthankar Mallinth was a female while Digambar tradition believes
that Mallinth was a male.
According to Shvetmbar tradition, Tirthankars Mallinth and Neminth were the only two Tirthankars who
did not get married. According to Digambar tradition, Vsupujya-swmi, Prshvanth, and Mahvirswmi also did not get married.
Lord Ram (an incarnation of Lord Vishnu in Hindu Mythology) is believed to be a contemporary of
Tirthankar Munisuvrat-swmi. Tirthankar Neminth is believed to be a cousin of Lord Krishna, (another
incarnation of Lord Vishnu).
Prince Nemi (Tirthankar Neminth) was engaged to Princess Rjul. On the day of the wedding, upon
hearing the cries of the birds and animals that were going to be slaughtered for the wedding feast, Prince
Nemi renounced his worldly life and became a monk. Princess Rjul followed him and became a nun.
Tirthankar Prshvanth was born in 877 BC. He lived for 100 years and attained Nirvna in 777 BC, 250
years before the birth of Tirthankar Mahvir.
Tirthankar Mahvirswmi was born in 599 BC and attained Nirvna (Moksha) in 527 BC. He was named
Prince Vardhamn at birth. He attained Nirvna on the day of Diwli. He is the last of the 24 Tirthankars
of this time cycle.
Each of the 23 Tirthankars (except Neminth) were born and took Diksh in the same place.
*Digambar tradition indicates that women cannot become Tirthankar or be liberated because they need to
cover their body with cloths after the renunciation (after becoming nuns). Hence, they cannot follow the
fifth Mahvrata of Non-possession fully. For liberation, it is essential that all five Mahvrats be followed
fully. Shvetmbar tradition interprets the fifth Mahvrata of Non-possessiveness indicating that monks
and nuns may wear very simple minimum cloths needed to properly function their daily activities in the
society e.g. Gochari (Going to laypeople home for food). However, they should not have any
attachments to their cloths.
03 Dreams of A Tirthankars Mother

Introduction
Jainism does not restrict the right of attaining perfection to any one individual. Anyone can aspire to the
highest state if one has the will to follow path of righteousness. Once the lamp of righteousness is kindled
one may pass through many births with spiritual ups and downs but the march of progress is assured.
Bhagawn Mahvirs soul before becoming liberated was just like us wandering in the lifecycle birth after
birth.
Before innumerable years, Bhagawn Mahvirs soul in the life as Nayasr, a woodcutter, attained selfrealization (Samyaktva). Then during 25th life as Nandan Muni, with intense penance and deep desire to
guide every living being towards liberation, He attained Tirthankar-Nm-karma. After passing the next life
as a heavenly being His soul attained its final destination and was born as Prince Vardhamn to Queen
Trishal and King Siddhrtha during his 27th and final birth
It is a well-established convention that mother of a would-be Tirthankar witnesses auspicious dreams. (14
according to the Shvetmbar tradition/16 according to the digambar tradition)
Tirthankar Mahavirs soul was an angel in the tenth heaven before being born as Prince Vardhaman.
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At the appropriate time, as the soul of Bhagawn Mahvir entered the womb of mother Trishal, that
night, Queen Trishal was fortunate to visualize fourteen illustrious, beautiful, lucky, and auspicious,
dreams. After witnessing these dreams, Trishal felt exhilarated and with a heart incorporated with
happiness, she rose from her couch and went to her husband. Calm and composed, joining the palms of
her hands, she laid the folded hands on her head and narrated the dreams to him. After hearing about
these auspicious dreams, King Siddhrtha gathered several scholars to analyze the significance of these
dreams.
The fourteen dreams (sixteen dreams per Digambar tradition) that the mothers of all Tirthankars see at
the time of conception are explained in brief below and the order shown below is the usual sequence,
while there have been exceptions in few cases. For example, Lord Mahavirs mother saw the dream of
Lion first, while the Lord Rishabdevs mother saw the dream of Bull first followed by other dreams in that
order.
01. Elephant (Gajwar)

It was big, tall and impetuous with four tusks. It was an auspicious elephant, and was endowed with all desirable
marks of excellence. It was an enormous elephant possessing all lucky marks, with strong thighs and four mighty
tusks who was whiter than an empty great cloud, a heap of pearls, and even an ocean of milk. The exceptional
elephant had the capability to utter a fine deep sound like that of thunder from a large rain-cloud.
This dream indicated that she would give birth to a child with exceptionally high character. The four tusks signified
that he would guide the spiritual chariot with its four components: monks (Sdhus), nuns (Sdhvis), laymen
(Shrvaks), and laywomen (Shrviks).
02. Bull (Vrushabh)

The bull was tame, noble, grand, and shining as bright as an illuminating glory of light and was whiter than the
petals of a white lotus. The bull also possessed a majestic and beautiful hump and was covered by fine, bright and
soft hair on its body. The bull had a unique structure with several good qualities. Its body was firm, muscular, and
well proportioned, its horn were large and sharply pointed and its teeth equal and shining.
This dream indicated that her son would be highly religious and be a great spiritual teacher to all. He would help
cultivate the religion.
03. Lion (Sinh)

The lion was magnificent, handsome and playful, whiter than a heap of pearls. It had lovely forearms and a large
well-rounded head. Its mouth was adorned with well-set teeth and with lovely lips that were soft and tender as a
lotus. This beautiful lion had sharp and glowing eyes like lightening, broad and large thighs, full shoulders, and was
adorned with mane of the finest quality of soft white hair. Its protruding tongue, well-poised claws, and long
flapping tail truly brought out the beauty of the lion. The Queen saw this lion descending towards her from the sky
and entering her mouth.
This dream indicated that her son would be as powerful and strong as the lion. He would be fearless, almighty, and
capable of ruling the world.
04. Goddess of Wealth (Lakshmi Devi)

Goddess Lakshmi is the goddess of wealth, prosperity, and power. On the top of Mount Himavat, she was seated on
a lotus in the lotus lake, anointed with the water from the strong and large trunks of the guardian elephants. Her face
resembled a full moon, and her body was adorned with ornaments made of pearls, emeralds, and jewels which were
subservient to the loveliness of her face. She wore a garland of gold and a pair of earrings hung over her shoulders
with dazzling beauty. Her lovely eyes were large and pure like water lily. Goddess Lakshmi, a symbol of wealth,
prosperity, and power looked dazzling sitting gracefully amidst the lotus lake
This dream indicated that her son would enjoy great wealth and splendor. He would be a Tirthankar, the supreme
benefactor of all.
05. Garland (Pushpa Ml)

A pair of beautiful garlands charmingly interwoven with fresh flowers was descending from the sky. They smelled
of mixed fragrances of different flowers. It was white through embellishments of many colorful flowers of all
seasons. The whole universe was filled with their sweet and delightful fragrance.
This dream indicated that the fragrance of her sons teachings and messages of compassion and love will spread
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04 - Two Frogs
throughout the universe, and he would be respected by all
06. Full Moon (Chandra)

It was a very auspicious sight. It was a full moon as white as a silver cup, resembling the surface of a well-polished
mirror. It made the lilies bloom fully and raised the water of the ocean. The moon was at its full glory. It was as
bright as a star. It adorned the night dispelling compact darkness of the wilderness and delighting heart and eyes.
This dream indicated that the child would have a great physical structure and be pleasing to all living beings of the
universe. He would help lessen the suffering of all living beings. He would bring peace to the world.
07. Sun (Surya)

The sun was large, red like the Ashoka tree, the adorner of the lotus flowers, the illustrious leader of the troop of
planets, the destroyer of night, who disperses evil-doers that thrive at night, who always circles round Mount Meru,
whose thousand rays obscure the luster of other lights. The sun was shining to destroy the darkness. It was as
radiant as the flames of the forest fire.
This dream indicated that her son would have supreme knowledge and would dispel the darkness of delusions. The
teachings would destroy anger, greed, ego, lust, and pride from the lives of all living beings.
08. Flag (Dhwaj)

A beautiful, large flag was flying on a golden pole. It seemed as if it would pierce the brilliant celestial sphere. The
flag fluttered softly and auspiciously in the gentle breeze and attracted everyones attention.
This dream indicated that her son would carry the banner of the religion. He would reinstate the religious order
throughout the universe.
09. Vase (Kumbha)

It was a golden vase filled with pure water, marked with many auspicious signs, magnificent, beautiful and stood on
lotus shaped foot. It was made up of fine gold and was the abode of happy fortune. It was decorated with a garland
of fragrant flowers and excellent jewels, which further illuminated its brightness and brilliant beauty.
This dream indicated that her son would be perfect in all virtues and would be full of compassion for all living
beings. He would be a supreme religious personality.
10. Lotus Lake (Padma Sarovar)

It was a vast lotus lake and comprised of thousands of floating lotuses and water lilies that were blooming with the
touch of the rays of the morning sun and attracting the swarms of bees with its sweet fragrance. The lake was
abounded with aquatic animals and pairs of swans, cranes, ducks and many other birds resorted to its water. On the
leaves of its lotuses water-drops sparkled like thousands of shining pearls.
This dream indicated that her son would be beyond worldly attachment. He would help liberate living beings,
tangled in the cycle of birth and death.
11. Ocean (Sgar)

It was a milky ocean white like the mass of moon beams with its water rising in all for directions, and raged with
ever-changing and, moving, excessively high waves. It presented a splendid and pleasant spectacle as it rushed to
and from the shore with its wind-raised, and changeable billows, its tossing waves, and its rolling, splendid,
transparent breakers. From it issued camphor-white foam under the lashing tails of great porpoises, fishes, whales,
and other monsters of the deep. Its agitated waters were in great uproar, occasioned by the vortex produces by the
vehemence and force of the great rivers.
This dream indicated that her son would have a serene and pleasant personality. He would achieve infinite
perception and knowledge, and will be capable of escaping the worldly life and cycles of birth, death, and misery.
He will ultimately reach his highest potential, which is liberation (Moksha)
12. Celestial Plane (Vimn)

It was a celestial plane which resounded celestial music and had pleasant vibe and a spiritual aroma of incense. It
shone like the morning sun and had dazzling beauty. Its thousand and eight excellent columns inlaid with the best
gold and heaps of jewels diffused a brilliant light like a heavenly lamp. The plane was decorated with divine
garlands and curtains with glittering pearls There the musicians performed their concerts, and the din of the drums,
imitating the sound of big and large rain-clouds, penetrated the whole inhabited world.
This dream indicated that all the celestial beings in heaven would respect, honor, and salute her sons spiritual
teachings.
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13. Heap of Jewels (Ratna Rshi)

It was an enormous heap of various jewels quite precious and special. This heap of jewel had its base rested on the
level of earth and illuminated so powerful and bright that the jewels radiance traveled as far as the sphere of the sky,
resembling Mt Meru.
This dream indicated that her son would have infinite virtues and wisdom and he would attain the supreme spirit.
14. Smokeless Fire (Nirdhuma Agni)

A smokeless fire was a unique dream due to the idea that it is a fire that burns with great intensity, but with no
smoke. The fire in vehement motion was crackling from extremely beautiful burning flames. The mass of its
flames, which rose one above the other, seemed to interpenetrate each other.
This dream indicated that her son would reform and restore the religious order. He would remove blind faith and
orthodox rituals. Furthermore, he would burn or destroy his karmas and attain salvation.
15. Pair of Fish (Minayugal)

This dream indicated that her son would be extremely handsome.
16. Lofty Throne (Simhsan)

This dream indicated that her son would have a very high spiritual status.
To summarize the indication of all these dreams is that the child to be born would be very strong,
courageous, and filled with virtues. He would be very religious and would become a great king or a
spiritual leader. He would reform and restore the religious order and guide all the creatures of the
universe to attain salvation. He would also be liberated.
04 Ashta Prakri Puj / Ashta Dravya Puj

Jains perform many types of Puj for various religious and social ceremonies, with each Puj symbolizing
different aspects of the religion. One should understand the meaning and purpose, and reflect upon the
proper aspects while performing the Puj rituals.
In Jain Puj, we do not offer material to Tirthankars (God) with the desire of getting something in return.
The material used is a symbolic representation to acquire virtues and a reflection to improve our self
spiritually.
Dravya Puj and Bhva Puj

Obeisance, worship, and devotion to God are done with different types of materials and with spiritual reflection.
Use of these materials and recitation of religious sutras constitutes Dravya Puj, whereas reflection on a Tirthankars
qualities constitutes Bhva Puj. The sutras sung while performing Dravya puj provide the seed thoughts for
Bhva Puj. The full benefit to the soul occurs through Bhva Puj.
Ashta means eight, Prakri means types, and Dravya means material. Eight types of materials are
used in various Jain Pujs.
List of Materials Used In Pujs

Jal (Water), Chandan (Sandalwood), Pushpa (Flower), Dhoop (Incense), Deepak (Lamp), Akshat (White Rice),
Naivedya (Sweet), and Fal (fruits).
In both sects, pujs are performed with the same eight materials. It is called Ashta Prakri Puj by Shvetmbars and
Ashta Dravya Puj by Digambars. In some Digambar sub-sects, flowers and fruits are omitted and cloves, pieces of
coconut, and colored rice are used in their place.
Ashta Prakri Puj of Shvetmbar Tradition

The first three pujs are called Anga Puj. They are done by bathing (Abhisheka) the idol, offering Chandan
(sandalwood) paste, and Pushpa (flowers). In these pujs, the devotee physically touches the idol. Hence the
devotee is required to cover the mouth first and then touch the idol for puj.
The remaining five pujs are known as Agra Puj. They are done in front of the idols using Dhoop (incense),
Deepak (lamp), Akshat (rice), Naivedya (sweets), and Fal (fruits). The idol is not touched in these pujs, so there is
no need to cover the mouth. Both male and female members can perform these eight pujs.
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Ashta Dravya Puj of Digambar Tradition

In the Digambar tradition, Jal puj is done by bathing (Abhisheka) the idol. This is the only puj in which the idol is
physically touched. Only male members perform this puj. The mouth is not covered, unlike Shvetmbar tradition.
The remaining seven pujs are done in front of the idols. Both male and female members of the sect can perform
these pujs. Digambars do these Pujs in a different order. The attached table explains the order of Shvetmbar and
Digambar Puj.
Summary
This chart shows the eight items and their significance for various Shvetmbar and Digambar puj.
S D*
Offering
Alternate Offering
Significance
Benefit
*
1
Jal (Water)
Same
Purity
Give up desires,
anxieties
disappointments,
and sorrows.
Chandan
(Sandalwood)
Same
Knowledge/Tranquility
Give up passion of
anger
Pushpa
(Flower)
Yellow Rice (saffron

colored rice)
Good Conduct
Give up passion of
deceit
Dhoop
(Insence)
Same
Life of a monk
Stopping the cycle of

birth and death.
Deepak (Lamp)
Yellow coconut
(saffron colored)
Pure consciousness
Removing the
darkness of
ignorance from the
inner self
Akshat (White
Rice)
Same
Pure Soul
Give up passion of
pride
Naivedya
(Sweet)
White coconut
Attain supreme Soul

(digambar) Detachment
to tasty food
(Shvetambar)
Give up the passion

of greed
Fal (Fruits)
Dry Fruits
Moksha (Salvation)
Attain Moksha
(Salvation)
All
Arghya Puj*
Arghya Puj
(shik) (Mixture of
all eight substances)
Eternal state of
absolute perception,
absolute knowledge
and absolute bliss
In the Digambar tradition, cloves or sandalwood dust representing Dhoop, is offered to destroy all the eight karmas.
*Arghya / shik puj is performed only in the Digambar tradition
05 Special Pujas
Simple daily Pujs or special occasion pujs involve offering of the same eight materials in both traditions.
Examples of special Pujs are:
1. Sntra Puj:
It symbolizes bathing of the new Tirthankars by devas and devies over Mountain Meru. It is always
performed prior to any puj, Pujan, on birthday celebrations, during opening of new business, and
housewarmings etc.
2. Pancha Kalynak Puj:
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This puj commemorates the five great events of the Tirthankars life. Basically in this puj, Pandit
Virvijayji has praised Lord Shankheswar Parsvanath. This puj is performed during any good event. Five
Kalyanks are Conception, Birth, Renunciation, Omniscience, and Moksha.
3. Antary Karma Puj:
There are eight pujs, very much like daily Ashta Prakari Puj. In these pujs, how different persons
created the Antary Karmas and how they were able to remove those obstacles after performing these
pujs is mentioned.
4. Navvnu (99) Prakari Puj:
This puja is performed to praise the greatness of Siddhchal Mahtirtha, the place where our first
Tirthankar Lord Rishabhdev visited 99 Purva times.
Other Shvetmber Pujs:
Vstu Puj, Navpad Puj, Brvrata Puj, Sattarbhedi Puj
Other Digambar Pujs:
Digambar Parva Pujas, Das Lakshan Puj, Solahkaran Puj, Nirvnkhetra Puj
06 Pujan
Pujan is a lengthy ritual that almost lasts a whole day and is performed by very learned persons and
involves many people in ceremony. Those are done occasionally like during new temple opening
ceremony, after someones special penance like Varsitap etc. Examples are:
Siddhachakra Pujan, Bhaktmar Pujan, Shntisntra Pujan, Rishimandal Stotra Pujan
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D03 - Going to the Temple (Shvetmbar & Digambar Tradition)

01 Introduction
Idol worship is known to mankind for many centuries. It is an integral part of worship for many religions
and in particular the Eastern religions. It is a prominent feature of the path of devotion. Devotion is that
state of mind when all the energies of the mind and all the organs of knowledge and action are directed to
the Supreme Being. Worship or prayer is meaningful only when it is an integral part of mind, thought, and
action. It is very desirable that the worship is spontaneous and flowing from the heart but for many
people organized or formal worship is necessary and beneficial.
One can pray at anytime, anywhere. But a special sacred place, set aside just for worship, is the temple.
In Indian language it is called Mandir, and particularly in Jain tradition it is called Dersar. The Jain
temple is perhaps most accurately viewed as replica of the Samavasaran. The layman comes near as
though he were actually approaching the place where a living Jina sits, bathed in omniscient glory,
preaching to Sangh. The Jina idol image itself is being used as a tangible aid to visualization of such a
sacred being, thereby one can hope to awaken his soul.
Looking at Tirthankars idol in a meditative posture with calm and serene face reminds us of His attributes
of compassion and detachment. The image of Jina is seen as merely an ideal, a state attainable by all
embodied souls. Looking at the pure state of the Tirthankar reminds us to think about our inner pure state
and to strive to achieve the same. Going to the temple regularly can bring awareness in our thought and
action.
Because it is a sacred place, there are special rules one should follow while in the temple.
02 Recommendations
Here are the recommendations to be taken in respect of worship.
1. Bathe prior to performing puj. Do not wear leather or silk clothes and pearls during puj and other
religious rituals. Silk is made by killing millions of silk worms. Pearls are derived by killing
oysters. Wear clean (recently washed) clothing and do not eat or use restroom after putting on
the clean clothes. Shoes must be removed outside of the temple.
2.
You must respect the idols of Tirthankar Bhagwn as though they were alive. Marks of Chandan
from the idols should be cleaned by gently using a wet cloth. To clean the idols thoroughly you
may use a soft brush. In case, the idol has to be carried from one place to another; it should be
carried in reverence by holding it upright with the support of both hands beneath it.
3. Use only clean water without adding milk in Jal (Abhisheka) puj. However if one desires to
symbolize Kshira Samudra water (white color water), one may grind some almonds to mix with
the water.
4. Do not use dairy products (milk, ghee, sweets made from dairy products) in puj. The highest
cruelty to cows and calves exist on modern dairy farms and associated industries. Use
vegetable oil instead of ghee for Deevo.
5. To minimize the violence, the flowers selected should have naturally fallen down (a clean sheet be
laid under the plant the night before), and should not be plucked from plants for this purpose.
The buds of the flowers should not be removed. When making a garland of the flowers, a needle
should not be used for stringing them together, and they should not be washed.
6. Do not use silver or gold foil (varakh) for idol decoration. Production of Varakh mostly involves use
of cow intestines. There are many other cruelty-free products available in Jain temple supply
stores that can be used to decorate the idols. The flowers, the decorations, and the sandalwood
paste should be kept on a clean plate and should not be allowed to fall to the ground. In case
they do fall, they should not be used in Puj.
7. Cover your nose and mouth with the handkerchief while preparing the sandalwood paste and also
during Jal, Chandan, and Pushpa puj. The handkerchief should be folded four times such that
it has eight layers.
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8. While reciting Chaitya-vandan, you do not disturb the concentration and devotion of others and you
should not engage in any other activities, including forming the swastika from rice.
9. When you leave the temple, you should not turn your back towards the idols of Arihantas. Rather,
you should walk backwards a few steps first and then leave.
If the production of the puj materials involves violence to mobile living beings (two to five sensed living
beings), then Jain scriptures prohibit all use of such materials.
03 Shvetmbar Tradition Puj

Upon first sight of the idol of Tirthankar Bhagawn you should bow down with folded hands and recite,
Namo Jinnam (I bow down to Tirthankar Bhagawn) Upon entering Dersar, you should ring the bell
softly and then perform ten specific rituals called Dasha-trik as described in detail below.
Dasha-trik (Ten Rituals of the Temple)

01
Nissihi
Renunciation
02
Pradakshin
Circumambulation - going around the Jins idol
03
Pranm
Salutation
04
Puj
Worship
05
Avasth-chintan
Contemplation upon the various states of a Tirthankar
06
Dishtyg
Concentration only on Jins idol
07
Pramrjana
Cleaning the floor before sitting down
08
lambana
Mental support
09
Mudrs
Postures for meditation
10
Pranidhna
Meditation
1. Nissihi (Renunciation):
Nissihi means renunciation (giving up). It is said three times in the temple:
The first Nissihi is said while entering the temple to discard all the thoughts relating to worldly affairs
(Samsr).
Having entered the temple, it is the duty of the laypeople to make sure temple management is
running smoothly. One may help to clean the temple. After having taken care of such duties, the
second Nissihi is said while entering the actual area of the Jin idol sanctum (Gabhro); to keep aside
thinking of such things as the cleaning of the temple and its management.
The third Nissihi is said right after finishing worship with the physical substances (Dravya-puja) and
at the beginning of the internal devotional worship (Bhvapuj/ Chaitya-vandan) to renounce even
our own self for the duration of Chaitya Vandan.
2. Pradakshin (Circumambulation):
You circumambulate (go around in a circle) the Jin idols three times, from the left to the right,
keeping the Jin idols on your right side. The circumambulations remind you that there are three
remedies to overcome attachment and hatred and to attain liberation:
Samyag Darshan
Right Faith
Samyag Jnn
Right Knowledge
Samyag Chritra
Right Conduct
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For eternity, we have been revolving in the cycle of birth and death. When we obtain these three jewels of our faith
in the teachings of the Jin, obtaining knowledge about the self as experienced and explained by the Jin, and instill
these teachings into our behavior, our liberation becomes a certainty. We reflect upon these lines as we
circumambulate around the idols.
3. Pranm (Salutation):
We bow down to the idols of Tirthankars three times.
The first salutation is offered either when you see the Shikhar, or when you see the idols of the Tirthankars (usually
at the time of entering temple), by placing the folded hands over the slightly bent forehead and saying Namo
Jinnam. This is called Anjali Baddha Pranm.
The second salutation is done with folded hands and bowed body as you enter the sanctum (Gabhro - place of
idols). This is called Ardhvanat Pranm.
The third salutation is done while touching the ground with five body parts (2 knees, 2 hands, and the forehead)
before performing Chaitya-vandan / Bhvapuj (internal devotional worshipping). This is called Panchngapranipt Pranm or Khamsamanu.
4. Puj (Worship):
Tirthankar Bhagawns Puj is done with different types of materials and with spiritual reflection. The
worship is offered in three different ways:
The first worship is called Anga-puj. This is done by anointing the different parts of an idol of
Arihanta with water, sandalwood paste, and a flower.
The second worship is called Agra-puj, which is done by placing incense, a lamp, rice, fruit, and
sweets in front of idols.
The first and second worships together make Ashta-prakri Puj (worship using eight various
materials). Collectively, these two Pujs are called Dravya-puja (physical worship).
Use of these materials and recitation of religious sutras constitutes Dravya Puj, whereas reflection
on a Tirthankars qualities constitutes the third worship called Bhva Puj.
The third worship is Bhvapuj and is done by performing Chaitya-vandan. The sutras sung while
performing Dravya Puj provide the seed thoughts for Bhva Puj. The associated outside activities
are simply to strengthen internal devotional thought process. The full benefit to the soul occurs
through Bhva Puj.
Puj Materials
The materials (flowers, water, lamp, fruits) used in puj involve some violence to one-sense living
beings. Hence, Jain ascetics who live totally nonviolent lives and do not possess any material items
that they can use in puj. So they do not perform any Dravya puj. They engage in spiritual
reflection and only do Bhva Puj.
However, the Dravya puj is meant for laypeople. Commonly, laypeople spend most of their time in
fulfillment of social obligations, personal enjoyment, accumulation of wealth and power, and gaining
better social status. Pujs and other temple related rituals help laypeople to move from their routine
social life to a spiritual life. In the initial stage of spiritual development, a person needs religious
symbols such as a Tirthankar idol to pray, and offering of puj materials. Hence minimum violence to
one-sensed living being is accepted for the laypeople for their spiritual progress. However, one
should use proper wisdom to limit the quantity and usage of flowers, water, fire (Deepak, Dhoop),
fruits, and sweets in puj rituals and also in daily life to minimize the violence to one-sensed living
beings.
With regards to offering flowers, it is suggested that a clean sheet be laid under the (flower) plant the
night before and only naturally fallen flowers be used in puj offering. This method minimizes the
violence and limits the quantity of flowers used in puj.
If the production of the puj materials involves violence to mobile living beings (two to five-sensed
living beings), then Jain scriptures prohibit all use of such materials even by Jain laypeople. Jainism
is a rational religion. The scriptures provide the fundamental principles of truth. The implementation
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of such principles varies with respect to time, place, and circumstances. We need to evaluate our
past tradition based on the current environment in which we live.
Ashta Prakri Puj (Eightfold worship):
Ashta means eight, Prakri means types, and Dravya means material. Thus the Ashtaprakri Puj is done by offering eight different types of substances during worship. All substance
represents various devotional thoughts of a devotee. Internal devotional worship is reflected within.
In Jain Puj, we do not offer material to Tirthankars with the desire of getting something in return.
The material used is a symbolic representation to acquire virtues and a reflection to improve our self
spiritually. One should reflect on such aspects while performing the Puj rituals. There are different
types of Puj being performed for various religious and social ceremonies. This puj is performed
daily and is included in all other Puj. The following eight materials are used in performing Puj.
1. Jal (Water) Puj:

My soul, a Kalash made of knowledge,
I fill, with the water of equanimity.
And as I bathe the Arihanta,
My karmas are washed away.
My soul is a Kalash (a small pitcher used to bath the idol) of knowledge, which is full of equanimity
representing water. As I bathe the idol of Arihanta, I pray that let the impurities of my Karma wash
away from my soul.
Water also symbolizes the ocean. Every living being continuously travels through the ocean of
birth, life, and death. This Puj reminds us that one should live life as pure as water with honesty,
truthfulness, love, and compassion towards all living beings. This way, one will be able to cross
lifes ocean and attain liberation.
2. Chandan (Sandal-wood) Puj:

He whose face beams of the tranquility within
The one whose very nature is tranquil
To that Arihanta I worship
To make my soul tranquil.
To attain tranquility in our soul we worship the idol of Arihanta with the sandalwood paste because
Arihanta is the supreme example of tranquility and his face is also tranquil.
Chandan symbolizes tranquility (calmness) in our soul. Chandan mixed with water is offered to
subside the suffering of the world. During this Puj one should reflect on Samyag Jnn. Samyag
Jnn means proper understanding of reality that includes Soul, Karma, and their relationship.
Jainism believes that the Path of Knowledge is the main path to attain liberation.
Places of Puj
Recitation Mantra
1
.
Right Toe, Left Toe*:
Namo Arihantnarm
2
.
Right Knee, Left Knee:
Namo Siddhnam
3
.
Right center of Arm, Left Arm:
Namo yariynam
4
.
Right Shoulder, Left Shoulder:
Namo Uvajjhynam
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5
.
Top of Head (center):
Namo Loe Savvashnam
6
.
Center of Forehead:
Eso Pancha Namukkro
7
.
Center of Throat:
Savvapvappansano
8
.
Center of Chest:
Mangal Nam Cha Savve Sim
9
.
Navel:
Notes
Right and Left sides mentioned here are of the idol or Murti and not of the person doing puja
Right Toe is on the opposite side the Right Knee, Arm and Shoulder of the idol
Do not put Chandan on the palm or any other body parts of the idol
Use the ring finger of the right hand for chandan puja. The finger nail should not touch the idol.
Significance of Nav-anga Puj
Toes
Oh! Arihanta, you traveled great distances by foot to preach to the ignorant souls
and to show them the right path of life. I therefore worship your feet. I wish for
that kind of strength so that I can also bring righteousness for others and myself.
Knees
With the help of these knees you stood motionless in meditation for days and
achieved omniscience. By worshipping your knees I also wish to find the strength
to meditate.
Forearm
Even though you had all the amenities and riches, you gave away everything with
these hands, to realize your true self and to show the right path to mankind. All
living beings were safe at your hands, as you promised them safety. By
worshipping your hand, I wish I do not get attached to material wealth, and I
promise nonviolence towards all living beings.
Shoulder
s
Even though you possessed the strength, you never misused it and never had
pride. Your strength also carried the burden of saving others. Likewise, I wish I
never become proud and I am able to carry responsibilities.
Head
Bhagawn, you were always absorbed in self-realization and in the betterment of

all living beings. I wish to have the ability to think about wellbeing of others.
Siddha-shil is located on the top of the universe. By worshipping the head, I wish
to reach Siddha-shil.
Forehead
Because of Tirthankar Nm-karma, all three worlds pray to you. You are the crown
jewel of three worlds. You were able to endure pleasure and pain equally.
Worshipping your forehead will bring good qualities to me.
Neck
With your soothing and sweet speech, you touched so many lives and helped
them realize their own selves. Let my speech work for the good of others.
Heart
Oh! Vitarga Bhagawn! your heart is full of amity, compassion, and mercy.
Likewise, I wish my heart be full of these virtues.
Navel
The navel is the center for concentration of the mind during meditation. I wish to
attain the highest form of meditation to realize the self, as you did. I wish for that
strength by worshipping this navel of yours
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3. Pushpa (Flower) Puj:

Perfumed, a flower in full bloom I hold;
For this Puj, which destroys the misery of birth.
Just as a bee hovers around the flower;
To be around you always,
I ask that Samyaktva be imprinted upon me.
By offering fragrant and unbroken flowers to Arihanta we reflect upon to live our life like flower.
Pushpa symbolizes conduct. Our conduct should be like a flower, which provides fragrance and
beauty to all living beings without discrimination.
4. Dhoop (Incense) Puj:

Meditation illuminates the dense darkness,
Just as I offer the incense before the beautiful eyes of the Jin;
Driving away the bad smell of wrong faith,
The innate nature of the soul emerges
By placing incense (Dhoop) on the left side of the idol, we initiate the upward meditation to destroy
the bad odor of Mithytva (false faith) and manifest our pure soul.
Just as the fragrant smoke of the incense goes upwards, we should begin our ever progressive
spiritual journey leading to the top of the universe, the Siddha-shil. Just as the incense removes
the bad odor, we should remove false faith (Mithytva). Dhoop also symbolizes an ascetic life.
While burning itself, Dhoop provides fragrance to others. Similarly, true monks and nuns spend
their entire life selflessly for the benefit of all living beings. This Puj reminds us to thrive for an
ascetic life, which ultimately leads to liberation.
5. Deepak (Lamp) Puj:

Like a lamp, help us distinguish between good and bad
To avoid sorrow in this world and
One day, my internal lamp of knowledge will
Illuminate the entire universe
The flame of a lamp (Deepak) represents a Pure Consciousness, or a Soul without any bondage,
a Liberated Soul. When we light the lamp in the right manner, our miseries get destroyed. As a
result, we get the knowledge in the form of Keval-jnn, which illuminates the whole universe.
Deepak symbolizes the light of knowledge. Deepak puj is offered on the right side of the idol to
destroy the darkness of ignorance and false beliefs. The ultimate goal of every living being is to
be liberated from karma. To be liberated from Karma, one needs to be free from all vices such as
anger, greed, ego, deceit, attachment, hatred and lust. By doing this Puj one should strive to
follow the five great vows: Non-violence, Truthfulness, Non-stealing, Chastity and Non-possession.
Ultimately proper conduct coupled with right faith and knowledge will lead to liberation.
6. Akshat (Rice) Puj:

Pure unbroken Akshat I hold
And draw this large Nandvarta
In the presence of my lord,
I wish all my worldliness
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Will destroy indefinitely
By offering pure and unbroken rice grains in the form of Nandvarta, we meditate in front of
Arihanta, keeping all our worldly attachments away.
The rice grain without the husk, called Akshat, is a kind of grain that does not germinate. One
cannot grow rice plants by seeding this type of rice. It symbolizes the last birth. By doing this Puj
one should strive to live life in such a way that at the end of this life one will be liberated and not
born again.
7. Naivedya (Sweet) Puj:

Many a times I have gone hungry
O Pure One! Without a trace of desire,
Do satiate me eternally.
In the course of the cycle of birth and death, I have remained hungry many times but that was
transitory. O! Arihanta! give me the permanent state where there is no desire of food.
Naivedya symbolizes tasty foods. By doing this Puj, one should strive to reduce or eliminate the
attachment to tasty food. Healthy food is essential for survival; however, one should not live to eat
tasty foods. The ultimate aim in ones life is to attain a state where no food is essential for ones
existence, and that is the life of a liberated Soul, who resides in Moksha forever in ultimate bliss.
8. Fal (Fruit) Puj:

Just as Indra and other Devas
Out of their extreme love for you,
I bring along fruits to worship. Upon meeting you, O Supreme soul,
I renounce worldly aspirations and desire only Moksha as the fruit of all my actions.
For the Puj of Arihanta, the Supreme Being, heavenly gods bring fruits with devotion and ask for
the Moksha, the ultimate fruit.
Fruit is a symbol of Moksha or Liberation. If we live our life without any attachment to worldly
affairs, continue to perform our duty without any expectation of rewards, truly follow an ascetic life,
and have love and compassion towards all living beings, we will attain the fruit of Moksha or
Liberation. This last Puj symbolizes the ultimate achievement of our life.
The main purpose of Puj is that by reciting the virtues of the Tirthankar we remind ourselves that we
also have the same virtues, and that by taking the path of the Tirthankars we can also achieve
Nirvana.
5. Avasth Chintan (Contemplating On The Different States of Arihanta):

After completing the external worship, you must carry out this contemplation. The male should stand
on the right side of the idol of Arihanta (that is the left side while facing the idol) while the female
should stand on the left side (that is the right side while facing the idol). Now you should
contemplate on the three different states that Arihantas went through. They are
Pindastha Avasth
ordinary embodied souls
Padastha Avasth
omniscient embodied souls
Ruptita Avasth
liberated souls
Pindastha Avasth:
In Pindastha Avasth you contemplate on Arihantas:
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1. Janmvasth (as a child):

Oh Lord, during your third previous life, you attained Tirthankar Nm Karma due to compassion and
intense desire for spiritual upliftment of all living beings. When you were born, all of 56 female angels of
directions and 64 Indras celebrated birth rituals to you. It was your greatness and humbleness that even at
such an occasion, you did not feel proud of what was happening around you. Your loftiness is blessed.
2. Rajyvasth (as a prince):

Oh Lord, you were a Prince. You had princely power and grandeur, and yet you were neither attached to
them nor felt hatred about them. You were like a Yogi who is detached. Glory to your renunciation.
3. Shraman-vasth (as a Sdhu):

Oh heroic Lord, you renounced worldly power and luxury without any hesitation and became a Sdhu.
You carried out heroic endeavors for the attainment of spiritual elevation, bearing the most bitter
obstacles and calamities. At times you carried out incomparable and arduous spiritual austerities and
penance. You stood for days absorbed in deep meditation. By doing so, you destroyed all the Ghti
Karmas. Glory to your austerity. Glory to your bravery. Glory to your tolerance.
Padastha Avasth:
For Padastha Avasth, you contemplate on the state of life as a Tirthankar.
Oh Tirthankar, you have 34 Atishaya (unique characteristics). Oh Tirthankar, you established a
Tirtha, the four-fold Jain Sangh. Oh Tirthankar, you explained the noble doctrines of Jiva Tattva
(living substance) and Ajiva Tattva (Non-living substance) of the universe. You showed the path of
salvation comprised of the right faith, right knowledge, and right conduct. You expounded the
immortal philosophical doctrines like Anekntavda (multiplicity view points), Sydvda, and Naya.
Ruptita Avasth:
Here, you contemplate on the pure form of Jin.
Oh, Paramtm (supreme being)! You have totally destroyed all your Karma, and you have
become bodiless, pure, awakened, liberated, and perfect. Having attained this state, you possess
infinite knowledge, infinite perception, infinite bliss, and infinite energy. You possess countless
virtues. Your state is absolutely free from impurities, distortion, and agitation. In this state, death,
disease, distress, or poverty, and all other adversities do not exist.
6. Dishtyg (Concentrate Only On Jins Idol):

Now you should prepare for the Bhvapuj (internal worship), known as Chaitya-vandan. You
should not be distracted by anything. Your eyes and mind should concentrate on the idol and you
should not look in any other direction like up, down, sideways, or behind.
7. Pramrjana (Cleaning The Ground Before Sitting Down):

Before sitting down for Chaitya-vandan you should clean the ground three times with your upper
cloth, so that no small insect may be hurt by you sitting there.
8. lambana (Support):
Having sat down, you must keep three supports in your mind: (l) the idol of the Lord, (2) the sutras
you recite, and (3) their meanings. Now, your should concentrate only on these three things.
9. Mudr (Posture):
Various specific postures described in scriptures are very much necessary to attain sublime
concentration during Chaitya-vandan.
Yoga Mudr:
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During Chaitya-vandan and the recital of the sutras, you must sit upright with both palms together
and the fingers of one hand in the spaces between the fingers of the other hand, with the elbows
to the sides of your stomach.
Mukt-shukti Mudr:
You must keep your hands in the posture of an oyster shell, with both hands together so that there
is a space between the two palms where the fingers meet. This posture is used at the time of
recitation of the sutras Jvanti Cheyi Ayam, Jvanti Kevi Shu, and Jai Viyarya.
Jin Mudr:
At the time of Kyotsarga, you stand up in such a way that there is a distance of 4 inches between
your two feet at the toes in the front while the distance between two heels must be less than four
inches. Your hands should be hanging down. Your eyes should be fixed on the tip of your nose.
Jin stood in Kyotsarga with this posture.
10. Pranidhna (Remain Meditative):

You should engage your mind, speech and bodily senses in Chaitya-vandan. By the correct bodily
postures and senses focused on the Bhva Puj, by correct pronunciation of sutras, and by focusing
your mind on Chaitya-vandan and not letting it wander, you have accomplished the final procedure of
Pranidhna.
Members of some Jain sects e.g. Sthnakavsi and Terpanthi do not worship in a temple.
04 Digambar Tradition Puj

Every idol-worshipping religion attaches great significance to Puj of the idol and corresponding rituals. A
person feels gratified and experiences great joy upon catching a glimpse of the idol, which he/she adores
the most.
Six Daily Essentials for Jain Householders as per Digamber Tradition:
Dev Puj
Worship of Supreme Soul
Guru Upasti
Respecting Guru
Swdhyy
Study of Scriptures
Saiyam
Discipline
Tap
Penance
Dna
Charity
Dev Puj
Dev Puj is the foremost of the essentials for Jains. Puj is usually done in the presence of an idol and
with some offerings (Dravya Puj), but it can also be done in the absence of an idol and with no material
offerings (Bhv Puj). Puj is usually performed in the temple before an idol of an Arihanta, but it can
also be performed at home with or without an idol.
Before visiting the temple, a person must take a bath and put on washed clothes, which are usually kept
in the temple for this purpose. While going to temple, utmost care should be observed that no living
beings are harmed due to ones carelessness. Before entering the temple one must wash his hands and
feet. As he enters the temple hall, he should ring the bells slowly to wake your inner powers.
As one enters into the temple, one should chant:
Nissihi, Nissihi, Nissihi
Om Jai Jai Jai
Namostu, Namostu, Namostu
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One then recites the Namokr Mantra three times and bows before the idol. He then walks around the
vedi or alter in a clockwise direction three times. He then sits in front of the image and, using rice grains,
forms a swastika representing four destinies, three dots above it representing a means to escape them
and a crescent moon on the top representing ultimate abode of the liberate souls. By forming these
symbols prior to actual worship one shows that this Puj has as its ultimate purpose the attainment of
liberation. He then enters the Gabhro for Puj.
List of Digambar Puj Rituals
Abhisheka or Prakshl (Anointing the Idol and then wiping the idol clean Prakshalan)
Puj Prrambh
Ahavnan and Sthpana
Main Puj with eight dravyas
Jaiml
Shnti Path
Visarjan
rti
1. Abhisheka
Bathing the idol is called Abhisheka and is usually done with pure water. On certain occasions, people perform the
Panchmrit Abhisheka, which consists of five substances (dravyas): water, milk, curd, sandal water, and ghee.
However, seeing the way in which milk is obtained these days, one should not use milk and its products in Puj.
The main purpose of the Abhisheka is to purify our soul and mind. It also serves the purpose of keeping the idol
clean. Various prayers praising the virtues of Arihanta are recited during this puj. It reminds us of Indras immense
joy as he was bathing the newborn Tirthankar on Mount Meru. We pray to God to remove all evil thoughts, desires,
passions and worldly attachments so that what remains of us will be pure self.
After bathing, the idol is dried with clean cloth. This is called Prakshalan. At this time one recites the prayer
Prabhu Patit Pwan.
2. Puj - Prrambh
In this ritual, one recites the Swasti Mangal Stotra.
3. Ahavnan and Sthpana

In this ritual, one does the invocation and enshrinement of the Dev (deity) whose puja needs to be done.
4. Main Puj
The main puj is done with eight substances (Ashta_dravya). In some digambar sub-sects lamp, flowers, and fruits
are replaced with pieces of coconut, colored rice and cloves.
1. Jal Puj:
In this puj, pure water is offered to rid oneself of the cycle of birth, aging, and death (Janma Jar
Mrutyu Vinshanya). Every living being continuously travels through the miseries of birth, life, and
death. The Jal reminds us to live our life as pure as water; this way one will be able to attain
Moksha.
2. Chandan Puj:
In this puj, sandal wood powder or saffron mixed in water is offered to subside the suffering of the
world (Samsr Tp Vinshanya). The very nature of Chandan (sandal) is to overcome our miseries
thru knowledge of our religion.
3. Akshat Puj:
In this puj, white washed rice without husk (called Akshat) is offered which symbolizes the end of
the birth, life, and death cycle (Akshaya Pada prptaye) just as white rice cannot be planted for rice
plant (cannot be germinated).
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4. Pushpa Puj:
In this puj, flower or saffron colored rice is offered. Flower symbolizes passion and sensual
pleasure. offering the flower means abandoning all passions, which are the root cause for the
accumulation of Karma (Kma_vsan Vinshanya).
5. Naivedya Puj:
Naivedya symbolizes tasty food. In this puja, small white pieces of coconut representing tasty food
are offered. It signifies the desire of the person doing puj to be able to reduce or eliminate desire of
food (Kshudh rog Vinshanya). The ultimate aim of ones life is to avoid the need for any food at
all by attaining nirvana.
6. Deepak Puj:
In this puj, lamp (diy or deepak) is offered to destroy the darkness of ignorance and false beliefs
(Mohndhakr Vinshanya). Most of the time saffron colored pieces of coconuts are used to
represent lamp.
7. Dhoop Puj:
In this puj, cloves or sandalwood dust representing Dhoop is offered to destroy all the eight Karma
(Ashtakarma Vinshanya).
8. Fal Puj:
In this puj, shelled almonds or coconut representing fruits are offered. Fruit symbolizes nirvana or
Moksha, which is the ultimate goal of every living beings in the universe (Moksha Phal Prptaye).
Arghya Puj
Arghya puj is performed at the end of the Puj with the mixture of all eight puj substances
(dravyas) for attaining everlasting Siddha-pada (Anarghya Pad Prptaye). It is also called shik
puj. The shik is a small plate with a holder that is used to place the cloves or Pushpa (yellow
rice) during invocation. Nine full cloves or nine unbroken rice grains are taken in the left palm. Each
time the Mantra for Sthpan. hawnan, and Sannidhikaran are chanted, three Pushpa or cloves,
with the head pointing forward are held between the right ring finger and the thumb and are placed
on the shik.
5. Jayamla (Adoration)
In this ritual, one recites the virtues of the Tirthankar Bhagawn. In Jayamla, the garland of victory, one repeats the
names of all twenty-four Tirthankar, sits in silence for a few moments, and then chants the Namaskr litany. While
reciting his virtues, one is also reminded that our soul possesses similar virtues and is capable of attaining Moksha
by getting rid of Karma.
6. Shnti Path
Essentially wishing peace and happiness for all the living being by reciting peace prayer (Shnti
Path).
7. Visarjan
This ritual concludes the puj. Here one prays to all of the celestials beings present during the puj
to return to their respective places and asking for their forgiveness for any mistakes or negligence
committed during the Puj.
8. rti
rti of Pancha Paramesthi or Tirthankar is recited with waving of lamp to end the puj.
Following the rti, one reads scripture (Swdhyy) and does meditation. Swdhyy is also built into the Puj;
carefully reciting the Puj can lead to better understanding of the concepts of Jain philosophy.
Although Pujs are usually directed to Tirthankars, regular worshiping of the Jain scriptures (Dev Shstra
Guru Samuchchaya Puj) is also part of the daily puj. Also certain types of Pujs are associated with
special occasion or festivals, which helps to strengthen our belief in our religion.
List of various Pujs performed in Digambar Traditions
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Pancha Kalynak Puj, which adores the five Kalynaks of Tirthankars

Pancha Paramesthi (Arihanta, Siddha, chrya, Updhyy, and Sdhu) Puj
Jin Dharma, Jin gam, Jin Chaitya and Jin Chaitylaya Puj
Nav Devt Puj, a prayer to the nine religious leaders
Das Laxan Puj, which adores the ten great virtues of ascetics
Ratna_traya Puj, which adores the path of liberation
Deevli Puj, which celebrates the Nirvana Kalynak of Lord Mahvir
Sohlkaran Puj
Dhoop_dashmi Puj
Rakshbandhan Puj
The whole purpose of puj is that by reciting the virtues of the Tirthankar, we also remind ourselves that
these same virtues are also possessed by us and that by taking the path of the Tirthankars, we can also
achieve the liberation.
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D04 - Importance of Proper Performance of a Ritual

As per Jain literature, sutras are to be recited in certain physical postures along with proper reflection in
order to obtain spiritual benefit from a particular ritual. Both physical postures and internal reflection are
the various forms of Yoga. In general, Yoga is defined as that which connects with the soul or leads to
absolute emancipation or liberation.
Jain rituals are practiced using two forms of Yoga namely; Kriy Yoga and Jnna Yoga.
01 Kriy Yoga
During the ritual, we recite sutras and perform activities in certain physical posture known as Kriy Yoga.
It is of two kinds:
1. sana Yoga (Physical Posture)

The proper physical postures nurture and strengthen the different thoughts and feelings in our pursuit for liberation.
2. Varna Yoga (Pronunciation of Sutra)

The proper pronunciation of the phrases and words which lend strength and fortify the feelings and thoughts will
help in achieving absolute liberation.
sana Yoga and Varna Yoga together express the positive energy and vibrations of a soul (Atma) in the external
form. They become the source of the destruction of Karma and the generation of virtuous qualities. These two
states of physical postures are also known as Kya Yoga.
02 Jnn Yoga
The knowledge about the ritual along with the proper internal reflection during its performance is called
Jnna Yoga. It instills the feelings and thoughts as per the meaning of the ritual and absorbs it in the
consciousness.
Jnna yoga is of three forms: Artha Yoga, Anlambana Yoga and Nirlambana Yoga. These are, in fact,
the three states of activities of mind (Mano Yoga).
1. Artha Yoga (Meaning)

To absorb the meaning of the phrases properly in the consciousness while pronouncing them.
2. nalambana Yoga (Feelings)

Generating thoughts and feelings based solely on the phrases and their meaning.
For example: - When offering salutations; to utter the word "Namo" combined with the salutation posture and to
deeply feel the thought of complete surrender to the teachings of Tirthankars with the help of the word and its
meaning.
3. Nirlambana Yoga (Pure Meditation)

To elevate the mental conscious condition of lambana yoga to a point where even the external awareness of the
word and its meaning merges with the consciousness, thereby no external reliance remains.
All these five Yogic forms of Kriy Yoga and Jnna Yoga together, are critical to the proper performance
and execution of a religious ritual. These lead to the purification of the soul and manifest its unlimited
powers.
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D05 - Six vashyakas (Six Essentials and Daily Observances)

01 Introduction
Jainism is a very practical religion, which helps us in every day affairs of life. Jainism has to be practiced
and lived. Jain ethics is meant for all men and women in every walk of life. Contemplation of the soul is
the main part of Jainism. Contemplation of the soul includes thinking, analyzing, and meditating as a part
of the right conduct.
The rituals are interwoven in the daily life of a pious Jain. Going to the temple, listening to the Guru,
practicing vows, giving alms to Sdhus, performing Smyika for equanimity, performing Pratikraman for
introspection, practicing nonviolence, carrying out charitable acts, living an honest life and many similar
acts constitute the daily rituals of a Jain.
Jainism believes that from time immemorial, every soul is full of impurities. The soul, in its pure form, has
infinite perception, infinite knowledge, infinite vigor, and infinite bliss. These attributes are not realized by
a worldly soul because it is smeared with karmas. The karmas are mainly due to Mithytva (Ignorance)
and four Passions / Kashyas (anger, ego, deceit, and greed).Tirthankars have expounded on many ways
to free us from these four Kashyas to attain Moksha. One of the ways is a daily practice of six
vashyakas (essentials). Practicing six essential rites with true faith helps us progress spiritually. These
six essential rites are to be practiced daily and regularly by all Jains.
These practices free the human mind from negative thoughts of attachment and hatred and enhance the
soul's spiritual progress, ultimately leading to liberation. Ancient Jain literature defines six such activities.
Jainism advocates the performance of six essential daily observances by its followers. Both Digambar
and Shvetmbar traditions have six essentials but there exist some differences.
02 Six Essential Observances of Shvetmbar tradition

Smyika
To remain calm and undisturbed in a state of equanimity and with oath of nonviolence for 48 minutes.
Chauvisattho
To pray and appreciate the qualities of the twenty-four Tirthankars.
Vandan
Devotion and service to Guru Maharaj (ascetics).
Pratikraman
To repent, reproach, and reflect upon past wrong thoughts, words and deeds.
Kyotsarga
Non-attachments to the body (standing or sitting motionless and meditating for a

set period of time).
Pratykhyn or
Pachchakhna
Taking religious vows renouncing certain activities and certain foods for a set
period of time to discipline ones self.
Each vashyak ritual includes many original Sutras written in Ardha-Mgadhi and Sanskrit languages.
These Sutras consist of many hymns in praise of the Tirthankars and many verses of repentance,
confession, and requests for forgiveness.
1. Smyika - State of Equanimity

To remain in the state of equanimity without attachment and hatred and to treat all living beings equal
to ones self is called Smyika. Smyika is the process that enhances the quality of equanimity. It
helps to take one closer to the soul and to acquire a stable mind and temperament. Equanimity is
the act of remaining calm and tranquil. It implies neutrality of mind and temper. It is essential for the
practice of nonviolence and removal of Mithytva and Kashyas, which ultimately removes all
Karma.
This ritual is performed to develop equal regard towards all living beings, equanimity towards pleasure and pain,
and to be free from attachment and aversion.
During Smyika, a devotee renounces worldly activities, fully controls his or her mind, speech and bodily
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activities, and lives the life of an ascetic. It is important to remain calm, meditate, read scriptures, or perform
pratikraman ritual and request for forgiveness for ones sins.
One should reflect on the following attributes of the soul:
Equanimity towards all beings
Self-control with pure aspirations
Abandonment of all thoughts tainted by desire and aversion.
During Smyika, one should not think about material happiness, family, friends, and relationships, all of which are
not true reflections of the soul, instead one should meditate on the Sutra called:
"N-HAM" - I am not that
To reinforce identification with the soul, which has the qualities of perfect knowledge, vision, bliss, and power,
meditate on the Sutra
"SO-HAM" - I am that
By meditating on the true nature of the soul, bad karms (sins) are eradicated. Therefore, it is recommended that all
Jains perform Smyika as often as possible and at any time of the day.
No one has attained Moksha and no one will attain Moksha without the practice of Smyika. Smyika is the true
conduct. Smyika is the essence of Tirthankars teachings. One has to practice Smyika to attain the right
perception, the right knowledge and the right conduct. Jain monks and nuns take the vow to remain in Smyika for
their entire lives at the time of taking Diksh and thus remain in the state of equanimity, throughout their lives.
When a layperson practices Smyika, he spends his time as a Sdhu. Laypersons should try to do at least one
Smyika every day.
Great detail on the subject of Smyika is in the Jain canonical books.
Types of Smyika:
There are two types of Smyika:
Partial
Complete
Complete Smyika relates to monks and nuns because they practice equanimity at all times. The
partial Smyika is for lay people (Shrvaks and Shrviks) so that they can learn to gradually
detach themselves from all external objects. The minimum duration for the partial Smyika is 48
minutes.
Thirty Two (32) Faults to be avoided during Smyika:

Jain scriptures describe 32 faults of Mind, Speech, and Body to be avoided during Smyika.
Ten Faults of Mind
To perform Smyika without respect to its goals or procedures
To perform Smyika for prestige
To perform Smyika out of greed
To perform Smyika for vanity
To perform Smyika out of fear
To perform Smyika for material rewards and power
To perform Smyika with doubts
To perform Smyika with anger
To perform Smyika with impertinence, without respect to Tirthankar (Dev), Teacher (Guru), and
Religion (Dharma)
To perform Smyika under pressure from others or without conviction
Ten Faults of Speech
To use offensive speech
To speak without thinking
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To speak or sing such songs that arouse uncontrollable emotions

To use condensed sutras for convenience or to save time
To use quarrelsome language
To gossip
To use mocking language
To use hasty speech without clarity
To use irrational speech
To use unclear and ambiguous speech
Twelve Faults of the Body
To sit with one leg over the other
To sit with unsteady posture
To sit with wavering eyesight
To digress or to deviate from Smyika for domestic or other work
To lean against something
To stretch the body, hands, and legs without reason
To stretch the body lazily or to sleep
To make sounds by stretching fingers of hands and feet (cracking knuckles)
To remove dirt from the body
To sit with ones hand on the head or forehead in a sorrowful posture or to walk without carefully
sweeping the floor
To sleep or to remain idle
To cause oneself to be served by others without a reason
Sutras Recited During Smyika vashyak:

Jain Prayer to Great Souls
Namaskr Mahmangal Sutra
Benedictory Verse
Chattri Mangalam Sutra
Guru Sthpan
Panchindiya Sutra
Forgiveness Verse of Smyika
Iry Vahiyae Sutra
Introspection and Kyotsarga
Tassa Uttari and Annattha Sutra
Vow of Smyika
Karemi Bhante Sutra
Concluding Vows of Smyika
Smiya-vaya-jutto Sutra
2. Chauvisattho-Devotional Prayer to Tirthankars

Chauvisattho means praying and appreciating the attributes of the 24 Tirthankars. This is the reverential worship of
the twenty-four Tirthankars to reflect on their qualities, such as freedom from attachment and aversion (Vitargatva).
By striving to attain these qualities, we can control our passions. By reciting Logassa Sutra, we offer obeisance to
the 24 Tirthankar Bhagawn, and therefore it is known as Chaturvimshati-Stava. By reciting Logassa Sutra with
true faith, we strive to attain the qualities of Tirthankar and thus, purify our beliefs and attain right faith. Those who
possess Right Faith will ultimately attain Moksha.
Types of Devotional Prayer:

The devotional prayer is also of two types:
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External (Dravya)
Internal (Bhva)
To express ones devotion by worshipping Tirthankars' idols with purifying substances like rice and
flowers constitutes external praise (dravya stuti), while to devotionally praise their inherent qualities
is internal praise (bhva stuti).
During Pratikraman, this is accomplished through the recitation of the following Sutras.
Sutras Recited During Chauvisattho / Chaturvimshati Stava vashyak:

Worshiping of 24 Tirthankars by names
Logassa Sutra
Saluting Qualities and virtues of Tirthankars
Namutthunam Sutra
Devotional Prayer to Tirthankars
Jaya Viyarya Sutra
Salutes the Teachings (gam Scriptures) of

Tirthankars
Pukkhara-var-di Sutra
Bows to all Siddhas along with Lord Mahvir

and the Tirtha places where the Tirthankars
have attained Nirvna
Siddhnam Buddhnam Sutra
These prayers inspire an individual to practice these ideals in his/her own life.
3. Vandan - Respecting Ascetics

Vandan means respecting and saluting. In the absence of a Tirthankar, our true spiritual teachers are Jain chryas,
Updhyys, and Sdhus, who show us the path to liberation. chryas, Updhyys, and Sdhus are true
practitioners of the path to liberation. Hence, Vandan means paying respect to all ascetics including chryas,
Updhyys, and all other Sdhus and Sdhvis. By paying respect to them, we subdue our ego, control our passions,
and develop humility (Vinay). This process helps us advance spiritually.
Types of Vandan
There are three types of Vandan defined in Jain literature.
If we meet an ascetic on the road or any other places, we can just bow our head by saying
Matthaena Vandmi or Vandmi Namamsmi, which means I bow to you.
If we visit ascetics in their Upshray (temporary residence), then we should inquire about their wellbeing and request forgiveness for any impoliteness towards them.
Pratikraman ritual should be done in the presence of an ascetic. During the traditional Pratikraman
ritual, one recites Suguru Vandan sutra, which is a complete Vandan of an ascetic.
For English Pratikraman, we have chosen the second type of Vandan, because this will be most
useful when any English speaking Jain visits an ascetic in an Upshray.
Sutras Recited During Vandana vashyak

Bowing to Ascetics
Ichchhmi Khamsamano Sutra
Bowing to Ascetics
Tikhutto Sutra
Wellness of Guru
Icchakra sutra
Ascetics Forgiveness Sutra
Abbhutthio Sutra
4. Pratikraman - Repentance and Confession of Sins

Pratikraman is the most important vashyaka (essential ritual).
"Prati" means "back" and "kraman" means "to go". It means to go back, to reflect and review, to confess and atone,
asking for forgiveness from others for ones own faults of mind, body, and speech in ones daily activities, and
forgiving faults of others and extending friendship to all. It means reviewing our daily activities and concentrating
on refraining from the sins committed during the day. Pratikraman is like a mirror where we see ourselves internally,
the way it is.
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Therefore, Pratikraman involves repentance and sincere confession for past sinful deeds and thoughts as well as the
forgiveness of others faults. This process of self-discipline provides protection from present sinful acts, and
prevents future sinful acts through renunciation. It helps to stop the influx of karma that obscures the true nature of
the soul.
We can shed karma by practicing penance in 12 different ways - six external ways and six internal ways. External
penance detaches us from the external world like pleasures of five senses and the mind and body and prepares us for
our spiritual journey. Internal penance helps realize the true nature of the soul. We cannot begin our spiritual
journey without examining our faults, atoning for our faults by asking for forgiveness, and resolving not to commit
them in future. This is the essence of Pratikraman
Types of Pratikraman:
Jain monks and nuns must perform this ritual in accordance with tradition. Devoted Jain lay people
staunchly observe this ritual while others practice it as often as possible.
It is recommended that Pratikraman be done twice a day, once in the morning known as Ri
Pratikraman and once in the evening known as Devasi Pratikraman. The morning Pratikraman is for
the atonement of minor violations of vows incurred during the night and the evening Pratikraman is
for the minor violation of vows of the day. There is a special Pratikraman for every fortnight (Pakkhi),
every four months (Chaumsi), and yearly (Samvatsari) Pratikraman if not possible to perform the
daily Pratikramans.
The annual Pratikraman that all Jains should strive to observe is called Samvatsari Pratikraman.
The Samvatsari Pratikraman is performed on the last day of Paryushan and is followed by
forgiveness, i.e. asking forgiveness for our wrongdoings to all living beings and forgiving others for
their faults.
It generates feelings of friendliness and love towards all. Pratikraman (self-analysis) can make our
lives happy and peaceful as well as build a harmonious society.
Dravya and Bhva Pratikraman
The Jain ethics system outlines 5 great vows to be practiced by monks and nuns who have totally
renounced worldly life. However for lay people, it outlines 12 vows of limited nature (Anuvratas) that
are less intense than those followed by monks and nuns. Jainism defines that everyone should
strive to adopt these vows according to one's individual capacity and circumstances. The ultimate
goal is to accept them as full vows.
In order to effectively avoid sinful activities, one should abandon wrong belief (Mithytva), an unrestrained lifestyle (Avirati), unawareness, laziness, or lethargy (Pramda), passions (Kashya) and
inauspicious activities of body, speech, and mind (Aprashasta Yoga).
To accept right faith or conviction, achieve self-restraint, become spiritually vigilant, cultivate good
qualities like compassion and nonviolence, and attain the true nature of soul after giving up worldly
activities is the essence of Pratikraman. In other words, it means returning to and reaffirming the
path of nonviolence, truthfulness, and non-attachment.
During Pratikraman, a lay person reflects on these vows and repents and requests for forgiveness
for minor violations (known as Atichr) that may have been committed knowingly or unknowingly.
Contemplation on each of these vows takes place so that we are more aware of such circumstances
and can avoid such minor violations of vows in the future.
If Pratikraman is performed only to confess past sinful acts and with an open declaration not to
commit them in future, but the individual readily commits sinful activities, then this type of recitation
of the ritual is called Dravya or external Pratikraman. Dravya Pratikraman is not useful; on the
contrary, it is harmful. It deceives ones own self and is meant simply to deceive others.
If after the performance of Pratikraman ritual, an individual minimizes or eliminates sinful activities in
real life, then the Pratikraman is called Bhva or internal Pratikraman, which is very useful for
purification of the soul.
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Eligibility to do Pratikraman:
Jain literature clearly indicates that the Pratikraman ritual is meant for repenting and requesting
forgiveness for ones past minor violations of the vows that may have occurred knowingly or
unknowingly.
As previously mentioned, monks and nuns are to follow the 5 great vows and for lay people, there
are 12 vows of limited nature. Hence the Pratikraman ritual is meant for monks, nuns and only those
lay people who follow these vows. The logic is that if one does not practice the vows, then the
question of repenting and forgiveness of minor violations of the vows does not arise.
Many Jain lay people do not practice the 12 vows. Therefore, after understanding the purpose and
meaning of our great ritual, every Jain should strive to adopt the 12 vows of lay people according to
their capacity and circumstances. They should review them before Samvatsari Pratikraman and
improve their limits every year in such a way that ultimately they will be able to fully practice the vows
and live an ascetic life.
Inclusion of Six vashyaks in the Ancient Pratikraman vashyak:

During the last few centuries, review of Jain literature indicates that the word Pratikraman is used
as a common noun for all six essential acts (six vashyakas). This is also meaningful because
during the course of time, the Pratikraman ritual has been expanded and enhanced to include the
Sutras of all other vashyakas. This way laypeople can easily complete all six daily vashyak rituals
within 48 minutes.
Among all six essentials, the Pratikraman ritual is the most important one. It covers the other five
essentials during the performance of its rites as follows:
Before Pratikraman begins, we must take a vow of Smyika. During Pratikraman, by reciting
Logassa and Namutthunam Sutras, we bow down to and offer obeisance to the 24 Tirthankars and
their attributes. By reciting Panchindiya and Khamsaman Sutras, we bow down to the ascetics and
their attributes. Thus, Pratikraman includes Chauvisattho and Dev-Vandan essentials. Pratikraman
is done while sitting or standing in a meditative posture, which is Kyotsarga. During Pratikraman,
we are also required to take Pachchakkhn appropriate to our capacity a Pratykhyna essential.
The Pratikraman ritual includes many Sutras. The original sutras are written in Ardha-Mgadhi
language of the common people during Bhagawn Mahvirs time and Sanskrit languages, which
consist of many hymns in praise of Lords and many verses of repentance and confession.
Sutras Recited During Pratikraman vashyak:

General Repentance of all Sins
Samvatsaria (Devasia) Padikkamane Thum?

Sutra
Repentance of Sins to all Living Beings of

the Universe
Sta Lkha Sutra
Atonement of Eighteen Sins
18 Ppasthnak Sutra
Atichr for minor violations of Lay peoples

Vows
Contemporary Text
Universal Forgiveness to All Living Beings
Khmemi Savva Jive Sutra
Spiritual Meaning of the Items Used in Smyika & Pratikraman:

Charavalo:
Charavalo is made by attaching hundreds of soft white strings of yarn to a wooden stick. Its
wooden handle is 24 fingers long. Its white strings are 8 fingers long, to remind us that we are
entrapped in the worldly existence journey of misery because of the eight main karma. If we must
move during Smyika or Pratikraman, we should use Charavalo to gently clean the floor and
clear the space of even the tiniest living beings. Spiritually, the Charavalo symbolizes nonviolence and the importance of cleansing our souls of all karma particles. The Charavalo and
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Muhapatti both constantly remind us that we are in Smyika and we must exercise equanimity
during Smyika.
Katsanu:
It is also known as sana. Katsanu means the piece of mat on which one sits. It should be of
white wool. It insulates the body from losing the energy that is generated due to the practice of
Smyika. It protects subtle mobile living beings underneath. The white color promotes peace
and enhances the spiritual environment.
Muhapatti:
The Muhapatti is about 10 to 12-inch square piece of white cloth, folded in half, then folded about
one inch from the closed side, and then it is folded laterally. Muhapatti is used to cover the mouth
while reciting Smyika Sutras, reminding us to be careful about what we say, and to refrain from
lying and saying provocative useless things. . It prevents insentient and warm breath that is
coming out of the mouth from mixing with sentient and cold air of the outside thus is an act of
nonviolence. In addition, Muhapatti reminds us to restrain our speech, to speak only when
necessary, and to be humble and courteous. Finally, Muhapatti also keeps our spit from falling on
religious objects and books. In some Jain traditions, they tie the Muhapatti around their mouth.
Sthpanchrya:
It is difficult to progress spiritually without proper guidance from the Right Guru. If, however, a
Guru Mahrj is not present during Pratikraman or Smyika, we establish the Gurus seat by
placing a religious book that contains Navakr Mahmantra and Panchindiya Sutra along with a
Navakrvli on a Spad (bookstand). We sit facing East or North in front of the Gurus seat.
This enables us to maintain discipline during Smyika and develop humility.
5. Kyotsarga - Meditation in a Yoga Posture

Ky means body and Utsarga means moving away or rising above. Hence, Kyotsarga means rising above bodily
activities to focus on the inner self, thus developing non-attachment towards our body while in meditation
(Kyotsarga). Most of our misery and unhappiness stems from our attachment to our bodies. The process of
Kusagga, also known as Kyotsarga, involves making the body and mind as steady as possible so that we can
concentrate and experience the feeling that our soul is separate from our body. To perform Kyotsarga in its true
form, it is necessary to give up all passions.
Attachment to ones body must be renounced in order to attain virtuous meditation (Dharma Dhyna) and pure
meditation (Shukla Dhyna). During Pratikraman ritual, this is accomplished by meditation upon Namaskr Sutra
Kusagga or Logassa Sutra after repentance and confession of sins.
Sutras Recited During Kyotsarga vashyaka:

Introspection and Kyotsarga
Arihanta-cheiynam, Annattha, and Namaskr Sutra
6. Pratykhyna or Pachchakhna - Taking Religious Vows

Pratykhyn or Pachchakkhn refers to the abandonment of things harmful to the soul and acceptance of things
beneficial to the soul. Taking Pachchakkhn is taking vows appropriate to our capabilities, disengaging from
worldly objects, and engaging in the process of purification. When we take Pachchakkhn, we renounce certain
activities for a pre-determined period of time to discipline ourselves. The Shrvaks take partial vows and ascetics
take the great vows. Thus, taking religious vows (self-control, renunciation of sinful activities, or doing pious
activities) is called pratykhyna.
Types of Pratykhyna:
There are two types of Pratykhyn:
External (Dravya)
Internal (Bhva)
Renunciation of external things like food, shelter and other possessions is Dravya pratykhyna.
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Renunciation of internal impure states of the soul such as ignorance, anger, greed, ego, deceit, nonrestraint, attachment and aversion are known as Bhva or true Pratykhyna.
One cannot attain true Bhva Pratykhyna without performing complete Dravya Pratykhyna. For
instance, one can begin by renouncing delicious food and other luxuries and live a simple life. The
true performance of Bhva pratykhyna (true renunciation) leads to stoppage of new karma
(Samvara), which gives rise to ultimate equanimity (Sambhva), and the attainment of liberation.
Hence the religious vows foster spiritual advancement through self-control.
03 Six Essential Observances of Digambar Tradition

Digambar developed a list of practices quite similar to this canonical tradition but moved towards a great
emphasis upon the popular aspect of ritual. These practices therefore constitute the fundamental modes
of religious expression for the Jain laity.
Devapuj
To pray and appreciate the qualities of the twenty-four Tirthankars
Guru-upsti
Devotion and service to Guru Maharaj (ascetics)
Swdhyy
Studying of Scriptures
Sanyam
Self-restraint - To carry out the householders vows (Anuvrata) with complete selfdiscipline
Tapa
Penance or Austerities which include Pratikraman, Pratykhyn, and Kyotsarga
Dn
Charity - giving alms to mendicants and needy.
1. Devapuj - Worship of Supreme Soul

Reverential recalling and devotionally praising the supreme soul and its spiritual qualities is Puj. This is the best
way to remove the internal defilement, to purify thoughts, to cultivate good mental states and to rouse and develop
spiritual powers. Bhva-puj (internal worship) consists in meditation on the supreme soul and internal efforts for
being one with it. The external formal ritual that assists Bhva-puj is Dravya-puj (external worship).
Non-violence, truthfulness, non-stealing, continence, non-greed, devotion to and service of the elders, austerity and
knowledge are the auspicious pure flowers. We offer these flowers to the supreme soul by cultivating these good
qualities. Offering of these flowers is Shuddha-puj (pure worship).
The object of Dravya-puj is a symbol or an image of the supreme soul, whereas the object of Bhva-puj is the
supreme soul itself. Dravya-puj is limited to a specific period of time within which it is completed. On the other
hand, Bhva-puj has no limitations of space and time. When a man vigilantly observes in his worldly dealings nonviolence, truthfulness, honesty, etc., he is to be regarded as performing Bhvpuj, rather Shuddha-puj. Thus,
Bhva-puj inspires man to build up good character and to live an honest and just life; it ennobles and elevates his
life.
Devapuj means:
To Remove the Internal Defilement
To Purify Thoughts
To Cultivate Good Mental States and To Develop Spiritual Powers
To Build Up Good Character and To Live an Honest and Just Life
2. Guru-upsti - Venerating and Serving the Elders

Guru means an elder. It also includes mother, father, teachers of art and sciences, family elders, those advanced in
learning and good conduct, and saints who preach religion.
Venerating and serving them is guru-upsti. By our reverence and service, we should win their hearts, secure the
knowledge and culture from them that ennoble our life. Mother and father are the foremost gurus. Scriptures
command us to worship them first.
Guru-upsti means Service to:
Mother and Father
Teachers of Art and Sciences, Family Elders
Those Advanced In Learning and Good Conduct
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Saints Who Preach Religion
3. Swdhyy - Study of the Spiritually Elevating Works

The term 'Swdhyy' is the compound of two words, viz., ('Sva' means self) and ('Adhyya' means study). It means
study of one's own self, that is, one's own life. Reading, listening to and reflecting on the life-elevating teachings is
useful in keeping the mind healthy. They inspire man to look into the innermost recesses of the self. As a result of
it, man's journey on the path of progress and enlightenment becomes easy.
Swdhyy means:
Study of One's Own Self, One's Own Life.
Reading, Listening, and Reflecting On the Life-Spiritual Teachings
To look into the innermost recesses of the Self
4. Sanyam - Restraint and Discipline

Sanyam means control over sense organs, control over mind, control over speech and thoughts, control over desireanger-greed. Noble ideal is one of the conditions that make a man self-controlled and self-disciplined. For the
practice of restraint and discipline, proper environment is also required. In short, true regard for restraint, noble
ideal, devotion to virtuous conduct and proper environment all together make possible the practice of restraint and
disciple.
Sanyam means:
Control Over Sense Organs, Mind, Speech and Thoughts
Control Over Desire, Anger, and Greed
Helps in Practicing Meditation
Controlling Sense-Organs, Purifying Mind, Turning Inward
Attaining Spiritual Peace
Reflecting On Good Thoughts`
Acquiring and Imparting Knowledge and Learning
5. Tapa - Austerity
The importance of the external austerities like fasting (Upavs) etc. depends on the noble purpose behind their
observance as also on the purity of mental state. If a man gives up all the botheration of food with the purpose of
practicing yoga or meditation, controlling sense-organs, purifying mind, turning inward, attaining spiritual peace,
reflecting on good thoughts, studying soul-ennobling works of performing any other good activity, then fasting is a
spiritually beneficial austerity. Remaining constantly engaged in acquiring and imparting knowledge and learning,
the saintly persons have composed spiritually elevating works; their devoted efforts to acquire knowledge, constant
study of the praiseworthy philosophical and religious works, and the painstaking task of writing virtuous works, all
this is one of the highest forms of austerity.
To undertake a great good work, to execute it, and while doing all these, to forget hunger, thirst, bodily pains, and to
get completely engrossed in the task is also a form of austerity. Thus, all attempts to purify soul and pure zeal for
rendering service to others come under the category of austerity. Not only that, but to do the allotted work honestly
is also a case of austerity. Devotion to one's duty is also a form of austerity.
Fast of a right measure observed properly is beneficial to bodily health. It cultivates endurance. The word 'Upavs'
is derived from the verbal root Vas meaning to be or to exist with the prefix Upa meaning near. Thus, it
means an act of being near one's own soul, that is, an act of being in the pure state of one's soul.
In short, the external austerities are to be practiced for achieving the following auspicious purposes - for preventing
diseases, for cultivating power of endurance so that in future one can face hardships with equanimity, for serving
others, for getting time for learning, study, teaching, reading, writing, thinking for purifying mind, so on and so
forth.
Tapa means:
To Get Completely Engrossed In A Noble Task Is Austerity.
Rendering Service to Others Is Austerity.
To Do The Allotted Work Honestly Is Austerity
6. Dna - Donation
Donation means offering one's possession acquired through legitimate means. Greed is overcome by donation.
There is no place for pride in donation. Donation should be offered to the deserving and worthy persons at the
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proper place and time.

Having renounced all possessions, to devote oneself completely to the service of other is the acme of donation. A
man who has renounced all his possessions remains engrossed in the works beneficent to both himself and others, is
satisfied with the bare necessities of life, entertains no desire to accumulate anything, and employs all his energies in
achieving the noble, takes the least from the society and offers the most to it. When he continuously offers the
benefits of his spiritual experiences to the masses out of pure affection, then his donation of services is highly
superior to the donation of uncountable wealth by the richest of the rich. Mahvir and other saints who renounced
all their possessions are such donors as are greatly superior to those rich men of the world who offered their
uncountable wealth in donation.
Just as offering money to the deserving is donation, so also showing the good and righteous path to someone
through one's speech, giving virtuous advice to others, doing good to others through one's speech are also forms of
donation. Thus, we can perform the duty of donation in various ways. Donation of that thing which is needed most
at a particular time is great at that time.
While treading the path of righteousness and morality and leading a diligent life, to impart pure and useful
knowledge to students, to disseminate noble and virtuous ideas among the people, or to exhort others to devote their
lives to good activities is superior to the donation of money. Therefore, donation of knowledge is highly superior to
that of money. Service is also the best form of donation.
Four Objectives of Donation:
To atone for the sins like unjust earning, etc. committed in the past
To employ in good activities the excess wealth saved after using it for one's comforts
To accomplish the philanthropic activities like constructing and maintaining educational institutions,
hospitals, religious places, etc.
To serve righteous persons, saints, the learned, etc.
In the Bhagawati Sutra, Gautam Swami asked Bhagawn Mahvir Swami a question: How many ways are there to
God? Bhagawns answer was: There are as many ways as there are atoms in the universe, but the best and
shortest is Service. In the Sutra, Bhagawn Mahvir Swami also explains: One who serves the sick and the
miserable serves me through the Right Faith; and one who serves me through the Right Faith does service to the sick
and the miserable.
Donation means:
No place for greed or pride in donation
To devote oneself completely to the service of other is the acme of donation
To show the good and righteous path to someone
To impart pure and useful knowledge
Donation of knowledge is highly superior to that of money
Service is also the best form of donation
The six essentials of Digambar tradition are also adopted by Shvetmbar tradition as daily activities for
laymen and laywomen.
Furthermore, some Jains observe certain practices that involve special rituals, dietary restrictions, and
fasting to develop self-control and detachment from worldly matters.
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D06 - Paryushan and Das Lakshana Parva

01 Paryushan
Paryushan is the most important festival in Jainism. It is observed during the month of August and/or
September. The Shvetmbar sect observes it for 8 days while the Digambar sect observes it for 10 days
where it is known as Das Lakshana Parva. During these eight or ten days, the entire Jain community
becomes engrossed in spiritual and religious activities.
Literally, Paryushan means coming together from all directions".
transformation.
This symbolizes growth and
The word Paryushan has several meanings:

Pari + Ushan = all kinds + to burn = to burn (shed) all types of karmas. Our scriptures have prescribed
twelve different types of austerities (tap) such as fasting, to reduce our Kashyas and thereby
eliminate our karmas.
Another meaning of Ushan is to stay closer. We stay closer to our own soul (remember the qualities
of our true soul) by doing Swdhyy (self-study), meditation, and austerities during Paryushana.
Pari + Upashaman = Upashaman means to suppress, mainly our passions (Kashyas - anger, ego,
deceit and greed) from all sources.
The purpose of life according to Jain teachings is to realize oneself, as well as to experience wholeness,
peace, compassion, and reverence for all life. Therefore, the real purpose of Paryushan is to purify our
soul by observing and correcting our own faults, asking for forgiveness for the mistakes we have
committed, and taking vows to minimize our faults. During Paryushan we should strive to minimize our
worldly affairs so that we can concentrate on the qualities of our true self.
Paryushan is a period of repentance and confession for the undesirable acts of the previous year, also to
practice austerities that help minimize our passions and vices, which shed accumulated karma. Austerity,
the control of one's desire for material pleasures, is a part of spiritual training. During this period, some
people fast for the entire period of eight or ten days, while others fast for shorter periods, although the
Jain scriptures recommend a minimum three day fast. However, it is considered obligatory to fast on the
last day of Paryushan. Fasting usually involves complete abstinence from food or drink, but during the
daytime, drinking of water that has been boiled and cooled in the morning is permissible. If one cannot
fast for the whole day, eating only one meal also counts as limited fasting.
There are regular ceremonies in the temple and meditation halls during this time. During the first three
days of Paryushan the Sdhus and Sdhvis deliver sermons related to the five activities that lay people
(Shrvaks and Shrviks) are required to do during Paryushan.
Five Essential Activities of Paryushan
1
Amri Pravartan
Leading a non-violent life, working towards a non-violent world, and

supporting animal welfare activities
Sdharmik Vtsalya
Respecting fellow human beings and supporting humanitarian activities
Attham Tapa
Observing fasts for the last three days of Paryushan
Chaitya Paripti
Visiting different Jain temples, Jain libraries, Upshrays, and supporting

other charitable and religious organizations
Kshampan
Repenting our sins, forgiving others and requesting forgiveness from

others
In the Shvetmbar tradition, Kalpa Sutra, a Jain scripture written by chrya Bhadrabhu in 350 BC is
read to the congregation from the fourth through the last day of Paryushan. The Kalpa Sutra describes
the life of Bhagawn Mahvir and other Tirthankars, the conduct of lay people, and life of chryas.
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On the fifth day, the auspicious dreams of Bhagawn Mahvirs mother (Trishal) are celebrated at a
special ceremony. The final day of Paryushan, known as Samvatsari, the day of repentance of our past
sins and forgiveness to others, is the most important day of Paryushan. . After 7 days of penance and
preparation of the soul, Shvetmbars do Pratikraman. They ask for and give forgiveness to all - family,
friends and all living beings.
02 Das Lakshana Parva

Digambar Jains, on the other hand, start with forgiveness on the first day and then celebrate an additional
9 days. The Digambar tradition calls this festival Das Lakshana Parva and observes it for 10 days. Each
day is dedicated to one virtue. They discuss 10 virtues that are inherent qualities of the soul. These
virtues are applicable to all. In addition, they also read one chapter of the Tattvrtha Sutra, which covers
all aspects of Jain religion.
Religious Virtues
1.
Ksham
Forgiveness
2.
Mrdava
Humility
3.
rjava
Straightforwardness
4.
Shaucha
Contentment - absence of greed
5.
Satya
Truth
6.
Samyam
Restraint of all senses
7.
Tapa
Austerities
8.
Tyg
Charity
9.
kinchanya
Non-possessiveness
10.
Brahmacharya
Chastity or Celibacy
01. Ksham - Forgiveness and Forbearance

Forgiveness means not to allow anger to arise and in case it does, then to render it ineffective through the internal
power. Forbearance means forgiveness. It is the nature of the pure soul to have forbearance. By taking the shelter
of the forgiveness, one cultivates nature of the soul, which is free of anger. The mundane soul has anger within him
since time infinite and as a result the true nature of forgiveness has not been cultivated.
Revenge is the worst form of anger. When one reacts to the unfavorable situation right away, then it is known as
anger. But at that time if he waits and keeps the matter to his mind then the state of mind turns in to revengeful
nature. In anger, one reacts right away but in revengeful nature, one keeps to him and plans for revenge in the
future. Revengeful nature is much more dangerous than the anger. Anger is like fire and it produces burn right
away but when one keeps anger within and plans for revenge then he keeps on burning from within all the time.
Omniscient lord does not have any types of anger at all.
Enlightened monk has absence of first three types of anger.
Enlightened house holder with partial vow conduct has absence of first two types of anger.
Enlightened house holder with vow less conduct has absence of first type of anger.
Person on 1st spiritual development stage at wrong belief stage has anger of all the types.
Five ways of cultivating Forbearance
Consider whether or not the cause of anger lies in oneself
Consider the harm that follows from an angry mood
Consider the childish nature of the offender concerned
Consider the whole affair to be a consequence of ones own past Karma
Consider the merits of forgiveness forbearance
This souls root cause of anger is the belief that his happiness or unhappiness depends on someone else or the
material things. He forgets that the happiness or unhappiness occurs because of him only. One looks within his own
pure soul and experiences its true nature and stays within his right faith, then it is known as supreme forbearance.
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02. Mrdava - Humility

The softness of heart and humble polite feelings towards all living beings humility and external conduct is called
Mrdava. One gets pride passion due to the association of things or people and he feels dejected when there is
dissociation. In both these things, there is no softness of modesty. Failure is the mother of anger and the success is
the mother of pride passion. Pride should be differentiated from self-respect, which is not arrogance.
For the cultivation of this quality, one should not feel egoistical because of his superiority pertaining to race, family,
beauty, prosperity, intellect, knowledge, achievement, and exertion.
Jainism believes that all the souls are equal whether he is a human being or maybe he is in the lowest form of life
Nigod. If every soul is same then there is no reason for one to believe that he is either important or superior. This
way there is no reason for one to have pride passion. Shrimad Rjchandra said that if there was no pride passion
then the human beings can have liberation instantly.
03. rjava - Straightforwardness

The purity of mental makeup - unity of thought, speech, and action is called rjava or straightforwardness. Person
with the straightforwardness attribute lives his life in a simple way. Whatever he has in his mind, he has the same in
his speech. Person with the deceitful nature thinks something and speaks something else and acts all together
differently.
Strong person takes anger as a mean of achieving his goal. With anger, he likes to show his strength and suppress
others and gets his work done. Weak person takes the help of deceit to achieve his goal. For the cultivation of
quality of straightforwardness, one should cease to be deceitful.
04. Shaucha - Contenment

Lack of greed is contentment. Greed is a desire to possess and is the one of the root causes of all sins. It is as
dangerous as anger for the spiritual welfare of a person. It is the strongest vice and the last one to be conquered,
persisting almost to the end of the spiritual path of purification. With eradication of greed, the soul is practically
passionless. Contentment is the highest and purest of all the virtues.
05. Satya - Truthfulness

Truthfulness means saying what is beneficial and refraining from harsh words, back biting, derogatory language, etc.
Hiding of truth for saving some ones life is excusable. To speak the truth one has to know the truth. Speech is the
modification of the matter particles while the truth is the virtue of the pure soul. Partial vow of truthfulness,
complete vow of truthfulness, restriction of speech and control of spoken words are four levels described in the
scripture. All these four things have relationship with the speech.
Anuvrata Partial vow of truthfulness means not to indulge in gross lies
Mah
vrata
Complete vow of truthfulness means only to speak truth and not to tell even a subtle
lie.
Bhsh
Samiti
Restriction of speech means to speak only if it is absolutely necessary and to speak

with sweetness and not to use harshness, and not to exaggerate the truth
Vachan
Gupti
Control of spoken words means not to speak at all
06. Sanyam - Self-restraint

Self-restraint means disciplining mind, speech and body so as not to injure any living beings and exercising
carefulness. Therefore, Self-restraint is of two types, restraining from inflicting injury to all the living beings and
detachment from sensual objects.
In self-restraint, one takes away his attentive consciousness Upayoga from other objects and concentrates within
himself. This is absolute definition of self-restraint. Other definition of self-restraint is to accept five great vows, to
control all passions like anger etc., to control the activities of mind, speech and body and to conquer the objects of
five senses.
Complete self-restraint is possible only in human life. There is no self-restraint in heavenly or infernal life. In fivesensed animal life, there can be partial self-restraint.
One may argue that the senses are the reason that one obtains happiness but actually, control over the desires of
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sensual pleasures is the key of real happiness, as we all know that desires are endless. In fact, the souls inherent
nature is to be happy all the time. The pure inherent nature is independent of outside things like the senses. True
happiness comes from within. The happiness comes from other transient in nature and are not real one but
perceived one. Self-restraint is the increase of passionless state after obtaining the right faith.
07. Tapa - Penance

The basic presents of penance are to control attachments and aversions. One stabilizes in his own pure state and
gives up all the attachment and aversion, it is known as austerity. Control of desires are also known as austerity.
There are six external austerities and six internal austerities that are practiced to eradicate Karma.
08. Tyg - Renunciation

Renunciation of a possessive attitude for the necessities of life is called Tyg. There are four types of charities
described in the scriptures - charity of food, knowledge, medicine and saving life of a being. Charity is the training
for real renunciation of attachments and aversions (Vitarga).
When one has attained the self-realization then he has no attachment of any internal or external substances
possessions. This is known as renunciation. He has no attachment and infatuation towards outside material
substances like house, wife, kids, and wealth. He also does not have any internal possessions of any attachment or
aversion. His soul is pure and devoid of any of these possessions.
09. kinchanya - Detachment

This attribute describes one to have the feeling of detachment with the thing one possesses. Not resorting to the
attitude of ownership in relation to anything whatsoever is called kinchanya or absence of ownership. It refers to
both internal and external possessions. External possessions are wealth, house, etc. Internal possessions are
attachment, aversion and desire. To lack in internal possessions is the ultimate virtue. One who has given up
internal possessions has definitely given up the external possessions too.
May be it is somewhat easy to give up external possessions but one may still keep the internal possessions towards
that. For example, One has donated a lot to the society and still keeps on telling everybody, how much he donated.
That means he physically gave up the substance but still has not given up the desire towards that substance.
10. Brahmacharya - Celibacy

Celibacy means continence to be observed by residing with a teacher, to observe the vows, to learn the scriptures
and to erode the passions. We should consider this attribute three different ways:
From social point of view: The common social definition, control of sexual desires and conduct well known to all.
For a householder, limited celibacy is preached with the concept of one partner only.
From absolute point of view: It means to stay in the true nature of the soul. Once Right Faith is achieved, one can
experience the nature of the pure soul. When one has Right Conduct and he is engrossed in his true nature of the
soul then he automatically gives up the objects of the five senses. He is still having five senses and mind but he has
separated himself from the objects of these five senses.
From the empirical point of view: control of five senses is known as celibacy.
03 Forgiveness Day
The last day of Paryushan (Samvatsari) and the first day of the Das Lakshana Parva (Ksham) are the
day of forgiveness, and the most important day for all Jains.
As people, we ignore our own faults and magnify the faults of others. We know when we make a mistake
but our pride makes it difficult to admit them. Paryushan teaches to have humility to say Michchhmi
Dukkadam, and ask for forgiveness for our faults. At the same time, truly forgive others who have hurt us
in any way.
Why do we need to forgive others? It is not because they need our forgiveness. It is because we need to
release ourselves from the rage, hostility and resentment we carry within us when we dont forgive.
Forgiveness not only makes us whole once again, it energizes us and makes our world more beautiful
than ever. Forgiveness keeps human relationships and friendships, smooth and comfortable. Many
situations may cause unhappy feelings towards others, such as:
Disagreements
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When other people do not agree with our way of thinking, WE

do not like them.
Misunderstanding
When we do not understand somebodys intention, WE get

angry with him or her.
Wrong Expectations
When we want more than the other person can give, WE get
disappointed.
Hurt feelings knowingly or unknowingly
All of us have an ego and when someone humiliates or

insults us, WE get upset.
Jealousy
Jealousy creates hate and WE lose our thinking ability.
If for whatever reason we cannot forget and forgive, both sides lose out. However, our ego prevents us
from seeing and doing something about it.
When we forgive we become one with the light of our soul. Without forgiveness, we are like a lamp
whose inner flame cannot penetrate the fine particles of soot that smear the outer chimney. When we
wash away the subtle grains of anger, resentment and hatred with forgiveness; then the radiant soul
within shines forth its rays of joy. - Gurudev Shri Chitrabhanu
By meditating and purifying ourselves during these eight days of Paryushan or ten days of Das Lakshana,
we come to realize ourselves. We call the Festival of Paryushan, the Festival of the Soul; when we
forgive, we become one with the light of our soul.
On the last day those who have observed rigorous fasting are honored, especially to encourage others to
follow their example.
Listening to the Kalpa Sutra, Tattvrtha Sutra, or some other scripture, taking positive steps to ensure the
welfare of all living beings, developing the feeling of brotherhood towards fellow human beings and
forgiveness for all living beings, doing penance, visiting neighboring temples, libraries, and Upshrays are
all important activities during this time.
After performing Samvatsari Pratikraman or Das lakshana celebration, Jains request forgiveness from all
living beings in person, via telephone, or via mail.
On This Auspicious Occasion of KSHAMAVANI
We Beg Forgiveness, For Our Intentional and Unintentional, Wrongdoings
Michchh mi Dukkadam
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D07 - Jain Festivals (Parvas) and Celebrations

Jainism has a rich tradition of festivals and rituals. Traditionally, festivals are a time for celebration,
jubilation, enjoyment, and entertainment. But the Jain festivals and rituals emphasize the spiritual
aspects of Jainism. They are meant for renunciation, austerities, study of the scriptures, recitation of holy
hymns, meditation, and expression of devotion for the Tirthankars. Celebration of festivals and practice of
rituals revitalize and strengthen our beliefs in Jainism. The Jain festivals are known as Parvas. The word
Parva means auspicious day.
Every year, our festivals fall on different dates according to the Christian Calendar, because we follow a
Lunar calendar, known as Panchaang. Since the moon takes 29.5 days to go through its phases, a lunar
year is 29.5 * 12 = 354 days. We add a month every 2-3 years to our lunar calendar so that we do not
drift too far away from the Christian Calendar.
01 Kalynaks - Auspicious Events

Jains celebrate five major events (Pancha Kalynak) of the life of a Tirthankar. The five major events in
the life of a Tirthankar are called Kalynaks (Auspicious Events). They are:
1. Chyavana or Garbha Kalynak (Conception Event)

This is the event when a Tirthankars soul leaves its previous body, and is conceived in the mothers womb on earth.
After Tirthankars soul is conceived, the mother witnesses fourteen dreams according to Shvetmbar texts and
sixteen according to Digambar texts. A Tirthankars soul, while even in mothers womb, possesses three types of
knowledge, namely Mati Jnn (sensory knowledge), Shruta Jnn (scriptural knowledge), and Avadhi Jnn
(clairvoyance).
2. Janma Kalynak (Birth Event)

This is the event when the Tirthankar is born. When a Tirthankar is born, Indra Dev (king of Heaven) and other
heavenly gods, due to their utter respect and devotion to the Tirthankar, come down to the earth. They then take the
newly born Tirthankar to the summit of Mt. Meru for anointing and bathing ceremony and celebrate the birth of a
Tirthankar (Janma Abhisheka ceremony).
3. Diksh or Tapa Kalynak (Initiation Event)

This is the event when the Tirthankar gives up all his/her worldly possessions and family relationships and becomes
a monk/nun. He initiates himself into the ascetic order. One year before the time of renunciation, a group of
celestial angels comes to pay homage to the future Tirthankar. They request him/her to renounce the world and
reestablish religious order for the benefit of all living beings. When a Tirthankar renounces the worldly life, he
attains Manah-paryva Jnn (telepathy), the fourth type of the knowledge.
4. Keval-jnn Kalynak (Omniscience Event)

This is the event when a Tirthankar attains omniscience when he completely eradicates four kinds of defiling
Karmas, known as Ghti Karma by the practice of severe discipline, penance and meditation, and attains Keval-jnn.
Upon becoming a Tirthankar, the Indra Dev (supreme Heavenly God) creates eight Pratihrya for the Tirthankar and
a Samavasaran (three layered tall structure) from where He delivers the sermon. This is the most important event
for the entire Jain Sangh as the Tirthankar reestablishes Jain order (Sangh) and preaches the Jain path of purification
and liberation. Sermons are attended by Devas, ascetics, laity and animals
5. Nirvna Kalynak (Nirvna Event)

This is the event when a Tirthankars soul is forever liberated from this worldly physical existence (cycle of birth
and death) and becomes a Siddha. Just prior to Nirvana, the Tirthankars soul destroys the remaining four Aghti
Karmas completely, and attains salvation, the state of eternal bliss.
The holy regions where Tirthankars Kalynaks took place are now pilgrimage places. Tirthankars are supreme
human beings and our faultless human models in whom we take spiritual refuge.
02 Paryushan Mah Parva

This is the holiest festival of the year and is an eight day period of fasting, complex rituals, review of Jain
principles, and prayers for forgiveness from all living beings. The festival falls around August-September.
Paryushan Parva is a time to reflect and repent for our undesirable activities of previous year. It is a
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period to observe austerities to shed accumulated karma. Observing austerities helps control our desires
for material pleasures, which make it an important element of spiritual training. Paryushan Parva consists
of eight days per Shvetmbar tradition and ten days per Digambar tradition. It starts on twelfth or
thirteenth day of the dark half of the month Shrvan and ends on the fourth day of the bright half of the
month of Bhdarvo per Hindu calendar. Paryushan usually falls during the month of August or
September.
The month of Shrvan is in the monsoon season. Jain monks and nuns do not stay at one place more
than a few days during non-rainy season. Monsoon showers and torrential rains, however make it
impossible for the monks to travel across the country. This coupled with the principle of Ahimsa or
nonviolence, make it difficult for them not to trample upon and hurt insects and other forms of life that are
abundant in the monsoon. According to Jain scriptures, the last day of Paryushan Parva known as
Samvatsari should be celebrated on 50 th day of the monsoon season. Monks and nuns must settle
during this time and remain at that place for the remaining monsoon season of next 70 days.
During Paryushan, most temples hold regular ceremonies in their prayer rooms and meditation halls.
During the first three days of Paryushan, Sdhus and Sdhvis deliver sermons related to the five
essential activities that Shrvaks and Shrviks are required to do during Paryushan.
These five essential activities are:
Amri Pravartan: Leading a non-violent life and working towards a non-violent world;
Sdharmik Vtsalya: Respecting fellow beings who follow the Jain philosophy
Attham Tapa: Fasting for three consecutive days
Chaitya Paripti: Going in groups to different Jain temples for Darshan; and
Kshampan: Doing the Pratikraman asking for forgiveness.
On the fourth day of Paryushan, a ceremonious reverence is given to the Kalpa Sutra. The Kalpa Sutra is
a holy scripture that includes a detailed account of Bhagawn Mahvirs life. The Kalpa Sutra is read to
the congregation from the fourth through the last day of Paryushan. On the fifth day, the auspicious
dreams of Bhagawn Mahvirs mother Trishal are celebrated in a special ceremony.
Kalpa Sutra
Traditionally most revered scripture for Shvetmbar is Kalpa-sutra, taken from the eighth chapter of the Anga-bhya
gam Dash-shruta Skandha and is read during fourth to eighth day of Paryushan. Kalpa means an activity, which
enhances religious knowledge, conduct and self-control. Kalpa-sutra describes rules for monastic life during rainy
season, biography of Tirthankars, and a lineage of successors to the Ganadhars. chrya Bhadrabhu composed
these three chapters in Ardha-Mgadhi language, collectively called Kalpa-sutra in 3rd century B.C. and it has 1216
verses. It was written (penned down) for the first time on palm-leaf during Vallabhipur Agam Literature Conference
(recension) in 454 A.D. Traditionally it was recited only among Sdhus during Paryushan. However, the Kalpasutra has been recited in public for over 1500 years, ever since Devardhi-gani recited it to King Dhruvsen of
Vallabhi to relieve the kings grief over the death of his son. In 1879, a German scholar named Herman Jacobi
translated and printed the Kalpa-sutra for the first time.
It has a very detailed and lively description of Bhagawn Mahvirs life as well as narration of His previous 27 lives.
Poetic depiction of the dreams of mother Trishal, celebration of the birth of Tirthankar Mahvir, few incidents of
His childhood, procession for Diksh, the account of the calamities endured by Him during the monastic life, and the
elucidation of Keval-jnn and Nirvana creates a live picture in listeners mind and builds an atmosphere of
reverence. Lives of Tirthankar Rishabhdev, Neminth, and Prshvanth are also narrated in detail. On Samvatsari
day, entire scripture is read with great reverence.
Samvatsari - The Day of Forgiveness

The final day of Paryushan, known as Samvatsari, is the most important day of Paryushan. On this day, Jains ask for
forgiveness from family, friends, enemies, and anyone else with whom they have had problems and/or hard feelings
for hurting them in any way, either knowingly or unknowingly, during the year. Jain scriptures advise that, forgiving
all and not harboring ill will towards anyone, is a definite step forward in the spiritual journey towards liberation.
Accordingly, the annual Samvatsari Pratikraman is the most important day in Jain tradition.
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Asking for forgiveness is difficult, as it requires humility Vinay (absence of ego) and suppression of anger.
Therefore, our great chryas have said, Ksham Virasya Bhushanam, Kshamvni Michchh Mi Dukkadam. To
ask for forgiveness is a great quality of the brave ones. If I have committed any mistakes, I ask for your forgiveness.
Khmemi Savva Jive, Savve Jiv Khamantu Me

Mitti Me Savva Bhuesu, Veram Majjha na Kenai.
I forgive all the living beings of the universe,
May all the living beings forgive me for my faults.
I do not have any animosity towards anybody, and
I have friendship for all living beings
03 Das Lakshana Parva

Shvetmbars observe eight days of Paryushan, while Digambars celebrate a ten-day of Das-Lakshana
Parva, which begins on the last day of Shvetmbar Paryushan. The Digambar tradition celebrates the ten
best characteristics of the soul. These cardinal virtues are the inherent qualities of a soul. They are
various forms of right conduct. The practice of observing these virtues is not limited to only one particular
religion or tradition. They belong to the universal faith. The results of observance of these virtues are
equally beneficial to all mankind and not only to a follower of the Jain faith only.
Das-Lakshana Parva or Yati-dharma (Supreme Dharma):
Ksham (forbearance),
Mrdava (humility),
rjava (straightforwardness),
Shaucha (absence of greed, purity of mind),
Satya (truthfulness),
Sanyam (self-restraint),
Tapa (penance),
Tyg (renunciation),
kinchanya (absence of a feeling of ownership), and
Brahmacharya (celibacy)
Some traditions read the Tattvrtha Sutra, an ancient Jain scripture that covers the entire Jain philosophy,
to the congregation. The scripture has 10 chapters and one chapter is read every day.
These ten virtues are pure passionless modes of the conduct attribute of the soul. Word supreme
prefixed to each one denotes that there is inevitable existence of the Right Belief and the Right
Knowledge (Samyag Darshan and Samyag Jnn). These pure virtues are always associated with
enlightened soul and are not present in the ignorant soul with wrong belief.
In fact, the right belief and the right knowledge are the basis for the spiritual progress for the living being.
Ten attributes or the virtues are the part of the conduct attribute, when the soul obtains enlightenment.
Therefore, right belief and right knowledge are the roots for the tree of right conduct to grow.
These Ten Commandments or attributes are the name of the natural dispositions originated in the
presence of right belief and right knowledge and there is absence of wrong belief and passions.
04 Mahvir Janma Kalynak (Mahvir Jayanti)

Mahvir Jayanti is also another important Jain festival. The Jain community observes the birth
anniversary of Lord Mahvir with great devotion. Mahvir Jayanti falls on the 13th day of the bright half of
the month of Chaitra (March-April according to the Christian calendar). He was born to King Siddhrtha
and Queen Trishal in 599 B.C. in the city of Kshatriya Kunda in Lachhavd district. It is a day to
remember and worship Bhagawn Mahvir and all other Tirthankars.
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Unlike most Indian festivals, Mahvir Jayanti, in keeping with the austere nature of Jainism, is celebrated
with great sincerity and devotion. For the Jains, quiet celebrations, visits to temples, prayers and worship
mark the birth anniversary of the Mahvir. Visiting various pilgrimage places is also a vital part of the
celebration. Special prayers are also offered at the Jain temples. People attend sermons to learn the
teachings of Lord Mahvir. This day reminds us the supreme compassion of Bhagawn Mahvir and the
path to liberation he has preached.
Temples are decorated to express devotion and joy for the occasion of Bhagawns birthday. At many
temples elaborate worship rituals and the rite of Abhisheka are carried out quite enthusiastically. Some
communities even celebrate this day by carrying out grand processions with the idol of Bhagawn
Mahvir in an elegant chariot.
It is also an educational and fun experience for Jain youth to celebrate this day by expressing Bhagawn
Mahvirs message through cultural activities like speeches, plays, songs, and dances related to
Bhagawn Mahvirs life.
The Murtipujak Jains visit temples and worship the statue of Lord Mahvir; the Non-murtipujak Jains
emphasize the internalization of the faith.
The event holds special significance in the states of Gujarat and Rajasthan because the ancient Jain
shrines at Girnr, Delwd, and Palitana are situated in these states. Mahvir Jayanti is also celebrated
at Pvpuri in Bihar state where Lord Mahvir attained nirvana.
05 Diwli
Diwli is a festival of celebrations in India and among Indians all over the world. It is an occasion for
happiness and togetherness. This is an occasion where everyone, irrespective of his or her religious and
economic background, celebrates Diwli. It teaches us to uphold the true values of life, to destroy
ignorance that prevents humanity, and to drive away darkness that engulfs the light of knowledge.
The word Diwli comes from the Sanskrit word, Deepvali. Deep means light and
vali means a row, i.e. A row of lights. Diwli is celebrated on New Moon Day, the last day of the year in
the month of Ashwin or so.
People show their happiness by lighting earthen lamps, and decorating their houses with rangoli, and
inviting family and friends for a feast. In Jainism, the lighting of lamps is symbolic of lighting the lamp
within us. Just as a light brightens everything around it, our presence should brighten people around us.
We should be of help to others and bring peace and happiness to them and to ourselves.
For Jains, Diwli marks the anniversary of the attainment of Moksha by Mahvir-swmi in 527 BC. The
festival falls on the last day of the month of Ashwin, the end of the year in the Indian calendar. But the
celebration starts in the early morning of the previous day as Lord Mahvir commenced his last sermon
final discourse known as Uttardhyayan, which lasted until the night of Diwli. At midnight, his soul left
his body and attained liberation, Moksha. Eighteen kings of northern India were present in his audience
at the time of His final sermon. They decided that the light of their masters knowledge should be kept
alive symbolically by lighting of lamps. Hence it is called Deepvali or Diwli. (Deep means a lamp and
vail means series or multiple). But the light of Lord Mahvirs knowledge cannot be kept alive by just
lighting the lamps. That is an external approach. Realistically, we should light up our internal lamps awaken our inner vision by practicing the path preached by Lord Mahvir. As a traditional Diwli lamp
needs a clay bowl, oil, and cotton wick. The inner lamp needs the Right Faith, Right Knowledge, Right
Conduct, and Right Tapa (austerity). External lamps need oxygen while internal lamp needs self-effort.
The resolution to adopt the practice of good conduct is the way to celebrate the Diwli. Some people fast
for two days as Lord Mahvir did. Some people recite Shri Mahvir Swami Sarvajnya Namah on every
bead of the rosary (108 beads in one rosary) followed by rosaries of reciting Shri Mahvir Swami
Prangatya Namah on each bead. In brief, Diwli is for enhancing the spiritual wealth.
From a social aspect, it is celebrated in traditional Indian fashion by greeting and offering sweets to family,
friends and neighbors. Jain businessmen would close their accounts for the year and perform a simple
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Puj for the new account books. Diwli is celebrated for five days; each day has its own significance and
myth.
Dhanteras
Dhan means wealth and Teras is the thirteenth day of Ashwin or so. The first day of Diwli is Dhanteras.
Torans of so Plav, mango leaves and marigolds are hung on doorways. Rangoli are drawn with
different colored powders to welcome Guests.
Kli Chaudas
The day after Dhanteras is known as Kli Chaudas. They chant mantras at night to please the demons.
Diwli
Diwli is the day when Bhagawn Mahvir, the twenty-fourth Tirthankar, attained Nirvana. Diwli is a
celebration of lights. Just as a lamp needs cotton and oil to keep going your internal light needs rational
intuition, rational knowledge, and rational conduct.
Oil lamps are arranged in and around the house. Because of these flickering lamps the festival acquired
the name of Deepvali or Diwli.
New Year
Gautam-swmi was very much attached to Mahvir-swmi. So after Mahvir-swmis Nirvana on Diwli
he became very sad. By thinking deeply about non-attachment, he got over his sadness and attained
Keval-jnn on the following day which is New Year.
Bhi Beej
Like Gautam-swmi, Mahvir-swmis brother, Nandivardhan, was very sad. Sudarshan, their sister,
invited him to her house and comforted him. Traditionally on this day, the sister invites the brother to her
house to express love and respect.
06 New Year
Lord Mahvirs chief disciple, Indrabhuti Gautam, had not been able to overcome his attachment to his
master and that prevented him from achieving Keval-jnn. The barrier was only broken after a period of
grief over his masters Nirvana. He at last managed to achieve the highest degree of non-attachment,
which enabled him to attain the stage of omniscience, the full enlightenment, in the early morning of the
first day of the New Year. The Jains begin the New Year with a prayer of Guru Gautam Swami; and listen
with devotion to the nine Stotras (Navasmaran) and the auspicious Rs (epochal poem) of Gautam
Swami. Some people fast for three days including New Years Day. The real wish should be may the
whole year be filled with realistic Dharma, intellectual serenity and equanimity.
07 Bhibeej (Festival for brother)

King Nandivardhan, the brother of Bhagawn Mahvir was in great sorrow due to the Nirvana of Mahvir.
On the day after New Years Day, his sister Sudarshan invited him to her house and comforted him. .
This day is observed as Bhi Beej. This festival is like Raksh Bandhan. On the day of Raksh
Bandhan, the sister goes to the brother and ties the Raksha (a sacred thread) wishing him long and
happy life; but on this day, the sister invites her brother to her house to show her respect and love for him.
08 Jnn Panchami (Holy day for worshipping Knowledge)

Jnn Panchami is celebrated on the 5th day of bright half of Krtik, the first month of the Indian calendar
year. This day is designated for the worship of pure knowledge. All religions believe in gaining
knowledge, while Jain religion stresses it importance because knowledge is an innate quality of soul.
Through right knowledge only, one can follow the right path. On this day, the scriptures, which impart
knowledge to the people, are worshipped with devotion by offering Vskshep (sandalwood powder). Jain
scriptures are displayed in various religious places. People visit such places and worship these sacred
scriptures on this day to seek blessings for the strength to be able to learn continuously. Swdhyy,
meditation, and Pratikraman are also carried out on this day. Moreover, the books preserved in the
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religious libraries are cleaned and refurbished as may be necessary. To pay respect to educational
material, notebooks, pens, pencils etc. are offered during Puj.
Efforts are concentrated towards removing jnnvarniya karma. The following song is sung on this day:
Samkit Shraddhvantane, Upanue Jnn Praksh,
Pranamu Pad Gaj Tehan, Bhva Dhari Ulls.
The Jap Pad of 'Aum Rhim Namo Nanassa' on rosary bead is performed on the day. As a result, the
knowledge obstructing Karmas are destroyed. In past, Vardatt and Gunamanjari had done something
against it. So, they had to face the results of their sins.
09 Dev Diwli or Kartaki Poonam

It is the 15th day of the first month- Kartik in the Gujarati calendar, which marks the end of Chturms.
After the four months of rainy season (Chturms), Sadhus start vihr and the pilgrimage of Shatrunjay
reopens. Thousands of Jains from all over the world go for Tirtha-ytr to Shatrunjay, Mount Girnr in
Gujarat, and other Tirtha places where special celebrations are held. Lamps are lit under the moonlit sky
and families celebrate the end of the Diwli fortnight.
It is said that the meaning of the Shatrunjay is winning over enemies. The pilgrimage of Shatrunjaya is
performed to win over the Karma-enemy. So it is said thatEach step on the pious place Shatrunjaya can remove or Destroy Karmas of previous births.
Even those who had got Omniscience knowledge can't describe the importance of Shatrunjay.
10 Navpad Oli
Twice a year, falling in March/April (Chaitra) and September/October (Ashwin), the nine-day Oli period of
semi-fasting called yambil is observed by taking only one meal a day of very plain food without any
spices, salt, milk, oil, butter, fruits or vegetables. It is observed by meditating upon Navpad comprising of
Pancha Paramesthi, Jnn, Darshan, Chritra, and Tapa. The importance of Navpad is preached by the
sermons given during these days. King Shripl and Mayan-sundari were ardent devotees of Navpad.
With thorough understanding of the theory of Karma, both exerted their efforts in worshipping Navpad. In
doing so, they destroyed bad Karma, improved their condition, and ultimately attained liberation.
11 Maun Agiyras
This is the most pious day of the year. It marks the highest number of pious occasions (total 150) such as
Birth, Enlightenment, and Nirvana Kalyanaks of several Tirthankars. It falls on the eleventh day of the
bright half of the month of Mgashara during November/ December. A day of complete silence and
fasting are observed and meditation is directed towards the Tirthankars whose various Kalynaks
(auspicious life events) fall on this day. Many people live the life of an ascetic by staying at Upshray
(temporary residence of ascetics) on that day.
In Bharat Kshetra, its the anniversary day of Diksha Kalynak of the 18th Tirthankar Bhagawn Arnath,
Keval-jnn Kalyanak for the 21 st Tirthankar Bhagawn Neminth and Birth, Diksha and Keval-Jnn
Kalynak for the 19th Tirthankar Bhagawn Mallinth. Any religious activities performed on this day is
more fruitful than any other day.
One Fast done on this day gives fruits of 150 fasts.
12 Posh Dashami
This day is celebrated as the birthday of 23rd Tithankar Lord Prshvanath. On the 9th, 10th, 11th days of
Margshirsh month (usually falls in December), hundreds and thousands of Jain men and women perform
the austerity of Attham, 3 continuous days of Upavas and by means of recitation and meditation they try
to achieve divine welfare. A grand fair takes place in Shankeshwar, which is a sacred place for Jains.
Thousands of Jains gather there and perform the austerity of Attham.
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The observer can also do Ekasanas (taking lunch once in a day) of Sugared Water, Khir and full lunch for
three days.
13 Varsitap
This yearlong austerity (Tapa) consists of fasting every other day followed by only one or two meal on the
next day. This yearlong austerity signifies the event in the life of our first Tirthankar dinth, who did not
get Gochari (alms) for one year after his initiation (Diksh). The Prn ceremony for Varsitapa is
observed in India with large celebration at Hastinapur where Shreynskumr, great grandson of Bhagwan
dinth offered Him sugarcane juice to break his fast.
14 Akshaya Tritiya - Varsitap Prn

This marks the fast breaking day of a yearlong fast by the first Tirthankar Lord Rishabhdev. Jains who
have been fasting on an alternate day for a year break their fast by drinking fresh sugar cane juice.
This festival is celebrated on Vaishkha Sud 3 (third day of the month of Vaishakha). The first TirthankarBhagawn Rishabhdev got Charitra i.e. left the worldly pleasures after 83 Lakha Purva years of home-life.
It is said that Karma has no effect of any brave people or even of Indra. Lord Rishabhdev went to many
houses to get the proper food (Gochari) for him, but no one could understand his desire of food. The
people were ready to give elephants, horses, jewelry or even brides to him. But they did not offer any
food.
In the previous birth, Lord Rishhabhdev had tied a net on the face of a cow and he did the sin of starving
the cow, so the previous Karma was the cause of this incident. At the end, Shreyans Kumar gave him the
juice of sugarcane and Rishabhdev broke his fast. This day is known as Akshaya Tritiya from that time.
15 Fgun Sud Teras

This day falls on the thirteenth day of the month of Flgun (usually in the beginning of March). The
circumambulation of 6 Gus (1 Gu means 3.2 Kms.) at Shatrunjay Mountains is done on this day.
16 Twelve Tithis
Twelve tithis in each month are 2nd, 5th, 8th, 11th, 14th and 15th days of each half-moon cycle. Most
jains observe five days, shukla 5th, two 8th, and two 14th days. Jain shastras indicate that the
Ayushyabandh for next life takes place on one of these days and ones physical and spiritual activities are
significantly contributory.
17 Chaumsi Chaudas
Three Shukla Chaudas in month of Krtak, Flgun and Ashdh are celebrated as Chaumsi chaudas.
18 Mastaka Abhisheka - The Head Anointing Ceremony

Perhaps the most famous example of Puj performed on a grand scale in Jainism is the Mastaka
Abhisheka (head anointing) ceremony held every twelfth year in Shravanbelgola. This honors the
spiritual hero Bhubali, who is represented by a colossal fifty-seven foot image carved from rock nearly a
thousand years ago. Thousands of Jains of both traditions come to pay homage during the several
weeks during which the celebration goes on; Bhubali thus receives the kind of adoration otherwise
reserved exclusively for Tirthankars. The image depicts Bhubali as standing erect, free of clothing and
immersed in deepest meditation. For the period of the Mastaka Abhisheka, temporary scaffolding is built
behind the huge statue, thus the faithful can anoint Bhubali in the proper manner, by pouring various
sacred substances such as purified water and sandalwood paste over the statue from above.
Participating in these festivities is said to bring great merit and perhaps to make possible the experience
of Samyag Darshan (Right faith) itself.
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D08 - Jain Temples & Pilgrimage Places

A Jain temple is a place of worship where a person experiences immense peace and serenity. It is a
beautiful, quiet and peaceful place to reflect upon our true nature and soul. It promotes introspection, and
brings home the feeling that God/Soul resides within ones self. Therefore, each person can follow a path
of purification of the inner self, devoid of anger, ego, deceit, and greed.
More than 80% of Jains of both the Shvetmbar and Digambar traditions believe in worshiping Tirthankar
images in temples. Primarily two types of Tirthankar images exist in the Jain temples. The images with
semi-closed eyes are adopted by the Digambar tradition whereas the images with open eyes are adopted
by the Shvetmbar tradition.
01 Digambar and Shvetmbar Images

Digambars keep the images in their natural undecorated form. Shvetmbars decorate the Tirthankars
images luxuriously. This symbolizes that Tirthankars were kings, had much royal wealth, yet did not find
happiness in such material possessions. They renounced all their wealth for the benefit of society and
took vows of complete non-possession.
An image (murti) of a Tirthankar either sitting in Padmsan posture or standing straight, illustrates the
form of deepest meditation. The face and eyes shower the devotee with compassion and inspire
calmness within. The image represents the qualities of a Tirthankar but not the physical body. Hence the
images of all Tirthankars are similar. Usually an image is carved from marble or cast from metal. Both
Digambar and Shvetmbar Jain temples are famous for their unique intricate art and elaborate
architecture.
Each Tirthankar has a unique emblem or symbol (Lnchhan) that distinguishes the specific Tirthankar
image from the images of other Tirthankars. This symbol is found on the base of each image.
Before entering the temple one must take off their shoes. One should not eat, drink or chew anything in
the temple, nor should one run-around, shout, talk to others, or socialize in the temple.
When one enters the temple one should say Nissihi, meaning to leave behind. This means that by
mind, speech and action we are leaving all our worldly relations outside the temple, which in turn implies
leaving our vices (Kashyas) namely anger, ego, deceit and greed.
A donation box in a temple promotes anonymous giving.
02 Few Recommendations regarding Offerings at the Temple

The following statements by any means do not disrespect the ancient offerings during rituals since cows,
calves and all animal lives were treated compassionately without interference in their life cycle.
The principle of nonviolence should not be compromised during the offerings of the religious rituals. We
need to practice the religion based on Time, Place, and Circumstances we are surrounded by.
One should not use milk and sweets for puj and Ghee for divo or lamp as almost all modern dairy
products are obtained by torturing and exploiting cows and other animals.
The milk producing cows are kept pregnant all the time during their fertile life and are slaughtered after
their milk yield drops by 30% which is around 5 years of age while their life expectancy is 15 years.
In puj, one should use pure water instead of water mixed with milk, use dry fruits instead of sweets, and
use Castor oil instead of Ghee. About 100 years ago all Jain temples used castor oil for divo.
Also one should not use silver foil (Varakh) for decoration images as Varakh is manufactured using the
intestine of a cow. One should not wear pearls, silk, fur and leather as they are obtained by killing
oysters, worms and animals.
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03 Jain Pilgrimage Places (Jain Tirths)

The pilgrimage to sacred places is a part of the tradition for practically every religion in the world. The
hardships of the journey discipline the body and the company of fellow pilgrims strengthens the religious
faith. It is inspiring and uplifting to pray and worship at the place where the great religious leaders and
saints once stood. The soul receives merit while the mind receives peace.
India is a land of spirituality and devotion. Jain shrines in India speak of an integral association with the
lives and activities of the Jain Tirthankars, who spread the message of Ahimsa, Anekntavda, and
Aparigraha.
Some of the holy places where the enlightened ones were born, took Diksh, and achieved liberation
(Moksha) are of special importance. The places touched and traveled by these Tirthankars became
famous as sacred places; therefore, idols of Tirthankars were installed there. The religious atmosphere of
these sacred places inspires feelings of reverence. Devotional sentiments permeate throughout and
bring inner happiness and peace, which leads to upliftment of the soul.
It is a well-known fact that the art and architecture of a country are reflective of its religious devotion as
well as economic prosperity, without which elaborately carved temples could not have been built. Every
phase of Indian history, art, and architecture found supporters in rich merchants and princes who spent
lavishly on the commemoration of their religious leaders and beliefs.
Tirtha places have attracted millions of people. India holds immense appeal for devotees to see great
Jain architecture, to know and understand the teachings of the great Tirthankars who, through hard
penance, showed the course to salvation to humanity and freedom from the cycle of rebirth through
Jainism. Tirtha places tell immortal stories of Tirthankars and other saintly beings. Idols, murals, and
inscriptions in temples convey the message of Tirthankars.
01. Shri Palitana Tirtha

Mulanyak: Nearly 7 feet tall, white-colored idol of Bhagawn dinth in the Padmsan posture.
Tirtha: It is on Mt. Shatrunjay near the bank of the river Shatrunjay, in the state of Gujarat. There are about 900
temples on Mt. Shatrunjay, each rivaling the other for beauty and magnificence, presenting an awe-inspiring
spectacle to devotees and visitors. The multitude of temples made of splendid marble, with their spires aiming the
skies, present a spectacle unmatched for its scale and magnitude. The peak is a 2 miles and 2 furlongs long climb of
over 3745 steps from the foot of the hill. While climbing up early in the morning, you can see river Shetrunjee at a
distance gleaming in the beautiful sunrise. Palitana Tirtha displays a combination of human enterprise, architectural
skills, generosity, and religious devotion. Every devout Jain aspires to climb to the top of the mountain at least once
in his or her lifetime, because of its sanctity.
History: Shatrunjay is known as the eternal Tirtha. It is an ancient Jain place of pilgrimage as it was here that the
chief follower of Tirthankar Rishabhdev (Pundarika) attained Nirvana. Although most temples are modern, they
have been restored many times, dating back to prehistoric times. Historically, the present temple was constructed in
the 12th century during the reign of King Kumrpl. Unfortunately, Shatrunjay suffered much destruction during
the Muslim conquests in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, but the rebuilding took place after 1500. From the
late seventeenth century, Shatrunjay has become more and more important. On a certain day (Fagun Sud teras)
every year, nearly 20,000 pilgrims undertake a twelve-mile round trip Ytr. The pilgrimage to Shatrunjay
generates great merit.
Works of art and Sculpture: The main temple is a splendid, two storied, imposing structure with highly impressive
elevation supported by 72 pillars and with artistic balconies on its sides. Besides the main temple complex, there are
8 temple complexes on the hill. All of them together are known as Nav-tunk. One of the temple has its steeple
visible from a distance of 20 miles. All these complexes are built at different time by different people and hence are
popularly known by their names. There are about more than 10,000 idols of Tirthankars installed in all these large
and small temples.
02. Shri Sankheshvar Tirtha

Mulnyak:Nearly 6 feet tall, white-colored idol of Bhagawn Sankheshvar Prshvanth in the Padmsan posture.
Tirtha:It is in the center of the village in the state of Gujarat
History: As mentioned in ancient scriptures, Ashdhi Shrvaks devotion to Bhagawn Prshvanth gave rise to this
temple. Inspired by his great faith, the idol of Sankheshvar Prshvanth has been worshipped since ancient times.
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The temple was built and rebuilt on several occasions. Major renovation was done by Sajjan Shah in the 11th
century and by Vastupl and Tejpl in the middle of the 13th century. In the 14th century, the army of Allauddin
Khilaji caused severe damage to the temple, but the main idol was saved by the Sangh. Since 1760,this vast and
beautiful temple has 52 idols and a passage for going around the idols. Even if volumes of books are written, they
cannot fully describe the miracles of this temple. For instance, it is said that the wounded men of Lord Krishnas
army arrived at Sankheshvar Tirtha after a battle. Then they used the holy water (Abhisheka) from the Tirtha to
cleanse their wounds, and upon contact with the water, their wounds were immediately healed. Worshipped for
thousands of years, this idol specially attracts the faithful worshippers making this Tirtha of immense significance.
Even today, the worshippers experience the miracles of this magnificent idol.
The idols of Dharanendra, Shri Padmvati Devi, Prshva Yaksha, and Shri Chakreshwari-Devi are said to protect the
Tirtha, to remove the obstacles of the worshippers, and to fulfill their wishes. On the auspicious day of Bhagawn
Prshvanth Janma Kalynak (birth event) and on the Diwli, thousands of pilgrims come here to observe a two-day
long fast.
Works of art and Sculpture: Comparable to a Gods residence, this ancient, majestic, and delightful temple
surrounded by 52 small temples looks very beautiful.
03. Shri Trang Tirtha

Mulnyak: Nearly 9 feet tall, white colored idol of Bhagawn Ajitnth.
Tirtha: It is on the Trang hill in the state of Gujarat.
History: Under the inspiration and instructions of Shri Hemchandra chrya, this temple was built in the year 1165
AD under the reign of King Kumrpl. In the past, many Sdhus have attained Nirvana while meditating on the
nearby hills.
Works of art and Sculpture: This temple is 50 feet long, 100 feet wide and 142 feet high. Along with the vast open
square, the well-curved, eye-catching summit of the four-storied temple made of yellow stone looks stunning. This
temple is famous for its tall steeple. Since the wood used in building this temple was of the Tagar (veleriana
hardwickii) wood, it is fire-extinguishing; when set to fire, it does not catch fire, but oozes out water. This is truly
amazing.
04. Shri Abu Delwd Tirtha

Mulnyak: 5 feet tall, white colored idol of Bhagawn dinth in the Padmsan posture.
Tirtha: The Jain Delwd temples of India are located near Mount Abu in the state of Rajasthan.
History: Bharat Chakravarti built the temple and installed four idols facing all four directions. This ancient Tirtha is
also mentioned in the Bruhad Kalpasutra composed by Bhadrabhu-swmi. Many ancient chryas had visited this
Tirtha in the past. The present temple called Vimal Vasahi, was built in the eleventh century by Vimal Shah in honor
of Bhagawn dinth. By appeasing Ambik Devi, he had recovered the 2500 years old idol of Bhagawn dinth.
The generous brothers, Vastupl and Tejpl in honor of Lord Neminth built another temple, Lunaga Vasahi in 1230
AD. The splendid temple was built under the supervision of Anupam-devi, the wife of Tejpl. The main idol of
Mulnyak Bhagawn Neminth is majestic.
Works of art and Sculpture: The sculptures and art of these temples are famous all over the world for their stunning
carving in the white marble. The ceiling, domes, gates, pillars, arches, and walls of the Vimal Vasahi temple are
excellent specimens of minute carving skill. The Rang Mandap is a grand hall supported by 12 decorated pillars and
nicely carved arches with a breathtaking central dome. On the pillars are carved female figurines playing musical
instruments and 16 Vidhy-devis (the goddesses of knowledge) each one holding her own symbol. The
Navchowki is a collection of nine rectangular ceilings, each one containing beautiful carvings of different designs
supported on ornate pillars. The ceiling features engraved designs of lotus-buds, petals, flowers, and scenes from
Jain and Hindu mythology. There are 59 small temples in the passage around the temple. It took 1500 artisans and
1200 laborers a span of fourteen years to build this extraordinary monument.
In the Lunaga Vasahi temple, delicate carvings in the Derni-Jethni niches (recesses in the wall) are exceptional
examples of art. The carving of the white marble is so delicate that it is almost translucent. It is said that the
sculptors were paid in gold according to the weight of marble dust removed. The main hall or Rang Mandap
features a central dome, from which hangs a big ornamental pendent featuring elaborate carving. Arranged in a
circular band are 72 figures of Tirthankars in sitting posture and just below are 360 small figures of Jain monks in
another circular band. The richly carved corridors, pillars, arches, and 'mandaps' of the temple are simply amazing.
The Navchowki here features some of the most magnificent and delicate marble stone cutting work of the temple.
Each of the nine ceilings here seems to exceed the other in beauty and grace. The Hasthishl or elephant cell
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features 10 beautiful marble elephants neatly polished and realistically modeled.
05. Shri Ranakpur Tirtha

Mulnyak: Nearly 6 feet tall, white -colored idol of Bhagawn dinth in the Padmsan posture
Tirtha: Ratnapuri, tucked away in a remote valley in the midst of natural beauty, is in the state of Rajasthan.
History: Renowned for marvelously carved Jain temples in amber stone, Ranakpur is one of the holiest places for the
Jains and exceptional in its beauty. The Ranakpur Jain temple was built during the reign of Rn Kumbha in the
15th century. Dharna Shah, a Jain businessman, had a dream to build a temple like a heavenly residence named
Nalinigulm. With the permission and help of the king, this three-story temple was built at the cost of 150 million
rupees in those days.
Works of art and Sculpture: From artistic and cultural viewpoints, the whole temple with its enormous 48, 000 sq.
ft. span is beautiful, splendid, matchless, and outstanding among many wonders of the world. The inner sanctum of
the temple has four idols of Bhagawn dinth facing all four directions with four entrances to the temple. There
are four subsidiary shrines, and twenty-four pillared halls and domes supported by over four hundred columns. The
total number of columns is 1, 444; all of which are carved intricately with no two columns being alike. The
intricately decorated 40 feet high pillars and the arches hanging like pearl-strings create a feeling of awe among the
visitors. The pillars are arranged, so deftly that from any spot in the temple, you get an uninterrupted view of the
idol. The carved stone in the ceiling of the main dome is pulled low at the center like a chandelier. How the weight
of stones is kept hanging unsupported, remains an unsolved mystery. The sculptors have carved life-stories out of
the vast storehouse of Jain scriptures. Some of the eye-catching illustrations are a stone slab with an intricate
carving of thousand hooded entangled snakes sheltering Bhagawn Prshvanth, and a mountain with thousand
peaks. There are 84 small and large temples surrounding the main temple.
In the assembly hall, there are two big bells weighing 108 kg., whose sound echoes as far as three miles. Each bell
has a high and low pitch complementing each other and producing the sound of OM resonating in your navel for
one minute.
The idols of Bhagawn Mahvir Swami and Rishabhdev, polished with precious stones, shine like glass even after
six hundred years.
06. Shri Shravanbelgola Tirtha

Mulnyak: Nearly 57 feet tall, idol of Bhagawn Bhubali in the Kyotsarga posture made of light brown colored
granite.
Tirtha: It is on Vindhyagiri hill near the village of Shravanbelgola in the state of Karnataka.
History: Sri Gommateswar, also known as Bhubali, was the son of the legendary first Tirthankar. This Tirtha was
created in 981 AD under inspiration of the mother of Chmundary, the advisor of King Gangaras. Shravanbelgola
means 'the monk on the top of the hill' and hermits, mystics, and ascetics have journeyed and lived there since at
least the third century BC. In the mid-tenth century AD, temples began to be built and the site grew to be one of the
most important pilgrimage sites of the Jain religion.
The chief festival of Shravanbelgola is the Mah Mastaka Abhisheka, or the 'Head Anointing Ceremony'. During
this incredible event, over half a million devotees make a pilgrimage here. A scaffold is built around the statue. The
ceremonial Abhisheka is performed with chanting of holy mantras and pouring pots of water mixed with
sandalwood, flowers, and precious herbs over the idols head. While flowing downward over the body, these
offerings are believed to acquire a powerful charge of spiritual energy. They are collected at the feet and distributed
to the devotees who believe that the gift will assist their quest for enlightenment. The festival is performed only
once every 12 to 14 years during periods of rare astrological significance.
Works of art and Sculpture: Carved out of only one stone, the colossal statue of Bhubali towers in majestic
splendor and is visible even from a distance of 20 km. Starkly simple, the beautifully chiseled features of the statue
expresses serenity. Its contemplative mood is an outstanding example of Indian sculptor. His perfect lips turned out
at the corners with a hint of a smile, appear like viewing the world with detachment.
07. Shri Ayodhy Tirtha

Mulnyak: 1 foot tall, copper-colored idol of Bhagawn Ajitnth in the Padmsan posture Shvetmbar tradition
Mulnyak: 30 feet tall, white colored idol of Bhagawn dinth in Kyotsarga position Digambar tradition
History: dinth was the first King of this place. The Chyavana, birth, and Diksh Kalynaks of Bhagawn dinth
were also celebrated here. The Chyavana, birth, diksh, and Keval-jnn Kalynaks of Ajitnth, Abhinandan Swami,
Bhagawn Sumatinth, and Bhagawn Anantnth were celebrated here as well making this Tirtha especially
auspicious. Bharat Chakravarti made this place his capitol and the country was named Bhrat after him. Besides,
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this is the birthplace of Bhubali, Brhmi, Sundari, King Dasharath, Shri Rma, Achalbhrt the ninth Ganadhar of
Mahvir Swami, and many other pious people. . Many religious kings, their advisors, and great men performed
numerous religious activities here and added to the glory of not only the Jain religion, but also to the glory of India.
08. Shri Hastinapur Tirtha

Mulnyak: 3 feet tall, golden idol of Bhagawn Shntinth in the Padmsan posture Shvetmbar tradition
Mulnyak: White colored idol of Shntinth Bhagawn Digambar Temple)
Tirtha: It is in the town of Hastinpur in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
History:. Here, Shreyns, the great-grandson of Bhagawn dinth offered sugar-cane juice to Bhagawn dinth
to end his year-long fast (Varsitapa). In memory of that auspicious event, every year, many pilgrims come here to
celebrate their Varsitapa penance. All the four Kalynaks other than Nirvana of Bhagawn Shntinth, Kunthunth,
and Aranth were celebrated here. This was the land of construction of Samavasaran of Bhagawn Mallinth. This
was the capital of the Kaurav and the Pandvas in the times of the Mahabharata. According to the Digambar
tradition, the great tradition of Rakshabandhan or Shrvani Poonam started here. According to Jain history, many
Tirthankars, Chakravartis, omniscient souls, ascetics, Shrvaks and Shrviks are associated with this ancient land.
The gams and other Jain works contain many references to Hastinpur.
Works of art and Sculpture: Many ancient idols, coins, and stone inscriptions are found here during excavations.
The ancient idols in these temples are really spectacular and awe-inspiring.
09. Shri Samet Shikhar Tirtha

Mulnyak: Nearly 3 feet tall, black-colored idol of Bhagawn Prshvanth in the Padmsan posture
Tirtha: It is on the Samet Shikhar Hill near Madhuvan in the state of Bihar.
History: Twenty Tirthankars out of the current twenty-four Tirthankars attained Nirvana on this holy land. Since it is
the land of penance and of nirvana of many Tirthankars and Sdhus, every particle of this land is great, holy, and
precious. It is said that a touch of this land purifies the human birth. A pilgrimage to this sacred place removes
trouble, adds to religious merits (Punya), and destroys bad karma of devotees. As it is mentioned in the Jain
literature and history, the temples and foot-idols on this mountain have been renovated many times. Recently
around 1766 A.D. Sheth Khushaldas of Murshidabad observed penance of three days and with the grace of Goddess
Padmvati, he had a very auspicious dream. He saw the exact locations of the nirvanas of the Tirthankars, and hence
built small temples of foot-idols accordingly in these pious sites. As recently as 1934 AD, with the inspiration of
chrya Sgarnand Suri, the Tirtha was renovated for the 23rd time.
Works of art and Sculpture: As the name suggests, Madhuvan, is really a beautiful forest. At the foot of this hill,
there is a temple of Bhomiydev, which features an impressive hill-shaped idol. The sight of the idol makes ones
journey fulfilling. The ascent on the hill begins from a little distance beyond the Bhomiydev temple. There is an
ascent of six miles to the hill, then another six miles to go around the hills, and finally, a descent of six miles,
totaling a journey of 18 miles.
There are 31 significant tunks (summits) on the great mountain of Samet Shikhar. Each tunk is devoted to a separate
foot-idol including the Tirthankars, the eternal Jinas, and some Ganadhars. All the tunks on Samet Shikhar can be
seen from Gautam Swamis tunk, which is the first tunk. The Jalmandir tunk is where the Mulnyak of Shmaliya
Prshvanth is installed. The Tirthankar Bhagawn is seen only in this Jal -mandir, whereas the other Tunks hold
only foot idols. The final tunk is the tunk of Bhagawn Prshvanth. This is the highest tunk on the highest hill.
There are foot-idols of Bhagawn on the stone-slab where he attained the final liberation. The scene on the hill is
serene, beautiful, and suitable for meditation. From the hill, the scene of the temples of Madhuvan looks like a
divine city. Every temple has a distinct and elegant building style. The natural beauty of the hill is charming
beyond description. With full devotion, pilgrims come to the great Tirtha of Samet Shikhar, the land of nirvana of
many Tirthankars, who are free from attachment and aversion.
10. Shri Pvpuri Tirtha

Mulnyak: Nearly 7 inches long, black-colored foot-idol of Mahvir Swami.
Tirtha: It is in the center of the lake outside the village of Pvpuri in the state of Bihar.
History: This Tirtha is the place of the last monsoon stay of Mahvir Swami. Many kings and rich merchants came
to hear the sermons of Bhagawn Mahvir. Bhagawn Mahvir preached and initiated many people by removing
their doubts. After giving his final sermons for 48 hours, Bhagawn attained Nirvana on this land causing this land
to hold special significance. On that Nirvana day fifteenth day of the dark half of the month of Ashwin in the
absence of Bhagawn, the lamp of knowledge, people lighted innumerable lamps. In memory of that day, the whole
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city shines brightly with the light of thousands of lamps on Diwli day even now. Nandivardhan, the elder brother
of Bhagawn built a small temple and installed the foot-idols of Bhagawn at the place of his last sermons. It is said
that from the funeral place of Bhagawn, groups of gods and multitudes of men took away the ashes of Bhagawns
body and those who could not get the ashes, took away the earth mixed with ashes forming a deep pit. This pit
became the temple known today as Jal-mandir. In front of the Samavasaran in this temple, there are idols of
Mulnyak Mahvir Swami, Gautam Swami, and Sudharma-swami. Since this is the land of nirvana of the last
Tirthankar Bhagawn Mahvir, every particle of this land deserves to be worshipped.
Works of art and Sculpture: The construction of this Jal Mandir amidst a lake full of lotuses is beyond description.
The ancient idols in Shvetmbar and Digambar temples are also very spectacular. It is a place of great scenic
beauty, particularly when the lotus flowers bloom in the large lake. The gleaming Jal Mandir, reflected in the lotusstrewn waters, is a splendid sight.
11. Shri Girnr Tirtha

Mulnyak: Nearly 5 feet black marble idol of Bhagawn Neminth in Shvetmbar temple.
Mulnyak: Black colored idol of Bhagawn Neminth in Digambar temple.
Tirtha: Mount Girnr is located on the northern fringe of the Gir forest in Saurashtra.
History: Mount Girnr is a pious place due to the diksh, Keval-jnn and Moksha Kalynak of 22nd Tirthankar Shri
Neminth Bhagawn. Young prince Nemikumr became disheartened with the cruel customs of his time when he
saw hundreds of fenced-in animals condemned to be slaughtered as food for the guests at his wedding. Sensing his
involvement in these unjust things, he renounced all his belongings, became a monk and went to Mt. Girnr in
search of ways to relieve misery of all living beings. Following the footsteps of Neminth, the bride to-be Rjul or
Rjimati also renounced and after long penance, attained Keval-Jnn here. Many other sages have attained nirvana
here. So, since ancient times many temples have been built here. References about Girnr in the first gam
chrnga sutra, suggest antiquity of this Tirtha. Several Jain literature also mention periodic remodeling of these
temples.
Works of art and sculpture: Mount Girnr is a gigantic five peaked rock formation of volcanic origin rising to a
height of 1, 117 meters above sea level. Five peaks crowned by sixteen beautifully sculptured temples form one of
the most impressively situated group of Jain temples in India. The first Tunk (peak), 4, 400 steps from the base of
the hill consist of black granite temple of Bhagawn Neminth built in 1128 AD. It has exquisite carvings on its
pillars, and is decorated outside with unusual colored mosaic. The second Tunk has Goddess Ambik temple. Third
and fourth Tunk has Foot-idols of Muni Shmb Kumar and Pradhyuman Kumar who attained Nirvana here. The
fifth Tunk, which has 10,000 steps from the base, has foot-idol of Bhagawn Neminth. Some other pious places to
visit are a cave of Rjul, temple of Rathanemi, younger brother of Neminth, and Sahasvan. Paying homage to
both the Shvetmbar and Digambar temples amidst the lush greenery of the mountain must be done at least once in a
life time.
04 Summary
The architecture, sculptures, and carvings of the Jain temple are splendid. They are majestic and
thousands in number. They are noteworthy for their cleanliness and sacred atmosphere. The focus is on
the image of the Tirthankar, in a seated or standing position, in deep meditation, with a tranquil and
solemn expression. The Shvetmbars frequently adorn the image with the jewels, but a Digambar shrine
it is left unadorned. One should undertake a pilgrimage to various Jain Tirthas in India in order to derive a
feeling of peace and contentment in his or her lifetime.
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D09 - Yakshas and Yakshinis

Jains pay their respect and worship idols of Jinas for three reasons:
He has liberated Himself and attained Moksha
He expounded the path of Liberation
To get an inspiration to become like Him
The only goal of Jainism is to free ourselves from worldly sufferings and attain liberation. Jin is a liberated
soul, free of its material body and resides at the top of the universe, called Siddha_loka. The images of
Jinas are intended to serve as a reminder to the faithful of the possibility of liberation. They serve as role
models for Jain lay people in, guiding their ethical code of living; and for the aspirant, Jin provides
inspiration and a reminder that spiritual liberation is an attainable goal. As a detached soul, free from this
world, the Jin is incapable of responding to a devotees prayers or requests. This inability to intervene
and, to respond to the prayers and offerings from the faithful, sets Jin images apart from all Hindu and
most Buddhist deities, who can be called upon to help a devotee by different rituals.
In addition to images of Jinas, we notice images of Yakshas and Yakshinis (deities) in many Jain temples.
These deities are neither eternal nor divine, and they themselves are the worshippers of the Jina and,
true devotees of Jina. In addition, these Yakshas and Yakshinis are full of passions and are wandering
through the cycle of birth and death just like us. Yakshas are males and Yakshinis are females. They are
also called Shsan_devts (male ones) and Shsan_devis (female ones). They are guardian angel
deities. They are heavenly beings of the Vyantar group who have supernatural powers including the
ability to change their forms and sizes. These Yakshas and Yakshinis were either appointed by Indra
(king of heavenly gods) or were themselves associated with Tirthankars in their previous lives. Even
though, Tirthankars do not require or ask for any protection, these Yakshas and Yakshinis due to their
devotion for Tirthankars took upon themselves to protect them and Jain religion whenever it becomes
necessary. Also, the Shsan_devts and Shsan_devis have attained 4th Gunasthanak and are bound
to attain Moksha in a few lives and we therefore salute them as they are already on the path to liberation.
The earlier scriptures like the Sthnnga_Sutra, Uttardhyayan_Sutra, Bhagavati_Sutra,
Tattvrtha_sutra, Antagadadaso_sutra, and Pauma_chariya have frequent references to Yakshas and
Yakshinis. Many Jains pay their respect to these Yakshas and Yakshinis because they provided
protection to the Tirthankars and to the existence of Jain religion. These are the reasons they are found
around the images of Jinas. Their individual images are also found in many Jain temples. Yaksha is
usually found on the right side of the Jin idol while Yakshini on the left side. In Jain temples, they are
never situated at a higher locations in relation to images of the Jinas. These are benevolent Yakshas and
Yakshinis. There are also malicious Yakshas and Yakshinis who caused sufferings to Tirthankars and
troubles to Jains and existence of Jain religion. For example, Yaksha Sulpni troubled Lord Mahvir in
his mediation and inflicted many sufferings. There are similar stories in, which malicious Yakshas
troubled others as well. We Jains do not pay our respects or worship Yakshas and Yakshinis for the
material gains, favor and freedom from danger, illness and disease. We pay our respect to them because
of their service to Tirthankars and Jain religion. Asking for materialistic gains from them will be quite
opposite to the teachings of the Jinas.
The following provides a brief description of commonly found Yakshas and Yakshinis in Jain temples:
01 Chakreshwari Devi
She is the dedicated attendant deity of lord di Nth (Rishabhdev). She is also known as Apratichakr.
The color of this goddess is golden. Her vehicle is an eagle. She has eight arms. In her four right hands
she holds the blessing Mudr (posture), arrow, rope and wheel. In her four left hands she holds the rein,
the bow, the protective weapon of Indra, and the wheel.
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02 Ambik Devi
She is the dedicated deity of Lord Neminth, the 22nd Tirthankar. She is also known as Ambai Amba and
mra Kushmndini. Her color is golden and the lion is her vehicle. She has four arms. In her one right
hands she carries a mango in one hand and in the other a branch of a mango tree. In one left hand she
carries a rein and in the other she has her two sons.
03 Padmvati Devi
She is the dedicated deity of Lord Prshvanth, the 23Tirthankar. Her color is golden and her vehicle is a
snake with a cocks head. She has four arms. Her two right hands hold a lotus and a rosary and two left
hands hold a fruit and a rein.
04 Saraswati Devi
Saraswati, the goddess of knowledge, is considered to be the source of all learning. Her divine energy is
the source of spiritual light, eradicator of all ignorance and promoter of all knowledge. She is respected
and adored by all faiths, worldly people and saints. She has four arms, one hand holding a book, one
holding a rosary and two hands holding a musical instrument Veen. Her seat is a lotus and the peacock
is her vehicle representing equanimity in prosperity. In some books it is mentioned that the swan is her
vehicle.
05 Lakshmi Devi
Goddess Lakshmi represents wealth. The people worship her as the goddess of wealth, power, money
etc. In her upper two hands, she holds a lotus with an elephant, in the lower right hand a rosary and in the
lower left hand a pot.
06 Manibhadra Dev
Shri Manibhadra is originally a Yaksha, worshipped by Indian masses since very olden times. His
introduction to Jain worship is only a later adaptation. It is an image of a six_armed Yaksha with an
elephant as his vehicle.
07 Ghantkarna Vir
This deity is worshipped for protection and for driving away evil influence created by the malicious
Yakshas and Yakshinis. His arrow indicates penetration of evil forces. The bow gives forceful momentum
to the arrow. His symbol is the bell that resounds to create auspicious sounds in the atmosphere.
Sometimes people who are not aware of the facts call him Ghantkarna Mahvir by mistake. That
creates confusion between Lord Mahvir and Ghantkarna Vir. He is not connected to Lord Mahvir in
any way.
08 Nkod Bhairava
This is the deity of Bhairava. This deity is usually found near the entrance of the temple. People from far
and near visit the shrine and make offerings to the deity upon fulfillment of their material desires. It is a
positive force around the temple.
09 Bhomiyji
This deity is in the shape of a mountain. It is the natural positive energy of the mountain Sametshikhar.
This energy inspires and guides believers and the pilgrims in completing their pilgrimage of Sametshikhar
peacefully.
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JAIN HISTORY LITERATURE and SECTS
E01 History of Jain Traditions and Sects

E02 Jain Scriptures and Literature
E03 Jain Heroes
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E01 History of Jain Traditions and Sects

01 Introduction
It is difficult to cover the history of Jain religion within the scope of this section, but we will attempt to
briefly outline the salient features.
Indian culture consists of two main trends: Brahmanic and Shramanic. The Vedic traditions come under
the Brahmanic trend. The Shramanic trend covers the Jain, Buddhist, and similar ascetic traditions. The
Brahmanic schools accept the authority of the Vedas and Vedic literature. The Jains and Buddhists have
their own canons and accept their authors.
Jainism is an ancient independent religion. However, it is wrong to say that Bhagawn Mahvir founded
Jainism. Jainism is an eternal religion; it has always existed, it exists now, and it will always exist in the
future. Jainism has been flourishing in India from time immemorial. In comparison with the small
population of Jains, their contributions to various aspects of Indian culture are great. Jains are found all
over India and all over the world; they are known everywhere for strict observance of their religious
practices in their daily lives.
Legendary Antiquity of Jainism
Jainism is an eternal religion. Therefore, there is a prehistoric time of Jainism and a historic time of
Jainism. Jainism is revealed in every cyclic period of the universe, and this constitutes the prehistoric
time of Jainism. In addition, there is recorded history of Jainism since about 3000-3500 BC.
02 Prehistoric Period
According to Jain scriptures, there were an infinite number of time cycles in the past (no beginning) and
there will be more time cycles in future. Each time cycle is divided into two equal half cycles, namely
Utsarpini (ascending) Kl (time) and Avasarpini (descending) Kl. Each cycle is again divided into six
divisions known as rs (spokes of a wheel). The rs of Avasarpini are reversed relative to those in
Utsarpini. There are 24 Tirthankars in each half cycle. Kevalis known as Tirthankars teach religious
philosophy through sermons, which leads human beings across the ocean of sorrow and misery.
Tirthankars are the personages who delineate the path of final liberation or emancipation of all living
beings from a succession of births and deaths.
The tradition of Tirthankars in the present age begins with Shri Rishabhadev, the first Tirthankar, and ends
with Shri Mahvir swami, the twenty-fourth Tirthankar. Naturally, there is a continuous link among these
twenty-four Tirthankars, though they flourished in different periods of history in India. This link, therefore,
means that the religion first preached by Shri Rishabhadev in the remote past was preached in
succession by the remaining 23 Tirthankars for the benefit of living beings and revival of spirituality at the
time of each Tirthankar.
There is evidence that there were people who were worshipping Rishabhadev before Vedic period. It has
been recorded that King Kharavela of Kalinga, in his second invasion of Magadha in 161 B.C., brought
back varioius treasures from Magadha. In these treasures there was an idol known as Agra-Jina, of the
first Jina (Rishabhadev), which had been carried away from Kalinga three centuries earlier by King Nanda
I. This means that in the fifth century B.C. Rishabhadev was worshipped and his idol was highly valued
by his followers. Other archaeological evidence from the Indus Valley Civilization of the Bronze Age in
India also lend support to the antiquity of the Jain tradition and suggest the prevalence of the practice of
the worship of Rishabhadev, the first Tirthankar, along with the worship of other deities. Many relics from
the Indus Valley excavations suggest the prevalence of the Jain religion in that ancient period (3500 to
3000 B.C.).
It is observed that in the Indus Valley civilization, there is a great preponderance of pottery figures of
female deities over those of male deities and the figures of male deities are shown naked.
We find that the figures of six male deities in nude form are engraved on one seal and that each figure is
shown naked and standing erect in a contemplative mood with both hands kept close to the body. Since
this Kyotsarga (way of practicing penance, as in a standing posture) is peculiar only to Jains and the
figures are of naked ascetics, it can be postulated that these figures represent the Jain Tirthankars.
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Again, the figures of male deities in contemplative mood and in sitting posture engraved on the seals are
believed to resemble the figures of Jain Tirthankars, because these male deities are depicted as having
one face only, while the figures of male deities of Hindu tradition are generally depicted as having three
faces or three eyes and a trident or some type of weapon.
Furthermore, there are some motifs on the seals found in Mohen-Jo-Daro identical to those found in the
ancient Jain art of Mathura.
As Mahvir was the last Tirthankar, most historians previously considered Mahvir-swmi the founder of
the Jain religion. Based on the evidence found above, it has become clear that this is a misconception.
Now, historians have accepted the fact that Mahvir-swmi did not found the Jain religion, but he
preached, revived, and organized the religion, which had been in existence from the past (Andi Kl).
At present, we are in the fifth r, Dusham, of the Avasarpini half cycle, of which nearly 2500 years have
passed. The fifth r began three years and three and a half months after the Nirvana of Bhagawn
Mahvir in 527 B.C. Bhagawn Rishabhadev, the first Tirthankar, lived in the later part of the third r,
and the remaining 23 Tirthankars lived during the fourth r.
03 Historical Period - Jain Tradition and Archeological Evidence

Neminth as a Historical Figure
Neminth or Aristanemi, who preceded Bhagawn Prshvanth, was a cousin of Krishna. He was a son of
Samudravijay and grandson of Andhakavrshi of Sauryapura. Krishna had negotiated the wedding of Neminth with
Rjimati, the daughter of Ugrasen of Dvrk. Neminth attained emancipation on the summit of Mount Raivata
(Girnar).
There is a mention of Neminth in several Vedic canonical books; the king named Nebuchadnazzar is said to have
visited a temple of Neminth in the tenth century B.C. There seems to be little doubt about Neminth as a historical
figure but there is some difficulty in fixing his date.
Historicity of Prshvanth
The historicity of Bhagawn Prshvanth has been unanimously accepted. He was the son of King Ashvasen and
Queen Vm of Vrnasi and preceded Bhagawn Mahvir by 250 years. At the age of 30,he renounced the world
and became an ascetic. He then practiced austerities for 83 days. On the 84th day, he obtained omniscience.
Thereafter, Bhagawn Prshvanth preached his doctrines for 70 years. At the age of 100,he attained liberation on
the summit of Mount Samet Shikhar (Prshvanth Hills).
The four vows preached by Bhagawn Prshvanth were: not to kill, not to lie, not to steal, and not to have any
possessions. The vow of celibacy was implicitly included in the last vow. However, in the 250 years that elapsed
between the Nirvana of Prshvanth and the preaching of Bhagawn Mahvir, the situation changed and in light of
the situation of his time Bhagawn Mahvir added the fifth vow of celibacy to the existing four vows. There were
followers of Bhagawn Prshvanth headed by Keshi Ganadhar at the time of Bhagawn Mahvir. It is a historical
fact that Keshi Ganadhar and Ganadhar Gautam, chief disciple of Bhagawn Mahvir, met and discussed the
differences. After a satisfactory explanation by Ganadhar Gautam, Keshi Ganadhar and the monks, and nuns of the
Bhagawn Prshvanth tradition accepted the leadership of Bhagawn Mahvir and they were reinitiated. It should
be noted that the monks and nuns who followed the tradition of Bhagawn Prshvanth were wearing clothes (by
shvetmbar tradition/belief).
Bhagawn Mahvir
Bhagawn Mahvir was the 24th and the last Tirthankar. According to the tradition of the Shvetmbar Jains, the
Nirvana of Bhagawn Mahvir took place 470 years before the beginning of the Vikram Era. The tradition of the
Digambar Jains maintains that Bhagawn Mahvir attained Nirvana 605 years before the beginning of the Saka Era.
By either mode of calculation, the date comes to 527 B.C. Since the Bhagawn attained emancipation at the age of
72, his birth must have been around 599 B.C. This makes Bhagawn Mahvir a slightly elder contemporary of
Buddha who probably lived about 567-487 B.C.
Bhagawn Mahvir was the head of a community of 14, 000 monks, 36, 000 nuns, 159, 000 male lay votaries
(Shrvaks) and 318, 000 female lay votaries (Shrviks). The four groups designated as monks, nuns, laymen, and
laywomen constitute the four-fold order (Tirtha or Sangha) of Jainism.
Of the 11 principal disciples (Ganadhars) of Bhagawn Mahvir, only two, Gautam Swmi and Sudharm Swmi,
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survived him. 20 years after the Nirvana of Bhagawn Mahvir, Sudharm Swmi also attained emancipation. He
was the last of the 11 Ganadhars to attain Moksha. Jambu Swmi, the last omniscient, was his disciple. He attained
salvation 64 years after the Nirvana of Bhagawn Mahvir.
There were both types of monks; Sachelaka (with clothes), and Achelak (without clothes), in the order of Bhagawn
Mahvir. Both types of these groups were present together up to several centuries after Nirvana of Bhagawn
Mahvir.
Jain Tradition and Buddhism

Bhagawn Mahvir was the senior contemporary of Gautam Buddha, the founder of Buddhism. In Buddhist books,
Bhagawn Mahvir is always described as Niggantha Ntaputta (Nirgrantha Jnta-putra), i.e., the naked ascetic of
the Jntru clan. Furthermore, in the Buddhist literature, Jainism is referred to as an ancient religion. There are
ample references in Buddhist books to the Jain naked ascetics, to the worship of Arhats in Jain Chaityas or temples,
and to the Chaturyma-dharma (i.e. fourfold religion) of the 23rd Tirthankar Prshvanth.
Moreover, the Buddhist literature refers to the Jain tradition of Tirthankars and specifically mentions the names of
Jain Tirthankars like Rishabhadev, Padmaprabha, Chandraprabha, Pushpadanta, Vimalnth, Dharmanth and
Neminth. The Buddhist book, Manorathapurani mentions the names of many householder men and women as
followers of the Prshvanth tradition and among them is the name of Vappa, the uncle of Gautam Buddha. In fact,
it is mentioned in the Buddhist literature that Gautam Buddha himself practiced penance according to the Jain way
before he propounded his new religion.
Jain Tradition and Hinduism

The Jain tradition of 24 Tirthankars seems to have been accepted by the Hindus as well as the Buddhists as it has
been described in their ancient scriptures. The Hindus, indeed, never disputed the fact that Jainism was revealed by
Rishabhadev and placed his time almost at what they conceived to be the commencement of the world. They gave
the same parentage (father Nbhiry and mother Marudevi) of Rishabhadev as the Jains do and they also agree that
after the name of Rishabhadevs eldest son, Bharat, this country is known as Bhrat-varsha.
In the Rig Veda, there are clear references to Rishabhadev, the first Tirthankar, and to Aristanemi, the twenty-second
Tirthankar. The Yajur Veda also mentions the names of three Tirthankars, Rishabhadev, Ajitnth, and Aristanemi.
Further, the Atharva Veda specifically mentions the sect of Vratya, means the observer of Vratas or vows, as
distinguished from the Hindus at those times. Similarly, in the Atharva Veda, the term Mah Vratya occurs and it is
postulated that this term refers to Rishabhadev, who could be considered as the great leader of the Vratyas.
04 Keval-jnni, Shruta-kevalishruta-kevali and Das-purvi chryas

The Keval-jnnis are those who have eradicated the four destructive karma and attained perfect
knowledge. Shruta-Kevalis are those who know all of the 14 Purvas and 12 Anga-pravishtha gams.
Das-purvi chryas are those who know the first ten Purvas and 11 Anga-pravishtha gams. Through
the special powers of Shruta-kevalishruta-kevalis (memorization by listening), the sermons given by
Tirthankars are passed on to the following generations. The following provides the list of Keval-jnni,
Shruta-Kevali and Das-purvi chryas after the Nirvana of Bhagawn Mahvir:
Keval-jnni chryas
Shvetmbar Tradition
Digambar Tradition
Name
Years as chryas
Name
Years as chryas
Sudharm-swmi
20
Gautam-swmi
12
Jambu-swmi
44
Sudharm-swmi
12
Jambu-swmi
38
Shruta-kevali chryas
Shvetmbar Tradition
Digambar Tradition
Name
Years as chryas
Name
Years as chryas
Prabhav
11
Vishnu
14
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Sayyam-bhava
23
Nandimitra
16
Yashobhadra
50
Aparjit
22
Sambhutivijay
Govardhan
19
Bhadrabhu
14
Bhadrabhu
29
Das-purvi chryas
Shvetmbar Tradition
Digambar Tradition
Name
Years as chryas
Name
Years as chryas
rya Sthulibhadra
45
Visakh chrya
10
rya Mahgiri
30
Prosthil
19
rya Suhastin
46
Kshatriya
17
Gunasundar-suri
44
Jaysen
21
rya Klak
41
Ngasen
18
Skandilchrya
(Samdilya)
38
Siddhrtha
17
Revati-mitra-suri
36
Dhritisen
18
rya Dharma
24
Buddhilinga
20
Bhadragupta-suri
39
Deva
14
Shrigupta-suri
15
Dharmasen
16
Vajraswmi
36
According to the Shvetmbars, the series of the Das-purvis (knowledgeable with of 11 Angas and ten
Purvas only) completely ended with the death of chrya Vajra. His death occurred in 114 Vikram
Samvat (584 years after Bhagawn Mahvirs Nirvana). However, according to the Digambar,
Dharmasen was the last of the Das-purvis, 345 years after Bhagawn Mahvirs Nirvana.
After chrya Vajra, there flourished chrya Rakshita, who had knowledge of nine and a half Purva and
remained Yug-pradhn for 13 years. Keeping in view that disciples might have differently developed
faculties of intelligences, understanding, and retention, he made four classifications of the gams, based
on the four viewpoints of exposition (Anuyoga). Until his time, each and every gam Sutra work was
expounded from all four viewpoints of exposition.
05 Jain Sects and their brief History:

Lord Mahvir attracted people from all walks of life: rich and poor, kings and commoners, men and
women, princes and priests, touchable and untouchables. Lord Mahvir proclaimed that both men and
women are equal as far as the spiritual advancement is concerned. Many women followed Lord
Mahvirs path and renounced the world in search of ultimate truth and happiness. The most significant
contribution of Jainism in the social field was the establishment of social equality among the four classes
that existed in the society: Brhman, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra, including untouchables prevalent in
the society.
Lord Mahvir organized his followers into a four-fold order, namely Sdhus (monks), Sdhvis (nuns),
Shrvaks (laymen), and Shrviks (laywomen). This order is known as Jain Chaturvidha Sangh. Monks
and nuns do not stay at one place for more than 30 days, except for four months during the rainy season.
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They travel on bare feet and do not use any transportation. Male monks do not touch any female and
vice a versa. They do not eat or drink after sunset.
Nearly 600 years after the Nirvana of Tirthankar Bhagawn Mahvir, Jains were divided into two groups,
Shvetmbar and Digambar. The Digambar monks are naked while the Shvetmbar monks wear white
clothes.
The process of the split started in the third century B.C. The famous Jain chrya, Shruta-kevali
Bhadrabhu, predicted a long and severe famine in the kingdom of Magadha (in modern Bihar). With a
view to avoid the terrible effects of famine, Bhadrabhu, along with a group of 12,000 monks, migrated
from Patliputra, the capital of Magadha, to Shravanbelgola (in modern Karnataka State) in South India.
Chandragupta Maurya (322-298 B.C.), who was then the Emperor of Magadha and was very much
devoted to chrya Bhadrabhu, abdicated his throne in favor of his son Bindusr, joined Bhadrabhus
entourage as a monk, and stayed with Bhadrabhu at Shravanbelgola. Chandragupta, the devout ascetic
disciple of Bhadrabhu, lived for 12 years after the death of his Guru Bhadrabhu, in about 297 B.C.
After practicing penance according to the strict Jain rite of Sanlekhan, Chandragupta died on the same
hill at Shravanbelgola. This Bhadrabhu-Chandragupta tradition is strongly supported by a large number
of reliable epigraphic and literary evidences including both Shvetmbar and Digambar traditions.
When the ascetics of Bhadrabhu Sangha returned to Patliputra sometimes after the end of a 12-year
period of famine, to their utter surprise, they noticed two significant changes that had taken place during
their absence under the leadership of chrya Sthulibhadra:
During the famine time the rule of nudity was relaxed and the ascetics were allowed to wear a
piece of white cloth (known as Ardhaphalaka) so that they can stay in the town for their
Gochary (food) for their survival. In the past the rule of nudity was possible because monks
stayed in jungle and they received their Gochary at the outskirt of the nearby villages.
The memorized version of sacred books (no written book existed) that were accepted at the
council of Patliputra in their absence, they found some inconsistencies with the versions they
had memorized.
As a result, the group of returned monks did not accept these differences and proclaimed themselves as
true followers of Jain conducts. Eventually, about 600 years after the Nirvana of Bhagawn Mahvir, Jain
religion was split up into two distinct sects: the Digambar (sky-clad or naked) and the Shvetmbar (whiteclad).
However, when it comes to the philosophy of Jainism, there is essentially no difference between these
two major traditions. Both sects believe in non-violence, theory of karma, non-possession, and the theory
of multiplicity of points of view. Differences are only marked in the rituals only. Therefore, in spite of the
differences, members of both sects practice a Jain way of life with five minor vows of house holder and
control over four passions with mind, speech, and body, maintaining a unity in diversity.
Differences between Digambars and Shvetmbars:

The Digambars believe that no original canonical texts exist now. They believe that all of the currently
existing texts were written after last Shruta-Kevali Bhadrabhus time and, therefore, are incomplete. The
Shvetmbars still preserve a good number of what they believe are original scriptures.
According to the Digambars, the omniscient do not take any food from the mouth (known as Kavalahr).
They get their food (or ahr vargan) from the atmosphere (known as kash vargan) which keep them
functioning till their life span (yu karma) is completed.
As they destroy four Ghti karma, they achieve Anant Virya (infinite energy) and their Audrika Sharira
changes into Param (supreme) Audrika Sharira (devoid of bacterial decay or deteriorate) therefore, they
do not have Asht-vedniya karma of hunger. The Shvetmbars do not accept this concept.
The Shvetmbar monks wear white clothes; however, the Digambar full monks of Nirgrantha type are
naked, while other lower categories of monks Brahmachries at some level (Ellakas & Sullakas) wear
white or orange cloths.
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The Digambars believe that there can be no salvation without giving up all your possessions including
clothes, as it represents the ultimate non-possessiveness. Since women cannot go without clothes, they
are said to be incapable of salvation.
Digambars therefore believe that all 24 Tirthankaras were male while Shvetmbars believe that the 19th
Tirthankar Mallinth was female and the remaining 23 Tirthankars were male. The Shvetmbars hold that
nakedness is not essential to attain liberation. Hence, women are also capable of salvation.
(Note - However, this is a moot point in this fifth r of the regressive time cycle, as no one, man or
woman, can attain Moksha during this r from this Bharat Kshetra).
The Digambars hold that Bhagawn Mahvir did not get married. According to the Shvetmbars,
Bhagawn Mahvir was married to Yashod and had a daughter Priyadarshana before is renunciation of
worldly life.
The murtipujak Digambars do not decorate the idols of Tirthankars, while the murtipujak Shvetmbars
decorate them with various adornments. In Shvetmbar tradition, the Tirthankars idol represents him in
the life of a king, who has conquered all his internal enemies. Tirthankar is not an ordinary king but a king
of the spirit. He is royal not because of his birth or social status but for his accomplishment of being
Vitarga. In the Digambar tradition, Tirthankars idol represents Him after Omniscience (Keval-jnn), a
Vitarga, free from all attachments.
Jain doctrine has been remarkably stable over the centuries, without any serious changes, and therefore
can be said to be time tested. This stability is largely due to Umsvtis Tattvrtha-sutra, written in the
first century. This work was written before the divisions between the Shvetmbars and Digambars
became final, and thus is accepted by both branches of Jainism.
Shvetmbar Sub Sects

In 1451 a layman, Lonkshah of Ahmedabad could not believe that excesses of the Yatis (in-chage of Swetabar Jain
temples) could have religious sanction. However, scriptures were not accessible to householders at the time. The
profession of Lonkshah was to make copies of the Jain scriptures for monks. Equipped with this knowledge,
Lonkshah came out with a heavy hand against temples and temple rituals (Chaityavsis). Based on the knowledge
of the original Jain gams, he also disputed idol worship as being against original Jain tenets. This was the
preamble for setting up the Sthnakavsi tradition, which came into existence as non-idol worshippers in 1474 under
their first Muni, Bhanaji-muni. Sthnakavsis sect introduced strict codes of conduct for their monks in contrast to
the monks that were going to the temples (Chaityas).
The Shvetmbar tradition was thus divided into two sub-sects; however, this division was helpful in dealing a
deathblow to the evils of Yatis.
Later a group separated from the Sthnakavsi tradition and identified themselves as Terpanthi.
Murtipujak
Murtipujak Shvetmbars are the worshippers of idols. They offer flowers, fruits, sandalwood, etc. to
their idols and adorn them with rich clothes and jeweled ornaments. Their ascetics cover their
mouths with a piece of cloth (Muhapatti) while speaking; at other times, they keep the cloth in their
hands. They stay in specially reserved buildings known as Upshrays. The ascetics collect food in
their bowls from the Shrvaks houses (called Gochari) and eat wherever they are staying at the
Upshray. Though the Murtipujak Shvetmbars are concentrated mostly in Maharashtra, Rajasthan,
and Gujarat, they are also found scattered all over India.
Sthnakavsi
The Sthnakavsi arose as reformers, curtailing the excesses of renegade monks or yatis by
creating a sect of non-idol worshippers under the leadership of Lonkshah (explained in more detail
below).
The ascetics of the Sthnakavsi cover their mouths with a piece of cloth (Muhapatti) all the time.
Sthnakavsi adherents accept the authenticity of 32 of 45 gam scriptures of the Shvetmbar
Murtipujaks. The Sthnakavsis are also mainly located in Gujarat, Punjab, Hariyana, and
Rajasthan.
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Terpanthi
The Terpanthi sub sect is derived from the Sthnakavsi sect and was founded by Swmi
Bhikkanaji Mahrj. He was formerly a Sthnakavsi monk and had been initiated by his Guru,
chrya Raghuntha. However, Swmi Bhikkanaji had differences with his Guru on several aspects
of religious practices of Sthnakavsi ascetics and when these took a serious turn, he founded the
Terpantha sect in 1760 A.D. The Terpanthi sect, like the Sthnakavsi from which it separated in
the eighteenth century, does not worship images or idols. Notably, members of this sect consider
mercy and charity work the social duty of laypeople (Laukik Dharma). However, the proper way
(religious way) to consider mercy and charity work is to give to the people who are practicing vows
(Virati). The Terpanthis are very organized under the complete direction of one chrya.
In 1936, this position was passed to the 21-year-old chrya Tulsi, who was to transform the
Terpanthi. He traveled to almost every part of India. He showed particular concern for education,
putting emphasis on study, research, and writing by Terpanthi monks and by nuns as well. The Jain
Vishwa Bhrati, recognized by the Government of India as a university centered around the Jain
philosophy, emerged from his work . Additionally, in 1949, chrya Tulsi initiated the Anu-vrata
movement for moral upliftment, creating an honest, nonviolent, non-exploitative society. Some of its
members are non-Jains. In 1980,he introduced another innovation with the initiation of the first of a
new order of Saman and Samani. Whilst dedicated to the life of nuns and monks, they are excluded
from the prohibitions on traveling in vehicles and on eating at lay peoples home (alone and in an
isolated place) as well as from certain rules incumbent on the full-fledged mendicant. After chrya
Tulsi, chrya Mahprajnaji has held this position since 2003.
Digambar Sub Sects

In recent centuries, Digambars also experienced a significant revival during the late sixteenth century. The Digambar
sect has been divided into the following major sub-sects: Bisapantha, Terpantha, and Tranapantha or
Samaiyapantha.
They experienced a significant revival through a famous poet and scholar named Banrasids. He was born in a
Shvetmbar family and was an easy going youth; however, he happened to read Samaysr and was very much
impressed. He then wrote Samaysr-Ntak, a dramatic version of Samaysr. As a devout scholar of the works of
Kunda-Kundchrya, he revolted against the lax behavior of Bhattraks (temple head person of Digambar temple)
because he felt their ritualistic practices were excessive and involved a high degree of Hims in offering flowers,
fruits and sweets in temple rituals. He called for abolishment of such offerings such as flowers, fruits, sweets etc
from daily rituals in the temples.
Banrasids influence was further felt through Pundit Todarmal of Jaipur. His doctrinal pursuits emphasized
Nishchaya Naya (absolute) aspects of Kunda-Kundchrya writings. This doctrine greatly revitalized the Digambar
tradition and allowed the sect to move forward during a period of difficult changes.
Following this period of change, even within the Digambar tradition, sects known as Terpanthis and Bisapanthas
came about. Their beliefs and practices vary from one region to the other.
Bisapantha
The followers of Bisapantha support the Dharma-gurus, that is, religious authorities known as
Bhattrak, who are not monks but are the heads of Jain Mathas. Jain Mathas are religious
monasteries responsible for collecting and preserving Jain gams and looking after the financial
affairs of groups of temples. As Digambar monks lived outside the cities until at least the 5th century,
there was the need to create the Mathas and to have Bhattraks. Now, there are only two or three
Mathas and very few Bhattraks left. The Bisapanthas worship the idols of Tirthankars and deities;
they use fresh fruits and flowers in their temples.
Terpantha
Terpantha arose in North India in the year 1627 A.D as a revolt against the domination and conduct
of the Bhattrak, as they had started to act like Monks, rather than the religious authorities controlling
the Mathas of the Digambar Jains. As a result, in this sub sect the Bhattrak are not followed to the
same extent. In their temples, the Terpanthis install the idols of Tirthankars, but during the worship
they do not use fresh fruits or flowers.
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Tranapantha
The sub sect Tranapantha is known after its founder Tarana-Swmi or Tarana-Trana-Swmi
(1448-1515 A.D.). This sub sect worships sacred books rather than idols. They follow Digambar
traditional texts and Digambar monks. This small group was historically limited to a very small
section of Madhya Pradesh; now, it is slowly disappearing and has associated at certain places with
Kanji swami tradition.
06 Survival of Jainism in Difficult Times

After 12th century, there was significant impact of Vedic and Muslim religions on all non-Vedic religions
such as Buddhism, Jainism, and others. Even as a minority, Jains continued their existence and practice
during this difficult time. The main reason for this survival is the interdependency between Jain monks
and Jain householders.
Jain monks put significant emphasis on the practice of Shrvakchr (Code of conduct for Jain
householders). Based on the needs of Jain householders, they augmented the practical aspect of
Jainism by including rites and rituals without compromising the essence of Jainism. There are more than
40 canonical books just on Shrvakchr. Essentially, Jain monks assign a significant importance to
Jain householders. In addition, Jains were financially well off. They helped the rulers as well as the nonJain community.
The emphasis on rites and rituals was added in the 5th century, when Jains were attracted to practicing
Hinduism by rites and rituals because they were easier to practice. Many Jains accepted Hinduism at this
time. Jain monks added more rites and rituals to stop the outflow of Jains to Hinduism.
In the 12th and 13th centuries, it became difficult to protect Jain temples, Jain Idols, Jain properties, and
Jain canonical books. The Jain community therefore made some adjustments. They made some monks
full time administrators of the Jain Sangha, known as Chaityavsi Yati in the Shvetmbar tradition and
Bhattrak in the Digambar tradition.
This structure did help to protect the literature and temples. However, as time passed, it was realized that
there was too much power given to the Chaityavsi Yati and Bhattrak. The real purpose of Jain monks
is to practice and guide others to the Jain path of liberation. Many Jain householders became aware of
the situation and they were able to eliminate the Chaityavsi Yati tradition and curtailed the power of
Bhattrak traditions. Today though some Mathas few Bhattraks have been survived.
07 Jainism in Various Regions of India

Jainism in East India
In the Shishung dynasty (642-413 B.C.), Bimbisr or Shrenik and Ajtashatru or Kunika were the two important
kings who extended their full support to Jainism. Both Bimbisr and his son Ajtashatru were the relatives of
Bhagawn Mahvir.
Ajtashatru was followed by the Nanda dynasty (413-322 B.C.). King Nanda I led a conquering expedition into
Kalinga and brought an idol of the first Jain Tirthankar, Bhagawn Rishabhadev. The Nanda dynasty was followed
by the Maurya dynasty. Its founder, emperor Chandragupta Maurya (322-298 B.C.), abdicated the throne and joined
the Jain migration to the South led by chrya Bhadrabhu. Before his conversion to Buddhism, emperor Ashok
(273-236 B.C.), the grandson of Chandragupta Maurya, embraced Jainism. Emperor Ashok was responsible for
introducing Jainism into Kashmir. Emperor Samprati, the grandson and successor of Ashok, is regarded as a strong
Jain for his eminent patronage and efforts in spreading Jainism in east India.
Like Magadha, the kingdom of Kalinga or Orissa had been a Jain stronghold from the very beginning. Jainism made
its way to south India through Kalinga. In the second century B.C. Kalinga was the center of a powerful empire
ruled over by Kharavela, who was one of the greatest royal patrons of the Jain faith.
Jainism also had its influence in Bengal. Even now, Jain relics, inscriptions, and idols are found in different parts of
Bengal. Even the name Vardhamn is given to one district in Bengal. The influence of Jainism on the customs,
manners, and religions of Bengal is very much visible even at present.
Jainism in South India

Jainism entered into Karnataka and south India during the days of Emperor Chandragupta Maurya when
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Bhadrabhu, the distinguished leader of Jains at the time and the last of the Jain saints known as Shrutakevalishruta-kevalis, led the migration of the Jain Sangha to the South after predicting twelve years of famine in
north India. Thus, it is stated that Jain history in the South commences from the third century B.C. According to all
Jain authors, the Nirvana of chrya Bhadrabhu took place in 297 B.C. at Shravan-Belgola. Bhadrabhu was in
fact the rejuvenator of Jainism in south India. Some historians believe that Jainism had reached south India long
before Shruta-kevali Bhadrabhu. In any case, Jainism prevailed in south India in the third century B.C, continued
as a popular faith for more than 1000 years, and still has significant following there. It is significant to note that up
to the 14th century A.D. Jainism played an important role in the overall history of south India.
A few monarchs of the Kadamba rulers of Banavsi (from the third to the sixth century A D.) were devout Jains,
who were responsible for the gradual progress of the Jain religion in Karnataka. Eventually Jainism became a
popular religion in the Kadamba Empire.
The Ganga Rulers (350 to 999 A.D.) of Talakada in Karnataka patronized the Jain religion to a great extent and
naturally, practically all Ganga monarchs championed the cause of Jainism. Chlukya rulers of Badami in
Karnataka (500 to 757 A.D.) and Rstrakutas of Malakhed in Karnataka (757 to 973 A.D) were pro-Jain. From the
10th to the 12th century A.D. the Western Chlukya rulers of Kalyn in Karnataka preferred to show the same
liberal attitude to Jainism as the attitude that the Kadambas, the Gangas, and the Rstrakutas had shown. The
Hoyasala rulers, during their reign from 1006 to 1345 A.D. over the kingdom of Halebid in Karnataka, strongly
extended their support to Jainism. In addition to these major dynasties and their rulers, the Kalachuri rulers (from
1156 to 1183 A.D.) of Kalyn were Jains and, naturally, in their time Jainism was the state religion. There were
several minor rulers who also professed and promoted Jainism. There are also traces of Jain prevalence in Andhra
and Tamilnadu.
The whole of south India consisting of Deccan, Karnataka, Andhra, and Tamilnadu was a great stronghold of Jains,
especially Digambar Jains, for more than 1000 years. Apart from the provincial capitals, Shravanbelgola in
Karnataka was the center of their activities and it occupies the same position up to the present day. Jainism,
however, began to decline in south India from the 12th century due to the growing importance of Srivaisnavism and
Virasaivism. Jain monks were opposed, brutalized, and even killed in southern India during clashes with Hindus.
Jainism in West India

Jainism had very close relations with the rulers in the state of Gujarat. That state is where we find the largest
concentration of Jains at present. On Mount Girnar in the Junagadh district, Bhagawn Neminth, the 22nd
Tirthankar, attained salvation. In the council of Jain ascetics held at Vallabhi 980 years after Bhagawn Mahvirs
Nirvana, the Jain canon was for the first time written down. Just as south India is the stronghold of Digambar Jains,
similarly, west India is the center of activities of Shvetmbar Jains.
Regarding the migration of Jains to these parts of India, it is thought that the migrations must have taken place by
300 B.C. from eastern India. During this time, Jains were gradually losing their position in the kingdom of
Magadha, and they had begun their migration towards the western part of India, where they have retained their
settlements to the present day.
Jainism flourished in Gujarat during the days of the Rstrakuta monarchs, many of whom were devout Jains, and
received a further spur at the hands of the venerable Jain ruler Vanaraja of the Chavada family. Around 1100 A.D.,
Jainism gained a great ascendancy when the Chlukya king Siddharj and his successor Kumrpl openly
recognized Jainism and encouraged the literary and temple building activities of the Jains.
During the days of Vaghelas in the 13th century A.D., Jainism received patronage through the hands of Vastupl and
Tejpl, the two famous Jain ministers of the time. They were responsible for constructing the beautiful temple cities
at Shatrunjay, Girnar, and Abu.
Thereafter, even though Jainism did not receive royal patronage as before, the numerical and financial strength of
Jains gave their religion a continued place of honor, which is acknowledged even to this day.
As in Gujarat, the Jain religion also flourished in the region of Maharashtra from ancient times. In it, ancient Jain
cave temples are found in Ellor (Dist. Aurangabad), Ter (Dist. Osmanabad), Anjaneri (Dist. Nshik), and many
other places in the interior areas. Renowned and influential Jain saints like chrya Samantabhadra, Virsen, Jinsen,
and Somadeva were intimately connected with Maharashtra and had composed their sacred works and literary
masterpieces in this region. From the third century A.D., the powerful ruling dynasties like the Stavhanas of
Paithan, Chlukyas of Kalyn, Rstrakutas of Malakhed, Ydavas of Devagiri, and Silaharas of Kolhapur and
Konkan extended their royal patronage, in a large measure, to Jainism. As a result, we find that the Jains and the
Jain religion had a prestigious position in Maharashtra during the ancient and medieval periods.
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Jainism in North India

By 300 B.C., the migration of Jains began from eastern India to different parts of the country. One of their branches
was firmly established in North India from the middle of the second century B.C and was settled in the Mathura
region. It was in Mathura that the second Vchan (Recension) writing of gams took place around 265 A.D.
under the guidance of Skandilchrya. It is clear that Mathura was a stronghold of Jains for nearly 1000 years up to
500 A.D.
Another center of Jain activities in the North was Ujjayini, the capital of Maurya Emperor Samprati. There are
several references to Ujjayini in Jain literature and the city has played an important role in the history of the Jain
religion.
During the Muslim period, Jainism could not get the royal and popular support it used to receive, but it succeeded in
holding its own without much trouble. During this period, the largest number of Jain temples were either destroyed
or converted in to Mosques. Jains had to hide the hand written scriptures and even temples. One such Jain temple
was recently discovered from under a mound of dirt in the state of Gujarat in 2002. This temple was said to have
been built in 800 A.D.
Jains did secure some concessions for their holy places and practices from liberal minded Mughal emperors like
Akbar the Great and Jahangir. It is recorded that Emperor Akbar was very favorably inclined towards the Jain
religion. In the year 1583 A.D., he prohibited animal slaughter during Paryushan, making it a capital offense
throughout his vast empire. However, this tolerant policy of the Great Mughal was initially revoked by his
successor Jahangir. A deputation of the Jains that visited Jahangir in 1610 A.D. was able to secure a new imperial
ruling under which the slaughter of animals was again prohibited during the days of the Paryushan. During the
Mughal period, however, the Jain population particularly increased in the native states of Rajputana, where Jains
came to occupy many important offices as generals and ministers.
Jainism and the Modern Age

According to the Government of Indias 2001 Census Bureau:
Indias Total 2001 Population: 1, 028, 610,328
Jain: 4, 225, 053 (0.4%)
Of the total Jain population of 4, 225, 053 in India, the largest numbers of Jains (1, 301, 843) are in Maharashtra.
Next to Maharashtra, the population of Jains in other states is Rajasthan (650,493), Gujarat (525, 303), Madhya
Pradesha (545, 446), Karnatak (412, 659), Uttar Pradesha (207, 111), and Delhi (155, 122). It should be noted that
most of the Jains in Maharashtra are in Mumbai and most them are of Gujarati origin.
In the 19th and 20th centuries, Jain scholarship, education, and writings have become popular and been made
available to educated masses in many foreign languages. Jains have become much more conscious of the wider
public need of such knowledge. Without seeking to count heads of converts like many religions, Jains have become
concerned with spreading knowledge of the Jain religion and encouraging adherence to its principles. In addition,
for the first time in Jain history, Jainism has spread to Africa, Europe, and North America, where Jain communities
have settled and flourished.
Educational institutions have been endowed, and publishing of religious material has been supported. Particular Jain
institutions, such as the refuges for sick animals, are maintained. Generosity to Jain causes, by people of all income
groups, is a major Jain characteristic, but generosity is not confined to Jain causes alone.
Let us now discuss a few examples of the prominent people who have been particularly concerned with the
promotion of Jain faith and principles over the past century.
In 1893, a World Parliament of Religions was held in the United States and the organizer sought a Jain
representative. The invitation went to chrya tmrmji. As a monk it was not possible for him to travel, so the
task of being the chryas representative and the first Jain to explain his religion to a major overseas gathering fell
to Shri Virchand Gandhi, Honorary Secretary of the Jain Association of India. His lectures in the U.S.A. earned
him a silver medal from the Parliament of Religions for his scholarly oratory. He continued his lectures in England,
in all giving 535 lectures in the USA and England. One of his students was Herbert Warren, who became secretary
of the Jain Literature Society, founded with Virchand Gandhis help. Herbert Warren wrote many books on Jainism
explaining the subject in a simple way. Virchand Gandhi died at a very young age of thirty-seven.
A landmark for international awareness of Jainism was the 1884 publication of the first two volumes of Jain Sutras,
translated into English by Hermann Jacobi. In 1915, an English writer, Mrs. Sinclair Stevenson, published a book
The Heart of Jainism, a sympathetic book but colored by a strong Christian missionary outlook. In 1925,
Helmuth Von Glasenapp wrote a book Jainism An Indian Religion of Salvation in German and this book has now
been translated into English. At a more popular level, knowledge of Jainism and the Jains is very slowly filtering
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into the Western consciousness. Within the Jain community, there is a desire to make the principles of Jainism
known to a wider world.
08 Jain Contributions to Indian Culture

Jains have made remarkable contributions to Indian culture in the areas of languages and literature, arts
and architecture (temples, temple cities, cave temples, Stups, Mna-Sthambhas, towers, sculptures, and
paintings), philosophy (multiplicity of viewsAnekntavda), ethical codes, business, political progress,
religious, social and educational equality to women, and urging of self-reliance. Their greatest
contribution is an emphasis on non-violence to the smallest level, including mental and verbal nonviolence. Jains also have always been known for their honesty.
There is no doubt that now, in the 21st century, Jainism is in a healthy state. Jainism continues to spread
beyond the bounds of India and the ideas it carries can change the world by making it an everlasting
peaceful place to live.
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E02 Jain Scriptures and Literature

01 Jain Scriptures or gam Literature
Jain scriptures are known as Jain Agam literature. Jains do not have one text as a scripture but they
recognized many texts as their scripture. Different sects recognized different number of scriptures.
The gam Sutras teach the eternal truth about conduct, equanimity, universal affection, friendship, the
eternal truths on thinking, namely, the principle of relativity, and the principle of pluralisms
(Anekntavda). It also teaches many spiritual things including great reverence for all forms of life, soul,
Karma, universe, strict codes of asceticism, rules for householders, compassion, nonviolence, and nonpossessiveness.
After attaining Keval-jnn at the age of 42, Bhagawn Mahvir delivered sermons to the common people
in local language called Ardha-Mgadhi Prkrit for next 30 years. The essence of these sermons was
compiled orally into many texts (known as Sutras) by His immediate disciples called Ganadhars. These
Sutras are divided into 12 main texts known as 12 Ang Agam Sutras or 12 Anga-pravishtha gams or
Dvdashngi (main canons).
The 12th Ang Agam Sutra (text) is known as Drashtivda. It is believed that this Ang Agam was compiled
first but it was the most difficult to learn and hence monks learned this sutra at the end. This Agam
consist of 14 Purvas, life of all Tirthankars, description of other creeds that existed, how to acquire special
power such as walking on the water or flying in the air. All Jain sects believe that this Agam got lost (no
one remember it) in earlier time from 2nd century BC to 2nd century AD.
In addition to the twelve Anga-pravishtha Sutras composed by the Ganadhars, other canonical literature
(Anga-bhya gams) composed on the basis of these 12 Angas, by Shruta-kevali Acharyas (Sthavirs or
elder monks) in an easier format for the understanding are also included as part of the Jain gams.
The Jain gams consist of 12 Anga Pravishtha gams (includes 14 Purvas) and Anga-bhya gams (34
for Shvetmbar Murtipujak, 21 for Shvetmbar Sthnakavsi and Terpanthi, and 14 for Digambar) of
different traditions.
Historically Ganadhars passed on the gam Sutras orally to their disciples who memorized and passed
on to the next generations thereafter. This tradition of passing the knowledge from the memory in its total
form lasted for about 160 years until Bhadrabhu Swami. After Bhadrabhu Swami the mental ability of
chryas gradually declined and they could not remember the entire gam-sutras.
However as per Shvetmbar tradition, around 400 AD (800 years after Bhagawn Mahvir Nirvana) the
memorized gam-sutras were written down. At that time no one remembered 14 Purvas and 12th Angagams. The remaining 11 Anga gams were partially remembered.
As per Digambars tradition, the written Shvetmbar gam-sutras contain many errors and they did not
accept them as original teaching of Bhagawn Mahvir. Hence they considered that all original gamsutras are lost with time.
For some time after Bhagawn Mahvirs Nirvana, the Jain Shramans did not pen their gams in book
form, but preserved them by memorization. They considered that possessing books would constitute
violation of the vow of nonattachment and non-possession. Then came the time, when they totally
changed their attitude towards the possession of books because there was a fear of the destruction of the
Jain gams. Whatever wealth of the gam, which was still extant at that time, remained protected and
preserved.
Consistent with Shvetmbar Murtipujak beliefs, there are three gam temples, which have 45 gams
engraved either on walls or on copper plates. They are in Palitana, Surat and Shankheswar. There are
several places (Jnn-mandirs) like Ahmedabad, Patan, Surat, Khambhat, Jesalmer, Pindvada, Mehsana,
Ratalam, Ahor, Tharad, Guda, and Surendranagar where all gams are available.
02 Vchan (Recensions - Critical revision of Agam)

In order to preserve Jain scriptures and other Jain literature, Jain chryas in the past had three major conferences
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known as three recensions of the Jain literature. Whenever the chryas realized that the Shrutas of oral tradition
were waning and that there was disorderliness into it, they had recensions and established order in it. No
documentation occurred during the first recension but during the second and third conferences, most of the
scriptures, commentaries, and other works were documented.
Recension Place
Time
01
Patliputra Recension
@320 BC
02
Mathura and Vallabhi Recensions
@380 AD
03
Vallabhi Recension
@520 AD
First Vchan in Patliputra (First Recension):

About 160 years after the Lords nirvana, when Bhadrabhu-swmi was the head of the religious order and the
Nanda dynasty was ruling over Magadha region; Patliputra, the capital city, became the center of learning and
knowledge. At that time, there occurred twelve years of famine (around 350 BC). During that period of shortage
and scarcity, it was hard for Jain monks to observe the code of conduct of religion. Bhadrabhu-swmi therefore
decided to migrate to the south along with many followers. Under such circumstances they could not preserve
the entire canonical literature.
After the famine, a convention was called at Patliputra under the leadership of chrya Sthulibhadra.
The Jain monks asked one another what they could recollect, thus collecting eleven of the twelve
Angas. However, they found that nobody recollected the entire Drashtivda, the twelfth Anga. At that
time, chrya Bhadrabhu alone possessed the knowledge of the Drashtivda, but he had chosen a
yogic path of a special sort and was in Nepal. Therefore, the Jain community requested chrya
Sthulibhadra and many other monks to go to Bhadrabhu to learn the text of the Drashtivda from him.
The Drashtivda, being the twelfth Anga gam book, contained fourteen Purva-sutras. Of those
monks, Sthulibhadra alone was successful in acquiring the knowledge of it. However, after acquiring
the knowledge of ten Purvas, he misused the miraculous power earned through this. When
Bhadrabhu came to know this, he stopped giving lessons to Sthulibhadra. After beseeching by
Sthulibhadra and the Sangha, Bhadrabhu agreed to teach him only the text of remaining four Purvas,
but forbid Sthulibhadra to teach these four Purvas to others. As a consequence of this, there existed
the knowledge of 14 Purvas up to Sthulibhadra. After his death, the Order possessed the knowledge
of eleven Angas and only ten Purvas. Sthulibhadras death occurred 215 years after Bhagawn
Mahvirs Nirvana. In short, of the twelve Angas (Anga-pravishtha) composed by the Ganadhars,
eleven Angas bereft of the four Purvas were recovered by the Order assembled at the first council of
the gams. The version so prepared was not found acceptable to most of those who had migrated to
the south. They considered the version unauthentic and contended that the original gams had gotten
lost. This was the first major schism among the followers of Lord Mahvir.
Second Vchan in Vallabhipur and Mathura (Second Recension):

Even after the Patliputra convention, the gams remained unwritten and continued to be passed on
orally from preceptor to pupil. Memorizing must have taken its own toll. Moreover with the fall of the
Mauryan dynasty in 150 B.C., Patliputra ceased to be the main center of Jainism, because the Mitra
dynasty that took over was not favorably inclined to it. There was therefore a large-scale migration of
Jain monks and laymen towards Udaygiri Near present Bhuvaneshwar in the southeast and towards
Mathura in the west. All these factors contributed once again to variations in the version of gam
Sutras. After a twelve-year-long famine about 830 years after Bhagawn Mahvirs Nirvana, the
monks assembled in Mathura under the leadership of rya Skandil collected and arranged the Klik
Shruta on the basis of what they could recall and recite. Since this Vchan was done in Mathura, it is
called Mthuri Vchan. .
Synchronous with the council at Mathura, chrya Ngrjun convened a council of monks at Vallabhi
(Saurashtra) and tried to collect and arrange the gams. Then they were written down and the
recension was prepared after having corrected lengthy portions according to the context. The
Vchanis called the Ngrjun Vchan as well.
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Third Vchan in Vallabhipur (Third Recension):

150 years after the councils presided over by Skandil and Ngrjun at Mathura and Vallabhi
respectively, a council of monks presided over by Ksham-shraman Devardhi-gani was held at
Vallabhi (Saurashtra). It was decided to document all available Prakirna Sutras, and preserve the
Anga and other Sutras that were documented in the two former councils. In addition, the council was
to bring uniformity in the Sutras as far as possible by resolving the differences in Sutras. Of course,
the most important differences were documented in Churnis and Tiks.
This task was accomplished 980 years after Bhagawn Mahvirs Nirvana. After that event, the text of
most of the gam works available at present was finalized to the present time.
03 Classification of Jain gams

Both the Shvetmbars and the Digambars unanimously agree on the point that the Purva works have become extinct.
However, there are several works which refer to the Purvas. The Shatakhand-gam and the Kashya-prbhruta have
been composed by the Digambar chryas on the basis of the Purva works. Many literatures recognized as gams
by the Shvetmbars also have their source in the Purvas. At the present time the following 45 gams are available
that are acceptable to Shvetmbar Murtipujak tradition.
Classification of Shvetmbar Agams

11 Angas (the 12th Anga gam one is lost long back),
12 Upngas gam,
04 Mool Sutras gam,
06 Chheda Sutras gam,
10 Prakirna gam and
02 Chuliks gam.
Classification of Digambar Agams

In the absence of authentic gam Sutras, Digambars practice the Jain religion by following the literature
written by the great chryas from 100 to 1000 AD. It includes:
Shatakhand gam (First Main text)
Kashya Phuda (Second Main text)
Four Anuyogas
Dravyanuyoga)
(Prathmanuyoga,
Charananuyoga,
Ganitanuyoga
or
Karananuyoga,
and
Note - Four Anuyogas consist of more than 20 texts; such as Samaysr, Panchstikya, and
Pravachansr of chrya Kunda-Kunda, Tattvrtha Sutra of Umsvmi, Padma-Purn, di-Purn,
Mulchr, and Gommatsr.
04 Purvas
There were fourteen Purvas and they were huge. As explained before that these 14 Purvas are the part
of 12th Ang Agam called Drashtivda.
The First Purva is written with a volume of the ink equivalent to the size of one elephant. The Second one
was two times larger, and the third one was two times larger than second one and so on. Here is the list
and its subject matter:
No.
Name of Purva
Subject matter
01
Utpd Purva:
Living (Jiva), non-living (Ajiva), and its modes (Paryya)
02
Agryaniya Purva:
Nine realities (Navatattva), six substances (Shad Dravya),

etc.
03
Virya-pravd Purva:
Relating to energy of soul, non-living, etc.

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04
Astinsti-pravd Purva
Multiplicity of views (Anekntavda), Sapta-bhangi, etc.
05
Jnn-pravd Purva
Five types of Knowledge and three types of ignorance, etc.
06
Satya-pravd Purva
Truth, Restraint, Silence (Maun), Speech, etc.
07
tma-pravd Purva
Analysis of soul from different angles (Naya)
08
Karma-pravd Purva
Karma, its bondage, its nature, fruition, balance, etc.
09
Pratykhyn-pravd Purva
Giving up (Pachchakhn), restraint, detachment, etc.
10
Vidy-pravd Purva
Expertise (Vidy), exceptional abilities, practice, etc.
11
Kalyn-pravd Purva
Spiritual alertness (Apramda) and laziness (Pramda)
12
Prnavy Purva
Ten types of life substances (Prna), life span, etc.
13
Kriy-vishl Purva
Art, 64 arts of women, 84 arts of men, etc.
14
Loka-bindusr Purva
Three parts of universe, mathematics, etc.
05 Anga-pravishtha gams:
There is no difference of opinion among the Jain sects on the point that the basic source of the entire
Jain literature is a group of twelve Anga works composed by the Ganadhars. The Digambars
maintain that within a period of time after the Nirvana of Tirthankar Mahvir, the gams preached by
him have not been remembered in their entirety by Jain Shramans. However, the Shvetmbars tried
to preserve the gams and having compiled them, they found many things which have come down
from ancient chryas through oral tradition included in the Jain gams.
Jain Sects
Total Angapravishtha gams
Number of Angapravishtha gams

Lost
Number of Angapravishtha gams

Survived
Digambar
12
12
Shvetmbar Murtipujak
12
11
Shvetmbar Sthnakavsi
12
11
Shvetmbar Terpanthi
12
11
Subject Matters of Anga-pravishtha gams:

chrnga Sutra (yrnga):
This gam describes the conduct and behavior of ascetic life. It also describes the penance of
Bhagawn Mahvir. This is the oldest gam from a linguistic point of view.
Sutra-krutnga Sutra (Suyagadnga-sutta):

This gam describes nonviolence, Jain metaphysics, and the refutation of other religious theories
such as Kriy Vda, Akriy-vda, Ajnnvda, and Vinaya-vda.
Sthnnga Sutra (Thnnga-sutta):

This gam defines and catalogues the main substances of Jain metaphysics.
Samavynga Sutra:
This gam defines and catalogues the main substances of the Jain religion from a different
perspective than the Sthnnga Sutra.
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Vykhy-prajnapti or Bhagavati Sutra (Viyha-pannatti):

This gam explains the subtle knowledge of soul, matter, and other related subjects. Thirty-six
thousand (36000) questions and answers are presented in discussion form. It is the largest of the
eleven Anga-pravishtha gams.
Jnt-dharma-kathnga Sutra (Ny-dhamma-kah-sutta):

This gam explains Jain principles through examples and stories.
understanding the mode of Bhagawn Mahvirs religious preaching.
This text is very useful in
Upsaka-dashnga Sutra (Uvsagadaso):

This gam explains the code of conduct of the ten lay followers (Shrvaks) of Bhagawn Mahvir.
This gam is very useful for understanding the code and conduct of lay followers (Shrvak Dharma)
in the Jain religion.
Antakrit-dashnga Sutra (Antagadadaso):

This gam tells the stories of ten significant monks attaining liberation (Moksha) by destroying their
karma.
Anuttaraupa-ptika-dashnga Sutra (Anuttarova-viya-daso):

This gam contains the stories of an additional ten sacred monks who attained the topmost heaven,
known as Anuttara heaven.
Prashna-vykarana Sutra (Panh-vgaranim):

This gam describes the five great vows (Mah-vratas) and the five worst sins defined in the Jain
religion.
Vipk Sutra (Vivga-suyam):

This gam explains the results of good and bad karma through several stories.
Drashtivda Sutra:
The twelfth Anga-pravishtha gam, Drashtivda, is considered lost by all Jain Sects. The description
of Drashtivda found in the other Jain Sutras, indicates that this Anga-pravishtha gam was the
largest of all gam Sutras. It was classified in five parts, (1) Parikarma (2) Sutra (3) Purvagata (4)
Pratham Anuyoga and (5) Chulik. The third part, Purvagata contained 14 Purvas. They contained
the Jain religions endless treasure trove of knowledge on every subject.
06 Anga-bhya gams:
In addition to the twelve Anga works composed by the Ganadhars, other canonical literature (Angabhya) which was composed by Sthavirs or elder monks are also included as part of the Jain
gams. Such Sthavirs are of two types, Shruta-kevalis (one who comprehends the entire Shruta-14
Purvas) and Das-purvis (one who has acquired knowledge of the ten Purvas). Shruta-kevalis are
especially well versed in the meaning and essence of the gams.
Anga-bhya gams of Different Sects

The Digambars have accepted 14 texts, the Shvetmbars 34 texts, and the Sthnakavsis 21 texts
as Anga-bhya gams.
Jain Sects
Total Anga-bhya gams
Number of Angabhya gams Lost
Number of Anga-bhya
gams Survived
Digambar
14
14
Shvetmbar
Murtipujak
34
34
Shvetmbar
Sthnakavsi
21
21
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Terpanthi
04 - Two Frogs
21
21
The Digambars have accepted 14 text of Anga-bhya gams. However they believe that all Angabhya gams were also gradually lost starting about two hundred years after Bhagawn Mahvirs
Nirvana. Hence, in their opinion, the complete Jain gam literature was lost within a few hundred
years of Bhagawn Mahvirs Nirvana.
Per Shvetmbar tradition, Anga-bhya gams are Upnga-sutras, Chheda-sutras, Mool-sutras,
Chulik-sutras, and Prakirna-sutras.
Sub-classification of Anga-bhya gams of Shvetmbar Sects

Following is the list of number of Anga-bhya gams recognized as authentic scriptures by different Jain
Shvetmbar Sects:
Category of Anga-bhya gams
Shvetmbar
Sthnakavsi and
Murtipujak
Terpanthi
Upnga gams
12
12
Chheda-sutra gams
Mool-sutra gams
Chulik-sutra gams
Prakirna-sutra gams
10
None
Total Anga-bhya gams
34
21
Upnga Agam sutras:

The scriptures created in relation to Anga-pravishtha gams are called Upnga gams. They provide further
explanation of the Anga-pravishtha gams.
Aupaptika Sutra (Ovaviyam):

This gam describes the splendid procession (view) of King Konika when he visited Bhagawn
Mahvir. It also explains how a person can attain heaven in the next life.
Rja-prashniya Sutra (Ry-pasena-ijja):

This gam describes the story of Monk Keshi. Monk Keshi was the Ganadhar of Bhagawn
Prshvanth. He removed the doubts of King Pradeshi regarding the existence and attributes of
the soul. Monk Keshi made the king a follower of the Jain religion. After his death, the king was
born in heaven as a Deva. He appeared from heaven to shower Bhagawn Mahvir with
unprecedented pomp and splendor.
The thirty-two dramas (plays) described in this gam throw light upon the ancient dramatic art of
India.
Jivbhigama Sutra:
This gam describes the universe and the subtle description of all living beings (souls) of the
universe. It gives very important information to the scholars of biology and botany.
Prajnpan Sutra (Pannavan):

This gam describes the form and attributes of souls from a different perspective.
Surya-prajnapti Sutra (Suriya-pannatti):

This gam describes the Sun, the planets, and the associated mathematics regarding their
motion.
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Chandra-prajnapti Sutra:
This gam describes the Moon, the planets, and the associated mathematics regarding their
motion. Both of these Upngas, the Chandra Prajnapti and Surya-prajnapti, are very important in
understanding the astrology of olden times.
Jambudvipa-prajnapti Sutra:
This gam provides a description of Jambudvipa. Jambudvipa is a big island located in the center
of the middle world, as explained in Jain geography. The gam also provides information on
ancient kings.
Nirayrvali Sutra:
This gam describes the story of ten brother princes. All ten princes fought with King Chetak of
Vaishli, their half-brother, in cooperation with king Konika. In the end, all ten princes went to hell
after dying in war.
Kalp-vatansik Sutra (Kappvadamsio):

This gam describes the story of King Konikas children. They did not fight with King Chetak in
the war. They renounced the world and became monks. After their death, they went to heaven.
Pushpik Sutra (Puspio):

This gam describes the previous lives of certain Devas (angels) who worshiped Bhagawn
Mahvir.
Pushpa-chulik Sutra:
This gam describes stories similar to those in the Pushpik.
Vrashnidash Sutra (Vanhidaso):

This gam explains how Bhagawn Neminth convinced ten kings in the Vrashni region to follow
the Jain religion.
Chheda-sutras:
The subject matter described in the Chheda-sutras is for ascetics and not for lay people. It
provides the rule of conduct, punishment, and repentance for ascetics. It also explains how they
can repent for their sins and mistakes.
Nishitha Sutra (Nisiha):

This gam explains the procedure of repentance (Pryashchitta) in the form of punishment for the
monks and nuns who have violated the rules of ascetics.
Brahat-kalpa Sutra:
This gam explains which of the ten kinds of repentance (Pryashchittas) is appropriate for a
particular wrongdoing done by monks and nuns. It also defines the acceptable conduct of monks
and nuns.
Vyavahr Sutra*:
This gam describes the system of confession for monks and nuns who fall from proper conduct.
It explains the qualifications of the listening monk or nun and with what sort of feeling the
confession should be made. It also explains what sort of repentance (Pryashchitta) the monk
should perform. There are several other indications of the limits of ascetic life.
Dash-shruta-skandha Sutra (chradash):

There are ten chapters in this Sutra. It contains information relating to 20 places of Asamdhi, 21
major faults bringing weakness in conduct, 33 shtans of Guru, 8 Sampads of chryas and
their kinds, 10 places of Chitta Samdhi, 11 Pratims of layperson, 12 Pratims of ascetics
(monks and nuns), Kalpa-Sutra (recited during the Paryushan), 30 places of bondage of Mohaniya
Karma and 9 Nidnas (Niyane).
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Pancha-kalpa Sutra *:
This sutra explains the daily rituals the monks and nuns have to perform. Only scattered chapters
of this gam are now available. However, the commentaries (Bhsya and Churni) written about
this gam by some elder monks are available.
Mah-nishitha Sutra:
This gam explains the process of confession and repentance (Pryashchitta) for monks and
nuns. It explains the magnitude of pain one has to suffer if he or she breaks the fourth vow
(celibacy). It also describes and explains the conduct of good and bad monks.
Mool-sutras:
The scriptures, which are essential for monks and nuns to study in the early stages of their ascetic
life, are called Mool-sutras.
vashyaka Sutra:
The daily rituals or essentials, which are necessary to perform during the day and night for the
purification of the soul, are called vashyaka. A description of the six essentials (vashyaka) is
explained in this gam. The six essentials are Smyika, Chaturvimshati-stava, Vandan,
Pratikraman, Kyotsarga, and Pratykhyna.
Dasha-vaiklika Sutra:
This gam briefly describes and explains the conduct of ascetic life.
Uttardhyayan Sutra:
This gam has the same place in Jain literature as the Dhammapada in Buddhism and the Git in
the Hindu religion. It contains preaching regarding religious principles and practices and many
stories, dialogues, and examples based on such principles and practices.
Ogha-niryukti or Pinda-niryukti Sutra*:

This gam explains certain rules and procedures for monks with respect to traveling, staying, and
accepting food and other necessities from lay people.
Chulik-sutras:
The scriptures, which enhance or decorate the meaning of Anga-pravishtha gams are known as
Chulik-sutras or sometimes known as Chulik.
Nandisutra:
This gam contains an elaborate description of Tirthankars, Ganadhars, and five types of
Knowledge (Jnn): Mati, Shruta, Avadhi, Manah-paryava, and Keval-jnn.
Anuyoga-dvra Sutra:
This gam provides the description of many rights regarding the mode of preaching.
Prakirna-sutras:
The scriptures, which describe independent or miscellaneous subjects of the Jain religion, are
known as Prakirna-sutra.
Chatuh-sharana*:
This gam contains prayers to the four benevolent beings: a) Arihanta - God in the form of a
perfect human being, b) Siddha - God in the form of pure consciousness, c) Sdhu - Ascetics and
d) Dharma Religion.
tur-pratykhyna (ura-pachchakkhna)*:
This gam describes the types of vows a wise person should take during various states of illness
and how at the time of the death he should beg the pardon of all living beings in the universe.
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Bhakta-parijn (Bhatta-parinn)*:
This gam describes the process of fasting and how one should reflect at the time of death.
Sanstraka (Santhraga)*:
This gam describes the process of dying by ones own desire and its glory.
Tandulavaitlika*:
This gam describes the state of pregnancy and provides knowledge about the human body.
Chandra-vedhyaka*:
This gam describes the method of concentrated meditation (Dhyna) that one should observe
through the description of Rdhvedha.
Devendra-stava*:
This gam describes the names, positions, and residences of Devas (angels) that live in heaven.
It also provides a description of the moon, sun, planets, and stars.
Ganita-vidy*:
This gam describes palmistry and how it is used to predict the future (Nimitta).
Mah-pratykhyna*:
This gam explains how to completely give up the worst sins and how to repent for these sins.
Virastava*:
This gam is considered lost. However, it appears from literature referencing this gam that it
contained prayers of Bhagawn Mahvir.
*Note: the Sthnakavsi and Terpanthi Jain sects do not recognize 13 Anga-bhya gams.
07 Digambars Anga-bhya gams

Though the Digambars contend that Sthavirs composed fourteen Anga-bhya gams different from the twelve Anga
gams, they also believe that those Anga-bhya gams too have become extinct. The titles of these fourteen Angabhya gams are:
1
Smyika
Descriptions about equanimity
2
Chaturvimshati-Stava
Name of 24 Tirthankars, Kalynaks, special powers

(Atishaya), ways of their worship as a group.
Vandan
Ways to worship one Tirthankar in their temple etc.
Pratikraman
Description of seven types of Pratikraman.
Vainayiks
Description of five appropriateness of Vinaya.
Kritikarma
Ways to worship Arihantas, Siddhas, chryas, and

Sdhus.
Desvaksika
Ways to offer hr or Gochari to Monks.
Uttardhyayan
Ways to deal with calamities, and to tolerate 24

Parishahas by Monks.
Kalpa-Vyavahr
Ways for repentance by Monks on inappropriate

conduct.
10
Kalpakalpik
Appropriate and inappropriateness in reference to

subject, area, time and thoughts (Bhva), in the conduct
of Monks
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11
Mahkalpik
Activity of Monks in relation to time and powers of body

(Samvahanan) of a Monk
12
Pundarik
Reasons for achieving four types of celestial realm.
13
Mah-Pundarik
Reasons for becoming Indra or Prati-Indra, with special

reference to penance etc.
14
Nisithik
gam that contains various types of repentances.
Commentaries on the gams:

The commentaries on the gams have been written in Prkrit and Sanskrit. Those written in Prkrit
are known as Niryukti, Bhsya, and Churni. Niryuktis and Bhsyas are composed in verses while
Churnis are in prose.
Bhadrabhu II composed all the present Niryuktis. He flourished in the fifth or sixth century V.S
(Vikram Samvat). In his Niryuktis, he conducted philosophical discussions in an attractive style. He
laid the firm foundation of the Jain philosophy by writing on the subjects of Pramna, Naya, and
Nikshepa.
One should study the Bhsyas if one wants to have a complete picture of the full discussion on any
particular subject that had been carried on till the date of their composition. Among the authors of
the Bhsyas, Samghads-gani and Jinabhadra are the most famous. They belong to the seventh
century.
The Churnis that are available to us belong to the seventh or the eighth century. Among the authors
of the Churnis, Jinds Mahattar is famous.
The oldest Sanskrit commentaries on the gams are those written by chrya Haribhadra. He has
been assigned to the periods between 757 V.S and 857 V.S. Haribhadra had mainly given the
Sanskrit version of the Prkrit Churnis.
After Haribhadra, Shilnk-suri wrote Sanskrit commentaries in the tenth century.
After Shilnk-suri, Santya-chrya wrote the famous Sanskrit Brahat-tik commentary on the
Uttardhyayan -.
After him, the well-known commentator Abhaydev, who lived from 1072 to 1134 V.S., wrote Sanskrit
commentaries on nine Angas.
Here, we should mention the name of Maladhri Hemchandra who was also a Sanskrit commentator.
He was a scholar of the twelfth century.
However, among the authors of Sanskrit commentaries on the gams, Malayagiri holds the supreme
position. He was a contemporary of chrya Hemchandra.
Other scholars ten started writing Blvabodha commentaries in contemporary Apabhramsha, which
is an old Gujarati language.
Dharmasimha Muni of the 18th century rejects the interpretation given in the old commentaries and
gives his own interpretation. However, his interpretation fits in well with the tenets of his own sect
(Loka Gachchha), which had arisen in opposition to idol worship.
08 Digambar Recognized Literature

The Digambar sect believes that there were 26 gam-sutras (12 Anga-pravishtha gams + 14 Angabhya gams). However, they were gradually forgotten, starting from one hundred fifty years after
Bhagawn Mahvirs Nirvana. Hence, Digambars do not recognize the existing gam-sutras (which are
recognized by the Shvetmbar sects) as authentic scriptures.
In the absence of authentic scriptures, Digambars follow two main texts, three commentaries on the main
texts, and four Anuyogas, consisting of more than 20 texts, as the basis for their religious philosophy and
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practices. These scriptures were written by great chryas (scholars) from 100 to 1000 AD. They have
used the original gam Sutras as the basis for their work.
Shatakhand gam
The Shatakhand gam is also known as Mah-kamma-payadi Phuda or Mah-karma Prakriti Prbhrut. Two
chryas, Pushpadanta and Bhutabali, wrote it around 160 AD. The second Purva gam, named Agryaniya, was
used as the basis for this text. The text contains six volumes. chrya Virsen wrote two commentary texts,
Dhaval-tik on the first five volumes and Mah Dhaval-tik on the sixth volume of this scripture, around 780 AD.
Kashya-phuda or Kashya-prbhruta
chrya Gunadhara wrote the Kashya-phuda. The fifth Purva gam, Jnn-pravd, was used as a basis for this
scripture. chrya Virsen and his disciple, Jinsen, wrote a commentary text known as Jay Dhaval-tik around 780
AD.
List of Digambar texts

List of Digambar texts as they are used in absence of Original Scriptures:
Title
Description
Author[s]
Date
Shatakhand-gam or Mahkamma-payadi Phuda or

Mah-karma Prakriti Prbhrut
Original Sutra
chrya Pushpadanta and

Bhutabali
160
AD
Kashya-phuda or Kashyaprbhruta
Original Sutra
chrya Gunadhara
Dhaval-tik
Commentary on Shatakhand
gam Vol. 1 to 5
Virsen
780
AD
Mah-dhaval-tik
Commentary on Shatakhand
gam Vol. 6
Virsen
780
A.D.
Jayadhaval-tik
Commentary on Kashyaphuda
Virsen and Jinsen
780
A.D.
Four Anuyogas
1. Pratham Anuyoga / Dharma-kath Anuyoga (Religious Stories):
This Anuyoga consists of the following texts, which contain religious stories, art, literature, history,
poetry, and like literature.
Title
Author
Date
Padma Purn
Ravisen
650 AD
Harivamsa Purn
Jinsen II
783 AD
di Purn
Jinsen II
783 AD
Uttar Purn
Gunabhadra
879 AD
2. Charan Anuyoga (Conduct):

This Anuyoga consists of the following texts, which contain principles of observances, conduct,
behavior, and like literature.
Title
Author
Date
Mulchr
Vattaura
600 A.D.
Trivarnchr
Vattaura
600 A.D.
Ratna-karanda Shrvakchr
Samantabhadra
600 A.D.
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3. Karan Anuyoga / Ganita Anuyoga (Mathematics):

This Anuyoga expounded the texts, which had mathematical viewpoints. It consists of the following
texts, which contain geography, mathematics, astronomy, astrology, and like literature.
Title
Author
Date
Surya-prajnapti
Unknown
Chandra-prajnapti
Unknown
Jayadhaval-tik
Virsen/Jinsen
780 AD
Gommatsr
Nemichandra Siddhnt
1000 AD
4. Dravya Anuyoga (Philosophy):

This Anuyoga consists of the following texts, which contain philosophical doctrines, theories,
metaphysics, Tattva-jnn, and like literature.
Title
Author
Date
Niyamasr
Kunda-Kunda
100 AD
Panchstikya
Kunda-Kunda
100 AD
Pravachansr
Kunda-Kunda
100 AD
Samaysr
Kunda-Kunda
100 AD
Tattvrtha-Sutra
Umsvti
200 AD
Commentary on Tattvrtha-Sutra
Samantabhadra
600 AD
Pujyapd
700 AD
Akalank
750 AD
Vidyanand
800 AD
pta-mimms
Samantabhadra
600 AD
Commentary on pta-mimms
Akalank
750 AD
Commentary on pta-mimms
Vidyanand
800 AD
09 Non-gam Literature
Jains have tens of thousands of books which are not considered part of the Jain gams. These non-gam literary
works consist of commentary and explanation of gam literature and independent works compiled by ascetics and
scholars. They are written in many languages such as Prkrit, Sanskrit, Apabhramsha (old Gujarati), Old Marathi,
Rajasthani, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannad, Tamil, German, and English.
Examples of a few Digambar non-gam books are already discussed in the Digambar Literature section. Some
examples of a few Shvetmbar non-gam books are: Shri Tattvrtha Sutra, Shri Sanmati-tarka, Shri Pramna-naya,
Shri Sydvda-ratnkar, Shri Vishesh-vashyak-mahbhshya, Shri Tattvloklankr, Shri Kamma-payadi, Shri
Dharma-pariksh, Shri Dharma Sangrahani, Shri Yogadrashti-samuchchaya, Shri Yoga-shstra, Shri Yogabindu, Shri
Aneknta-Jayapatk, Shri Shstra-vrt-samuchchaya, Shri Jnnsr, Shri dhytma-sr, Shri dhytma-tmapariksh, Shri Anyayoga-vyavachchhedik, Shri Shnt-sudhras, etc.
10 Some Sacred Books

All Jain sects unanimously consider Shri Tattvrtha-Sutra as the main Jain textbook today. In this section,
we will give glimpses of Shri Tattvrtha-Sutra, Shri Uttardhyayan Sutra (Shvetmbar scripture), and Shri
Samaysr (Digambar sacred book). These are the three main textbooks used today.
Uttardhyayan-Sutra (gam Literature)

Uttardhyayan-Sutra is one of the most important scriptural texts and is the third Mool gam-sutra. Traditionally, it
is said to contain the last sermons of Bhagawn Mahvir. Many scholars presume that the current text seems to be a
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composite work of various dates. However, it is one of the earliest texts equivalent to the primary texts.
This text has various ways of narrating the Jain principles. They have been illustrated through parables, anecdotes,
episodes and historical stories. It contains 36 chapters; nearly a third of them have historical stories and episodes.
Some early chapters contain parables and different concepts of Jainism. The variety of methods applied in the text
makes the book highly illustrative and interesting. There are many short and long commentaries on this text written
since the ninth century AD. Its first English translation was published as early as in 1895; the text is now available
with translations into many languages: German, English, Hindi, Gujarati, etc. With the help of these translations,
any person can read, understand, and estimate the value of the book.
Let us now turn to the summary of the content of this important text. The book tells us that human life is rare and
difficult to attain. However, it is human life itself which leads us to ultimate happiness. Hence, it is necessary to
make the best use of the human life. One must try to enrich it with the highest values and enlightenment. It
disposes people towards the ascetic life, which is a life of better internal happiness. The text tells us that there are
four things which are rare:
Human life
Sermons of the Jinas
Right or rational vision
Right conduct of restraints
One must realize that Mahvir was the highest among the ascetics of his days. He had many followers with proper
faith and understanding. He inspired many people to his path as a means of permanent outer and inner happiness.
He also stressed the life of an ascetic, the path of detachment, where one would have to face 22 types of difficulties.
One would have to bear many hardships of a physical and mental nature to transform oneself as a true ascetic.
Uttardhyayan Sutra teaches us many points of ascetic life through the stories of Kapila, Nami, Mrugaputra, Sanjay,
Rathanemi, Jay-ghosha, Vijay-ghosha, and many more. They suggest that ascetic life accrues from previous good
Karma. One must think and act well all the time. A chapter tells us the story of an ascetic who is not given the due
regard by high caste people. Later on, his sermons yield him credit. Mahvir says that asceticism can be cultivated
without any restrictions of the caste and creed. This is the basis of universality of the Jain religion.
The text mentions that carelessness and indolence is not good. Too much attachment or indulgence is also bad. The
ambitions and desires of the men are limitless, causing dissatisfaction and leading to an unhappy life. One should
cultivate the good qualities and get away from bad actions and thoughts
A good number of chapters describe the basic tenets of the Jain system. The practice of these tenets is the method of
inner and outer purification. The Karma theory is the essence of the Jain system. The practice of equanimity
(Smyika) and meditation have also been described. The theory of Leshy (state of mind and karmic stains) is
explained as one of the most important psychological principles that reflect ones thought process.
Jainism is an action oriented religion. However, the sutra states that action bears results only when performed with
meticulous care without lapses or omissions.
The last chapter gives details about the living and the non-living world. It deals with physics, chemistry, botany, and
zoology. Nonviolence has been described in chapters dealing with the different qualities and vows of the ascetics.
Kalpa-sutra (gam Literature)

Traditionally, the most revered scripture for Shvetmbars is the Kalpa-sutra, read from the fourth to the eighth day of
Paryushan. Kalpa means an activity which enhances religious knowledge, conduct, and self-control. This scripture,
which gives rules for monastic life during rainy season, was originally the eighth chapter of the Anga-bhya gam
Dash-shruta Skandha. The chapter has in fact been made into a separate book, to which are appended both a
collective biography of the Tirthankars and a lineage of successors to the Ganadhars. chrya Bhadrabhu
composed these three chapters (1216 verses) in Ardha-Mgadhi language, collectively called Kalpa-sutra, in the 3rd
century B.C. In 454 A. D., for the first time it was penned down on palm-leaves (Tdpatris) during Vallabhipur
recension. Historically, it was recited only among Sdhus during Paryushan. However, the Kalpa-sutra has been
recited in public for over 1500 years, ever since Devardhi-gani chanted it before King Dhruvsen of Vallabhi to
relieve the kings grief over the death of his son. In 1879, a German scholar named Herman Jacobi translated and
printed the Kalpa-sutra for the first time.
The Kalpa-sutra has a detailed and lively description of Bhagawn Mahvirs life, as well as narration of His
previous 27 lives. The poetic depiction of the dreams of mother Trishal, celebration of the birth of Tirthankar
Mahvir, a few incidents of His childhood, procession for Diksh, the calamities endured by Him during the
monastic life, and Keval-jnn and Nirvana creates a vivid image in the listeners mind. The lives of Tirthankar
Rishabhadev, Neminth, and Prshvanth are also narrated in detail. On Samvatsari day, the entire scripture is read
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with great reverence.
Shri Samaysr (Non-gam Literature)

chrya Shri Kunda-Kunda Swmi wrote Shri Samaysr around 100 AD. About 800 years later, in the 10th century,
Shri Amrita Chandra chrya wrote a critique on Samaysr called tmakhyti. Shri Jaysen and Amratchandra
chryas also wrote critiques in Sanskrit. In this century, Shri Knji-swmi gave a detailed analysis on Samaysr in
a lecture series in Gujarati, which is an easily understandable language for many laypeople. Samaysr has been
translated into many languages including Sanskrit, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannad, English, etc. This text mainly explains
the Jain philosophical doctrine of the soul. It explains all the 9 reals (Tattvas) from an absolute point of view. The
text states that the souls bondage is not due to Karma but to ones own weaknesses in self-effort (Purushrtha).
Liberation of a soul will occur once he makes his own efforts; the scriptures and the enlightened preceptors are only
there to guide the soul in the right direction. Shri Kunda-Kunda Swmi said that from time immortal the soul has
forgotten himself and his own true nature. He showed the uniqueness of soul from other substances and their
modes, stressing the importance of right faith. The text maintains that right faith is the first step towards salvation.
The vows, penance, worship, prayer, etc. of right conduct will follow right faith. It stresses that one must forgo
wrong belief first to start religious progress. From an absolute point of view, the soul is pure, but from the practical
point of view, Karmas are attached to the soul by principal cause - auxiliary cause relationship. The main attribute
of the soul is knowledge, which can be experienced by any living being, and has been given great importance in this
book.
This book has 415 aphorisms divided into 9 chapters. They are as follows:
Living and non-living
Agent and his action
Good deeds and bad deeds
Inflow of Karma
Stoppage of Karma
Shedding of Karma
Bondage
Liberation
Total and pure knowledge
If one can understand this text, which is mainly written from an absolute point of view, then his understanding of
souls true nature will widen. He will thereafter believe that ultimately the good deeds and bad deeds both are to be
given up to obtain right faith and ultimately salvation. The ultimate goal is the purification of the soul to its own
innate form. To achieve this goal, one has to use instruments of right conduct such as penance, vows, prayers, etc.,
which are not to be considered as total fulfillment.
chrya Kunda-Kunda
Not much is been known about his life. He was born in a small village named Korari in the District of Guntoor in
Andhra Pradesha, India. He renounced the world and became a monk at the age of 11, and after 33 years of
meditation and penance, at the age of 44, he was bestowed the honor of chrya. He wrote in Mgadhi and Prkrit
languages. He lived to the age of 95, and transferred his chrya status to his disciple Umsvmi (Digambar
tradition). chrya Jaysen wrote in his commentary of Samaysr that through his spiritual powers, he traveled
through his Audrika-Sharira to Videha-Kshetra and listened to the sermons of Simandhar swami to enlighten his
knowledge.
Tattvrtha Sutra (Non-gam Literature)

Most of the original sacred literature of the Jains is written in the Ardha-Mgadhi language. This was the public
language in those days. However, eventually times changed and Sanskrit became the royal and elite language. The
Jain scholars also started writing their religious and other texts in Sanskrit. Tattvrtha Sutra is the first such Jain text
in terse aphoristic form. It has two more names: Tattvrtha Adhigama sutra (manual for knowledge of true nature of
things or realities) and Moksha Shstra (tenets of salvation). However, it is popularly known as the Tattvrtha Sutra.
The name Tattvrtha Sutra consists of three Sanskrit words: Tattva (true nature), Artha (things or realities) and sutra
(aphorisms of few words). It may, therefore, be called "Aphoristic Text on the true nature of realities, matching
the content of the text.
There is no definite information about when this text was composed. However, it is agreed that it must have been
composed during the age of elegant aphorisms. The early Christian centuries have almost every philosophical or
religious system in the east putting their tenets in short and sweet form. Brahm-Sutra, Yoga-Sutra, VaisheshikaSutra, Nyya-Sutra etc., represent aphoristic texts of different systems. Tattvrtha Sutra represents the aphoristic
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text of the Jain system. It must have been composed during 200-400 AD.
chrya Shri Umsvtis or Umasvmis creation of the Tattvrtha Sutra is is the most complete assembly of Jain
scriptures accepted by all the sects. Not much is known about the details of his life. He was born in a Brahmin
family in the village Nayogradhika. His father was Swati and his mother was Vatti. He renounced the world under
chrya Ghoshnandi (Shvetmbar tradition) or chrya Kund Kunda (Digambar tradition). According to the
inscriptions found by the archeologists, he is said to be from either the early second century AD or late first century
AD.
He is said to have been very learned in various Hindu, Vedic, and Buddhist philosophies along with having
extensive knowledge of geography, astronomy, philosophy of soul and life, etc.
Historians called him the most knowledgeable person in the language of Sanskrit. Jain scholars recognized him to
be the first one to write in Sanskrit.
There is a story about the origin of Tattvrtha sutra:
There was a learned scholar of the scriptures named Siddhaya. He once wrote on a piece of paper "faith, knowledge
and conduct is the path to Moksha and left his house for some reason. By chance that day, chrya Shri Umsvti
took hr (alms) at his house and happened to see that written statement by the scholar Siddhaya and added the
word "right in the beginning of his statement to read "right faith, knowledge, conduct is the path to Moksha".
When Siddhaya returned home he asked his mother who wrote this word before his sentence. After learning about
Umsvti from his mother, he went to the chrya and asked about Moksha and ways to attain it. The answers to
his questions were the basis for creation of Tattvrtha Sutra.
This text contains 344 or 357 aphorisms, separated into ten chapters of uneven length. The texts content related all
major theoretical and practical aspects of the Jain system for the first time. It is a small text but describes all of the
fundamental aspects of Jainism Both spiritual and scientific Jain principles have been described in this text. It
mentions that the object of a successful life is to attain ultimate, permanent inner happiness or salvation. This goal
cannot be reached until we follow a threefold coordinated path of right faith, right knowledge, and right conduct.
The path cannot be followed until we have the right knowledge about the realities of the world. The right
knowledge could be obtained either by self-intuition or through listening, reading, and analyzing the scriptures with
the help of the enlightened souls and spiritual teachers. The criteria could be satisfied only when one critically
evaluates our information through different organs of knowledge and viewpoints. This is the same process we apply
even today to get useful knowledge.
The text not only describes the methods of obtaining knowledge about the outer world, but it also describes how to
attain knowledge about the inner world. This requires purification of the body, the mind, and speech through
austerities and meditation. The text also gives the details of seven types of verbal and nonverbal viewpoints and the
theory of manifold predications. These are the basics for obtaining right knowledge. With the right knowledge
comes the right faith. With right faith and right knowledge to start with, the right conduct follows.
Umsvti must be given credit for arranging these elements in a proper order with respect to the process involved
and the principles of human psychology. The earlier literature shows numerical and ordinal variations. Umsvti
systematized the Jain system with a logical sequence.
There are infinite numbers of living beings in this universe and every living being wants to be happy. However,
everyones approach to attain happiness is not the same. The majority depend on material things to be happy. They
try to satisfy their desires by external means. This type is a temporary happiness which is followed by unhappiness
and more desires. Self-efforts (Purushrtha) are used to earn (Artha) to satisfy the desires. Our great chryas have
labeled these types of living beings as less developed. Then, there are those who depend on spiritual approaches
(internal means) to be happy. These approaches are self-dependent and involve self-efforts to practice dharma to
attain everlasting happiness (Moksha). These living beings are called more developed living beings
Therefore, the subject of this canonical book is everlasting happiness (Moksha) and in the first Sutra (aphorism) of
the first chapter three essential components to attain everlasting happiness (Moksha) are introduced.
The first verse of the first chapter is
(1-1)
"Samyag-darshan-jnn-chritrni Moksha Mrgah".

This is Jainism in a nutshell. It means that right faith, right knowledge, and right conduct collectively are the path to
liberation (Moksha). The next three verses mention the seven elements. The rest of the first chapter deals with the
process of cognition and details about different types of knowledge. The details about right conduct are included in
chapters eight and nine.
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The second, third and fourth chapters deal with the soul (Jiva).
The second chapter deals with the soul (Jiva).
The third chapter deals with descriptions of hell, hellish beings, human beings, animals, and Jain geography.
The fourth chapter deals with heaven and heavenly beings.
The fifth chapter deals with the non-soul (Ajiva).
The sixth, seventh and eighth chapters deal with the various types of karma and their manifestations, as well as the
inflow and bondage of karma (Bandha and srava).
The ninth chapter describes the stoppage and shedding off the karma (Samvar and Nirjar).
The tenth chapter is about the complete liberation of the soul or Moksha.
Saman Suttam (Non-gam Literature)

The book Saman Suttam is a brief compilation of the essential principles of the Jain religion and philosophy. It was
created in 1974 during the 2500th Nirvana anniversary of Lord Mahavir. The compilation is based on from various
Shvetmbar Jain gams, Digambar literature (Shstras), and some ancient texts. It contains 756 Sutras or verses, in
four main parts and 44 sub-sections. Its contents are meant to give the reader a general acquaintance with the
doctrines of the Jain religion, its code of ethics and the process of gradual spiritual advancement of life, in a
traditional but devotional manner.
11 Summary
The Jain literature, which was compiled by Ganadhars and Shruta-kevalis, is known as gam literature.
These texts are the Holy Scriptures of the Jain religion. The Jain gams consisted of 1) 14 Purvas, 2) 12
Anga-pravishtha gams and 3) Anga-bhya gams (34 for Shvetmbar Murtipujak, 21 for Shvetmbar
Sthnakavsi and 14 for Digambar).
All sects agree that the 14 Purvas and Drashtivda, the 12th Anga-pravishtha gam, are extinct.
Digambars believe that all Jain gams are extinct, whereas the Shvetmbar sects accept the existing
Jain gams as authentic teachings of Bhagawn Mahvir. However, Shvetmbar Murtipujaks believe that
there are 34 Anga-bhya gams existing while Shvetmbar Sthnakavsis believe that there are 21
Anga-bhya gams existing.
The composition of the scriptures has a specific purpose of showing the listener the path of everlasting
happiness and liberation. The gam Sutras teach eternal truth about conduct, equanimity, universal
affection, and friendship, and the eternal truths on thinking, namely, the principles of relativity and nonone-sidedness. It also teaches many spiritual attributes including great reverence for all forms of life,
soul, Karma, universe, strict codes of asceticism, rules for householders, compassion, nonviolence, and
non-possessiveness.
12 Names of Jain gam Literature

Sanskrit Name
Prkrit Name
00 Purva01
Utpd-Purva
00 Purva02
Agryaniya-Purva
00 Purva03
Virya-pravd-Purva
00 Purva04
Astinsti-pravd-Purva
00 Purva05
Jnn-pravd-Purva
00 Purva06
Satya-pravd-Purva
00 Purva07
tma-pravd-Purva
00 Purva08
Karma-pravd-Purva
00 Purva09
Pratykhyn-pravd-Purva
00 Purva10
10
Vidy-pravd-Purva
Vidynuvd-Purva
00 Purva11
11
Kalyn-pravd-Purva
Kalynuvd-Purva
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Other Name
00 Purva12
12
Prnavy-Purva
00 Purva13
13
Kriy-vishl-Purva
00 Purva14
14
Loka-bindusr-Purva
Triloka-bindusr-Purva
01 Anga-gams: 1
chrnga-Sutra
yrnga-sutta
01 Anga-gams: 2
Sutra-krutnga
Suyagadnga-sutta
01 Anga-gams: 3
Sthnnga-Sutra
Thnnga-sutta
01 Anga-gams: 4
Samavynga-Sutra
Samavo
01 Anga-gams: 5
Bhagavati-Sutra
Bhagavai-sutta
01 Anga-gams: 5
Vykhy-prajnapti
Viyha-pannatti
Vakkha-pannatti
01 Anga-gams: 6
Jnt-dharma-kathnga
Ny-dhamma-kahsutta
Nyasuya
01 Anga-gams: 7
Upsaka-dashnga
Uvsaga-dasnga-sutta Uvsagadaso
01 Anga-gams: 8
Antakrit-dashnga
Antagadadaso
01 Anga-gams: 9
Anuttaraopa-ptikadashnga
Anuttarova-viya-daso
01 Anga-gams: 10
Prashna-vykarana
Panh-vgaranam
01 Anga-gams: 11
Vipka-Sutra
Vivga-suyam
01 Anga-gams: 12
Drashtivda
Ditthivya
02 Upngagams:
Aupaptika
Ovaviyam
02 Upngagams:
Rja-prashniya
Ry-pasena-ijja
02 Upngagams:
Jivbhigama
Jivjivbhigama
02 Upngagams:
Prajnpan
Pannavan
Panaivayo
02 Upngagams:
Surya-prajnapti
Sura-pannatti
Suriya-pannatti
02 Upngagams:
Chandra-prajnapti
Chanda-pannatti
02 Upngagams:
Jambudvipa-prajnapti
Jambuddiva-pannatti
02 Upngagams:
Nirayrvali
Nirayvaliynam
02 Upngagams:
Kalp-vatansik
Kappvadamsio
02 Upngagams:
10
Pushpik
Pupphio
02 Upngagams:
11
Pushpa-chulik
Pupphachulio
Panhvgaranim
Ryappaseniyam
Kappavadinsina
m
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02 Upngagams:
12
Vrashnidash
Vanhidaso
03 Chhedasutras
Nishitha
Nisiha
03 Chhedasutras
Brahat-kalpa
Buhat-kappo
03 Chhedasutras
Vyavahra
Vavahra
03 Chhedasutras
Dash-shruta-skandha
chradash
Dassuyakkhandh
a
03 Chhedasutras
Pancha-kalpa
Panchakappa
Jiyakappa
03 Chhedasutras
Mah-nishitha
Mahnisiha
04 Mool-sutras: 1
vashyaka-Sutra
vassaya
04 Mool-sutras: 2
Dasha-vaiklika-Sutra
Dasaveyliya
04 Mool-sutras: 3
Uttardhyayan-Sutra
Uttarajjhayana
04 Mool-sutras: 4
Ogha-niryukti
Ohanijjutti
04 Mool-sutras: 4
Pinda-niryukti
Pindanijjutti
05 Chuliksutras:
Nandisutra
Nandisuyam
05 Chuliksutras:
Anuyoga-dvra
Anuogaddra
06 Prakirnagams:
Chatuh-sharana
Chausarana
06 Prakirnagams:
tur-pratykhyna
ura-pachchakkhna
06 Prakirnagams:
Bhakta-parijn
Bhatta-parinn
06 Prakirnagams:
Sanstraka
Santhraga
006 Prakirnagams:
Tandulavaitlika
Tandulaveyliya
06 Prakirnagams:
Chandra-vedhyaka
Chandvijjhaya
06 Prakirnagams:
Devendra-stava
Devindatthaya
06 Prakirnagams:
Ganita-vidy
Ganivijj
06 Prakirnagams:
Mah-pratykhyna
Mah-pachchakkhna
06 Prakirnagams:
10
Virastava
Viratthava
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Kappa
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E03 Jain Heroes

01 Great chryas of Digambar and Shvetmbar Traditions
Great writings by chrya Kunda-Kunda, which is about 2000 years old, are revered by all Digambars
as well as by many other Jains.
The Shatakhand gam by chrya Pushpadanta and Bhutabali is one of the most ancient (50-80AD)
scriptures accepted by Digambars.
The Tattvrtha-Sutra by Umsvti or Umsvmi is accepted by both major traditions, Shvetmbar and
Digambar.
chrya Siddhasen Diwkar lived during the time of King Vikramditya and wrote about many aspects
of Jainism. His Sanmati-Tarka is considered a masterly book and is enthusiastically studied by scholars
even at present.
Sarvrtha Siddhi of Pujyapd-swmi, in the 5th or 6th century, and Kashya-Phuda of chrya
Gunadhara are some of the major works written after the compilations of the gams, along with the
Shad-darshan Samuchchaya and the Yoga Drashti Samuchchaya of chrya Haribhadra-Suri, in the
8th century.
By that time, idol worship was firmly established and many temples were set up. This situation
necessitated the help of well-versed people for consecrating the idols and for performing various rituals.
In the Shvetmbar sect, this led to the rise of renegade monks known as Yatis. They used to stay in the
temples and therefore came to be known as Chaityavsis. They lived in affluence and availed
themselves of all the comforts of life. Haribhadra-suri was the first to criticize their excesses. However,
the evil continued long after that.
Noteworthy works after this period are the Mah-Purn of Digambar chrya Jinsen (770-850) and the
Trishashti (63) Shalk Purusha of Hemchandra-chrya (1088-1173). Both these works are
voluminous and deal with the lives of Tirthankars and other illustrious personalities.
During this time period, serious effort was made to curtail the excesses of Yatis in the 11th century by
Vardhamnsuri. This effort was continued by his successors Jineshwar-suri and Jindatta-suri. The
latter, popularly known as Dada Gurudev, founded the Kharatar Gachchha (Purer Sect) in about 1150.
The excesses of the Yatis, however, seemed to have survived even that onslaught.
Hirvijay-suri was the well-known chrya of the 16th century. He seems to have impressed even Mugal
emperor Akbar, who issued a proclamation forbidding animal slaughter on certain days.
The next two well-known personages are Yogi nandghanji and Updhyy Yashovijayaji. The real
name of the former was Lbhnandji, but since he remained absorbed in the nature of the soul, he is
popularly known as nandghanji. He wrote many thought provoking Padas; the best known is his
nandghanji Chovisi that contains devotional songs in admiration of all 24 Tirthankars. Updhyy
Yashovijayaji was also a prolific writer. He wrote about almost every aspect of Jainism in Sanskrit,
Prkrit, and old Gujarati.
02 Shrimad Rjchandra
Shrimad Rjchandra (1867-1901 A.D.), born to a Hindu father and a Jain mother, was extraordinary from
his early life. At the age of seven, he remembered his past life (Jti-smaran Jnn) and described his
experience as a proof of reincarnation. He also believed that his deep understanding and detachment
was because of his knowledge of last life. He had been writing poetry since the age of eight; at the age of
16 he wrote Moksha-Ml describing the Jain way as the true way and as the path of detachment. At
the age of 19, he displayed his ability to remember and answer 100 questions in an order called
Shatvdhn at Faramji Kavasji Institute in Bombay. At the age of 22 he married Zabakben and had four
children.
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He wrote some eight hundred letters which chronicle his spiritual development. A collection of these
letters is the one sacred text known as Vachanamrut to the followers of Shrimad Rjchandra. He also
wrote many small books like Bhvan-bodh, Sukh-sambandhi-vichar, and Namirja.
For him, the spiritual goal was the experience of the self, and once this was achieved, then so was the
spiritual deliverance.
In 1896, in one night he wrote a short verse (142 stanzas) treatise on his view of Jainism to his friend
Sobhagbhai. This tmasiddhi-shstra, Attainment of the Soul, defined six principles central to true
religion:
The soul exists, the soul is eternal, the soul is the doer of its actions, the soul is the experiencer of its
actions, the state of liberation exists, and the means of gaining liberation exists.
He emphasized that he did not belong to any Gachchha or sect, but only to his soul. According to him,
the nineteenth century decline of Jainism was due to excessive sectarianism and temple rituals.
However, later in his short life, Shrimad Rjchandra accepted that idol worship is an aid to spiritual
growth.
Many Jains see Shrimad Rjchandra as a great saint. His spiritual influence on Gandhi, and
consequently on India and the world, through the dissemination of Ahimsa (non-violence) and other Jain
principles, is incalculable. Unfortunately, he lived a very short life, but his work survives and is changing
lives of many, through religious centers established by his followers.
03 Knji-Swmi
Shri Kanji Swmi (1889-1980 A.D.), a Shvetmbar Sthnakavsi by birth, was initiated at a very early age
as a Sthnakavsi monk. At the age of 30,he studied Samay-sr. He gave discourses on Samay-sr
and largely succeeded in popularizing the old sacred texts of the great Digambar Jain saint chrya
Kunda-Kunda of South India.
He remained as a very renowned Sthnakavsi monk till the age of 45, and then he decided to become a
Digambar Shrvak. His greatest achievement is the revolution, to stimulate every householder for their
ability to study most difficult of the Jain canons, especially the educated masses.
He is given credit for Pancha Kalynaks (initiation ceremony of Tirthankar Murti) of about 95 temples.
While interpreting chrya Kunda-Kundas writings, Kanji Swmi explained the practical and absolute
point of views to ordinary householders and gave more prominence to Nishchaya Naya (from Souls
point), the absolute point of view, than to Vyavahr Naya, the practical point of view. The movement he
started in 1934, stressing inward thought rather than external ritual, attracted followers who hold him in
great reverence.
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F01 Story Tirthankars

01 - Bhagwn Mahvir
02 - Bhagwn Prshvanth
03 - Bhagwn Neminth
04 - Bhagwn Mallinth
05 - Bhagwn dinth
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01 - Bhagwn Mahvir
Previous Lives
The lives of Bhagawn Mahvir are counted from his life as Nayasr, when he attained self-realization
(Samyaktva). The significant lives are Nayasr (life no.1), Marichi (life no. 3), Vishvabhuti (life no. 16),
Triprushtha Vsudev (life no. 18), Priyamitra Chakravarti (life no. 23) and Nandan Muni (life no. 25).
In the life of Nandan Muni, he attained Tirthankar Nm-karma. At the end of that life he was born as a
Deva. In the third life after Nandan Muni, he was born as Vardhamn Mahvir.
Birth and Childhood

About 2600 years ago, religion in India took a very ugly turn. The management of the original four
classes of society, Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras, had deteriorated. Brahmins were
learned people and considered themselves to be very superior. The fate of Shudras, or untouchables,
was terrible. They were required to serve the other castes, forever performing the most degrading tasks.
They were not allowed to engage in other professions. The importance of sacrifice as a symbol of giving
up and renouncing had been misconstrued and it had taken on a very violent form. Animal sacrifices
were performed regularly. People believed that these sacrifices would please the Gods and, in return,
their wishes would be fulfilled.
Under such social and religious conditions, Mahvir was born. It is believed that all Tirthankars are born
in the Kshatriya (warrior) royal family because it provides an environment that helps the Tirthankar
understand that there is no permanent happiness in material comfort.
Queen Trishal, like the mother of any other Tirthankar, saw 14 (by Shvetambar tradition) objects in her
dreams: lion, elephant, bull, Lakshmi, garland, full moon, sun, flag, vase, lotus lake, ocean, celestial
plane, heap of jewels, and smokeless fire. According to Digambar tradition, she also saw a pair of fish
and a lofty throne. When her husband, King Siddhrtha, asked the dream interpreters and scholars the
meaning of the dreams, they proclaimed that Queen Trishal would give birth to a Tirthankar.
While in the womb, Bhagwn Mahvir had once been very still so as not to disturb or provide any pain to
his mother. Not feeling any movement, Queen Trishal was very worried that something was wrong with
the baby in the womb. Realizing how worried his mother was on his behalf, he decided not to take the
religious vow of renunciation and leave his family as long his parents were alive.
Mahvir was born in the month of Chaitra on the 13th day of the waxing (increasing in size) cycle of the
moon in 599 B.C. as per the Indian calendar. This day falls in the month of April and is celebrated as
Mahvir Janma Kalynak day. Bhagawn Mahvir had an older brother named Nandivardhan and a
sister named Sudarshan.
Soon after his birth, Indra (king of heavenly gods) took the baby Tirthankar to Mount Meru and performed
the birth ceremony (Janma Abhisheka) with great rejoicing and celebration. After that he returned the
baby to mother Trishals bedside.
There was great rejoicing in the country. Since the moment the Tirthankars soul had been conceived,
there was continued enhancement in the glory, wealth, health and fame of the kingdom, and respect and
goodwill for the family. This is the reason the baby was named Vardhamn, which means ever-increasing
prosperity.
There are numerous incidences of courage and forgiveness throughout Vardhamns life as a child and
an adult. One day prince Vardhamn, a young boy of eight, was playing with his friends on the outskirts
of the city. At that very moment, Indra, the king of heaven, started praising the courage and fearlessness
of prince Vardhamn. Another heavenly god challenged the statement, believing that fear is present in all
humans. He decided to test Vardhamns courage. He assumed the form of a frightening cobra and
slithered near the children. All of the boys started screaming, but Mahvir stood there calmly and
fearlessly. He gently caught the cobra with his hands and placed it in the grass on the side.
The god, who had failed to frighten prince Vardhamn in the form of a cobra, decided to test his bravery
once more. Assuming the form of an ordinary child, he joined the group of children and suggested racing
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to a target tree. The winner was to piggyback ride on one of the losers and return to the base. The
heavenly god lost the game to prince Vardhamn and offered to carry him on his shoulders. However, as
soon as he had the prince on his shoulders, the god assumed a gigantic form. Without any fear, Prince
Vardhamn gave a mighty blow on his shoulder with clenched fists. The god could not withstand the blow
and, assuming his original form, bowed to the prince and returned to heaven. Indra and all the other
heavenly gods hailed the victory of prince Vardhamn and exclaimed that he was Mahvir, meaning
The Great Hero.
When Vardhamn was nine years old, his parents thought that it was time to impart formal education
upon him. They wanted him to learn martial arts befitting of a Kshatriya prince, so they decided to send
him to school.
When Vardhamn went to school he offered his respects to the teacher just like an ordinary child.
However, after teaching the first lesson, the teacher realized Vardhamn was more knowledgeable than
he was. After this, Vardhamns schooling ended and he returned to the palace.
Renunciation
Preparation for Renunciation
As a youth, Prince Vardhamn lived a very simple and disciplined life. Although he wanted to renounce
the world in search of eternal happiness, he had already decided not to leave the family while his parents
were alive when in his mothers womb.
At the age of 28, his parents passed away and he was now ready to take Diksh. So, he requested
permission from his older brother, Nandivardhan. Realizing that his younger brother was not an ordinary
person, Nandivardhan requested him to postpone his decision for two years, as he was still grieving for
their parents death.
Prince Vardhamn led a very simple life for one year. When he had exactly one more year of a
householders life left, he began donating all of his belongings and wealth to the needy and to those that
came to him. Every day he would donate many gold coins, jewels, precious stones, and clothes. This
unique and unprecedented charity impressed upon the minds of the people that Charity is a double
blessing - it blesses those who give and as well those who receive.
At the end of the year marked by generosity, Prince Vardhamn had attained perfect Aparigrahatva,
freedom from attachments and possessions. He was now fully prepared for the life of a monk. His elder
brother made elaborate preparations for the initiation and the country was filled with great excitement.
Indra and other heavenly gods participated in the ceremony. Gold and silver pitchers were filled with
water from various holy places. The prince was bathed with the holy waters, anointed with perfumed
pastes, dressed in royal garments, and decked with precious ornaments. At an auspicious moment on
the tenth day of the dark half of the month of Mrgashirsh, Prince Vardhamn left the palace forever in a
palanquin carried by Indra and the other gods.
Renunciation
After alighting from the palanquin, Prince Vardhamn removed all of his garments and ornaments and
handed them over to Indra. He stood under an Ashok tree and took the solemn vow of renunciation in the
presence of thousands of people. He then plucked all the hair on his head in four handfuls and the hair
on his chin and lips in one handful, known as Panchamusthi loch. After solemnly reciting the words, I
bow down to all the liberated souls, Mahavir accepted life-long renunciation. He took the five great vows
of non-violence, truth, non-stealing, celibacy, and non-possession in order to avoid accumulating new
karma and to annihilate past karmas. Right after initiation (Diksh), Mahvir acquired the ManahParyya Jnn, knowledge that allowed him to perceive the feelings and thoughts of all living beings.
Rejecting Indras Protection

Bhagawn Mahvir, an embodiment of perfect renunciation, detachment, and Ahims, once reached the outskirts of
a village named Kurmragrm. He motionlessly stood under a tree absorbed in deep meditation and observed the
vow of silence. A cowherd approached Mahvir and asked him to look after his bullocks while he visited the
village, to which Mahvir made no response. On his return, the cowherd found that the bullocks were missing. He
asked Bhagawn Mahvir about them but received no reply as Mahvir was still observing the vow of silence. The
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cowherd searched for his bullocks throughout the night, but failed to locate them. In the morning he returned to the
same spot and found the bullocks seated by the side of the standing saint. Thinking that Bhagawn Mahvir was a
thief in disguise, he became furious and rushed towards Mahvir, intending to thrash him with his whip. However,
Indra himself appeared and explained to him that the saint is not an ordinary wandering mendicant, but prince
Vardhamn, son of king Siddhrtha, who had recently accepted initiation.
Indra asked Mahvir if he could provide protection for future incidents like this. Mahvir replied in all humility that
an ascetic on a spiritual path reaches his goal of purity with the help of his own practice, courage, and discipline. It
is without the help of heavenly gods or humans that one should shed all of his karma to attain liberation. On hearing
this, Indra bowed with reverence and departed.
Afflictions by Sulpni
When the wandering Bhagawn Mahvir came to a village called Asthikagrm, he wanted to spend the night in the
temple dedicated to a demon (Yaksha) called Sulpni. The villagers warned him that the wicked Yaksha would
torture to death any traveler who were to spend the night in the shrine, but Mahvir was not swayed and insisted on
staying there overnight. The Yaksha became enraged and furious, thinking that this was a challenge to his powers.
He therefore tried to frighten Bhagawn Mahvir by assuming various forms of a ghost, an elephant, a cobra, and a
lion, but did not succeed. He then tried piercing his eyes, ears, nose, head, nails, and back. Even this extreme agony
failed to pierce the serenity of Bhagawns composure.
At this failure, Sulpni was drained of all his demonic energy, and a divine spiritual light illuminated him. Slowly
his anger subsided, fear dissolved, and a feeling of goodwill took over. He touched Mahvirs feet and humbly
begged Mahvirs pardon.
Chandkaushik
Leaving Asthikagrm, Mahvir proceeded in the direction of Shvetmbik town. The trail to this town passed
through a dense and desolate forest. When some shepherds saw Mahvir entering the forest, they warned him about
the black cobra with a venomous gaze living on the trail. The cobras hissing and gaze were known to burn plants
and trees and cause flying birds and standing humans to drop dead. As a result, no one crossed the forest where the
cobra lived. By his divine knowledge, Bhagawn Mahvir knew of the situation. In order to enlighten the cobra
with his universal love, he entered the forest and stood motionless in meditation near the place where the cobra
resided. The proud king-cobra rushed out of its hole, hissing and gazing at Bhagawn Mahvir. However, Mahvir
stood motionless and unperturbed. This made Chandkaushik even angrier and he blew poisonous venom towards
Lord Mahvir three times. The venom neither affected Lord Mahvir nor disturbed his meditation. Blind with rage,
the cobra sank his fangs into Mahvirs toe and injected of all his venom, but instead of blood, a milk-like substance
started flowing from his toe. Bhagawn Mahvir cast a gentle glance of compassion and said, Oh Chandkaushik,
be enlightened and attain peace of mind. Do not inject the venom of anger in your life.
When the cobra met Mahvirs gaze, he felt as if a wave of peace and tranquility had engulfed his inner self. The
cobra started contemplating and visualized his past lives (Jtismaran jnn) and realized that he had suffered
excruciating pain and degradation due to extreme anger and acute attachment during his previous two births. He
was full of repentance. He vowed not to look at anyone for the rest of his life, nor eat or drink anything. He decided
to lie still and atone for all his sins committed during the last three births and improve his future.
Chandkaushik peacefully retreated to his hole with his head inside while a portion of his body remained outside the
hole. After a while, when the people heard that Chandkaushik was no longer harmful to anyone, they came to see
him out of curiosity. They saw him lying quietly, and some started worshipping him by offering milk and food,
while others were still furious because he had killed their loved ones. They threw stones and beat him with wooden
sticks. The blood, milk, and food attracted ants, but Chandkaushik willingly suffered the biting and beating and
remained at peace with no trace of anger. He died after a few days. The self-restraint and control of his feelings
destroyed many of his bad karmas. Therefore, at the end of his life, he was born in heaven.
Chandanbl
During the twelfth year after initiation, Bhagawn Mahvir entered the city of Kaushmbi after a long penance. He
had decided to accept alms only after satisfying the following unspoken conditions: he would accept an urad
preparation from the corner of a winnowing basket given by a person with one leg on the threshold and the other
outside. She had to be a princess turned into a slave with a shaven head and legs bound by chains. She must be a
chaste woman performing the penance of Attam (three days of fasting) and should serve him with tears in her eyes.
Five months and twenty-five days elapsed, but no donor fulfilled these conditions. One day, he came upon
Chandanbl, a princess sold as a slave, shackled and shaved by the jealous wife of a rich merchant. She fulfilled all
the conditions so Bhagawn Mahvir accepted the alms.
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The full Chandanbala story can be found later into the Story Section.
The Last Calamity: Nails in His Ears

Once, in his thirteenth year of contemplation, on the outskirts of the village Chammani, Bhagwn Mahvir was
standing while absorbed in deep meditation.
A cowherd left his oxen near him and asked him to keep an eye on them. When he returned, he did not find the
cattle and so he inquired about the missing cattle. When he received no reply to his persistent queries, he became
furious and plugged hard grass pegs in the ears of Bhagawn Mahvir. Mahvir bore all of the pain patiently. From
there, Bhagawn Mahvir went to Pv.
While going for alms, he entered the house of a rich merchant named Siddhrtha, who was sitting in the company of
an eminent physician named Kharak. The physician immediately realized from the facial expression of Bhagawn
Mahvir that he was suffering from some acute pain. With great difficulty Mahvir was persuaded to undergo an
operation. He was made to sit in a basin filled with oil, given a massage and then the pegs were removed by means
of medicated pincers. The pain was so excruciating that even Bhagawn Mahvir cried out in agony. Afterwards, as
the doctor dressed the wound, Mahvir continued to remain calmly and quietly in deep meditation.
The full Last Calamity story can be found later in the Story Section.
Keval-jnn and Nirvana

Mahvir-swmi practiced severe austerities and deep meditation for a period of twelve and a half years.
During this period, he resided in parks, forests, and deserted places and observed fasts lasting from a
single day up to six months. Having beared all of the obstacles and tortures patiently and bravely, he had
now reached the highest stage of meditation. He reached the village Jambhik and stayed on the banks
of the river Rujuvluk. At that time, he was observing a fast of two days. In order to annihilate the
lingering remnants of the destructive karma, Bhagawn Mahvir sat down in the cow-milking posture.
His mind was absorbed in the highest type of meditation, and by destroying all his ghti karmas
completely, he attained absolute knowledge on the tenth day of the bright half of the month of Vaisakha.
He became omniscient, comprehending and visualizing everything in the whole universe. Free from all
ghti karma, he became an Arihanta.
The thrones of Indra and the other heavenly gods trembled the moment Bhagawn Mahvir attained
omniscience. Immediately, hosts of gods thronged there to celebrate the fourth Kalynak, or auspicious
occasion.
They constructed a divine assembly hall known as a samavasaran for Bhagawn Mahvirs first sermon.
He delivered the first sermon at night when only the gods were present. Then, Bhagawn Mahavir
traveled to Pvpuri and stayed in the garden named Mahsen. Here, the gods constructed another
samavasaran hall. Sitting under the Ashok tree, Mahvir delivered a sermon in the Ardha-Mgadhi
language.
Eleven Learned Brahmins Initiated as Ganadhars

Bhagawn Mahvir, endowed with many Atishaya or distinguished attributes, delivered a soul-stirring and heartfelt
sermon in the assembly of gods, human beings, and animals. Even though a great sacrifice was in progress
simultaneously in another part of the city, huge crowds were seen going in the opposite direction towards the
samavasaran. Indrabhuti of Gautam Gotra, the chief priest at the sacrifice, inquired where they were going and was
told about Bhagawn Mahvirs samavasaran. Upon hearing that it was attracting more people, his vanity was hurt
and he decided to put to test the so-called omniscience of the saint. Therefore, he decided to visit the samavasaran
accompanied by his disciples.
Mahvir called him by his name and, without being asked, resolved his doubts about the soul, upon which Gautam
along with his 500 disciples accepted monk hood. Hearing this, the remaining ten learned scholars at the sacrifice
came to the samavasaran and, upon having their secret doubts resolved, accepted initiation with 4400 disciples. In
this way, Mahvir established the four-fold Sangh and preached the path to liberation. Eleven learned Brahmins
became his principle disciples, known as Ganadhars.
Bhagawn Mahvirs Last Sermon at Pvpuri and Liberation

During the thirty years of his life as a Tirthankar, Bhagawn Mahvir preached his gospel of Ahims to millions of
people and initiated thousands of disciples into monkhood. At the age of seventy-two, he came to Pvpuri to spend
his final monsoon season, in the year 527 BC. In the month of Ashwin he observed a two-day fast, taking neither
food nor water. Sitting in the lotus posture on a golden lotus, he delivered his last and longest sermon which lasted
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for forty-eight hours before the four-fold Sangh. (This sermon was later compiled in the Jain scriptures and is
known as Uttardhyayan Sutra.)
In the early morning of the new-moon night, Bhagawn Mahvirs remaining four types of non-destructive karma
were destroyed. And thus, with all the eight karma completely annihilated, his soul soared high, reached the
pinnacle of Loka and went to the permanent abode of Siddhas, never to return again. And thus Bhagawn Mahvir
achieved the highest goal: liberation.
Funeral Rites performed by Heavenly Gods and Human Beings

At the time of Bhagawn Mahvirs nirvana, all the eighteen rulers of the various states were present. When the
light of his knowledge was extinguished from the world, they lighted numerous earthen lamps, beginning the
tradition of the Festival of Lights known as Deepvali or Diwali. Upon Bhagawn Mahvirs achieving the fifth
Kalynak, Indra and the other gods flew down to earth to celebrate. They bathed his body with holy waters, applied
sandal paste, dressed the body in rich garments and adorned it with a crown and other ornaments. He was carried in
a palanquin; millions joined the procession to pay their last homage. There was solemn music accompanied on
musical instruments. The palanquin was placed on a pyre of fragrant sandalwood; after the final prayers were
offered, the fire was lit. Later, perfumed water was sprinkled to extinguish the fire and the gods carried the molars
and the bones to heaven.
Teachings
Bhagawn Mahvirs sermons were compiled orally by his immediate disciples in the form of sutras in 12
books. These books are called Anga gam Sutras. Later, several learned chryas (Shruta Kevali
monks) compiled many more books to further explain the Anga gam Sutras. All these books are called
gams or gam Sutras and are considered as the scriptures of Jain religion. These gam Sutras were
passed on orally to future generations of ascetics, although over the course of time, some of the gam
Sutras were lost. Approximately one thousand years later, the memorized gam Sutras were organized
and recorded on tdpatris (palm leaves used as paper to preserve records for future references).
Moral:
In each incident of difficulty, we see the conquest of Mahvirs soul and mind over his physical
pain and suffering. His meditation and penance purified his soul. It helped him to separate
himself from perishable and mortal worldly things, and concentrate on the liberation of his
immortal soul.
Highlights:
Previous lives: Nayasr (birth no.1, attainment of Samyaktva), Marichi (birth no. 3), Vishvabhuti
(birth no. 16), Triprushtha Vsudev (birth no. 18), Priyamitra Chakravarti (birth no. 23) and
Nandan Muni (birth no. 25, attainment of Tirthankar Nm-karma, three lives before birth as
Mahvir).
Born to King Siddhrtha and Queen Trishal, who saw 14 or 16 dreams, in 599 BC
Brother Nandivardhan, sister Sudarshana
Incidents of courage and meditation: Cobra in childhood, cowherd, demon Sulpni,
Chandkaushik, nails in the ears
Important associated names: Chandanbl, 11 Ganadhars (Gautam Swami)
Teachings: Agam Sutras (12 Anga)
Achievement of nirvana at Pvpuri; Diwali
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04 - Two Frogs
02 - Bhagwn Prshvanth
About 3000 years ago, King Ashvasen was ruling over the Kingdom of Vrnasi, also known as Banras,
situated on the banks of the holy River Gang. He was a benevolent and a popular ruler and lived
peacefully with his queen, Vmdevi. On the 10th day of the dark half of the month of Mrgashirsh
(which usually falls in December), Queen Vmdevi gave birth to a son. In memory of observing a
passing snake during her pregnancy, her newborn son was named Prshva-kumr, because in the
Sanskrit language Prshva means nearby or in the vicinity.
Prshva grew up in the midst of wealth and happiness and became a very attractive young man known
for his courtesy, bravery, and valor. Many kings were eager to have their daughters marry him, and
eventually Prince Prshva-kumr was married to Prabhvati, a princess from a neighboring kingdom.
The wedding ceremony was performed with much splendor and Prshva-kumr enjoyed a blissful married
life with Prabhvati.
In the vicinity, there lived a mendicant named Kamath. During his childhood he had lost his parents and
was raised as an orphan. Disgusted with his miserable life he became a mendicant. As a mendicant, he
had no material possessions and lived on the charity of others. He practiced severe penance and
performed rituals called Panchgni (five fires). When he came to Vrnasi to perform the ritual, many
people were impressed by his penance and therefore worshipped him.
When Prshva-kumr heard about Kamaths ritual, he realized the violence towards living beings involved
in a fire. He came to Kamath and tried to dissuade him from lighting the sacrificial fire. Kamath denied
that any life could be endangered by his ritual. However, by extra-sensory perception, Prshva-kumr
sensed a snake trapped inside one of the burning logs. He asked his men to remove the log and carefully
chop it open. To everyones surprise, a half-burnt snake came out of the burning piece of wood. The
snake was so badly burnt that he could not be saved. Prshva-kumr recited the Namaskr-mantra for
the benefit of the dying snake. After death, the snake was reborn as Dharanendra, the king of gods of the
Nag kumrs (gods or angels that look like snakes) in heaven.
At this event, instead of feeling remorse or pity for the snake, Kamath was very annoyed by the
interference of Prshva-kumr. Since he was powerless at that time, Kamath resolved to seek revenge.
He began observing an even more severe penance and, at the end of his life, he was reborn in heaven as
Meghamli, the god of rain.
Observing the miseries that living beings had to experience in their worldly lives, Prshva-kumr
developed a high degree of detachment towards worldly possessions and relationships. At the age of
30,he renounced all his possessions and family and became a monk. Eventually, he was known as
Prshvanth. He spent most of his time meditating in search of the ultimate truth.
Once, while Prshvanth was in meditation, Meghamli saw him from heaven. He recalled how Prshvakumr had interfered in his fire ritual in his earlier life and saw his chance for revenge. Using his
supernatural powers, he brought forth all kinds of fierce animals such as elephants, lions, leopards, and
snakes to attack monk Prshvanth. However, Prshvanth, immersed in deep meditation, remained
peaceful and untouched. Meghamli tried a new tactic and brought forth heavy rains. The rainwater
touched the feet of Prshvanth and started accumulating. The water rose up to his knees, then to his
waist, and in no time it reached his neck, but Prshvanth remained focused in meditation.
Dharanendra noticed the situation and realized that Prshvanth, his benefactor from his last life, was
going to drown in the rising floodwater. Immediately, Dharanendra descended and created a lotus-form
with his tail so that Prshvanth would float on the water (it also said that Dharanendra placed a quick
growing lotus flower below Prshvanths feet to make him float on the water). He then spread his fangs
over the head and sides of Prshvanth in order to protect him from the pouring rain. Dharanendra then
severely reprimanded Meghamli for his wretched actions and asked him to stop the rain. All of
Meghamlis efforts to harass Prshvanth had been in vain. He was disappointed, but then realized that
he was unnecessarily creating trouble for the merciful Lord. He withdrew all his supernatural powers and
fell at Prshvanths feet with a sense of deep remorse, sincerely begging the Lord to forgive him for his
evil acts.
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During that period of distress, Prshvanth had been deep in meditation. He had not been aware of
Meghamlis attacks or Dharanendras protection. Prshvanth had developed perfect equanimity, so he
did not have any special affection for Dharanendra for the protection he had extended or hatred for
Meghamli for the distress he had caused. He continued developing a higher purity of consciousness
after this, ultimately attaining omniscience on the 84th day of his renunciation (the 4th day of the dark half
of the month of Falgun, usually falling in April).
After attaining omniscience, Prshvanth began preaching the true religion. He reinstated the Tirtha or
religious four-fold order and became the 23rd Tirthankar of the Jain religion. He had ten Ganadhars, or
principal disciples, and eventually his parents and his wife, Prabhvati, renounced the world and became
his disciples as well. Thereafter, he lived long enough to spread the true religion before attaining nirvana
at the age of 100 at Sametshikhar, a hill in the state of Bihar and a famous Jain pilgrimage site.
Moral:
Prshva-kumr demonstrated a very keen sense of nonviolence and detachment from all material
possessions and from relationships with people. These are the qualities essential for attaining
self-realization. He showed us that one should be detached and impartial regardless of whether a
person is our well-wisher or enemy. We may not always know and understand the reason why a
person behaves in a strange way towards us; it may be because of our karmas from a past life.
Highlights:
Parshvanaths parents: Ashvasen and Vmdevi

Wife: Prabhvati
Mendicant performing fire ritual: Kamath (reborn as Meghamli, god of rain)
Snake found in log; reborn as Dharanendra, god/king of Nag kumrs
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04 - Two Frogs
03 - Bhagwn Neminth
A long time ago, the Ydava clan settled on the banks of the River Yamun in India. The major centers of
the Ydava community were Mathur and Sauripura, located in the present-day state of Uttar Pradesh.
When the Ydava king Samudravijay ruled over Sauripura with his wife, Shivdevi, they had a son, Lord
Neminth, and named him Nemkumr. Because his mother dreamt of a series of black jewels, called
Arista when he was in her womb, he is also known as Aristanemi.
King Vsudev, the younger brother of King Samudravijay, was the king of Mathur. He had two queens;
Queen Rohini, who had a son named Balrm (Padma), and Queen Devaki, who had a son named Shri
Krishna. Both Balrm and Shri Krishna were the ninth Baldev and Vsudev as per Jain tradition. Shri
Krishna is also the incarnation of Lord Vishnu (God) in Hindu religion.
During this time, hunting was a favored sport and gambling was considered a
Religious ceremonies included animal sacrifice, and the non-vegetarian diet
Meanwhile, the whole area of central India had been disturbed due to the prevailing
various kingdoms. King Kamsa and the oppressive king Jarsangh of Magadha, a
Jain tradition, instigated the worst problems.
respectable activity.
was very popular.
conspiracies among
Prativsudev by the
In order to protect the people, various kings of the Ydava clan, including Samudravijay, Vsudev,
Ugrasen, and Shri Krishna, migrated from Mathur and Sauripura to the West Coast of Gujarat, India.
Shri Krishna constructed the large and beautiful town of Dvrk on the seacoast near the Raivatak
(Girnar) Mountain. Its grand architecture and strong fortification made it heavenly, beautiful, and
unconquerable.
Ugrasen became the king of Junagadh, situated on the other side of the foothills of Mount Girnar. By his
wife Dhrini, he had a daughter named Rjimati or Rjul. She was a beautiful and graceful young girl and
many princes were eager to marry her. However, when she came to know of Nemkumr, she became
captivated and desired to marry him. King Ugrasen sent a request to Nemkumr of engagement to Rjul.
After considerable effort, friends and family persuaded Nemkumr to become engaged to Rjul.
Everyone was happy, thinking that Nem and Rjul would make an ideal couple. The two were engaged
and an auspicious day was fixed for their wedding ceremony.
For King Ugrasen, the wedding of his beloved daughter was a once-in-a-lifetime occasion and so he
made elaborate wedding arrangements. On the wedding day, Nemkumr mounted his chariot, specially
decorated for the wedding, and a large number of people joined to witness the gorgeous wedding
ceremony. However, as the procession was approaching its destination, Nemkumr heard the sobbing
sounds of animals. Moreover, on the side of the road, he saw large fenced areas and cages full of wailing
animals and birds.
Filled with sympathy and compassion, Nemkumr asked the charioteer why those animals and birds were
being kept in bondage. The charioteer informed him that the wailing sound was coming from the birds
and animals that were to be slaughtered for the wedding dinner. Upon hearing this, Nemkumr could not
bear the idea of violence being caused on the account of his wedding. He asked the charioteer to free all
the animals and birds and started thinking about how to prevent such violence. Can there be a way of
life that would extend peace and security to every living being? he asked himself. As he thought deep
into the matter, it was clear to him that he should explore a way of life that promoted the well-being of all.
He realized that after marriage, he might get too involved in worldly life and it would be hard for him to
embark upon such an exploration. Since the present seemed like the right time for him to explore the
truth that would lead to the happiness of every living being, he decided not to get married.
Everyone on the bridegrooms side was taken aback by his decision. His friends and close relatives tried
to dissuade him, but he calmly explained that his mission was to explore freedom from misery for all living
beings. He further explained, As these animals were prisoners in their cages, we all are prisoners in the
cages of karma which are much stronger than these fences. The feeling of joy is evident in the animals
released from the cages. Happiness is in freedom, not in bondage. I want to find the path to breaking
this bondage of karma and embrace eternal bliss. Please do not stop me. Then, he asked the charioteer
to turn back.
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After returning to his kingdom, Nemkumr spent a year donating all his belongings to the poor and the
needy. At the end of the year, he left his royal palace and went to the nearby Raivata garden. Under an
Ashok tree, he took off all his ornaments and royal dress and pulled out five fistfuls of hair, becoming an
ascetic along with one thousand others. Shri Krishna, deeply touched, blessed his cousin and wished
him success in his mission.
Monk Nemkumr first went to Mount Girnar and entered intense meditation. As he stood motionless,
trying to find the cause of all unhappiness, he realized that ignorance of the true nature of the Self led to
wrong perception, and consequent wrong actions resulted in all sorts of misery and pain. He therefore
dwelled deep on the Self.
After spending fifty-four days in deep spiritual meditation at Mount Girnar, Neminth destroyed all his
Ghti karmas, which were obscuring the true nature and power of the soul. He attained Keval-jnn and
became an omniscient. He established the four-fold religious order (Chaturvidha Sangh or Tirth) and
became the twenty-second Tirthankar of the Jain religion. Thereafter, he lived a long life preaching the
path of liberation to the common people.
Back at the time when Neminth was deciding to renounce his worldly life, Rjul was being adorned by
her girlfriends. She was eagerly waiting for the arrival of Nemkumr as the bridegroom when they heard
the news that he had turned back. No one could understand his decision. Rjul was in utter grief. Her
friends tried to console her in that hour of crisis. Some of them started cursing Nemkumr for putting their
beloved friend in such a miserable condition, while others advised her to forget the unpredictable
Nemkumr and look for another suitable match. However, in her heart, Rjul had accepted Nemkumr as
her husband and she could not even think of any other person taking his place. She did not like anyone
cursing Nemkumr or speaking poorly of him.
She also had some spiritual orientation. When she came to know of the reason for his renouncement,
she was able to overcome her grief. She realized that Nemkumr had left for a commendable purpose.
Appreciating his mission, she thought that the best path for her was to follow his footsteps. She absorbed
herself in religious practices.
When Rjul heard that Neminth had become an omniscient she went to the Samavasaran along with
many of her friends and took Diksh. She absorbed herself in meditation and penance and spent the rest
of her life as the head of the order of the nuns. In the end, after destroying all her karmas, she attained
liberation.
Moral:
Compassion towards animals is the hallmark of Bhagawn Neminths life story. Witnessing the
killing and torture of animals on his account ignited his passion to search for a path that freed all
from misery. Princess Rjuls story shows that she did not reproach him for his actions but
followed him on his search for truth. One should never reproach another for right actions.
Highlights:
Neminaths parents: Samudravijay and Shivadevi

Alternate names: Aristanemi
Birthplace: Sauripura
Witnessed cruelty to animals for his wedding and did not get married; decided to search for a
path leading to freedom from misery
Princess Rajul took Diksha after him
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04 - Two Frogs
04 - Bhagwn Mallinth
A long time ago, King Mahbal ruled over the city of Veetshoka in the Mahvideha region of
Jambudweep. King Mahbal had six very close childhood friends. The seven of them were so close that
they did everything together. None of them would do anything without seeking the advice of the others.
One day, a well-known chrya named Dharmaghosh-suri came to Veetshoka. King Mahbal and his
friends went to listen to his sermon and were very impressed. Mahbal realized that extreme misery and
pain exists in living a worldly life, so he decided to renounce worldly life. Upon sharing his intentions with
his friends, they agreed to do the same. His friends also renounced their worldly lives along with him.
King Mahbal and his six friends became monks and disciples of Dharmaghosh-suri.
As monks, these seven friends observed austerities and restraints together. Unbeknown to his friends
however, Mahbal sought more than just freedom from the pains of worldly life. He had an intense desire
to free every living being from suffering and to guide them all towards liberation. To achieve his objective,
Mahbal secretly observed longer austerities. Because of this intense penance and strong motivation,
Mahbal acquired Tirthankar-Nm-Karma. At the same time, because of this secrecy, he acquired the
karma that he would be born as a female in the future according to Shvetambar tradition.
All seven friends continued to observe increasingly difficult austerities throughout their lives. At the end of
their lives, they all attained a heavenly abode. After completing their heavenly life spans, Mahbal and
his six friends were born as human beings in different places.
During this time King Kumbha was ruling over the city of Mithil, India. He had a queen named
Prabhvati. While she was pregnant, she saw 14 (16 by the Digambar tradition) pious dreams indicating
the arrival of a Tirthankar soul. Since Mahbal had earned the Tirthankar-Nm-Karma and a female
gender, his soul descended into the womb of Prabhvati and was born as Princess Malli. (The Digambar
tradition believes that Tirthankar Mallinth was male and rejects the acquisition of female gender Karma).
A few years later, Queen Prabhvati had a son named Malladin.
The six friends of Mahbal were reborn as princes in different kingdoms. They eventually became
powerful kings of the cities of Hastinpur, Ayodhy, Champ, Kshi, Kmpilypur, and Shrvasti. All of
these cities were located in the present states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
King Kumbha and Queen Prabhvati lovingly raised their children Malli and Malladin. Princess Malli was
exceedingly charming and beautiful and grew up to be a very attractive girl. Malladin respected his elder
sister. King Kumbha wanted to give them the best education and therefore entrusted their training to
highly respected teachers who taught them all the required arts and crafts. Princess Malli mastered all
the fine arts and became a talented and accomplished princess. Malladin learned all the martial arts and
became a bold and brave youth.
At one point, King Kumbha decided to establish an art gallery in Mithil. A marvelous building was
constructed for this purpose and all of the well-known artists were invited to make their artistic contribution
to the gallery. One artist from Hastinpur possessed a special power to prepare an accurate portrait of
anyone by merely seeing one part of his or her body. He once happened to see the toe of princess Malli
and from that, he drew an accurate portrait of princess Malli on the wall. Even the smallest details were
accurately portrayed. It was so lifelike that when prince Malladin came to see the gallery and looked at
the portrait, he felt as if his sister were standing there and actually folded his hands as a token of respect
When he realized that it was merely a portrait, he was puzzled as to how the artist had obtained such
minute details of his sisters body. He was told of the special power and the talent that the artist
possessed. Although he recognized the rarity of this accomplishment, the prince also foresaw the
dangers of such a talent. He therefore wanted to prevent the use of that special power. The artist was
asked to abandon his art in return for a suitable reward. The artist refused and insisted upon his freedom
of artistic expression. In order to prevent the misuse of the artists talents, the prince ordered that the
thumb of the artist be cut off; the artist decided immediately to take revenge.
The angry artist returned to Hastinpur without one thumb. He found another artist who could draw a
portrait of princess Malli according to his instructions. In time he prepared an even more attractive portrait
of Malli and presented it to the king of Hastinpur (who was Mallis close friend in a previous life). The
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king was very impressed by the portrait, fell in love with Malli, and decided to make princess Malli his wife.
He sent a marriage proposal to King Kumbha of Mithil.
In the same manner the kings of Ayodhy, Champ, Kshi, Kmpilypur and Shrvasti also learned of the
exceptional beauty of princess Malli and sent marriage proposals. After considering these proposals,
King Kumbha did not find any of them suitable for Malli and rejected them all. This angered the six kings,
who decided to conquer the city of Mithil together in order to get princess Malli. King Kumbha faced
them with all his might but he could not withstand the combined strength of the invading forces. He
retreated back to his kingdom and closed the gates of the city. The invading forces then laid siege on
Mithil, but the city would not be able to withstand the siege for long.
When princess Malli came to know of the situation, she contemplated on the issue. Gifted with an
enlightened mind, she realized that the root cause of the problem lay in her earlier life. She recalled her
life as King Mahbal and realized that due to their deep affection for her in their previous lives, all six of
the kings even now desired to be near her. Malli decided that since she was the cause of the problem,
she herself should find a solution. She requested her father not to worry and to leave everything to her.
Upon remembering that the palace had a hall with six doors, Malli came up with a plan. Behind each door
she arranged beautifully furnished rooms. The doors of the hall were fitted with a fine screen through
which people sitting in the rooms could look into but not see what was happening in the other five rooms.
Malli commissioned a statue of herself so lifelike that anyone looking at the statue would believe that it
was the princess herself. The statue was hollow with a hole at the top which could be covered tightly.
The statue was placed in the middle of the hall and a maidservant was asked to put a morsel of food
twice a day within its cavity and then close its top immediately.
Then, Malli requested her father to send invitations to all six kings to come to the hall to meet her. The
plan was to invite them to the hall in the evening and have them wait in the room assigned to them. At the
appropriate time, all of the kings came and occupied their respective rooms. As they glanced through the
screen, they immediately noticed the beautiful statue of Malli. Each of them thought it was Princess Malli
herself and anxiously waited to go inside. They also noticed that Malli was far more beautiful than they
had expected and fell even more deeply in love with her.
As they were waiting, princess Malli entered the hall through a secret tunnel and, standing behind the
statue, opened the top of the cavity. The food that had been put in the statue had rotted and emitted a
foul odor. The smell was so obnoxious that the kings had to cover their nose. Thereupon the real Malli
presented herself and asked why they could not stand the smell of the person whom they loved so much.
They admitted that they could not bear the foul odor.
Malli then explained that the food she ate was the same food in the statue. The food in her body did not
stink because her soul prevented the rotting. However, when her soul would leave the body, her body too
would start to decay. It is the nature of the body to degenerate, decay, and disintegrate. Malli asked the
kings, What is the purpose of being attached to a body when it is destined to rot eventually? Is it not
worthwhile to pursue something that will last forever?
As the kings stood there in amazement, she explained that in their past lives they were seven very close
friends who had done everything together. Upon hearing this, the kings recalled their past lives and what
they had renounced. The seven of them now felt an acute sense of detachment for the short-lived worldly
life. They all decided to renounce the world in order to enhance the spiritual pursuit that they had left
undone in the earlier life.
Very elaborate arrangements were made for the renunciation ceremony of Princess Malli. She gave up
everything and adopted self-initiation at a place known as Sahasrmravan. She destroyed all of her
destructive Karma (Ghti Karmas that affect the nature and quality of the soul) in a very short time and
attained Keval-jnn (omniscience) on the very same day, becoming the 19th Tirthankar of the Jain
religion. Thereafter she traveled throughout the country for a long time to show the path of liberation to
others. Ultimately, she attained liberation on Mount Sametshikhar.
The Shvetmbar tradition believes that Tirthankar Mallinth was a female and the other 23 Tirthankars
were male. Idols of Tirthankars represent the qualities of the Arihantas and not their physical body.
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04 - Two Frogs
Hence, the physical appearance of the idols of all the Tirthankars is the same without any indication of
male or female gender.
Moral:
This body is a mere vessel that holds the soul. Upon death, the soul simply moves to another
body unless one attains liberation from the cycle of birth and death. One needs to realize that this
veil of skin and flesh is mortal. Physical beauty is deceptive and temporary. Princess Malli made
this point through the statue and the rotten food. The importance of our human life is that it is a
means of attaining liberation from the cycle of birth and death. One needs to rise above the
physical aspects of life and use this life to progress spiritually so that the soul can attain
liberation.
Highlights:
Last life King Mahbal, with 6 close friends

Born to King Kumbha and Queen Prabhvati; brother Malladin
Six friends reborn as kings who desired to marry her; showed them temporal quality of worldly life
through statue with food inside.
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05 - Bhagwn dinth
Time is infinite. The Jain time cycle has no beginning or end. It continuously migrates from periods of
progress to periods of decline. According to Jain tradition, a period of progress, known as an Utsarpini or
an ascending order, is marked with all-around improvements, including longer lifespan, greater prosperity,
and overall happiness. On the other hand, a period of decline, known as an Avasarpini or a descending
order, is marked with all-around deterioration and decline such as a shorter life span and general gloom.
These two periods together make one time cycle.
Each Utsarpini and Avasarpini is divided into six eras called rs, meaning the spokes of a wheel. We
are currently in the fifth r of the Avasarpini period. It is also known as Dusham or Dukham (Unhappy)
r. Hindu tradition calls it Kaliyuga.
Until the end of the third r of the current Avasarpini, people lead a natural and simple life. The
population was small and Nature provided all the necessities for human beings; trees provided shelter
and enough leaves and bark for covering their bodies. With the help of the branches, they could erect
huts for protection from rain and extreme weather. When they felt hungry, they could pick their food from
the trees and bushes. There was enough flowing water for cleaning their bodies and quenching their
thirst. As such, there was no struggle for existence or rivalry for survival, and people spent their lives in
peace.
The people lived in tribes, each of which had a leader known as a Kulkar or king. Towards the end of the
third r, there lived a Kulkar named Nbhiry who peacefully managed his community. In due course,
his beautiful wife, Queen Marudevi, gave birth to Rishabh.
The worlds conditions started changing after Rishabh was born. There was an increase in population
and nature no longer remained as bountiful as it used to be. This gave rise to a struggle for the
acquisition and accumulation of the necessities of life; the emotions of jealousy and envy arose.
Nbhiry, as the leader of the community, tried to restrain the struggle to the utmost possible extent. As
Rishabha grew up to be a bold, intelligent, and enthusiastic young man, Nbhiry entrusted the
management of the kingdom to him.
Rishabh was a visionary, a thinker, and an inventor. He foresaw that the struggle for survival would
become worse unless some system of producing the necessities of life was created. He realized that
people could make an effort to obtain what they need from nature instead of relying exclusively on natural
bounties. He therefore evolved the art of crop cultivation and taught people how to grow food and fiber.
Thus, he ushered in what we call the age of material civilization. To make the lives of people more
comfortable, he taught them how to make utensils, cook food, build houses, make clothes, cultivate land,
and raise animals like cows and horses. He also developed different arts and crafts to make a variety of
articles from wood, metal, and stone. Due to his efforts, the first city, named Vinita and later known as
Ayodhya, came into existence.
Rishabh sanctified the system of marriage and institutionalized family life, having married Sumangal, as
well as a woman named Sunand who had lost her husband. Thus, a social order was evolved and
Rishabh, as the first acknowledged ruler in human society, came to be known as King Rishabhdev.
During his long rule, he laid down equitable rules and regulations for ensuring peace and safety within his
realm, gaining the love of his kingdoms people.
Rishabhdev had 100 sons; the eldest two were called Bharat and Bhubali. He also had two daughters,
Brhmi and Sundari. These four children were experts in different arts and crafts. Bharat became a
brave warrior and a capable ruler. Jain literature indicates that India was named Bhrat after him.
Bhubali, true to his name (Bhu means arm and Bali means mighty), was known for his exceptional arm
strength. Brhmi evolved the art of writing and developed the Brhmi script in which most of the
scriptures were written. Her sister, Sundari, cultivated an exceptional talent in mathematics.
Rishabhdev was proud and happy of his achievements and felt content with his ruler ship. However, one
day an incident occurred that changed his way of thinking. As he was watching a dance, the dancer
suddenly collapsed and died. Rishabhdev was very disturbed by the sudden death and began pondering
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the death of the dancer. He soon realized that every phenomenon and every situation in the universe
undergoes changesno situation remains permanent.
Upon this realization, Rishabhdev decided to renounce worldly life in search of lasting happiness. He
gave Bharat the city of Vinita, entrusted the city of Taxshil to Bhubali, and distributed the other parts of
his vast kingdom to the remaining 98 sons. He then renounced all of his possessions and became a
monk in search of the ultimate truth. Four thousand of his associates and followers joined him in
renouncing worldly life.
As a monk, Rishabhdev traveled from place to place. He remained in a state of continuous meditation,
not thinking of food or water. However, his deep meditation meant that he could not guide his followers
on how they should live their life as monks. His followers were unable to fast like him, but they did not
want to go back. They became confused as to how to behave and decided to live on fruits and
vegetables obtained from the nearby jungles.
After some time, Rishabhdev could see their miserable condition. Jain monks are not supposed to pick
any fruits and vegetables from trees by themselves, but instead go to laypeoples houses for alms. He
therefore decided to demonstrate the way a monk was supposed to live. He started going from house to
house for alms in silence. However, people did not know what to offer Rishabhdev, their once beloved
king. They offered him ornaments, their homes, and other valuable items, but no one thought of offering
food. As a result, Rishabhdev had to continue fasting day after day.
After fasting in this way for 400 days (thirteen months and nine days), Rishabhdev passed by a
sugarcane farm located near the town of Hastinpur. The farm belonged to his great grandson,
Shreyns, who chose to offer Rishabhdev sugarcane juice. Thus, Rishabhdev finally ended his long fast
on the third day of the bright half of the month of Vaisakha. Known as Akshaya Tritiya, this day usually
falls in the month of May. In commemoration of Rishabhdevs fast, people observe a similar austerity
known as Varsitapa. As it is not possible for people to fast for 400 days, they fast on alternate days, and
after 400 days they break their fast with sugarcane juice on Akshaya Tritiya (Akhtrij) day.
After years of rigorous austerities and the search for truth, Rishabhdev attained Keval-jnn, or
omniscience, on the 11th day of the dark half of Falgun (which usually falls in March). In order to guide
people towards the right path, he established the fourfold religious order comprised of monks (Sdhus),
nuns (Sdhvis), laymen (Shrvaks), and laywomen (Shrviks). In this order, known as the Jain Sangh,
Rushabhsen, the son of King Bharat, became the head of the monks and Brhmi and Sundari headed the
order of nuns. As a founder of the religious order known as Tirtha, Rishabhdev was the first Tirthankar
of the current Avasarpini part of the time cycle. He is also known as dinth (di means the first or the
beginning and Nth means the Lord). After having founded the religious order, Rishabhdev lived long and
taught the truth about everlasting happiness.
Moral:
Along with the rules of ascetic life, Bhagawn Rishabhdev taught the noble and moral ways of a
householders life. The popular Jain austerity, Varsitapa commemorates his 400 days of fasting;
based on the example of the Dna Dharma (donation) of Shreyns, offering pure food to a Sdhu
is considered one of the noblest acts for a layperson, so that even if we cannot follow the ascetic
life, we can show our reverence for those further on the path to liberation in this way.
Highlights:
Son of King Nbhiry and Queen Marudevi

Born at end of third r; first Tirthankar of current Avasarpini
100 sons, eldest Bharat and Bhubali; two daughters, Brhmi (script) and Sundari (mathematics)
Shreyns offering of sugarcane juice; Varsitapa
Four-fold Jain sangh. Nirvana at Mount Ashtapad
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F02 Story - Ganadhars and chryas

01 - Gautam-swmi
02 - Ganadhar Sudharm-swmi
03 - Kevali Jambuswmi
04 - chrya Sthulibhadra
05 - chrya Kunda-kunda
06 - chrya Haribhadra-Suri
07 - chrya Hemchandra
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01 - Gautam-swmi
In 607 B.C., in a village named Gobar in the state of Magadha, lived a Brahmin couple named Vasubhuti
and Prithvi Gautam. They had three sons: Indrabhuti, Agnibhuti and Vyubhuti. All three sons were well
versed in the Hindu scriptures (Vedas) and were experts in the performance of Hindu rituals. They were
great scholars at an early age, and each one of them had 500 disciples.
Somils Yajna
Once, in the nearby city of App, a Brahmin named Somil had organized a Yajna (sacrificial ceremony). About 4,
400 Brahmins gathered for the occasion. Out of the eleven most popular scholars, Indrabhuti Gautam stood out as
the head priest conducting the ceremony.
The whole town was excited by this event in which they planned to sacrifice sheep and goats. As Indrabuti was
about to begin his ritual, they noticed many celestial beings from heaven descending towards the sacrificial site.
Thinking that this would make the sacrificial ceremony the most famous in history, Indrabuti inwardly rejoiced,
telling the people, Look at the sky. Even the celestial beings are descending from heaven to bless us. Everyone
eagerly looked up at the sky and awaited their arrival.
To everyones surprise, the celestial beings did not stop at their site. Instead, they continued past the site and headed
towards the nearby Mahsen forest. Indrabhuti soon learned that the celestial beings were not coming for the yajna,
but were going to pay homage to Bhagawn Mahvir, who had just attained Keval-jnn and was about to deliver his
first sermon in the language of Ardha Mgadhi or Prkrit.
Indrabhuti was furious that the celestial beings would not pay their respects to his sacrificial rite. He angrily thought
to himself, Who is this Mahvir? He does not even use the rich Sanskrit language to deliver his sermon, but speaks
the common peoples language of Ardha Mgadhi. He decided to debate with Mahvir in order to prove to the
celestial beings that he was more knowledgeable than Mahvir, and so he left the ritual with his 500 disciples to
debate with Mahvir.
Even though they had never met before, Mahvir immediately welcomed Indrabhuti by his name. At first,
Indrabhuti was caught off guard, but then he thought, Why shouldnt Mahvir know my name? I am Indrabhuti
Gautam, the famous scholar. However, it was really Bhagawn Mahvirs omniscience (unbounded knowledge)
that allowed him to recognize the Brahmin and know all of his thoughts. Mahvir knew that Indrabhuti had come to
debate with him. He also realized that Indrabhuti had doubts about the existence of the soul, or tm.
Mahvir asked, Indrabhuti, do you doubt the existence of soul? Then he explained that the soul exists and is
eternal. He provided the proper interpretation of the Hindu scriptures (Vedas) and convinced Indrabhuti that the soul
does exist. Indrabhuti was shocked and surprised that Mahvir had known his doubts about the existence of the soul
and the proper interpretation of his scriptures. Upon realizing how incomplete his knowledge had been, he felt
awakened and refreshed and became Mahvirs first and chief disciple at the age of 50. From then on, he was called
Gautam-swmi, as he came from the Gautam family.
Meanwhile, Somil and the other ten scholars were at the rite waiting to greet the expected winner of the debate,
Indrabhuti Gautam. However, they were stunned to learn that Indrabhuti had become a disciple of Mahvir. The
other ten Brahmin scholars, with their disciples, immediately set out to debate with Mahvir and became his
disciples, too. Dejected and abandoned, Somil cancelled the ceremony and set all the animals free. These eleven
learned scholars became the main disciples of Lord Mahvir and are known as the eleven Ganadhars.
This event occurred when Mahvir was 42 years old and had just attained omniscience. Mahvir lived for another
30 years. During that period, he continued to travel to different parts of the country in order to spread the message
of compassion and explain the path of liberation.
nand Shrvaks Clairvoyance Knowledge

Gautam-swmi was living his life as a Jain monk, observing all the austerities and following the five great vows.
Once, while returning from Gochari (getting food or alms), he learned that many people were going to pay homage
to nand Shrvak (a Jain layman). He also learned that nand Shrvak had attained clairvoyance knowledge, also
known as Avadhi-jnn, by performing severe penance and austerities. Since nand Shrvak was one of Mahvirs
followers, Gautam-swmi decided to visit him.
When nand saw Gautam-swmi approaching his house, he was very happy. Though weak from his austerities, he
got up and welcomed Gautam-swmi, who inquired about nands health and asked about his special knowledge.
nand respectfully replied to Gautam-swmi, Reverend Guru, I have attained Avadhi-jnn. With this knowledge, I
can see as high as the first heaven and as low as the first hell. Gautam-swmi explained to nand, A layman
(Shrvak) can attain Avadhi-jnn, but not to this magnitude. You need to do Pryashchitta (atonement) for believing
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you can do this. nand was puzzled. He knew that he was correct but his guru questioned his truthfulness and told
him to repent for it. He therefore politely asked Gautam-swmi, Does one need to repent for speaking the truth?
Gautam-swmi was equally puzzled and replied, No one has to repent for speaking the truth. Thinking that he
would confirm this with Bhagawn Mahvir, Gautam-swmi left nand.
Gautam-swmi returned to Bhagawn Mahvir and asked about nands clairvoyance knowledge. Mahvir replied,
Gautam, nand was telling the truth. He can see as high as the first heaven and as low as the first hell. Rarely can
a layman attain such a level of Avadhi-jnn. You should repent for your mistake of doubting him. Gautam-swmi
set aside his alms and immediately returned to nand and asked for his forgiveness.
Offering Food to 1500 Hermits

On another occasion, Gautam-swmi went to a temple on Mount Ashtpad to pay homage to the 24 Tirthankars.
The mountain was very difficult to climb. At the foothill of the mountain, fifteen hundred hermits were trying to
climb the mountain but were unsuccessful. Upon seeing Gautam-swmi complete this difficult journey, they were
very impressed and decided to be his disciples then and there. Gautam-swmi preached to them about true religion
and the correct ways of penance and accepted them as his disciples. All fifteen hundred hermits became Jain monks.
Gautam-swmi realized that they were hungry and offered them kheer (rice pudding) from a small Ptra (bowl).
They began to wonder how Gautam-swmi would feed all of them, but Gautam-swmi requested all the hermits to
sit down. Since he possessed a special power called Akshin-mahnasi Labdhi (non-diminishing power), he served
everyone kheer from his small bowl. While serving kheer, he kept his thumb in the bowl, invoking the power. To
everyones surprise, the kheer in this small ptra was able to serve all of them well.
Gautam-Swmis Keval-Jnn
As time passed, all the disciples of Gautam-swmi attained Keval-jnn, the ultimate knowledge. However, Gautamswmi was still unable to attain it. He became worried that he might not attain Keval-jnn in this life. One day,
Gautam-swmi asked Lord Mahvir, Ten other scholars joined me on the day that I accepted Diksh and all eleven
of us became your disciples. Nine of them have attained Keval-jnn. All of my disciples have attained Keval-jnn.
Why am I so unlucky that I am not able to attain Keval-jnn? Lord Mahvir replied, Gautam, it is because you
have too much affection for me. In order to attain Keval-jnn you must overcome all types of attachment, including
attachment to your beloved Guru. Until you give up your attachment towards me, it will not be possible for you to
attain Keval-jnn.
On the day that Lord Mahvir was going to attain nirvana (liberation), he sent Gautam-swmi to a nearby village to
preach to a man named Devsharma. On his way back, Gautam-swmi learned that Lord Mahvir had attained
nirvana. He lapsed into a state of shock and sorrow, Lord Mahvir knew that this was his last day on Earth. Why
did he send me away? Gautam-swmi could not stop his tears. He also thought, I could not attain Keval-jnn
while Mahvir was alive. Now there is no hope of attaining Keval-jnn because he is gone forever. However,
within a few minutes he realized his error and began thinking, No one can live forever. No relationship is
permanent. Why am I so attached to Lord Mahvir? He realized that he was wrong and gave up his attachment
towards Mahvir. During this deep thinking, he destroyed his ghti karmas and immediately attained keval-jnn at
the age of eighty. He attained nirvana at the age of ninety-two in 515 B.C.
Lord Mahvir attained nirvana on the last day of the Jain and Hindu calendar, known as Deepvali or Diwali.
Gautam-swmi attained Keval-jnn on the first day of the New Year.
Moral:
Gautam-swmi was a Brahmin by birth and a very well learned Pundit. When he met Bhagwn
Mahvir and realized that Mahvir was far more knowledgeable and spiritually advanced than him,
he let go of his ego and became his disciple.
Mahvir valued truth and would never conceal the mistake of his disciple to protect his own
image. At the same time, Gautam-swmi did not have ego that would prevent him from going and
asking for forgiveness for his acts towards others.
However, because of his attachment for Mahvir-swmi, he took a long time to achieve
omniscience even though many other disciples had attained it much earlier. In Jainism,
attachment to any individual is considered a passion. To attain omniscience, one must get rid of
all passions. When Gautam-swmi realized this and became detached, he attained keval-jnn.
Highlights:
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Parents of Gautam-swami: Vasubhuti and Prithvi Gautam

2 brothers of Gautam-swami Agnibhuti and Vyubhuti
Original name: Indrabhuti Gautam
Foremost Ganadhar (chief disciple) out of 11 of Bhagwan Mahvir
Anand Shravaks Avadhi-jnn
Mahavir Swamis nirvana on Diwali; Gautam Swamis Keval-jnn on New Years Day
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02 - Ganadhar Sudharm-swmi
Gautam Swami was not Bhagwan Mahavirs only ganadhar; in fact, there were eleven ganadhars. When
Bhagawn Mahvir attained nirvana, only two of the eleven ganadhars were still living: the first ganadhar,
Gautam-swmi, and the fifth ganadhar, Sudharm-swmi.
Of the two, Gautam-swmi attained keval-jnn the day after Mahvirs nirvana. It is a Jain tradition that a
Kevali monk or nun remains in a meditative state for the rest of his/her life and does not provide a
leadership role to other monks. Hence, Sudharm-swmi then became the leader of all of the ascetics
and the entire Jain community.
Sudharm-swmi was the son of a learned Brahmin named Dhammil and his wife Bhaddil. They lived in
a village called Kollag, now known as Kollua, in the state of Bihar. Dhammil and Bhaddil had both been
longing for a child, and Bhaddil worshipped goddess Saraswati (goddess of knowledge) faithfully. It is
said that the goddess, pleased by her devotion, blessed Bhaddil by promising her a highly accomplished
son. Soon after that, Bhaddil became pregnant, and in due course gave birth to a son named
Sudharm. He was born in 607 BC, making him 8 years older than Lord Mahvir.
Sudharm grew up under the loving care of his parents. At an appropriate age, he went to a well-known
shram (boarding school), where he diligently studied the Vedas, Upanishads, and all other Hindu
(Brahmanical) pieces of literature. By the time he returned from school, he was famous and well
respected as a learned Brahmin Pundit. He then started his own school, which became a center of great
learning. Over 500 pupils from all over the country came to study under his tutelage.
As a well-known Brahmin scholar, Sudharm was invited to the same yajna conducted by Somil that
Indrabhuti was to preside over. After Indrabhuti left to debate with Mahavir, his brothers and other
eminent attendees left as well, one by one becoming Mahavirs disciples. Soon, it was Sudharms turn.
Sudharm believed that every living being would reincarnate into its own species. In other words, human
beings would be reborn only as human beings. His theory was based on the analogy of plant life. An
apple tree produced seeds from which only other apple trees could grow, so living beings should only
reincarnate into the same species.
Bhagawn Mahvir welcomed him too and understood his thoughts. He calmly and patiently explained to
Sudharm that human beings could be reincarnated as humans or heavenly beings or even as animals
depending upon their karma. He addressed all of Sudharms doubts and explained to him the theory of
karma. Sudharm saw the wisdom of Bhagawn Mahvirs words and was convinced with the
explanation, and he too became a disciple of Bhagawn Mahvir along with his five hundred disciples. As
a ganadhar of Bhagawn Mahvir, he came to be known as Sudharm-swmi.
In the following years, Sudharma swmi always sat in front of Mahavir during his discourses and carefully
listened to what Bhagawn Mahvir had to say. This enabled him to compose Mahvirs teachings in the
form of Jain scriptures known as gams.
After Mahvirs nirvana in 527 BC, the leadership of the Jain order was left to Sudharm-swmi. During
the next 12 years in which he remained at the helm, he efficiently managed the Jain order set up by
Bhagawn Mahvir and spread his message far and wide.
Shvetmbar tradition believes that during this period of his stewardship, Sudharm-swmi organized
Bhagawn Mahvirs teachings into 12 scriptures, known as the 12 Anga gams. These original
scriptures (gams), are collectively known as Dwdshngi. Dwdasha means 12, and Anga means limb
(part). Many of the gams are composed in the form of questions asked by Jambu-swmi (Sudharmswmis disciple) and replies given by Sudharm-swmi, representative of Bhagawn Mahvirs words.
Sudharm-swmi attained omniscience in 515 B.C. and attained nirvana in 507 B.C. at the age of 100.
After attaining omniscience, the religious order was entrusted to his principal disciple, Jambuswmi.
Moral:
Jainism has deep roots and we practice it based on the scriptures that have been passed down
for many generations. The scriptures known as gams, compiled by the ganadhars, comprise of
the preachings of Mahvir-swmi. We do not have the benefit of the presence of such great
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monks as Gautam-swmi and Sudharm-swmi in this era, but we do have the benefit of learning
those principles from the scriptures. Thus, we should take advantage of the scriptures that have
been passed down through many generations.
Highlights:
At Mahavirs nirvana, he became the head of the Jain order and later achieved Keval-jnan
Organized Anga Agams by Shvetambar tradition
Disciple: Jambuswami
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03 - Kevali Jambuswmi
During the time of Mahavir-swami, there lived a wealthy merchant named Rushabhadatt in the city of
Rjgrihi. In 542 B.C., his wife, Dhrini, gave birth to a very handsome son whom they named Jambu. He
grew up to be a very bright and intelligent young man well-liked by everyone. When he became older,
many families were eager to have their daughters marry him. It was a normal practice in those days for a
man to have more than one wife, so his parents selected 8 girls from reputed families. Jambu was duly
engaged to all of them. It was a joyous time for all.
One day, Mahavir-swamis ganadhar, Sudharm-swmi, came to Rjgrihi to deliver a sermon, and Jambu
attended the assembly. The sermon encouraged him to develop a very high sense of detachment
towards worldly objects and family members, and he decided to renounce his worldly life. However,
Jambus parents were dismayed to hear of his intentions to renounce the world at such a young age. The
parents of the eight girls who were engaged to Jambu were also very worried that no one else would
marry their daughters because of their engagement to Jambu.
They all tried to convince Jambu to relinquish his plans of becoming a monk, telling him that the rigors of
an ascetic life would pose a challenge for him and that he did not realize what he was sacrificing. They
advised him to live a comfortable family life, reminding him of his obligations towards them and his future
wives. Jambu patiently listened to them, but he remained firm in his decision.
Finally, the parents made one last effort to persuade him. Thinking that Jambu would change his mind
after being married, they requested that he get married before they gave their blessing for his
renunciation. Jambu agreed to get married with one condition: he would become an ascetic the day after
his marriage. His parents agreed to this condition since they thought he would fall in love with the girls
once he was married and would give up the idea of renouncing the world.
The wedding took place on a grand scale. Jambus parents and those of the girls vied with each other to
best show their prosperity. Highly distinguished guests graced the occasion. The jewelry and other
precious gifts showered upon the newlyweds were the envy of everyone in attendance. Rjgrihi had
rarely witnessed such pomp and splendor. Everyone congratulated Jambu for marrying such beautiful
and glamorous wives and wished him perfect happiness.
Jambu spent that night in an elegantly decorated bedroom with his wives. However, he was unaffected
by the glamour of the wedding and the beauty of his wives. He had firmly decided to renounce the world
the next day and wanted to make use of the night to orient his wives for spiritual pursuit, so he began
explaining the transitory nature of life and the miserable nature of worldly relationships.
While Jambu was engrossed in a discussion with his wives, a famous burglar named Prabhav and his
500 followers entered his palace. Once the prince of Vindhya, a neighboring city, Prabhav had a
disagreement with his parents and left his palace, becoming a thief and a leader of 500 devout followers.
Prabhav had acquired special skills that were very useful for his current profession. He could put anyone
into a deep sleep and could break any lock.
Upon hearing of Jambus wedding, Prabhav had come to town to steal the fabulous treasures
accumulated. He used his skills to put everyone in the palace into a deep sleep and opened the locks.
Then, he and his 500 followers quickly entered the palace to steal the wedding treasures. But as Prabhav
approached Jambus suite, he heard Jambu talking to his wives. Somehow, his power did not affect
them! He came closer to the door in an effort to listen closely. To his utter astonishment, Jambu was
talking about renunciation and the misery associated with worldly life. His words were so powerful that
Prabhav became interested and continued listening.
He pondered over the irony of how hard he worked to steal wealth, while the owner of such wealth was
planning to renounce everything. Jambu continued to preach to his wives, and Prabhav quietly listened to
the conversation. His men finished stealing from the rest of the palace and urged Prabhav to finish the
job of stealing the jewelry located in Jambus bedroom so they could leave before the guards discovered
them.
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By now, Prabhav had lost his desire for wealth, had developed a disdain for the life of a burglar, and was
ready to change. He told his followers that he had decided to give up burglary. They were free to go on
their own. However, they said that they would not go anywhere without him. If he gave up robbing and
stealing, they would also give it up.
When Jambu finished the religious discussion with his wives, all eight of his wives were ready to
renounce the world. At this time, Prabhav came inside and said that he had come there to steal, but had
decided to renounce everything after listening to Jambus talk with his wives. He and his 500 followers
made up their mind to become Jambus disciples.
The next morning, the citizens of Rjgrihi awoke to some surprising news. Jambu, his eight wives, the
famous thief Prabhav, and his 500 followers were ready to renounce their worldly lives that day. Jambus
parents were at first saddened and disappointed that their wish had not materialized, but they quickly
realized the importance of Jambus message and decided to join him. Hearing the news and
understanding the message, the parents of the eight brides also renounced the world. A spectacular
procession followed Jambu on his way to see Sudharm-swmi. Jambu bowed to Sudharm-swmi and
became his disciple. Prabhav and his colleagues became Jambus disciples as well.
Jambuswmi studied the entire teachings of Lord Mahvir. Most of the original Jain scriptures (12 Anga
gams) are composed in the form of dialogues between Sudharma-swmi and Jambuswmi.
Jambuswmi became the head of the religious order when Sudharm-swmi attained omniscience. He
remained the head of the Jain order for 44 years and then attained Keval-jnn. He was the last
omniscient (Kevali) of the current time cycle. He attained nirvana at the age of 80.
Moral:
Jambuswmi firmly believed in renouncing the worldly life from the moment he listened to the
sermon of Sudharm-swmi. In fact, his thoughts were so convincing that he ultimately led
hundreds of others to follow him in their pursuit of liberation through the disciplined life of an
ascetic. He realized that material happiness and enjoyment of physical beauty is all superficial
and temporary. Also noteworthy was the burglars decision to change his life from that of
immorality to that of purity. The key is to focus on purifying the soul and helping others do the
same.
Highlights:
Jambuswami + 8 wives, thief Prabhav + 500 followers, Jambuswamis parents (2) + his wives
parents (16), all renounced worldly life after Jambus wedding
Sudharma-swamis disciple, head of Jain order after Sudharma-swami attained keval-jnan
Jambuswami was the last kevali of the current time cycle
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04 - chrya Sthulibhadra
The kingdom of Magadha, in the state of Bihar, possessed a long and rich history. During Mahvirs time,
it was ruled by King Shrenik of the Shishung dynasty. This dynasty ended with the death of Shreniks
great-grandson Udayi. Magadha then passed into the hands of the Nanda dynasty. Nine generations
later, Dhannand ascended the throne. This was around 300 BC, about 200 years after Lord Mahvirs
nirvana.
The greedy Dhannand was far from being a just and noble ruler. He had heard a legend about hidden
treasure that belonged to one of his predecessors and was desperate to get his hands on it.
Unfortunately, he had no idea where this treasure was hidden. However, he knew that the old Prime
Minister Shaktl, who had served his father, had knowledge of the treasures whereabouts. Dhannand
therefore tried everything he could to get the information from the prime minister and locate the treasure,
but Shaktl refused to provide any information about the whereabouts of this treasure. The king therefore
forced him to retire and the administration was entrusted to the other ministers.
Shaktl was a wise, highly respected person in the kingdom. Many scholars and high ranking officials
admired him and were eager to consult him on important matters. However, they avoided communicating
with him because they feared that the king would not approve of this.
Shaktl had seven daughters and two sons, Sthulibhadra and Shriyk. Sthulibhadra was smart, brilliant,
and handsome, but unambitious. From a very young age, Sthulibhadra had watched the performance of
a beautiful dancer named Kosh in Patliputra, the capital city of Magadha. Eventually, they fell in love
with each other. Though his family disapproved, Sthulibhadra was deeply in love and left home at the
young age of 18 to live with Kosh. He was infatuated with her and abandoned all interest in his career
and other family members. King Dhannand had intended to appoint him to a high position in the court,
but Sthulibhadra declined the offer. The king therefore appointed his younger brother, Shriyk, to the
position.
As time passed, things began to look grim for Dhannands reign. The citizens of Magadha witnessed
major political upheavals and turmoil. People felt dissatisfied with the current regime and looked for the
end of the Nanda dynasty. King Dhannand felt insecure and was suspicious of all his ministers and
advisors, including Shriyk and his father Shaktl.
Aware that the king was very suspicious of him, Shaktl became worried about the political future of his
younger son. Shaktl therefore decided to sacrifice his life in order to provide proof of Shriyks loyalty to
the king. He requested his son, Shriyk, to kill him in the presence of the king and other ministers. This
way, the king would have proof that Shriyk was a very loyal minister. Prior to the execution, he
explained to Shriyk that he would swallow some poison so that Shriyk would not truly (morally and
religiously) be responsible for his fathers death. Meanwhile, the king would feel that Shriyk was very
loyal to him because he had seemingly killed his own father for the king. Thus, Shaktl died seemingly at
the hands of his own son in order to prove his sons loyalty.
When Sthulibhadra learned about that tragic event, he was taken aback. By that time, he had spent
twelve years with Kosh and had never cared for anyone else. His fathers death opened his eyes, and
he started reflecting on his past. Twelve long years of my youthful life! What did I get during this long
period? Sthulibhadra realized that in his youth he had not acquired anything that would endure. The
tragic death of his father brought home the reality that all life comes to an end. Is there no way to escape
death? he asked himself. What is the nature of life after all? Who am I, and what is my mission in life?
Thinking deep into these questions, he realized that the body and all worldly aspects are transitory, and
physical pleasures do not lead to lasting happiness. He looked at his image in the mirror and noticed the
unmistakable marks of a lustful life. Having realized that he was wasting his youth, he decided to search
for lasting happiness. He left Kosh and went straight to chrya Sambhutivijay, the sixth successor to
Lord Mahvir. Surrendering himself to the chrya, he said that he was sick of his lustful lifestyle and
wanted to do something worthwhile with his life. The chrya considered his request carefully. Here was
a young man of thirty who seemed to have lost the vigor of youth. The lustful life he had led had taken a
toll on his body, but the brightness inherited from his illustrious father still glowed on his face. Seeing
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Sthulibhadras determined and humble state, the learned chrya saw in him a great future for the
religious order and accepted him as his pupil.
Sthulibhadra quickly adjusted to the new pattern of his life. The ambition that he had lacked in his youth
soon emerged in his adulthood. Keen to make up for lost years, he devoted all of his energy to spiritual
upliftment. He worked diligently, and in no time gained the confidence of his guru. He had successfully
overcome his senses of attachment and lustfulness and gained control over his inner enemies. It was
time for his faith to be tested.
The monsoon season was approaching and the monks had to settle in one place during the rainy season,
which generally lasted four months in the Indian climate. Sthulibhadra and three other sdhus who had
attained a high level of equanimity wanted to test their faith and determination by spending this time under
the most adverse conditions. Each one chose the most adverse conditions for themselves. One of them
requested permission from his chrya to stay at the entrance of a lions den. Another wanted to spend
the time near a snakes hole. The third wanted to spend the four months on top of an open well. The
chrya knew that they were capable of withstanding these hardships and permitted them to do this.
However, Sthulibhadra humbly asked to spend the monsoon in the picture gallery of the residence of
Kosh. The chrya knew how difficult this test would be for Sthulibhadra, but he also knew
Sthulibhadras determination and felt that spiritually, the monk would not progress any further without
passing this test. Therefore, he permitted Sthulibhadra to spend the monsoon at Koshs house.
Sthulibhadra approached Kosh and asked her for permission to stay in the picture gallery during the
monsoon season. Kosh was surprised to see him. He had left her in such an ambivalent state that she
had not been sure if she would ever see him again. At this time, she was missing him and was happy to
see him again, not knowing the true purpose of his return. For that monsoon season, they each had
different goals. Kosh endeavored to win him back into her life, using all of her seductive skills. She felt
that having him live in her picture gallery was to her advantage. In contrast, Sthulibhadras goal was to
overcome the strong temptation of Koshs beauty. Who would win? Sthulibhadras strong faith and
determination served him well during this test. He focused his mind on spiritual meditation, contemplating
the transitory nature of life and the need to break away from the cycle of birth and death. Ultimately,
Kosh realized the wastefulness of her life and became his disciple, and Sthulibhadra emerged spiritually
stronger from this experience.
At the end of the monsoon, all the monks returned and described their experience. The first three monks
described their success and they were congratulated. But when Sthulibhadra reported the success of his
test, the chrya actually rose from his seat in all praise and hailed Sthulibhadra for performing a
formidable task. The other monks became jealous. Why was Sthulibhadras feat so much more
impressive than theirs? After all, they had endured physical hardships while he had spent the monsoon in
comfort and security. The chrya explained that it was an impossible feat for anyone else. The first
monk then boasted that he could easily accomplish the same task the following monsoon. The chrya
tried to dissuade him from his intent, knowing that it was beyond his capability. The monk, wanting to
prove his spiritual strength to the chrya, persisted and was reluctantly given permission for the next
monsoon season.
The next monsoon, the monk went to Koshs place. The immodest pictures in the gallery were enough
to excite him. When he saw the glamorous Kosh, his remaining resistance melted away and he begged
for her love. After seeing the pious life of Sthulibhadra, Kosh had learned the value of an ascetic life. In
order to teach the monk a lesson, she agreed to love him only if he gave her a diamond-studded garment
from Nepal, a town 250 miles north of Patliputra. The monk was so infatuated that he left immediately for
Nepal, forgetting that monks were not supposed to travel during the monsoon. With considerable
difficulty, he procured the garment and returned to Patliputra, confident of receiving Koshs love. Kosh
accepted the beautiful garment, wiped her feet on it and threw it away in the trash.
The monk was stunned. He asked, Are you crazy, Kosh? Why are you throwing away the precious gift
that I have brought for you with so much difficulty? Kosh replied, Why are you throwing away the
precious life of monkhood that you have acquired with so much effort? The humbled monk realized his
foolishness and returned to his chrya to report his miserable failure. From that day onwards, there was
immense respect for Sthulibhadra throughout the community.
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Sthulibhadra played a major role in later years in preserving the oldest Jain scriptures, known as the
twelve Anga gams and the fourteen Purvas. Jain history indicates that chrya Bhadrabhu, the
successor of chrya Sambhutivijay as the head of the religious order, was the last monk to have
complete knowledge of all the Jain scriptures. Both chrya Sambhutivijay and chrya Bhadrabhu had
been the disciples of chrya Yashobhadra.
In those days, the Jain scriptures were memorized and passed down orally from guru to disciple. They
were not documented in any form. Under the leadership of chrya Bhadrabhu, Sthulibhadra
thoroughly studied eleven of the twelve Anga gams. However, an extended famine prevented
Sthulibhadra from studying the twelfth Anga gam, known as Drashtivd, which contained the 14 purvas.
During the famine, chrya Bhadrabhu-swmi migrated south with 12, 000 disciples. chrya
Sthulibhadra succeeded him as the leader of the monks who stayed behind in Patliputra. The hardships
of the famine made it difficult for the monks to observe their code of conduct properly. In addition, many
of the monks memories failed them and many parts of the Anga gams were forgotten.
The famine lasted for twelve years. After the famine, Sthulibhadra decided to recompile the Jain
scriptures. A convention was held in Patliputra under the leadership of Sthulibhadra. Eleven of the twelve
Anga gams were orally recompiled at the convention, but none of the monks at the convention could
remember the twelfth Anga gam and its 14 purvas. Only chrya Bhadrabhu swmi had this
knowledge; he had left southern India and was now in the mountains of Nepal to practice a special
penance and meditation. The Jain sangh therefore requested Sthulibhadra and some other learned
monks to go to chrya Bhadrabhu-swmi and learn the twelfth gam. Several monks undertook the
long journey, but only Sthulibhadra reached Nepal. He began to learn the twelfth Anga gam and its 14
purvas under chrya Bhadrabhu.
Once, Sthulibhadras sisters, who were nuns, decided to visit him in Nepal. At this time, Sthulibhadra had
completely learned 10 of the 14 purvas. He wanted to impress them with the miraculous power he had
acquired from learning the 10 purvas and knowledge from the twelfth gam. Therefore, he transformed
his body into a lion and waited for them to arrive. When his sisters entered the cave, they found a lion
instead of their brother. Fearful of what may have happened to him, they went directly to Bhadrabhuswmi. chrya Bhadrabhu realized what had happened and asked the sisters to go back to the cave
again. This time, Sthulibhadra had resumed his original form and the sisters were joyful to see him alive
and well.
However, Bhadrabahu-swmi was disappointed because Sthulibhadra had misused his special power for
such a trivial purpose. He felt that Sthulibhadra was not mature enough in his spiritual progress and
therefore refused to teach him the remaining four purvas. A chastised Sthulibhadra tried to persuade him
to reconsider, but Bhadrabahu-swmi was firm. It was only when the Jain sangh requested chrya
Bhadrabhu to reconsider his decision that Sthulibhadra was allowed to learn the remaining four Purvas.
But chrya Bhadrabahu attached two conditions for Sthulibhadra:
He would not teach Sthulibhadra the meaning of the last four Purvas
Sthulibhadra could not teach these four purvas to any other monk
Sthulibhadra agreed and learned the remaining four purvas.
Since Jain scriptures were not written down and chrya Sthulibhadra made significant efforts to save
them after the famine, his name stands very high in the history of Jainism. Even today, his name is
recited next to Lord Mahvir and Gautam-swmi by the Shvetmbar tradition.
Moral:
It is never too late to set high goals in life, and with determination, there is no adversity too
difficult to overcome. Though he was 30 at the time and had wasted 12 years of his life,
Sthulibhadra still renounced the world and successfully pursued an austere spiritual life. With
resolve, he also conquered his biggest inner enemy, desire, by returning to the place where his
desire had previously gotten the best of him. Ultimately, he became a famous Jain saint whose
name is still repeated in prayers for his great religious work.
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Highlights:
Sthulibhadra endured temptation in his former loves palace, becoming a respected monk for it
Convened first Vachana of Agams at Patliputra after a famine caused some Jain monks to go
south/knowledge of Agams to be lost.
Learned the Agams from Bhadrabahu-swami, the last Shrut-Kevali (one with full knowledge of the
Agams); due to a misuse of his power, could not teach the 4 Purvas to any other monks.
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05 - chrya Kunda-kunda
mangalam bhagavna viro, mangalam gautamo gani |
mangalam kundakundryo, jaina dharmostu mangalam ||
Bhagwn Mahvir is auspicious; Ganadhar Gautam Swmi is auspicious;
chrya Kunda-kunda is auspicious; Jain religion is auspicious.
chrya Kunda-kunda is one of the most famous Jain chryas.
As a descendant of Bhadrabhu-swmi, he was born around the beginning of the first century A.D. in
southern India in a place named Konda-konda. Kunda-kunda belonged to an ancient order called the
Nandi Sangh, wherein most monks assumed names ending in Nandi. His official name after becoming
a Jain monk was Padma-nandi, but he is better known by the place of his origin. Punya-Shrvak Kath
Kosha mentions that in his previous life, Kunda-kunda was a cow herder who had found and preserved
ancient texts and had been blessed by a wandering monk.
chrya Kunda-kundas intense learning and moral character attracted royal disciples such as King Shiva
Kumar. The story of Kunda-kunda is also surrounded by legends it is said that he could walk on air.
But his influence extends far beyond Jainism. In ancient India philosophical debates were a standard
feature of intellectual life. To these, Kunda-kunda brought concise and systematized aphorisms, greatly
adding to Jain literature. He used existing literary structures to explain Jainisms most advanced scientific
principles such as atomic structure, cosmic dimensions, the cosmic ethers, and psychology. Hindu and
Buddhist thinkers were challenged to respond to his explications of Jain philosophy and conduct. Thus,
Kunda-kunda elevated the level of scholarship and debate in Indias overall philosophical discourse.
A great organizer of the highly complex concepts of Jain philosophy, Kunda-kunda wrote five renowned
books:
Samay-sr (Treatise on the True Self)
Pravachan-sra (Treatise of Preaching)
Niyama-sra (Treatise on Rules of Conduct)
Panchstikya (Treatise on Five Universal Substances)
Ashta-phuda (Eight Steps), a collection of eight texts
All of his works are written in an ancient dialect known as Saurseni Prkrit, similar to Ardha-mgadhi
Prkrit. The organizing of Jain ideas into certain relationships and structures, taken for granted in recent
centuries, was a product of his thought. So extraordinary was this idea that many other books written in
this style by his pupils and other Jain scholars are popularly ascribed to him. In the Digambar tradition,
he is praised immediately after Lord Mahvir and the preceptor Gautam-swmi in the auspicious blessing
(Mangalcharan) prayer. Some Jains of the Digambar tradition dub their tradition Kunda-kunda Anvaya
(the order of Kunda-kunda). However, scholars of all sects study his books with deep veneration.
chrya Kunda-kunda has been called Light of this Dark Age. Several commentaries on his Samay-sr
have been written in Sanskrit and in modern languages. In recent centuries, the Samay-sr has greatly
moved leaders and scholars like Banrasi Das, Tarana Swmi, Shrimad Rjchandra and Gurudev Shri
Kanji Swmi. Today, in the southern state of Tamilnadu in India, on a large stone under a certain Champ
tree on the hill Ponnur Malai, pilgrims may stumble upon an engraved pair of footprints (Charan). These
footprints are symbolic of a thinker who, nearly two thousand years ago, composed some of Jainisms
most influential philosophical books.
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06 - chrya Haribhadra-Suri
During the sixth century A.D., there lived a learned Brahmin named Haribhadra. He was highly intelligent
and proficient in the philosophies of all religions. Among his many talents, he had the ability to determine
the point of his opponents argument almost immediately. During that time, it was common for scholars to
travel and engage others in debate to increase their wealth of knowledge. Therefore, Haribhadra traveled
and debated many brilliant scholars. Other scholars were unable to win discussions with him. His talent
allowed him to dominate all conversations. It was not long before he earned a formidable reputation, and
scholars began avoiding entering into a discussion with him.
When no one came forward to counter him, he concluded that he had no rival in the entire country.
Confident in his ability to comprehend any subject being discussed, he issued a public challenge that if
anyone could present a topic that he could not understand, he would readily become his/her pupil.
One day, as he was walking through the village, he came across a royal elephant so angry that it was
completely out of control. His keeper was trying his best to bring him under control, but the elephant was
not responding to his efforts. The elephant was running directly towards Haribhadra. In grave danger of
being trampled, Haribhadra frantically looked around for a safe place and saw a Jain temple. He entered
just in time to avoid being crushed by the charging elephant. Once inside, he paused to regain his breath
and then looked around the temple with disrespect. Haribhadra had no regard for Jainism. Because of
his prejudice, he remained ignorant of Jain philosophy. Brahmins were usually staunch Shaivites
(followers of Lord Shiva in Hinduism) and looked down upon those going to Jain temples.
As he looked around, he saw the white marble idol of Lord Mahvir facing him. Instead of seeing the
graceful compassion flowing from the eyes of the Tirthankars idol, Haribhadra only noticed that the
stomach of the idol did not epitomize the slim body of an austere saint. He surmised that Jain tirthankars
must have enjoyed sweet foods. He therefore made the following remarks:
Vapurevatavchashte Spashtam Mishtnn-Bhojitmit

Your stomach clearly indicates that you must enjoy eating sweet foods
When the elephant left the area, Haribhadra stepped outside the temple. On his way back, he passed the
Upshray of Jain nuns (Sdhvis). He heard the following verse that was recited by a Sdhvi named
Ykini Mahattar:
Chakkidugam Haripanagam Panagam Chakki Ya Kesavo Chakki

Kesav Chakki Kesav Du Chakki Kesi Ya Chakki Ya
Mahattar was explaining the order in which the Chakravartis (sovereign emperors) and Vsudevs were
born in the current Avasarpini time cycle. Jain philosophy believes in time cycles of very long durations
occurring one after another. One half of a cycle is called Utsarpini, or the ascending order marked with
continuing improvements, and the other half is called Avasarpini, or the descending order marked with
continuing deterioration. Tradition also holds that 24 Tirthankars, 12 Chakravartis (sovereign emperors),
9 Vsudevs or Nryans, 9 Prativsudev or Prati-Nryans (enemies of Vsudevs) and 9 Balrms are
born in every Utsarpini and in every Avasarpini time cycle.
As a student, Haribhadra had studied some Jain philosophy. However, his understanding was very
shallow and he could not comprehend the meaning of what Sdhvi Mahattar was reciting. Haribhadra
was at a loss. Finally, he had stumbled upon a subject he did not dominate, but to seek more knowledge
required him to become a pupil of Jain Sdhvi Mahattar. Despite his arrogance, Haribhadra was also a
man of his word, and without further hesitation, he presented himself to the Jain nun Mahattar. He
explained his pledge and requested her to accept him as a pupil. Mahattar explained that Jain nuns
could not have males as pupils. She advised Haribhadra to go to her guru, Jinabhatta-suri, who could
explain the meaning of the verse and he could become a pupil of her guru. Accordingly, Haribhadra went
to chrya Jinabhatta-suri, who explained the verse in the proper perspective.
The chryas explanation of the verse induced Haribhadra to learn more about Jainism, and he asked
the chrya to accept him as a pupil. Jinabhatta-suri agreed to accept him only if he obtained the
consent of his family and other close relatives. Haribhadra knew that it would be an ordeal to get their
consent to study Jainism. Indeed, his family immediately opposed his decision. His father challenged
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him, But you have studied so much to become a Brahmin scholar. Why would you want to give that up
now? His relatives, who had been so proud of his reputation, cried, But you are the best debater. Who
will you be now? However, Haribhadra persevered in the face of this resistance. He explained to them
that his knowledge would remain incomplete without gaining knowledge of Jainism in detail. For that
purpose, as well as for adhering to his word, it was necessary for him to become a Jain monk. He
ultimately succeeded in gaining the consent of all his family members. Then, he renounced his worldly
life and became a disciple of chrya Jinabhatta-suri.
He diligently studied Jain scriptures and other sacred books. His intelligence and perception soon
allowed him to achieve mastery of Jain scriptures. The study of the gams showed him the depth of Jain
philosophy in seeking the truth. Once he mastered all the relevant Jain literature, and when his guru
Jinabhatta-suri was thoroughly convinced about his true faith, his guru decided to bestow upon
Haribhadra the title of chrya. As chrya Haribhadra-suri, he managed the Jain order very capably
and efficiently. By virtue of his knowledge and intelligence, he attracted many people to Jainism. Many of
them also renounced worldly life and became his disciples. Under his stewardship, Jainism gained a
newfound popularity.
Amongst his many pupils there were two pupils named Hans and Paramhans, who were his sisters sons.
They were very intelligent, and Haribhadra-suri had high expectations of them. Once, Hans and
Paramhans requested him to allow them to go to a well-known Buddhist monastery in order to study the
weak points of Buddhism. Then, they could defeat the Buddhist monks in debate. Initially, Haribhadrasuri did not approve, but Hans and Paramhans persisted and ultimately secured his permission. They
went to the monastery disguised as Buddhist monks. Unfortunately, their secret was quickly revealed.
They decided to leave the monastery in disguise, but Buddhist people chased them, which ultimately
resulted in the loss of their lives.
When Haribhadra-suri learned about the tragic fate of his nephews, he was furious and vowed to punish
the Buddhist monks for their cruelty. He challenged them to a debate in the royal court, with the
stipulation that whoever lost would be put to death. Haribhadra-suris violent reaction to his nephews
deaths saddened Guru Jinabhatta-suri and Sdhvi Mahattar. Haribhadra-suri won the debate. Luckily,
Sdhvi Mahattar convinced him to abandon the idea of killing. Haribhadra-suri realized from this
episode that his undue attachment for Hans and Paramhans had led him to indulge in a violent attitude.
He therefore begged for atonement, and Guru Jinabhatta-suri advised him to compose verses that would
enlighten people to the right faith. This became another major turning point in his life.
Haribhadra-suri was a prolific writer. He wrote 1444 religious books, covering many aspects of Jainism.
Unfortunately, only about 170 of his books are presently available. The commentaries on Dash Vaiklikasutra, Tattvrtha-sutra, Pancha-sutra, and vashyaka-sutra are among his well-known compositions.
Moreover, he wrote Lalit-vistar, Dharma Sangrahani, Upadeshapad, Shodashtaks, Dharmabindu, and
Aneknta Jayapatk. He was probably the first Jain scholar to write on yoga in the compositions.
Yogabindu, Yoga-vinshik, Yoga-shatak and Yogadrashti Samuchchaya were among these compositions.
With such an output, Haribhadra-suri will always be remembered for his valuable contribution to Jain
literature.
Moral:
The entire life of Haribhadra-suri depicts his keen desire for learning. Even though he was an
established Brahmin scholar, he was humble enough to learn from a simple Jain Sdhvi. This is a
great lesson in humility. One should not let pride come in the way of acquiring knowledge. Jain
gams describe the essence of Jainism in a logical and convincing manner. A deep
understanding of the gams will lead one to practice the principles of Jainism with more
discipline and faith. The various compositions of Haribhadra-suri are very precious and help us
gain a better understanding of this complex but well-defined and logical religion.
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07 - chrya Hemchandra
chrya Hemchandra was born in 1088 A.D. in the Modha Vanik (merchant) caste in the town of
Dhandhuka, sixty miles from the city of Ahmedabad in the state of Gujarat. His parents were Chachadev
and Phini. While Phini was pregnant, she had a beautiful dream. She narrated her dream to Jain
chrya Devasuri who was in Dhandhuka at that time, and the chrya predicted that Phini would give
birth to a son who would make great progress in the areas of spiritual knowledge, conduct, and logic.
When her son was born, she named him Chngdev.
The next time chrya Devasuri was in Dhandhuka, he saw Phini carrying her son. He said to Phini,
Let me take care of this brilliant son. He has the potential of being a great spiritual leader. Phini initially
refused to relinquish her son to him, but the chrya persisted and reminded her that her son would
become a famous monk and would glorify the Jain order. He requested her to sacrifice self-interest and
love for the child for the good of the people at large. Finally, Phini surrendered and gave her son to the
chrya. He initiated Chngdev into Jain monkhood and renamed him Somchandra.
Somchandra was very intelligent and quickly mastered various philosophies, logic, scriptures, nyya,
grammar, and more. Simultaneously, he cultivated excellent virtues like forbearance, tolerance, holiness,
simplicity, discipline, chastity, and generosity. Somchandra was incomparable in administration and
efficiency, and chrya Devasuri made Somchandra an achrya when he was only twenty-one years old,
changing his name to Hemchandra chrya.
The fame of Hemchandras knowledge gradually spread everywhere. Due to the efforts of Hemchandra
and the cooperation of King Siddharj of Gujarat, a higher and nobler form of culture was established in
the region. When King Siddharj died, Kumrpl succeeded him. King Kumrpl and Hemchandra
chrya were to enjoy a lifelong relation of disciple and teacher. The seeds of this spiritual relation had
already been sown earlier; chrya Hemchandra had predicted seven years back that Kumrpl would
become king. Additionally, he had once saved the future kings life. Kumrpl therefore considered
Hemchandra his spiritual teacher (guru) and benefactor and gave him exceptional honor. Kumrpl
sought Hemchandras advice in shaping his kingdom, and in a very short time Gujarat became a center of
non-violence, learning, and good culture.
In his efforts, Hemchandra did not think of the development of his own career but always of the welfare of
all citizens. However, some Brahmins were very jealous of Hemchandra chryas influence over the
king and tried to disgrace him and Jainism. They approached King Kumrpl and said, Hemchandra
chrya is a very egotistic person and has no respect for Hindu gods. King Kumrpl was not ready to
accept these accusations against his spiritual guru, so to prove their point, the Brahmins requested King
Kumrpl to invite the chrya to the temple of Lord Shiva. They sought to humiliate the chrya in front
of the king, since they believed that he would not go to the temple and bow down to Lord Shiva. When
Hemchandra chrya appeared, King Kumrpl said, We will go to the temple of Lord Shiva. He
accepted the offer without any hesitation. The Brahmins, barely able to conceal their joy, were delighted
that their plan was working. To the surprise of the Brahmins, Hemchandra chrya bowed down in front
of Lord Shiva and said,
Bhavbijnkura janan Rgdyh Kshaymupagata Yasya;

Brahm V Vishnurv Haro Jino V Namastasmai.
I am bowing down to that God who has destroyed passions like attachment (Rga) and
aversions (Dvesha) which are the cause of worldly life whether he is Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, or
Jin.
By this modest act, Hemchandra chrya proved his noble attitude with his willingness to respect other
faiths and pray to the virtues of other deities. This generous attitude is inherent in Jain philosophy.
Jainism does not hold itself as superior to other religions, but as peacefully coexisting with them. Under
chrya Hemchandras influence, King Kumrpl accepted Jainism as his religion. He prohibited
violence and the killing of any animals in his kingdom, and instituted many laws that nurtured Jain religion.
Vegetarianism was soon a trait not only of Jains but also of all the people of Gujarat.
chrya Hemchandra composed several literary works consisting of many verses. He was the first to put
non-violence on a political platform and was the architect of the greatness and unification of Gujarat. In
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the field of metaphysics, he was a Yogi. His work, Yoga-shstra, a treatise on yoga, is very famous.
People called him Kali-kl Sarvajna meaning all knower in the present era of darkness. He died in
1173 A.D. at the age of eighty-four. Jain culture still shines bright in Gujarat due to the influence of the
literary works contributed by the great chrya Hemchandra.
Moral:
Mother Phinis sacrifice of her love for her son is very praiseworthy, demonstrating willingness
to serve the community over her self-interest or attachment for her son. Because of Hemchandra
chryas influence as a teacher, King Kumrpl accepted Jainism and became a Jain. It is
because of this that Jainism and vegetarianism flourish in Gujarat. Hemchandra chryas
contribution of numerous literary masterpieces is a treasure for us. Only by studying these
books, we can pay tribute to him.
Highlights:
Born Changdev in 1088 AD to mother Phini; renamed by chrya Devasuri

Great influence on Jainism in Gujarat, due to involvement with first King Siddharj and then, most
importantly, King Kumarpal
Bowed down to the virtuous attributes of Hindu gods, demonstrating Jainisms ability to coexist
with other religions
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F03 Stories Preceding Bhagawn Mahvir

01 - Bharat and Bhubali
02 - King Megharath
03 - Sage Nandisen
04 - King Shripl and Mayan-sundari
05 - Ilchikumar
06 - Monk Kurgadu
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01 - Bharat and Bhubali

Before his renunciation of worldly life, Lord Rishabhdev, or dinth, was known as king Rishabh and had
two wives, Sumangal and Sunand. By Sumangal, he had 99 sons, of whom Bharat was the eldest
and the best known, and one daughter named Brhmi. By the second wife, Sunand, he had one son
named Bahubali and a daughter named Sundari. All of them were given proper training in different arts
and crafts. Bharat became a great warrior and a politician. He was tall, well built, and strong, and hence
was called Bahubali. In Sanskrit, bahu means arm and bali means mighty. Brhmi attained a very
high level of literary proficiency. She developed the first known script, known as the Brhmi script.
Sundari was very proficient in mathematics. After Lord Rishabhdev attained omniscience, both girls
renounced their worldly lives and became his disciples.
As a king, Rishabhdev had the responsibility of a large kingdom. At the time of his renunciation, he
handed over the city of Vinit, also known as Ayodhy, to Bharat, and the city of Taxshil (Potanpur
according to Digambar scriptures) to Bhubali. He gave different parts of his vast kingdom to his
remaining 98 sons.
Bharat quickly established control over Vinita. He was an ambitious ruler and intended to become
emperor of the entire nation. For this purpose, he organized a strong army and started developing
different types of fighting equipment. He also possessed a miraculous wheel called Chakraratna
(Chakra means wheel and ratna means precious jewel) that would never miss its target. After
developing his army and weapons, he embarked upon his journey of conquest. There was hardly anyone
at the time who could withstand his well-equipped army. He easily conquered all the regions around
Vinit. Then, he turned his attention towards the lands of his 98 brothers and asked them to acknowledge
his superiority. They all turned to Lord Rishabhdev to ask for advice. Bhagwn explained to them the
importance of conquering their inner enemies (passions) and not external enemies. He also advised
them on how to attain liberation, a true kingdom. Having realized the futility of fighting with their elder
brother, the sons surrendered their territories to him, renounced worldly life, and became disciples of Lord
Rishabhdev.
Now, only Bhubali remained. However, he had a different vision and would not surrender. He was
conscious of his right to rule the kingdom handed over to him by his father. Moreover, he had the will and
capacity to fight any invader. Therefore, when he received Bharats request to accept a subordinate
status, he refused and began preparations to fight.
Both brothers were strong, and war between the two was sure to result in large-scale bloodshed.
Therefore, counselors on both sides tried to dissuade their masters from resorting to war, but neither of
them would give up his ground. War seemed inevitable as the brothers brought their armies face to face
on the battlefield. Everyone shuddered at the prospect of the heavy casualties that would result from the
imminent war.
The counselors then made one last effort. They explained to their masters that the main point of
contention was to determine which brother was superior. Instead of assembling a large-scale war for that
purpose, a fight between the two brothers would just as easily settle the issue and would avert
unnecessary bloodshed. Both brothers thought this was an excellent idea and immediately agreed. The
plan was to engage in a straight duel, and the victor of the duel would be acknowledged as the leader.
On the day of the duel, Bharat tried to beat Bhubali by using his various permissible weapons, but all his
attempts to defeat Bhubali failed. Bharat contemplated on how unbearable and shameful his defeat
would be. His ambition to rule the entire world was also at stake if he did not defeat his brother. He grew
desperate and ignored the rules of the duel by unleashing his miracle wheel, the Chakraratna, at
Bhubali. However, he had forgotten one important characteristic of the miracle weapon: it would not
harm any blood relatives of the bearer. Therefore, the wheel returned to Bharat and Bhubali remained
unharmed.
Bhubali became enraged by Bharats violation of the rules of the duel, and he thought of smashing the
elder brother with his mighty fist. As he raised his hand for that purpose, the onlookers trembled at the
thought of Bharats imminent death.
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But just as he was about to unleash his wrath, a flash of insight came to him. What am I doing? thought
Bhubali. Have I gone mad? Am I going to kill my elder brother for the sake of some worldly
possessions that my revered father willingly abandoned and which my other brothers have given up? He
shuddered at the prospect of the imminent death of Bharat, seeing the evil in killing a respected brother.
At that very moment he changed his mind. Instead of lowering his hand to hit his brother, he used it to
pull out his hair (as the monks do during Diksh) as a symbol of giving up everything and renouncing the
worldly life.
However, Bhubali had not lost all of his pride and ego. He realized that if he went to his father and
stated his intention of renouncing the world, he would be required to bow down and be subservient to his
98 younger brothers who were senior to him in monkhood. This was unacceptable to him. Instead,
Bhubali decided to seek enlightenment on his own and started meditating on the very same spot upon
which he stood. He became so immersed in his meditation that he lost track of time and could not
remember how long he had stood there. He was motionless for so long that creepers began to grow
around his feet.
A year passed with Bhubali standing in that posture of meditation, yet he did not gain enlightenment.
How could he gain it without shedding his ego? At last, Lord Rishabhdev sent Brhmi and Sundari to
bring him to the right path. They came to the place where Bhubali was meditating. Seeing their mighty
brother standing like a rock, they calmly told him, You cannot achieve enlightenment while sitting on an
elephant. You need to get off the elephant. As their familiar voices reached Bhubalis ears, he opened
his eyes in amazement and looked around but did not find himself on an elephant. He then realized that
the elephant they were referring to was his ego. He immediately dissolved his ego and decided to go to
Lord Rishabhdev and was ready to bow to his 98 brothers.
During his long penance, he had overcome all other defiling passions except ego, which still remained
between him and enlightenment. Now his ego was dissolved and humbleness prevailed in its place.
Therefore, as he took the first step towards the Lord, he achieved full enlightenment and became
omniscient. (By Digambar tradition, Bhubali later became the first person to attain liberation in this era.
However, Shvetmbar tradition indicates that Rishabhdevs mother, Marudevi, attained liberation first in
this era.)
In memory of this event, a gigantic, 57-foot upright statue of Bhubali stands on the hill of Vindhyagiri at
Shravanbelgola, near Bangalore in southern India. It is made out of a single rock of granite and was
erected about 1000 years ago. Pilgrims and visitors marvel that the statue, even under the open sky,
stands spotless today.
At the same time as Bhubali was carrying out his intense meditation, Bharat had become the undisputed
emperor, or Chakravarti, of the world. He was the first Chakravarti of the current time cycle of Avasarpini
r. As a ruler, he ruled equitably and in the interest of all, and the people were happy under his
administration. India was recognized as Bhratvarsha. He himself was happy in every respect and ruled
for a very long time.
One day, a ring slipped off his finger while he was in his dressing room. He noticed that the finger looked
rather odd without the ring. His curiosity overtook him and he removed all his rings. Seeing that his
fingers were no longer beautiful, he took off his crown and other ornaments decorating his body and
looked in the mirror. He realized that he did not look as handsome as he used to look.
This set off a train of thoughts. I consider myself handsome and strong, but this entire look is merely due
to the ornaments which do not belong to the body. The body itself is made up of blood and bones. Then
why am I so attached to my body? He thought further. My body will not last forever and will decompose
sooner or later. At that stage, I will have to leave everything behind. The only everlasting entity is the
soul. He realized that nothing in the world, including his body, really belonged to him, and soon came to a
major decision. Why not do away with my attachment of all the temporary things and instead focus on
something that lasts forever like my father did? Thus, he developed an acute detachment for the worldly
life. As per Shvetmbar tradition, this reflection led to the rise of true enlightenment from within. As a
result, he attained omniscience, or keval-jnn, in that very room as a lay person. According to Digambar
tradition, after he attained an acute detachment of worldly life, he renounced that life and became a monk,
immediately achieving keval-jnn. At the end of his life, he attained liberation.
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Moral:
The focus of this great story is on ego and self-realization. Ego and pride build negative karma
and lead one to destructive behavior as detailed in the story. Ego also causes anger and leads
one to irrational behavior. Ego and superficial pride must be overcome on the path to
enlightenment and omniscience. We should all strive for cultivating humility, one of the
fundamental principles of Jainism.
Highlights:
Bharat as Chakravarti
Bharat and Bahubalis duel and Bahubalis realization not to harm an elder brother over material
possessions
Bahubalis elephant or ego
Bharats attainment of Keval- jnn
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02 - King Megharath
One day, during an assembly of demigods, Indra, the king of heavenly gods, praised the bravery and
mercifulness of King Megharath on Earth. He mentioned that King Megharath would not hesitate to give
up his own life to protect those who came to him for shelter. Two demigods doubted Indras statement, so
Indra asked them to go to Earth and see for themselves. Since they could not appear on Earth in their
heavenly forms, one of them decided to take the form of a pigeon, and the other took the form of a hawk.
The demigods, due to their miraculous power, can assume any form they desire and can reach anywhere
in a split second.
Down on Earth, King Megharath was sitting in his court surrounded by his courtiers. Suddenly, a pigeon
flew in through an open window and started circling the hall. To the kings surprise, it landed on his lap. It
was shaking uncontrollably. The king realized that the pigeon was shaking with fear and had flown into
the palace to seek refuge.
At that very instant, a hawk flew into the kings court. He said to the king, This pigeon is my food. Let
me have him. The king was dumbfounded to hear a bird talk, however, he replied, It is true that this
pigeon is your food, but now it is under my shelter. I will not give you this pigeon, but I can give you some
other food. He ordered his servants to bring a basket of fruits and vegetables. However, the hawk said,
I am not a human being, and I am not a vegetarian. I need meat for my food.
The king said, Let me give you my own flesh instead of this pigeons flesh. Upon hearing this, one of the
courtiers said, Your Majesty, why should you give your own flesh? Lets get the meat from a butcher.
The king replied, No, because the butcher will have to kill another animal in order to supply us the meat.
This pigeon has sought refuge and it is my duty to protect it. At the same time, it is also my duty to see
that no one else is harmed in the process. Therefore, I will give my own flesh to the hawk.
With these words, he took out his knife and cut off a piece of flesh from his thigh and offered that to the
hawk. The whole court was stunned, however, the hawk said to the king, Oh king, I want the same
amount of flesh as the pigeon.
A weighing scale was brought to the court. The king put the pigeon on one side and a piece of his own
flesh on the other. The king kept adding more and more of his flesh on the scale, but it was not enough.
Finally, the king got ready to put his whole body on the scale. The court was stunned that the king was
giving up his own life for an insignificant bird. Nevertheless, the king considered his duty to protect the
bird to be above everything else. He sat in the scale on the side opposite the pigeon, closed his eyes,
and began meditating.
As soon as the king began meditating, the pigeon and the hawk assumed their original divine forms. Both
demigods bowed to the king and said, Oh great king! You are blessed. You deserve all the praise given
by Lord Indra. We are convinced that you are a brave and merciful king.
With these words, they praised and saluted the king again and left. The whole court resounded with
cheers of joy, Long live King Megharath. Later on, the soul of King Megharath became the sixteenth
Tirthankar, Lord Shntinth.
Moral:
This story teaches us that it is the chief duty of everyone to protect and help those who are less
fortunate. A merciful person is someone who is not only influenced by seeing the misery and
suffering of others, but goes a step further and attempts to alleviate the pain. He gives financial
aid to those who are poor and gives food to those who are hungry and needy. A merciful person
would not harm others to save his/her own life, but on the contrary, would sacrifice his/her own
life to save the lives of the others.
Highlights:
Demigods test King Megharath; who is ready to give up his life to save anothers
King Megharaths soul later becomes Shntinth Bhagwan (16th Tirthankar)
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03 - Sage Nandisen
Sage Nandisen was a great ascetic and well versed in the scriptures. He took a vow to serve other
monks with utmost devotion. His devotion in serving the monks was popular even in the heavenly abode.
One day, Indra commended his services during an assembly of demigods. One of the demigods was
surprised at such high praise for a mere mortal. Therefore, he decided to see the worthiness of sage
Nandisen.
The demigod arrived at the outskirts of the village and assumed the form of two monks, one very old and
injured and the other young and healthy. Sage Nandisen had just returned from collecting Gochari (alms)
and was about to break his fast when the young monk came to him and said, Oh blessed one! There is a
very old monk suffering from diarrhea, extreme thirst, and hunger. He is weak and needs your help.
Hearing these words, sage Nandisen immediately got up, took clean water, and went to the old monk.
Seeing Nandisen, the old monk raged, Oh you wretch, I am lying here suffering and you did not even
care to see if anyone needs help.
Sage Nandisen was not offended by these words due to his virtues of tolerance, forgiveness, and
compassion. He calmly replied, Oh, the best of monks, kindly excuse my oversight. I have brought
clean water for you to drink.
He helped the old monk drink the water, and then cleaned his clothes, his body, and helped him sit up.
The old monk again became irritated. He frowned, Oh you fool, do you not see that I am too weak to sit?
What are you doing to me?
Sage Nandisen replied politely, I will help you. After helping the old monk to sit up, he said, Oh revered
monk, if you desire, I shall carry you to the upshray (a place where monks stay temporarily) where you
will be more comfortable.
The monk replied, Why are you asking me? You may do so if you wish.
Sage Nandisen therefore seated the monk on his shoulders and slowly proceeded towards the Upshray.
He walked slowly, watching every step carefully. The demigod was determined to test him, so he
gradually increased the old monks weight. With the increased weight on his shoulder, sage Nandisen
began to tremble and he almost fell. The old monk said, Oh you wretch, what is wrong with you? Dont
you know how to walk? You are shaking my entire body. Is this the way to serve the sick?
In spite of these harsh words, sage Nandisen was not disturbed at all. He said, Pardon me. I shall be
more careful.
Ignoring the monks comments he continued walking, and took care not to offend the monk with any more
of his actions. On the way, he thought of ways to cure the monk. During all this, the old monk was
watching Sage Nandisen and did not see any change in the helping nature of the sage even after all the
aggravation. When they arrived at the upshray, the old monk turned back into an angel and bowed
down at once to sage Nandisen, saying, You are blessed. Oh sage, you are the illustration of a real
monk. You deserve all the praise given by Indra. I am very pleased with you and will grant you whatever
you wish.
Oh heavenly angel, this human life is very precious. Nothing is more valuable than human existence. I
am content. I crave for nothing, said sage Nandisen. The heavenly angel bowed his head at the feet of
the sage and returned to his abode, applauding the merits of the sage.
Moral: This story teaches us the importance of tolerance, discipline, and contentment which are
all fundamental values of Jainism. First and foremost, sage Nandisen chose to devote his life to
serving monks, an admirable goal requiring the utmost level of dedication and discipline. He
demonstrated his tolerance and willingness to serve others without even knowing that the
demigod was testing him. This means that he was truly dedicated to monks and believed in what
he was doing. He also indicated his contentment with the human life when asked for a wish. This
contentment is symbolic of the principle of non-possessiveness.
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04 - King Shripl and Mayan-sundari

At one time, the kingdom of Champ-nagar was ruled by King Singhrath, who had a son named Shripl
by his queen, Kamal-prabh. When Shripl was five years old, his father died. King Singhraths
ambitious brother, Ajitsen, was very ambitious and took this opportunity to seize the throne. In order to
make his position as king secure, he was keen to get rid of Shripl. When Kamal-prabh became aware
of Ajitsens vicious plan, she fled from Champ-nagar with with her son. Learning about her escape,
Ajitsen sent his trusted soldiers to pursue her.
As the soldiers got close, she did not know how to save her son. She saw a group of lepers, and in
desperation, she asked them to take her son into their custody. They warned her about the risk of her son
contracting the disease of leprosy from them. However, she had no choice if she wanted to save her son,
so she entrusted her son to them.
Shripl grew up to be very bold and handsome. The people of the leper colony became very fond of him
and took great care of Shripl. Ultimately, Shripl contracted leprosy. When he became a youth, the
people made him their leader, and named him Umar Rn. Under his leadership, the group traveled from
place to place and one day arrived at the city of Ujjayini, the capital of the Mlw region.
King Prajpl was ruling there. He and Queen Rupsundari had two intelligent and beautiful daughters,
Sursundari and Mayan-sundari. The king loved both of them and made adequate arrangements for their
training in the arts and crafts, which the girls mastered in due course. One day, the king decided to test
their knowledge and called them in the assembly hall. He asked a number of questions to Sursundari
who gave satisfactory replies to all of them. At the end, the king asked her by whose favor she got all her
skills and also the amenities and luxuries that she enjoyed. The girl humbly replied that she gained all
that by the kings favor. Pleased with her replies, the king decided to reward her appropriately.
Then, he asked several questions to Mayan-sundari. She too gave satisfactory replies to all his
questions. At the end, the king asked her the same question that he had asked Sursundari. He had
expected Mayan to give an identical reply and thus please him. However, Mayan had total faith in the
religious philosophy she had studied at length. She firmly believed that everything that she had received
had been the result of her karma. She must have earned good karma in the past that resulted in the
happy situations that she was undergoing. If she did not have that karma to her credit, no one could
bestow happiness on her. She therefore replied:
O father! The great king! With due respect to you, all the comfort that you provide me are only because
of my meritorious (Punya) karma. Everyone gets whatever is written in his or her destiny due to his or her
karma. You yourself cannot give or take away anything.
The king was exasperated to hear the unexpected reply. He repeatedly asked her to consider how she
could have obtained anything without his generosity. Mayan replied that everything, right from her being
born as his daughter up to her present situation, could occur solely as a consequence of her good or bad
karmas, and no one could have made any difference.
The king grew angry with her unexpected persistence. He could not believe that the girl could have
received anything without his favor, and did not agree that everything happens according to ones own
karma. He therefore decided to teach her a lesson, and asked his men to find the ugliest man in Ujjayini.
The men spotted Umar Rn and brought him to the court. In utter disdain, the king instantly got Mayan
married to Umar. He gave them some basic things and a small house and asked Mayan to undergo the
result of her karma. Rupsundari was very unhappy at the sudden turn of events in her daughters life, but
she could not speak against her husbands will. On the other hand, the king looked for a suitable match
for Sursundari in appreciation of her replies and got her married to prince Aridaman of Shankhapuri.
Mayan was deeply religious. She accepted Shripl in the guise of Umar as her husband and took care
of him. She went to temples and heard the sermons of monks along with him. One day, Mayan-sundari
and her husband went to see chrya Munichandra and talked to him about their problems and his
leprosy disease. The chrya was a well-known scholar of the time. He advised them to go through the
penance of yambil Oli, known as Navapad (nine pious entities) penance, which can cure all types of
diseases.
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The Navapad rdhan (puj) is observed by meditation and practicing a penance called yambil.
yambil is observed by having only one meal a day of very plain food without any spices, milk, sugar, salt,
oil, butter, fruits, or vegetables. Meanwhile, one meditates upon the Navapad: Arihanta, Siddha, chrya,
Updhyy, Sdhus (Pancha Parmesthi), Jnn (knowledge), Darshan (faith), Chritra (conduct), and Tapa
(penance). This penance and meditation is to be observed for nine days, twice a year, during the month
of March/April (Chaitra) and September/October (Ashwin). The couple was to do this penance for four
and half years, resulting in Nine yambil Olis (one every six months).
Accordingly, Mayan and Shripl devoutly observed the Navapad worship and penance with all its vitality.
The result was miraculous. Shripls skin disease started fading, and in due course, he was totally cured
of leprosy and regained the skin that he had before contracting the disease. Now he looked like the
handsome prince that he had been. Mayan was very happy with this result and blessed her karma for
that change too. Since the change was apparently brought about by devotion to Navapad and practicing
the penance, both of them continued to observe it even after that.
Once, while they were at a temple, Queen Rupsundari saw them. She was shocked to see that her
daughter was with a handsome man instead of the leper to whom she was married. Mayan understood
her anxiety and explained in detail everything that had happened. Rupsundari was extremely pleased to
hear that. She told the king that Mayans persistence about the theory of karma had proved right. The
king now also realized the truth. Deep in his heart, he used to curse himself for bringing misery in his
lovely daughters life. Now, he too became happy and invited his daughter and son-in-law to stay with
him in the palace. Shripls real identity was revealed to all, and by fortunate coincidence, his mother
arrived at the palace and stayed with them.
Once, there was a royal procession in which Shripl was seated on an elephant along with the king.
During the procession, someone pointed a finger at Shripl and asked a relative who he was. The man
replied that he was the son-in-law of the king. Shripl heard that and became sad that he was being
identified by his relationship with his father-in-law. He felt that one should gain fame from ones own
efforts and not from association with relatives. He therefore secured permission from Mayan and the
king and set off by himself on an auspicious day.
He traveled far and wide, visited many places, and boldly faced the adversities that he encountered.
During that period, he did not forsake his devotion to Navapad. Consequently, he successfully survived
all the ordeals. As was the custom at that time, he married many girls and amassed great wealth and
many followers.
Eventually, equipped with that, he came back and camped outside Ujjayini. His army was so large that it
virtually surrounded the city; King Prajpl initially thought that some enemy had come with a large force
to conquer Ujjayini. When he came to the camp, he was greatly pleased to recognize his son-in-law.
Shripl then entered the city, where he was given a heros welcome. His mother and Mayan were
anxiously awaiting his arrival and were very happy to see him.
Shripl first happily spent some time with Mayan, who was dearest to him. Then, he decided to get back
his original kingdom of Champ-nagar. He sent a message to his uncle Ajitsen to leave the throne that he
had seized. Ajitsen was, however, too proud to give it up. Therefore, Shripl invaded Champ-nagar with
his vast army.
Ajitsen put up a tough fight. However, his army was no match for Shripls. In the fight, Ajitsen was
captured and Champ-nagar was taken over by Shripl, who then gracefully released his uncle from
captivity. Ajitsen now felt that his days were almost over, and decided to renounce the worldly life.
Thereafter, Shripl happily passed the rest of his life as the king of Champ-nagar.
Moral:
This story describes the faith of Mayan-sundari on the philosophy of karma and her devotion to
Navapad. It stresses the importance of her effort and determination to change her fate. Mayan
understood the nature of karma. However, she was not content with her fate. She and her
husband, Shripl, exerted their own self-efforts into prayer and practice to improve his condition
and were ultimately successful. They accepted that karma had put them into their current
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condition, but they also knew that they could change their future if they only put effort into
acquiring good karmas and destroying bad karmas. Happiness and misery are states of mind
regardless of the situation one is in. If you think you are miserable, then you will be miserable.
Full faith in the theory of karma is essential to be content and happy.
Highlights:
Prince Shripl grew up in leper colony and became a leper Umar Rn; picked by Mayansundaris father in his displeasure at her answer to his question (karma, not the king, is the
reason for her happiness)
Observation of Navapad/ yambil Oli cured Shripl due to the devotion they had
Shripl eventually reconquered his home city, Champ-nagar, and became king
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05 - Ilchikumar
In ancient times, there lived a wealthy businessman named Dhandatta in the town of Ilvardhan. His
wife, Ilchi, gave birth to a lovable son. As he was the only son, the parents deliberately kept him
nameless as per the customs of the times. Eventually, as the son of Ilchi, he came to be known as
Ilchiputra and then Ilchikumar. He was raised with care and attention and never lacked any luxuries,
growing up to be a handsome youth. Soon, his parents felt it was time to find a wife for him. Luckily, they
did not need to look very far as they were a prosperous family and Ilchikumar was their only son. Many
families wanted their daughters to marry him. His parents prepared a list of selected names and asked
Ilchikumar to choose the one that he liked the most. However, Ilchikumar could not make a selection.
One day, a party of acrobats came to Ilvardhan. In those days, there were no stadiums where acrobats
could perform, so they performed their routines for their audience on the open streets. Beating drums to
announce their arrival, the acrobats planted poles in an open square off the main street and connected
them with ropes while a large crowd gathered. They then began their routine, climbing the pole one after
another and demonstrating their skills, walking and jumping over the high rope with ease above the
fascinated audience. Attracted by the commotion, Ilchikumar also went to watch the show. While
enjoying the performance, his attention was drawn to the chief acrobats beautiful young daughter, who
was dancing gracefully to the drums with bells on her feet. Ilchikumar was so mesmerized by her beauty
and charm that he could not take his eyes off her.
At the end of the show, the acrobats descended the rope and started collecting money from the audience.
People were very pleased with the performance and paid handsomely. After collecting a large amount of
money, the acrobats left the square to camp for the night and everyone else went home. Though
Ilchikumar also returned home, his mind was still on the beautiful girl he had seen that day. At dinner,
his parents found him silent and unresponsive; they had never seen him so dazed. His father questioned
his absent-mindedness, but he did not answer. When his mother persistently asked for the reason for his
silence, he finally replied that his heart was attracted to the acrobat girl and he wanted to marry her.
His mother was taken aback to hear that. She said that she could find him a very beautiful and lovable
girl from a high caste and respectable family and asked him to forget the lower caste acrobat girl, but
Ilchikumar replied that he had never met any other girl who attracted him and he wanted to marry her.
Acknowledging his resolve on the matter, she told her husband about their sons intentions.
Dhandatta was shocked to hear this. He tried to dissuade his son from his intentions, but Ilchikumar
remained firm. Since Dhandatta was a sensible man, he could see that Ilchikumar would not be at
peace without that girl. He did not want to lose his son for the sake of prestige. Therefore, he called the
chief of acrobats and requested him to give his daughter in marriage to Ilchikumar.
However, the acrobat refused, saying that he was bound by a condition of his tribe. Dhandatta thought
that he might be looking for money for the girl and offered to give as much wealth as the acrobat wanted
in return for agreeing to marry his daughter to Ilachikumar. The acrobat, however, declined the offer and
again replied that he could not break the condition, so Dhandatta then asked him what this condition was.
The acrobat said that he could give his daughter only to a person who could win an award from a royal
court by pleasing the king with his acrobatic skill and then use the prize money to give dinner to his
community.
Dhandatta was disappointed to hear a condition that was apparently impossible for his son to fulfill. After
he explained to his wife what had happened, she told her son and said that the girl would only marry an
expert acrobat and asked him to forget her.
Ilchikumar was silent, but his mind was racing with thoughts. He felt that he would not be able to live
happily without the girl and was willing to make any sacrifice for her. He decided that he was even
prepared to learn acrobatic skills for that purpose. His parents misunderstood his silence as
disappointment and thought that in time he would recover. For a time, they tried to divert his attention to
other matters to help him forget and Ilchikumar allowed them to believe that they were succeeding, but
his mind was made up. When the acrobat group decided to leave the town of Ilvardhan, Ilchikumar
secretly left his home and joined the them.
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He discarded his fancy clothes for the acrobats uniform and began learning their skills. Since he was
smart and diligently worked to learn acrobatics, the chiefs daughter soon fell in love with him and helped
him learn. With her help, he easily mastered the art and soon became an expert acrobat. When the
group reached the city of Bentat, he requested the father of the girl to organize a show at the royal court
so that he could have a chance to fulfill the condition. The chief went to the young king and requested
him to watch the performance of the young acrobat and to award him a suitable prize for his skills.
When the king agreed, the acrobats erected the poles in the compound of the royal palace and invited the
officers of the state and the elite of the city to watch. Just before the show was due to start, the king
arrived and took his seat in the balcony of the palace. Bowing to him, Ilchikumar went over to the pole,
jumped up and began displaying his acrobatic skills.
Ilchikumar walked on the rope with ease and grace, performing risky jumps and somersaults. It was a
superb performance and full of acrobatic feats no one had ever seen before. Everyone was highly
impressed with his skill. Ilchikumar felt gratified by the appreciation of the people, thinking that it was
enough to please the king as well. He came down and bowed to the king again and the chief went to him
to request an appropriate award.
However, during the performance the kings attention had been diverted by the beautiful girl and he had
been fascinated by her. Seeing how lovingly she gazed at Ilchikumar throughout the performance, he
thought that he could easily gain her if he somehow got rid of Ilchikumar. Therefore, when the chief
acrobat approached the king and asked if he had enjoyed the performance, the king pretended that his
mind had been occupied with problems of the state. Saying that he had not been able to give his full
attention to the performance. He requested Ilchikumar to demonstrate his skills again. Accordingly,
Ilchikumar got on the rope again and displayed his skills, again doing a superb job. But at the end of this
second show, the king pretended to be drowsy and asked him to repeat the performance again.
Ilchikumar could not believe the situation. He suspected that there was something wrong. However,
since he was still eager to accomplish his cherished goal of marrying the girl, he decided to try again.
Once again, he began the ropewalk, triumphantly noting the audiences reaction. While looking around,
he noticed a beautiful woman offering sweet food to a young monk. She was in the prime of her youth
and was very attractive and highly graceful. However, what surprised Ilchikumar was that the monk was
clearly unaffected by her beauty.
He compared this to his own situation. Ilchikumar had changed his entire life for the beauty of one girl,
yet the monk was impervious to the lovely woman in front of him. He was amazed by the monks selfcontrol and detachment towards the beautiful woman. What power kept the monk aloof in her presence?
In addition, while not only remaining aloof, the monks face radiated peace!
This attitude of the monk raised a succession of thoughts in the mind of Ilchikumar. Why do I not feel
detachment in the presence of a beautiful young girl? He also continued to wonder why the king had
asked him to repeat his performances, and finally he suspected that the king must be attracted to the girl
and must be waiting for him to fall from the rope. If I fall from the rope, I would be badly hurt and would
not be able to perform acrobatic feats. In that case, I will never be able to marry the girl for whom I have
abandoned my home and my parents.
Ilchikumar now realized that the happiness he was looking for was merely an illusion. He began to recall
his early religious training, when he had been exposed to religious principles and had learned about the
soul within the body and its immense capabilities. He realized that his achievements as an acrobat must
have been due to that inner capability. Similarly, the monk could remain unaffected because he remained
tuned to his soul and its abilities, remaining vigilant about potential pitfalls. As an acrobat, I have to
remain constantly vigilant because the slightest unawareness on my part can result in a fall from the high
rope and possibly in my death. Why, then, should I not use the same vigilance for the sake of spiritual
upliftment?
In an earlier life, he had treaded a long path of spiritual pursuit. The impact of that achievement was lying
subdued within him, waiting for an opportunity to manifest itself. Now, the sight of the monk provided the
needed catalyst, and he became fully awakened to the realization that he was a soul and that all the other
situations were simply an illusion. While on the rope, Ilchikumar dwelt deep into his self and attained
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omniscience, or keval-jnn. Then, he quietly climbed down the pole and bid farewell to every one as he
left the place.
Moral:
The focus of this story is on the principle of detachment. The monks detachment towards the
beautiful woman guided Ilchikumar onto the right path. Attachment to materialistic things,
people, or feelings often causes misery to others and to us. We should strive to minimize our
attachment to the outer world (i.e. detach ourselves) and focus on our inner self. Attachment is an
obstacle in the path of self-realization.
Highlights:
Ilchikumar was born to wealthy businessman Dhandatta and wife Ilchi

Ran away from home and joined a troupe of acrobats in order to marry the chiefs daughter
Realized detachment when witnessing a monk unaffected by a beautiful woman; gained Kevaljnn on a rope
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04 - Two Frogs
06 - Monk Kurgadu
In ancient times, there lived a businessman named Dhandatta who was highly religious and also raised
his son to be like him. Once, Dharmaghosh-suri, the highly enlightened achrya of that time, came to the
town where Dhandatta lived. Dhandatta took his son to listen to the sermon. The boy was so impressed
by the achryas sermon that he decided to become his disciple. Accordingly, he renounced worldly life
and became a monk at a very young age. The achrya realized that the boy had tremendous potential to
be a great Jain monk;. He therefore renamed him Kulaguru. In the native language of that area he came
to be known as Kurgadu.
Kurgadu studied the holy books and was able to correctly comprehend their essence. He realized the
role of karma in the life of every being and thereby learned to maintain a high level of equanimity. In
almost all aspects, he rigorously observed the code of conduct for monks. However, he could not
overcome one problem. It was difficult for him to stay hungry and so he could not fast. He needed to eat
at least once a day. Even during Paryushan Parva, Kurgadu could not fast even for a single day. As he
ate his food on the days of Paryushan, he felt miserable and regretted that he was not able to fast. He
attributed his inability to fast to his previous karmas. When the other monks observed their fasts, he
praised them and rendered every type of service to them. He wished in his heart that he could someday
observe fasts.
It was during one monsoon season that an event occurred that changed his situation. During the
monsoon season, Jain monks forgo traveling and remain in one place for the duration of the monsoons.
Paryushan Parva falls during this time. During that years Paryushan Parva, chrya Dharmaghosh-suri,
along with many of his disciples including Muni Kurgadu, remained in the town. Many of the monks
undertook long fasts, some extending more than a month. Kurgadu felt disappointed that he could not
observe such austerities. Especially on the day of Samvatsari, he wished that he could observe a daylong fast.
He began the day in an earnest effort to avoid eating. However, before noon, he felt very hungry and
could not do without food. He was surprised at the kind of karma he had acquired where he could not fast
even for a day, but he reluctantly approached the guru and begged his permission to go for alms. The
guru lovingly tried to persuade him to go without food for just one day, feeling that he should be inspired
to observe a fast at least for that day, especially when all the other monks were on long fasts. Kurgadu
humbly replied that he did wish to observe a fast and very much regretted his inability to fast. Due to his
humility, the guru took pity on his fate and compassionately allowed him to go for alms.
Kurgadu went for alms and accepted the food that was offered to him. Returning, he presented the alms
to his guru as part of the monks code of conduct and modestly begged his permission to eat. Although
the guru gave his permission willingly, the other monks made negative remarks. They unsympathetically
said that he did not deserve to be a monk for eating on an auspicious day. Kurgadu listened to the
remarks quietly. He went to a corner and reluctantly started to eat.
While eating, Kurgadu dwelt deeply on the inability of his body to remain without food even for a day.
Learned as he was, he could see that it must be the result of his previous karma. He understood that all
karmas are shed after extending the appropriate consequence and this karma too would be shed. He
made up his mind to passively accept what had been ordained by his karma. Because of his study of the
scriptures, he had gained insight about the true nature of his soul. Before, despising himself for not
observing a fast had prevented him from full realization of that true nature. Now, his willingness to accept
what was a physical limitation endowed him with the insight of distinguishing the nature of soul from the
varying states of the body and mind. His new-found insight gave rise to the manifestation of the true
nature of the soul, and his realization was strong enough to destroy all the defiling karmas on the spot
and he gained omniscience (keval-jnn) immediately while he was eating.
When one attains omniscience, the heavenly beings arrive to offer their obeisance. When other monks
saw the heavenly beings coming towards them, they thought that the heavenly beings were coming to
praise them for their severe austerities. Instead, the heavenly beings turned to Kurgadu and offered their
obeisance to him. No one could understand why those observing severe austerity were left out while the
one who could not observe it at all had gained full enlightenment.
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In amazement, the monks went to Dharmaghosh-suri and asked him the reason for what had happened.
The achrya said that they were all feeling very proud of their austerities and were unnecessarily
disapproving of Kurgadu for not observing a fast. Therefore, they were smeared by perception obscuring
karma. He urged them to bear in mind that the primary purpose of observing austerities or any other
religious practice was to gain modesty that leads to right perception, which in turn helps to attain
equanimity.
The monks had misjudged Kurgadu, who had realized the essence of religion. Earlier, he had acquired
obstructing karma that did not allow him to observe the austerity. He sincerely repented for that karma
which had become operative in his current life, and by properly comprehending the role of karma, he
acquired right perception. By bearing the consequence of those karmas with equanimity, he was able to
wipe them out without acquiring new ones. Thereupon, the monks realized that they were indulging in
unnecessary vanity that obstructed right perception.
The chrya also explained that the soul had nothing to do with the state and activities of the body. The
body is obtained as a consequence of the operative karma and should be used simply as an instrument
for realizing the true nature of soul. It can be an effective instrument only if it is used purposefully.
Moral:
Understanding the true nature of the soul is the essence of religion and it is the only thing worth
pursuing in this life. We should never look down upon anyone who cannot observe austerities
and penance or one who cannot follow the religious principles as much as others. Rather than
putting these people down, one must encourage them to do so with compassion and realize that it
is due to the karmas of that person that they are unable to do so. One must never be proud of the
austerities that one is able to perform.
Highlights:
Renounced life at a young age; studied hard but could not fast; other monks wrongly took pride in
fasting and looked down upon him
Could not observe fast on Samvatsari; while eating, meditated on his karma and attained Kevaljnn
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04 - Two Frogs
F04 Stories during Bhagawn Mahvirs Life

01 - Chandkaushik
02 - Chandanbl
03 - Nails in the Ears: Last Calamity for Bhagwn Mahvir
04 - Meghakumr
05 - Aimutt Muni
06 - nand Shrvak
07 - Puni Shrvak
08 - Shlibhadra
09 - King Shrenik and Queen Cheln
10 - King Shrenik and Anathi Muni
11 - King Shreniks Destiny
12 - Monk Prasannachandra
13 - Abhaykumr and Thief Rohineya
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01 - Mahvir-swmi and the Cow Herder

One day as Mahvir-swmi was going from one place to another, he stopped near a big tree to meditate.
While he was meditating, a cow herder came with his cows. He needed someone to look after his cows
so he could go for some errands. He asked Mahvir-swmi if he would look after his cows for a few
hours. Mahvir-swmi was in deep meditation and did not respond to the cow herder. However, the cow
herder went away thinking that Mahvir-swmi had heard him and would look after his cows.
In the meantime, the cows started wandering away looking for grass. A few hours later, the cow herder
returned and found all his cows were missing. He asked Mahvir-swmi, Where are my cows? What did
you do with them? Mahvir-swmi was still in meditation and did not reply. The herder started wondering
where the cows could have gone. Since Mahvir-swmi did not reply, the cow herder searched for them
everywhere but could not find them. While he was looking for the cows, the cows returned to the place
where Mahvir-swmi was meditating.
When the cow herder came back, to his amazement all his cows were standing near Mahvir-swmi.
Mahvir-swmi was still meditating. The cow herder became very angry with Mahvir-swmi because he
thought that Mahvir-swmi had been hiding his cows. Therefore, he took out his rope and was about to
whip Mahvir-swmi with it. Just then, an angel from heaven came down and held the rope.
Can you not see that Mahvir-swmi is in deep meditation? the angel asked.
But he tricked me! said the cow herder. The angel replied, He is in meditation and did not hear you. He
was prince Vardhamn before becoming a monk. He did not do anything to your cows. You would have
acquired bad Karmas for hurting him.
The cow herder realized that he had made a mistake. He apologized to Mahvir-swmi and went away
silently.
Then, the angel bowed down to Mahvir-swmi and requested, Oh Lord, I would like to be at your
service as you will have to undergo many hardships during your spiritual journey. Mahvir-swmi
answered, One cannot progress spiritually and attain Keval-jnn using others help and support. To attain
Keval-jnn and become an Arihanta one has to undertake all the efforts personally on the journey towards
omniscience and liberation.
The angel went back to heaven feeling happy that he could stop Mahvir-swmis suffering. Mahvir did
not have any bad feelings towards the cow herder because he held no anger towards anyone.
Moral:
We should not make hasty decisions because we could be wrong. One should think from all
perspectives before acting. Secondly, we should not hurt anyone for any reason, but should
forgive instead of displaying anger. This is the way we can stop the inflow of bad Karmas to our
souls.
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04 - Two Frogs
02 - Chandkaushik
This is a story about Bhagawn Mahvir when he was a monk. He used to fast, meditate, and perform
penance. He was traveled bare feet from place to place and village to village. Bhagawn Mahvir once
decided to go to the village of Vachala. On his way, he would have to go through a forest where a
poisonous snake named Chandkaushik lived. It was said that Chandkaushik could kill a person or animal
just by casting an evil and angry glance at them. All the people of the villages near that forest lived in
absolute fear.
When the villagers learned about Mahvirs intention to pass through the forest, they begged him to take
another longer route. However, Mahvir had no fear. He practiced supreme non-violence. He had no
hatred towards anyone and considered fear and hatred as violence to oneself. He was at peace with
himself and all other living beings. There was a glow of serenity and compassion on his face. He
convinced the people that everything would be all right and he proceeded to the forest where
Chandkaushik lived. After a while, he noticed the beautiful green grass fading. The forest looked like a
desert. Trees and plants were dead so he thought that this must be near the area where Chandkaushik
lived. Mahvir stopped there to meditate. Peace, tranquility, and compassion for the well-being of each
and every living being flowed from Mahvirs heart.
Chandkaushik sensed that someone had come near his land and so he came out of his burrow. To his
surprise, he saw a man standing there. He became furious, thinking, How dare he come this close to my
land? Chandkaushik started hissing to threaten Lord Mahvir. He did not understand Lord Mahvirs
tranquility. He became angry, came closer to the Lord and swayed his head, ready to strike. He saw no
sign that this man would be threatened or would run away. This made Chandkaushik even angrier and he
blew poisonous venom towards Lord Mahvir three times. The venom neither affected Lord Mahvir nor
disturbed his meditation. So Chandkaushik became even more irritated and bit Lord Mahvirs toe. When
he looked at the man again, he was surprised to see that not only had nothing happened to him, but
instead of blood, milk flowed from his toe.
Bhagawn Mahvir opened his eyes. He was calm and there was no fear or anger on his face. He looked
at Chandkaushik and said, Calm down, Calm down, Chandkaushik. Realize what you are doing. There
was love and affection in those words. Chandkaushik calmed down and felt as if he had seen this kind of
monk before. He suddenly remembered his two previous lives. Chandkaushik then realized the truth of
life and what anger and ego from his last two lives had done to him. He bowed his head respectfully to the
Lord.
Chandkaushik peacefully retreated to his hole with his head inside while portion of his body remained
outside the hole. After a while when the people came to know that Chandkaushik was no longer harmful
to anyone, they came to see him out of curiosity. They saw him lying quietly. Some started worshipping
him by offering milk and food, while some were still furious because he had killed their loved ones. They
threw stones and beat him with wooden sticks. Blood, milk, and food attracted ants. Chandkaushik
willingly suffered the biting and beating and remained at peace with no trace of anger. He died after a few
days. The self-restraint and control of his feelings destroyed many of his bad Karmas. Therefore, at the
end of his life he was born in heaven.
Moral:
Fear, hatred, and ego are violence to ones self and not to anyone else. Chandkaushik depicts this
from the anger and ego he had committed during his past lives. Self-realization through the help
of Bhagawn Mahvir made him realize his mistake and led him to repent for his deeds. This
ultimately washed away his bad Karmas and led him to heaven. Learning from this story, we
should remain calm and avoid anger, ego, and all forms of violence. We should be fearless of evil
and approach them with tranquility.
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03 - Chandanbl
Once upon a time, there was a beautiful princess named Vasumati. She was the daughter of King
Dadhivhan and Queen Dhrini of the city of Champpuri in the state of Bihar, India.
One day, a war broke out between King Dadhivhan and King Shatnik of the nearby city of Kaushmbi.
King Dadhivhan was defeated in the war and ran away in despair. When princess Vasumati and Queen
Dhrini learned that they had lost the war, they decided to escape, but while they were running from the
palace, a soldier from the enemys army spotted and captured them. Princess Vasumati and her mother
were terrified, not knowing what the soldier would do to them. He told the queen that he would marry her
and sell Vasumati. Upon hearing this, the queen went into shock and died. The soldier then took
Vasumati to Kaushmbi to sell her.
When it was Vasumatis turn to be sold in the slave market, a merchant named Dhanvah happened to be
passing by. He saw Vasumati being sold, and upon seeing her noble face, he realized that she was not
an ordinary slave girl. He thought she might have been separated from her parents. He wondered what
her fate would be if she were sold as an ordinary slave. Therefore, out of compassion, Dhanvah bought
Vasumati and took her home. On the way, he asked her, Who are you and what has happened to your
parents? Vasumati did not reply. Dhanvah then told her not to be afraid and that he would treat her as
his daughter.
When they reached home, the merchant told his wife, Mool, about Vasumati. My dear, he said, I have
brought this girl home. She has not said anything about her past. Please treat her like our daughter.
Vasumati was relieved. She thanked the merchant and his wife with respect. The merchants family was
very happy with her. They named her Chandanbl since she would not tell anyone her real name.
While staying at the merchants house, Chandanbls attitude was like that of a daughter. This made the
merchant very happy. Mool, on the other hand, started wondering what her husband would do with
Chandanbl. She thought that he might marry her because of her beauty. With these thoughts, Mool
became more and more uncomfortable with the idea of having Chandanbl around.
One day, when the merchant came home from work, the servant who usually washed his feet was not
there. Chandanbl noticed this and was delighted to have a chance to wash his feet for all the fatherly
love he had given her. While she was busy washing the merchants feet, her hair slipped out of her
hairpin. The merchant saw this and felt bad that her hair might get dirty, so he lifted her hair and clipped it
back. Mool saw this and was outraged. She felt that her doubts about Chandanbl were true and
therefore, she decided to get rid of Chandanbl as soon as possible.
Soon, Dhanvah went on a three-day business trip. His wife decided to use this opportunity to get rid of
Chandanbl. She called a barber right away to shave off Chandanbls beautiful hair. Then, she tied
Chandanbls legs with heavy shackles and locked her in a room away from the main area of the house.
She told the other servants not to tell Dhanvah where Chandanbl was or she would do the same to
them. Then, Mool left and went to her parents house.
When Dhanvah returned from his trip, he did not see Mool or Chandanbl. He asked the servants
about them. The servants told him that Mool was at her parents house, but they did not tell him where
Chandanbl was because they were scared of Mool. He asked the servants in a worried tone, Where
is my daughter Chandanbl? Please speak up and tell the truth. Still nobody said a word. The
merchant felt very upset and did not know what to do. After a few minutes, an older servant thought, I
am an old woman and will soon die anyway. What is the worst thing Mool can do to me? So, out of
compassion for Chandanbl and sympathy for the merchant, she told him everything that Mool had
done to Chandanbl.
She took the merchant to the room where Chandanbl was locked up. Dhanvah unlocked the door and
saw Chandanbl. Shocked, he said, My dear daughter, I will get you out of here. You must be hungry.
Let me find some food for you. He went to the kitchen to find food for her, but found no food left except
for some boiled lentils in a pan. The merchant took the pan of lentils to Chandanbl. He told her that he
was going to get a blacksmith to cut the heavy shackles and left.
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04 - Two Frogs
Meanwhile, Chandanbl was thinking about how her life had changed. She started wondering how fate
can change a persons life from riches to almost helplessness. Chandanbl decided that she would like
to make an offering of food to a monk or nun before eating. She got up, walked to the door, and stood
there with one foot outside and one inside.
To her surprise, she saw Lord Mahvir walking towards her. She said, Oh revered Lord, please accept
this food. Lord Mahvir had taken a vow to fast until a person who met certain conditions offered him
food. His conditions were:
The person offering the food should be a princess
She should be bald
She should be in shackles
She should offer boiled lentils, with one foot inside and the other foot outside the house
She should have tears in her eyes
She should have been fasting
Lord Mahvir looked at her and noticed that all of his conditions, except one, were met. Chandanbala
met all of the requirements except the one which required her to have a tear in her eye. Because of this,
Mahavir-swami turned around and began to walk away. At the sight of this, Chandanbala felt saddened
that Mahavir-swami wouldnt accept her alms and began to cry. Once she started to cry, Mahavir-swami
turned around and accepted the alms because the last of his conditions had been met. Chandanbl felt
very happy to be able to offer the lentils to Lord Mahvir.
As Lord Mahvir had fasted for five months and twenty-five days, heavenly beings celebrated the end of
Lord Mahvirs fast. By magical power, Chandanbls shackles broke, her hair grew back, and she was
again dressed as a princess. There was music and celebration that drew the attention of King Shatnik.
He came to see Chandanbl with his family, ministers, and many other people. Sampul, a servant from
her fathers kingdom, recognized Chandanbl. He walked towards her, bowed, and broke out in tears.
King Shatnik asked, Why are you crying? Sampul replied, My Lord, this is Vasumati, the princess of
Champpuri, daughter of King Dadhivhan and Queen Dhrini. The king and queen now recognized her
and invited her to live with them.
Later, when Lord Mahvir attained keval-jnn (perfect knowledge), he reestablished the fourfold order of
the Jain sangh. At that time, Chandanbl took diksh and became the first nun (sdhvi). She became
the head nun of the Jain order. Later on, she attained keval-jnn and liberation from the cycle of life and
death.
Moral:
We can learn about a number of behaviors that are cited in this story. Mools heart was blinded
by jealously and therefore she did not understand Chandanbls plight, or the role of a mother, or
the compassion of a father. This led her to do terrible things resulting in her acquiring bad karma.
This depicts the destructive power of jealously and why we should avoid it. Next, the selfless old
servant told Dhanvah about what had happened. She did this out of compassion and risked her
own demise at the hands of Mool. This good karma will bind to her soul as punya and
demonstrates the principles of Jainism. Similarly, Dhanvahs compassion and treatment of
Chandanbl supports the proper role of a father and the willingness to help an orphan. Lastly,
Chandanbls offering of food to Lord Mahvir, despite her own pitiful situation, was very selfless
and came from the heart. Following the principles of Jainism ultimately led Chandanbl to the
path of liberation.
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Highlights:
Originally Princess Vasumati; captured and sold as slave, but treated as daughter by merchant
Dhanvah
Wife Mool became jealous and decided to get rid of her
She ended up in conditions of shaved hair, locked in shackles, and (after the merchants return)
offered Mahvir food of boiled lentils, with one foot inside and one foot outside the house, and
tears in her eyes
Became the first and head Sdhvi in the Jain sangh established by Mahvir
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04 - Nails in the Ears: Last Calamity for Bhagwn Mahvir

Twelve years of meditation and penance passed with great success for Lord Mahvir. His life was
exemplary. He put forth unsurpassable examples of truth, non-violence, forgiveness, compassion,
fearlessness, yoga and true knowledge.
In the thirteenth year he faced another calamity. Near the village of Shammani, he stood in a meditation
posture. Just like at the beginning of his asceticism, he met a cowherd who left his oxen in the care of
Lord Mahvir.
The cowherd went into the village and returned a little later. The oxen had drifted away while grazing.
Not finding his oxen, he asked, Ascetic, where are my oxen?
Mahvir was in deep meditation and unaware of all this. The cowherd asked again, and once again he
did not get a response. He was irritated and shouted, You hypocrite! Are you deaf? Dont you hear
anything?
Mahvir still did not respond. The cowherd became very angry, You pretender, it seems that both your
ears are useless. Wait a minute! I will fix your ears. He picked long nail-like thorns from a nearby shrub
and pierced the ears of Mahvir deeply by hammering the thorns in.
Even such excruciating agony did not move Mahvir from his meditation or evoke any feeling of anger or
aversion in him.
Completing his meditation, he went to the village for alms. He arrived at the door of a trader named
Siddhrtha. A doctor was sitting with him. Both of them gave food to Mahvir-swmi with due respect.
The doctor told Siddhrtha, Friend, the face of this monk has a divine glow, but there is a shade of
tiredness too. Some inner pain is visible in his eyes. I feel this great sage suffers from some inner
agony.
Siddhrtha replied, Friend, if such a great sage suffers from some kind of pain, we should immediately
go with him and treat him.
After taking alms, Mahvir-swmi returned. The doctor and Siddhrtha followed him to the place where
Mahvir-swmi rested. During examination the doctor found the thorns stuck in his ears. Seeing this,
they arranged for the necessary instruments and medicines. They used some medicated oil and tongs
and pulled out the thorns. This caused such unbearable agony to Mahvir that an anguished cry was
forced out of him. The doctor dressed the wound with some coagulant. Mahvir continued to stand there
calm and quiet in deep meditation.
The reason Mahvir-swmi had to bear this calamity was because of what he did as Triprushtha Vsudev
(birth no. 18). At that time, he liked to sleep while listening to music. He told his servant to stop the
music once he fell asleep. However, his servant was enjoying the music and forgot to stop it. When he
woke up and still heard the music playing and was furious. To teach his servant a lesson, he had hot lead
poured into his servants ears so he would not be able to hear anything anymore. This servant was
reborn as the cowherd who then proceeded to put the thorns in Mahvir-swmis ears.
Moral:
Whenever we do any karma, we have to bear the consequences. In each incident of difficulty, we
see the conquest of Mahvirs soul and mind over his physical pain and suffering. His meditation
and penance purified his soul. It helped him to separate himself from perishable and mortal
worldly things and concentrate on the liberation of his immortal soul.
Highlights:
In Birth #18 as Triprushtha Vsudev, Mahvir-swmi poured hot lead in his servants ears
He had to bear the consequence of that karma in his last life and it was his last calamity before
attaining keval-jnn
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05 - Meghakumr
King Shrenik of Magadha region in the state of Bihar had a beautiful queen named Dhrini. Once, while
she was sleeping, she dreamt of a white elephant entering her mouth. She immediately woke up and told
the king about her dream. King Shrenik knew that it was an auspicious dream. He called the dream
experts who predicted that the queen would give birth to a very handsome and intelligent son who will
excel in everything. The king and queen were very pleased to hear this.
During the third month of her pregnancy, queen Dhrini had an irresistible urge to ride an elephant in the
country with the king with the sky decorated with clouds of colorful hues, lightning flashing, and rain
pouring. In most parts of India, it only rains during the monsoon season, which is usually from June to
October. Dhrini, however, had the urge during the off-season. The fulfillment of her urge was therefore
a problem. In order to see that her health and well-being were not affected by the unsatisfied urge, the
king asked his eldest son, Abhaykumr, who was also the Prime Minister of the state, for a solution to
satisfy the queens urge. Abhaykumr had a friend who could do miracles. The friend arranged events
exactly according to Dhrinis urge. She was therefore able to ride on an elephant with the king and
satisfy her urge.
In due course, Queen Dhrini gave birth to a very handsome and adorable baby boy. Rain in the Indian
language is called Megha, so in commemoration of her urge during pregnancy, the boy was named
Meghakumr. At the age of 8, he was sent to school, where he learned all 72 types of arts and crafts and
became an accomplished youth. He got married and enjoyed all the pleasures of worldly life.
Once, Lord Mahvir came to Rjgrihi, the capital city of Magadha, and stayed in the Gunashil monastery.
Almost every resident of Rjgrihi went to listen to his sermons. Meghakumr went as well. The sermon
made a lasting impression on him. He realized the transitory nature of worldly situations and decided to
renounce his worldly life. His parents were sad to hear about his plan. They tried everything possible to
prevent him from renouncing worldly life. However, he remained firm. Nevertheless, in order to satisfy
his parents wish, he agreed to become the king for one day. He was ceremoniously crowned king with all
the royal pomp. Immediately after that, he left everything, renounced worldly life, and became a disciple
monk of Lord Mahvir.
At night, as a junior monk, he was given a place to sleep near the entrance. During the night, other
monks using the restrooms had to walk past his side. Since no lamps are allowed in the upshray (the
monks residence), they happened to trample on his bed and sometimes their feet accidentally touched
his body in the dark. Poor Meghakumr could not sleep for the whole night. He had grown up in luxuries.
Therefore, it was difficult for him to bear the accidental kicking by the monks and his bed and body being
smeared in dirt. He felt that he could not bear that sort of a miserable life and decided to give up the life
of a monk.
In the morning, he went to Lord Mahvir to seek permission to return home. Mahvir was aware of the
discomforts that Meghakumr had faced the previous night and told him, Meghakumr, you do not
remember, but let me describe to you the discomforts that you faced during your previous life.
In your previous life you were Meruprabha, the king of elephants. Once there was a terrible forest fire
from which you narrowly escaped. You decided to make a shelter that all the animals could use in case of
another fire. You cleared up a vast stretch of land by removing all the plants, bushes, and trees. You also
weeded out the grass that grew there.
Once again there was a wild fire in the forest. All the animals came running and took refuge on that
stretch. You were also there. During that time, you raised your foot to scratch your body because of an
itch. At that very moment, a rabbit jumped into that space. As you tried to put your foot down, you saw
the rabbit jump into that space and decided to hold your foot up in order to save the rabbit. The fire raged
for two and a half days during which you continued to hold your foot up out of compassion for the rabbit.
At the end of the fire, as the animals retreated, you tried to lower your foot. However, it was so stiff by
then that you could not keep your balance and fell down. You felt agonizing pain and could not get up.
You spent three days and nights suffering from severe pain. Ultimately, you died, and in your next birth
you were born here as the prince of King Shrenik because of your compassion for the rabbit. If you could
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face that much distress for the sake of a rabbit and attain this priceless human life in return, how can you
not face the accidental kicking and the dirt from the feet of your fellow monks? Do you realize that by
renouncing this worldly life and by becoming a monk you have taken the first step towards the long
journey of liberation? Remember that all these sufferings and happiness are only due to our own karmas.
They are only temporary by their very nature. The everlasting happiness is achieved only upon
liberation.
Meghakumr was spellbound by the Lords words and realized his mistake. He requested the Lord to
reinitiate him since he had virtually broken his vow of monkhood by strongly desiring worldly life. The
Lord did so, and Meghamuni, as he was called thereafter, started leading a rigorous, austere life. Fasting
for days at a time, he stayed in meditation a lot in order to eradicate his karmas. When his body became
very weak and he could no longer observe the rigors of ascetic life, he decided to observe the fast until
death. This vow is called Sanlekhan. He fasted for a month on mount Vaibhrgiri near Rjgrihi. Upon
death, he was born in heaven. Bhagwn Mahvir has stated to Gautam-swmi that at the end of the
heavenly life, Meghakumr would be reborn as a human being and would attain liberation.
Moral:
Here is a great example of compassion or Karuna Bhavna. An elephant bears discomfort and pain
to save a little animal. As we are more developed and more rational beings, we should learn from
these animals to be helpful to each other. In addition, when one takes an oath to lead the life a
monk, one should not revert to a worldly life or even entertain thoughts of doing so. An ascetic
life is a very tough and rigorous life which makes one realize and understand the true nature of
the soul. In order to achieve this understanding, one must put aside the worldly life permanently
because it tends to distort things. Suffering occurs because of ones past karma, so one should
bear it with patience and focus on the soul for self-realization.
Highlights:
Son of King Shrenik and Queen Dhrini

Was an elephant in his previous birth and saved a rabbit from a wild fire
Died because he held up his foot for 3 days and reborn as a prince
Observed Sanlekhan at the end of his life
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06 - Aimutt Muni
Once upon a time in the streets of Polaspur, India, a six-year-old child named Aimutt was playing with
his friends. He was the son of King Vijay and Queen Shrimati. While playing, he saw a monk. The
monks name was Gautam-swmi, the chief disciple of Lord Mahvir. He was barefoot and bald. He was
going from one house to another to get alms (food). Aimutt ran to him and invited him to his palace to
get food, saying this would make his mother and him very happy. Gautam-swmi agreed, and they went
to the palace. Aimutts mother, Queen Shrimati, was standing in the balcony overlooking the garden.
She saw Gautam-swmi and Aimutt coming towards the palace. She was very happy and came down
to receive Gautam-swmi. She welcomed him with devotion and said, Matthaena Vandmi (my
salutation to you). She asked Aimutt to go and get his favorite food to offer Gautam-swmi. Aimutt
brought ladoos (sweets) and started putting them in the container even though Gautam-swmi said he
didnt need that many. Aimutt was very happy to be offering food to the monk.
As Gautam-swmi started to leave, Aimutt said, Your bag is heavy. Please let me carry it for you.
Gautam-swmi said, Aimutt, I cannot give it to you because it can only be carried by those who have
taken diksh and have become a monk.
Aimutt asked, What is diksh?
Gautam-swmi explained to him that when someone takes a vow of diksh, he renounces the worldly life,
his house, his family, and all other social and economic ties. Then he becomes a monk. People take
Diksh to avoid the accumulation of bad karma and to attain liberation. In normal everyday living, people
are involved in various activities, which cause them to accumulate karmas. On the other hand, monks
and nuns avoid all the activities of householders in order to avoid accumulating these karmas.
Aimutt became curious and asked, Gurudev, you do not commit sins! However, dont you need to eat?
Dont you need a place to live? All these activities cause sins which acquire bad karmas.
Gautam-swmi was pleased with the childs interest to learn more. So he explained, We take food but
we do not accept food which is made especially for us. We stay in a place but we do not own it, and we
do not stay there for more than a few days at a time. We do not keep money, and we do not take part in
any business or any organization. Thus, as a monk, we do not do any activity that causes sins.
Aimutt said, In that case, Gurudev, I want to take diksh.
Aimutt and Gautam-swmi walked to the place where Lord Mahvir was giving a sermon. Aimutt joined
the others to listen to his teachings. In that sermon, Aimutt learned what life is all about and what one
can do if he or she wants to eliminate worldly suffering. Aimutt expressed his desire to become a monk
to Lord Mahvir. Lord Mahvir said, We cannot let you take diksh without your parents permission.
Aimutt replied, That is easy. I will go home, get their permission, and come back.
Aimutt went home. He told his mother, Mother, I want to take diksh. Remember you used to say that
our household life is full of violence and causes sins? Gautam-swmi and Lord Mahvir also said the
same. I want to be free of sins. Therefore, please give me permission to take diksh.
Aimutts mother was surprised by his words. She was happy in her mind for his fear of sins and his
desire to take diksh because she was a religious woman. However, she wanted to be sure that Aimutt
understood what taking diksh meant. So she said, My son, to take diksh is a very hard and
disciplined life. You will not have a mother or a father to take care of you. How will you be able to handle
such suffering?
Aimutt said, Mother, this household life also has a lot of suffering. At least we know that as a monk the
suffering will help destroy karmas and lead to liberation.
His mother was very happy to hear this. However, she wanted to test Aimutts determination further.
She said, Son, why are you in such a hurry? Wait for a while. You need to take care of us when we get
old, and you will have your own family too.
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Aimutt said, Mother, I learned from Lord Mahvir that no one is young or old. I also learned that no one
knows what is going to happen tomorrow. No one knows who will die first or last. So why wait and miss
the opportunity which is available to me today?
His mother was very happy that her son fully understood what diksh meant and what his desire was.
She said, Congratulations, my son. I am very proud of you. You will be a good monk. Do not forget that
your goal is to attain liberation and be sure to observe ahimsa (non-violence) throughout your life. I give
you permission to take diksh.
Aimutt said, Thank you, Mother. I will remember your advice.
Aimutts mother blessed him and wished him success in his new life.
permission from his father, King Vijay.
She also helped him get
A few days later he took diksh and became a monk called Blmuni (young monk) Aimutt.
One day Blmuni Aimutt saw some children playing with a paper boat in a water puddle. He became
excited about playing and forgot that as a monk he could not play with water. He ran towards the children
and asked if he could play with them. The children became excited that a monk wanted to play with them.
He took the lid off his container and started playing with it as if it were a boat. He said, Look, my boat is
also sailing. Meanwhile, other monks came there and saw him playing with water. They said, Blmuni,
what are you doing? Did you forget that as a monk you should not play with water? Playing with water
causes harm to many living beings that live in the water. As monks, we have taken a vow not to hurt any
living being. You have violated your vow and have accumulated some bad karmas.
Blmuni Aimutt realized his mistake. He immediately started repenting, Oh! What have I done? I
promised my mother that I would not do any sinful activity. These monks were kind enough to remind me
of my mistake! What would have happened if these monks had not seen me? He was truly regretful for
what he had done. He left with the other monks. Monks have to recite the Iriyvahiyam Sutra after
returning to their place from outside. Therefore, Blmuni also recited this sutra. Thereafter he thoroughly
studied the 11 Anga Agams. One day, at the age of thirteen, he was reciting the Iriyvahiyam Sutra.
When he came to the part:
If I have hurt any living beings of water, green grass, and clay, I am asking for forgiveness.
He remembered the sins he had committed while playing with the water as a monk many years earlier.
His repentance had no bounds. He was extremely sorry for what he had done. He began thinking, What
did I do? I have hurt so many living beings just for fun. How can I be free of these sins? How will I face
Lord Mahvir? Oh living beings, I have caused harm to you. Please forgive me for my sins. I will never
commit these sins again. Because of his sincere repentance, all of his bad karmas were destroyed and
he attained omniscience, or keval-jnn (infinite knowledge). Now he became a kevali monk.
After this, Kevali Aimutt Muni went to Lord Mahvirs assembly and started walking towards the place
where other kevali monks sit. Some senior monks noticed this and told him, Oh, Aimutt!! Where are
you going? That is the place for kevali monks to sit. Go over there, where the other monks are sitting.
Lord Mahvir interrupted them and said, Monks, you should not disrespect a kevali. Aimutt Muni is no
ordinary monk now. While reciting Iriyvahiyam Sutra, he destroyed all of his destructive karmas and
became a kevali.
The monks realized their mistakes, bowed down to him and thought, There is no age barrier to be a
kevali.
At the end of his life, Blmuni Aimutt attained liberation.
Page 344 of 389
Moral:
The pursuit and understanding of Jainism has no age limit but is rather driven by ones own true
faith, understanding, and the passion to learn and practice the principles of Jainism. All of us
make mistakes, which cause bad karma. Mistakes can be intentional or unintentional. It is
possible that karma resulting from unintentional mistakes can be eliminated by true and sincere
repentance. However, one should not intentionally make a mistake knowing that they plan to
repent for it later. Such repentance will be in vain since it is not true or sincere.
Highlights:
Son of King Vijay and Queen Shrimati

Took diksha at the age of 6
Was playing in the water, forgetting he was a monk
Attained Keval-jnn while reciting Iriyvahiyam Sutra
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04 - Two Frogs
07 - nand Shrvak
Once upon a time, there lived a king named Jitshatru in the city of Vnijya, India. A rich householder
named nand also lived in the same city. He was so rich that he had 4 million gold coins, an equal
amount of cash, an equal amount invested in business, lots of jewelry, and many other assets. He also
owned 40,000 cows. He was highly respected by the king as well as by the people of Vnijya.
One day Lord Mahvir visited Vnijya and delivered a sermon. After listening to the sermon, nand
decided to follow Jainism by accepting the twelve vows of a householder. nand observed these vows
for fourteen years and progressed spiritually. One day nand Shrvak attained a special ability known as
Avadhi-jnn (clairvoyance) by performing severe penance, austerities, and meditation. His Avadhi-jnn
was more pure and powerful than that acquired by other laypeople in their spiritual progress.
At this time Lord Mahvir and his disciples were in town. While returning from gochari (getting food or
alms), Gautam-swmi learned that many people were going to pay homage to nand Shrvak for his
newly acquired spiritual ability (Avadhi-jnn) and his austerities. He decided to visit him. nand was very
happy to see Gautam-swmi, his guru (spiritual teacher). Though weak due to his austerities, he got up
and welcomed Gautam-swmi warmly. Gautam-swmi inquired about his health and then asked about
his new special ability. With due respect, nand replied to Gautam-swmi, Revered guru, I have attained
a special ability (Avadhi-jnn) with which I can see as high as the first heaven and as low as the first hell.
Gautam-swmi explained to nand, A layman (Shrvak) can attain the special ability of Avadhi-jnn, but
not of this magnitude. You need to do Pryashchitta (atonement) for imagining these visions. nand was
puzzled. He knew that he was correct but his guru questioned his truthfulness and told him to repent for
it. He therefore politely asked Gautam-swmi, Does one need to repent for speaking the truth?
Gautam-swmi, equally puzzled, replied, No one has to repent for speaking the truth. He then left nand
thinking that he would reconfirm this with Bhagwn Mahvir.
Gautam-swmi returned to Bhagwn Mahvir and asked about nands special ability. Mahvir replied,
Gautam, nand was telling the truth. He has acquired Avadhi-jnn of such magnitude. Rarely does a
layperson attain such power and knowledge. You should repent for your mistake. Gautam-swmi set
aside his alms and immediately returned to nand and asked for his forgiveness for doubting his honesty
and truthfulness.
It is characteristic in Jain religion that if a guru makes an error he should ask forgiveness from the
disciple. Also if monks make an error then they should ask forgiveness from the laypeople.
In the later part of his life nand fasted until death and was then reborn as a heavenly being in
Saudharma Devaloka (a heavenly region). After the completion of that heavenly life, he would be reborn
as a human and would attain liberation.
Moral:
The essence of human life is to practice one or more of the twelve vows in daily life. This story
tells us how householders (Shrvaks) should have faith in truth. It also shows that Gautam-swmi
was simple, humble and a true follower of Lord Mahvir. When Lord Mahvir pointed out his
mistake, Gautam-swmi went to nand without any hesitation to ask for forgiveness even though
he was the chief disciple of Mahvir-swmi. It also shows how impartial Lord Mahvir was
because even though his chief disciple had made a mistake, he did not cover it up. On the
contrary, he took the side of truth and explained his mistake to Gautam-swmi. Anyone can make
a mistake, but one must accept it and make up for it.
Highlights:
nand Shrvak followed the 12 vows of a Shrvak religiously for 14 years and attained a special
ability known as Avadhi-jnn (clairvoyance) which was more pure and powerful than other laymen.
Gautam-swmi did not believe nand at first, but after Mahvir-swmi corrected Gautam-swmi he
asked nand for forgiveness for doubting him.
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08 - Puni Shrvak
Puni Shrvak and his wife were poor villagers by their own choice. They lived in a small hut made of
mud and grass. Puni had taken a vow not to earn more than the minimum needed to survive, which at
that time was 12 dokadas (1/12 of a rupee) a day, which he earned by spinning and selling cotton yarn.
He had also taken another vow to offer food to virtuous people daily. As they could not afford to have
more food to satisfy this vow, he would fast one day and his wife would fast the next day. In spite of their
being so poor, they always offered their hospitality to fellow beings. In this way, the couple helped
deserving people every day.
Puni Shrvak did smyika (48 minutes of meditation and equanimity) daily. Once during smyika he
could not meditate properly. He wondered what he had done that was disturbing his meditation but could
not think of a reason. Therefore, he asked his wife, What have we done different today that I cannot
meditate properly? At first his wife could not think of anything either. But as she continued thinking, she
remembered that while returning from the market, she had picked up dry cow manure from the street and
used that as cooking fire. She told Puni about this. He told her that they should not take anything from
anywhere unless it is bought from their own daily earnings. Even though dry cow manure lying on the
street has no value and does not belong to anybody, they did not have the right to take it. Puni could do
a true smyika because he lived a life of such high morals. Even Lord Mahvir praised his smyika
ritual in his sermon.
Once King Shrenik asked Lord Mahvir how he could destroy his bad karmas to avoid being born in hell
in his next life. He was ready to give up his entire kingdom for that. Lord Mahvir knew that it is not
possible to change such karma (birth karma of the next life) once acquired by a person. However to
convey this message properly to the king, he said, If you can buy the punya karma of one smyika from
Puni Shrvak then it may be possible to change the birth karma of your next life.
King Shrenik went to Puni Shrvak and requested the punya karma of one of his smyika. King
Shrenik was ready to give his entire kingdom for this purchase. Puni Shrvak said, Sir, I do not need
any money. You have given us all the things we need in our life. I am ready to give everything I possess
including my life for you. You are a great and merciful king. However, I do not know how to give my
smyika punya to you. Good karma cannot be purchased. One has to do good karma personally.
Now King Shrenik realized that all his wealth could not buy punya karma of even one smyika from a
very poor man of his kingdom. King Shrenik left disappointed but with admiration for Punis real faith in
religion.
Moral:
This story shows that one can live a life of contentment even with limited earnings. We should
not take anything that is not given to us. We should not accumulate more money than necessary
to live. Vows or rituals are done for spiritual upliftment and not for monetary gain. To gain benefit
from smyika and other forms of meditation and penance, they should be motivated by ones
inner self and not by any motives that conflict with Jain principles. Punia Shravaks story tells us
about two of the five anu-vrats that he and his wife followed: Asteya, or non-stealing, and
Aparigraha, or non-possessiveness.
Highlights:
Puni Shrvak and his wife fasted on alternate days because he had taken a vow not to earn
more than minimum needed to survive and to offer food to virtuous people daily
He did a smyika every day
King Shremik came to buy his smyika
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04 - Two Frogs
09 - Shlibhadra
Once upon a time, there lived a poor woman and her son in a small village. One day, there was a festival
in the village and all the kids, including the poor boy, were playing together. After playing, all except the
poor boy, started to eat kheer (rice pudding) that they had brought with them. The poor boy did not have
kheer to eat. He felt bad and ran home to his mother. He asked her if she would make some kheer for
him since all other children were eating it. His mother said that she could not make kheer and told him to
eat whatever she had cooked. He started crying and insisted on having kheer. His mother could not bear
to see him cry. Therefore, she went to a neighbors house and borrowed some milk, sugar, and rice, and
made kheer for her son. She poured the kheer into a dish and left to bring some water from the well.
As the boy was about to start eating, he heard the words, Dharma Lbha (meaning, may you be blessed
with spirituality, usually spoken by Jain sdhus and sdhvis when they arrive at a lay persons house for
gochari). He saw a Jain sdhu at the door. Without hesitation, the hungry boy invited the monk in and
offered him the kheer. He poured all the kheer from his plate into the monks container. He was happy
that he could offer this to the monk even though nothing was left for him to eat. That night, he had a
terrible stomach-ache. His mother tried to cure it but nothing that she did would help and he died later
that night. His good intentions and his pious action helped him earn good karmas.
In his next life he was born as Shlibhadra in a very rich family. His life was like being in heaven. His
parents were Bhadr Shethni and Gobhadra Sheth. His father had renounced the world to become a
monk when Shlibhadra was a young boy. His mother provided him all the comforts and luxury and never
let him out of the palace for fear that he might become a monk like his father. It was said that even the
heavenly beings were jealous of his lavish lifestyle. When he grew up, he was married to 32 beautiful
women.
One day, some merchants from Nepal came to town to sell some very exquisite diamond studded shawls.
They went to King Shreniks court where the king told them that he could not afford to buy such expensive
shawls. The merchants returned from the court in utter disappointment because they were hoping to sell
some shawls to the king. The merchants also thought that since the king could not afford to buy them,
none of his people would have enough wealth to buy their shawls in this city and decided to leave town.
When Bhadr Shethni heard this, she sent a messenger and requested the merchants to visit her. The
merchants were reluctant to go because if the king could not buy a shawl, how could any of the residents
buy such expensive shawls? When they reached the house, Bhadr Shethni asked, How many shawls
do you have? They said they had sixteen shawls. She said, Only sixteen? I need thirty-two shawls
because I have thirty-two daughters-in-law. The merchants thought she was joking believing that she
would not even buy one. She said, Please take out those shawls. They took out the sixteen shawls.
The merchants were surprised that, without a second thought, she bought all sixteen shawls. They were
further astounded to see her tearing such precious shawls into two pieces in front of them and giving a
piece to each of her daughters-in-law to wipe their feet. The merchants were stunned but left with joy.
The daughters-in-law used the pieces once and threw them away.
One of the servants at Shlibhadras palace knew the queen so she took a piece of shawl for the queen.
The queen was baffled but happy that such rich people lived in her kingdom. She told King Shrenik about
the shawls and he was also very proud of such rich people upholding the good name of his kingdom. He
invited Shlibhadra to his court to honor him. When Bhadr Shethni found out, she went to the king and
told him that her son was very shy and invited the king to come to their palace. King Shrenik accepted
the invitation and went to Shlibhadras palace. When King Shrenik reached there, he realized that his
own palace was nothing compared to Shlibhadras palace. Bhadr Shethni offered him a place to sit
and asked Shlibhadra to come down to honor and respect the king.
Shlibhadra did not know anything about the king or his kingdom and thought that there was some sort of
merchandise that his mother wanted to show him. So he said, I do not want to see it but you go ahead
and buy it. His mother said, This is not merchandise. He is our king, our master, and you need to come
down to greet and honor him. The word master started ringing in his ears. He wondered, Why should I
have a master over me? I should be the master of myself. While thinking like this, he came down and
paid his respect to the king, but he did not stay very long.
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He kept thinking that he was not a free person because there was someone like a king and master over
him. He started to think about his father, who had become a monk, and the real meaning of life. He
decided at that very moment to become a monk and told his family about his decision. His mother and all
his wives tried to convince him to spend some more time with them. However, he was determined to
renounce the world. Instead of renouncing all his possessions at once, he decided to give them up over a
period of 32 days and then become a monk.
Shlibhadra had a sister named Subhadr. She was married to Dhann. Dhann had eight wives. One
day Subhadr was giving her husband Dhann a bath and suddenly tears rolled down her face and fell on
him. He asked her why she was crying. She told him that her brother had decided to become a monk.
He was going to give up his possessions over a period of 32 days and then become a monk after that.
Dhann laughed and told Subhadr, Your brother is a coward. If he wants to become a monk, then why
wait for 32 days? Subhadr was upset to hear that, and told her husband, It is easier said than done.
This sparked awareness in Dhanns mind and he told her, I am giving up everything I have right now to
become a monk. Subhadr was taken by surprise. She thought that her husband was joking. However,
Dhann said, It is too late now. I am determined to become a monk. If you all want to join me, you are
welcome. Seeing Dhanns determination, Subhadr and his seven wives decided to become nuns.
Dhann then went to his brother-in-laws palace and challenged him, Hey Shlibhadra! If you really want
to leave your family and possessions, then what are you waiting for? Join me.
Shlibhadra heard him and accepted the challenge. He told his wives and other family members, I am
leaving you all today. He went down to join his brother-in-law. His wives joined him too. All of them went
to Lord Mahvir, accepted diksh, and became monks and nuns.
After observing severe penances as monks, Dhann and Shlibhadra were born as heavenly beings in
heaven. From there, they would be born again as human beings and attain liberation.
Moral:
Selfless service always pays off. Neighbors helping neighbors reflects a caring society. The
virtue of a charitable act in the life of a little boy was rewarded multiple times in the life of
Shlibhadra. As a result, he was able to leave everything easily. Good deeds always leave an
imprint on the soul. Doing good deeds and practicing penance ultimately leads to the liberation of
the soul.
Highlights:
Shalibhadra was very poor, but earned a lot of punya karmas a result of offering kheer to a sadhu
and staying hungry himself in his previous life
He was living a life of luxury when King Shrenik came to visit him and made him realize the real
meaning of life
He took diksha with his brother-in-law Dhann and both their wives joined them as well
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10 - King Shrenik and Queen Cheln

This is a story from the time of Bhagwn Mahvir. At that time, King Chetak was the ruler of Vaishli. He
had a beautiful daughter named Cheln. Once, an artist painted a picture of Cheln and showed it to
King Shrenik of Magadha. Charmed by Chelns beauty, Shrenik fell in love with her. One day Cheln
came to the city of Magadha where she saw king Shrenik, and she too fell in love with him. They soon
got married.
Queen Cheln was a devoted follower of Jainism, while Shrenik was influenced by Buddhism. The king
was very generous and had a big heart, but he was not happy with his queens devotion to Jain monks.
He wanted to prove to Cheln that Jain monks were pretenders. He strongly believed that Jain monks
could not follow the practice of self-restraint and non-violence to the extent that Jain philosophy claims,
and that the equanimity shown by Jain monks was superficial. Cheln was greatly disturbed by this.
One day King Shrenik went on a hunting trip where he saw a Jain monk, Yamadhar, engaged in deep
meditation. Shrenik let his hunting dogs go after Yamadhar, but the monk remained silent and in deep
meditation. On seeing the calmness and composure of the monk, the dogs became quiet. King Shrenik
got angry and thought that the monk had played some trick on them. Therefore, he started shooting
arrows at the monk, but they kept missing him. Becoming more upset, he finally put a dead snake around
Yamadhars neck and returned to his palace.
The king narrated the whole incident to his queen Cheln. The queen felt very sorry for Yamadhar and
took the king back to Yamadhars place of meditation. Because of the dead snake, ants and other insects
were crawling all over the monks body, but the monk did not even stir. The couple witnessed the limits of
human endurance. The queen gently removed the ants and the snake from the monks body and cleaned
his wounds. She applied sandalwood paste. Sometime later Yamadhar opened his eyes and blessed
both of them.
The monk did not distinguish between the king who had caused him pain and the queen who had
alleviated his pain. King Shrenik was very impressed and became convinced that Jain monks were truly
free from attachment and aversion. Later on, King Shrenik became devoted to Jainism and Bhagwn
Mahvir.
Moral:
If one cannot perform a comparable level of penance and devotion, one should not doubt the
willpower and devotion of someone who is more religious. In fact, one should be very respectful
of such individuals. It is important to serve and support these people rather than cause them pain
and suffering. This will help to avoid the accumulation of bad karma. Learn to accept and
appreciate virtues in others.
Highlights:
King Shrenik had a wife Cheln who was a follower of Jainism, but he doubted the ability of Jain
Monks.
He harassed Yamadhar, a Jain Monk, who was deep in meditation, but the monk did not react to
his harassment and instead blessed him and Queen Cheln.
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11 - King Shrenik and Anathi Muni

King Shrenik of Magadha set out for a forest-outing on a horse. As he entered the Madikuli garden, he
saw a saintly person in meditation under a tree. He was surprised at the sight of such a pleasant face
with a glowing forehead and was impressed by the monk. The king wondered as to what heart-rendering
and shocking experiences of wordly life might have led him forsake the joys and pleasures of youthful life
and resort to a saintly way of life dedicated to penance.
The king bowed before the monk and asked politely, I request you kindly to set at rest the doubt agitating
my mind. What has compelled you to take diksha in the prime of your life? As I look at the unusual
beauty of your body and your youthful age, I am prompted to ask as to what has compelled you to forsake
your family, wealth and dear-ones at such a young age.
In a loving tone the monk said, O king, I was absolutely lonesome and a helpless being in this world.
There was neither any protector, nor friend. I abjured the wordly life because of such helplessness.
King Shrenik laughed and said, O monk, if you feel so insecure and unprotected (anath), I shall be your
protector (nath). Moreover, a person like me as your protector will make all the difference and there shall
be no problem in having sincere friends, near-ones, and dear ones. In their company you shall be able to
enjoy all the pleasures like wealth, power and peace. Renounce this sainthood accepted in youthful age
and come with me to my grand pleasure-place.
To this the monk said, O king of Magadha, how shall you be my protector when you yourself are
unprotected? I also possessed invaluable wealth and riches, as you do, but once when I had severe pain
in my eyes and burning sensation in my limbs, none could help me. Neither the riches of my father nor
any medical help nor the sweet love of my mother. My devoted wife renounced all the ornaments and my
brothers and sister wept and wailed helplessly. I was helpless. They were helpless too. With a view to
avoiding such helplessness, I decided to go for diksha which, I thought, was an unfailing remedy to all my
pains. I made up my mind to renounce the world if during that night my pain subsided. To my utter
surprise it started subsiding immediately. By the time the day dawned, the pain vanished completely. I
was perfectly healthy. As per my decision of the earlier night, I took diksha and thus one totally
unprotected (a-nath) found his protector (nath) in Bhagwn Mahvir.
Deeply impressed by the preachings of Anathi Muni, King Shrenik decided to seek the refuge of
Bhagwn Mahvir.
Moral:
This story of Anathi Muni shows that a person suffering from wordly pains and tortures, despite
his numerous near and dear ones and immense riches, can feel unprotected and helpless too. A
person having his soul awakened is indeed a sanath, a protected person forever. Scriptures say
that having attained the ultimate state of spiritual bliss, Anathi Muni achieved siddhi pad, the everlasting state of being sanath.
Highlights:
Anathi Muni turned to Jainism when all else failed him.

King Shrenik was very impressed by him and the reason he became and Jain Monk and decided
to become and Jain and follow the teachings of Bhagwn Mahvir.
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12 - King Shreniks Destiny

Once, in response to King Shreniks question about his next birth, Bhagwn Mahvir stated that he will go
the hell. On further inquiry as to the reason, Bhagawn Mahvir pointed out the following incident by
which King Shrenik had acquired that type of yushya karma.
Once the king had gone for hunting. He spotted a fleeing deer. The king spurred his horse and pursued
it. Ultimately he located it taking rest under a tree. He wielded his arrow with all his might. The arrow not
only pierced the body of the deer thereby killing the deer as well as the unborn child in its body, but after
coming out, the arrow pierced the trunk of the tree and came out on its other side. Instead of feeling
regret for the violence, the king felt proud and highly elated at his powers. That feeling of too much
arrogance for the gross violence had acquired for him the karma of leading an infernal life.
The king remembered the incident. He felt very sorry for what had happened at that time. He was
anxious to wipe out that karma and asked Bhagwn Mahvir what he could do in the matter.
Bhagwn Mahvir pointed out that his karma was indelible and was bound to become operative at the
right time. Such intense karmas cannot be erased without bearing the fruits. The rule of karma is
supreme and no one has any authority over its operation.
King Shrenik could not reconcile to the fate. He repeatedly asked Bhagawn Mahvir for some way to
avert going to the hell. Bhagwn Mahvir said that there are ways to avert, but the king would not be able
to successfully exercise any of them because of the indelible nature of his karma. As the king insisted to
know about the ways, Bhagwn Mahvir suggested to him the following four alternatives:
Four Alternatives
(1) There was a highly religious householder, known as Punia Shravak, in Rajgrihi. He had given up all
the desires and was leading a purely spiritual life. For his livelihood he depended upon the innocent
occupation of making slivers out of cotton. The Indian word for sliver is Puni. He was therefore known as
Punia Shravak. He earned very little out of that but felt contented with whatever he could get. He used to
spend most of the time in samayika. Bhagwn Mahvir suggested the king to obtain the merit of one
samayika from Punia Shravak. The king thought that it was very simple. He approached the man and
requested for the merit of only one samayika. Punia said that he had no objection, but how could he do
that since the merits as well as demerits happen to be non-transferable? The king was disappointed.
(2) The king had a maid servant named Kapila. She never gave alms to anyone. Bhagwn Mahvir
suggested to the king to make her to give alms on at least one day. The king therefore asked her to do
accordingly. She however replied that she would not even take anything in her hand for giving alms. The
king therefore arranged to tie a scoop to her hand and asked her to give alms. While doing so, the maid
servant murmured that the kings scoop is giving the alms, not me. That plan also thus failed.
(3) The king had a butcher named Kalsaurik who loved slaughtering animals. Bhagawn Mahvir
suggested to the king to make sure that butcher Kalsaurik did not slaughter on at least one day. This
seemed very easy to the king. He ordered Kalsaurik to avoid killing the next day. The butcher replied that
he was so conditioned to kill that he could not even stay one day without killing. The king therefore
ordered his men to hang him inverted in a well so that he could not undertake any actions of slaughtering.
However, Kalsaurik was so conditioned that he imagined and drew the animals in the water of the well
and slaughtered them. Thus the king could not stop and that effort and failed.
(4) Bhagwn Mahvir then asked the king to observe the restraint of one Navkarshi in which one is not
supposed to eat or drink anything until 48 minutes after sunrise. The king agreed to do so the next day.
In the morning however he went to his favorite garden and saw the ripe berries. He forgot the Navkarshi
and ate the berries. Therefore he broke the restraint.
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Moral:
This story tells us about how King Shrenik acquired his ayushya karma, which was indelible.
Once it is acquired, it cannot be changed. Karma that is indelible cannot be changed no matter
how hard one tries.
Highlights:
King Shrenik acquired his indelible ayushya karma while hunting

When he learned about this he begged Bhagawn Mahvir to help him change his next life of hell
Bhagawn Mahvir knew that would not be possible, but he indulged King Shrenik and suggested
4 alternatives, knoing that King Shrenik would fail
Buying one Samayika from Punya Shravak
Asking his servant Kapila to give alms
Asking his butcher Kalsaurik to not slaughter animals for one day
Observe Navkarshi on one particular day
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13 - Monk Prasannachandra
One day King Prasanna was observing clouds and soon all the clouds vanished from the sky. Thus, the
king realized the nature of life and thought that life is like clouds, which can end anytime. The cycle of
birth and death never ends. Thus, he decided to renounce his worldly pleasures and decided to become
a monk. He transferred his royal authority to his son, who was still a teenager.
Once, Prasannachandra, now a monk, came to Rajgriha with Bhagwn Mahvir. Standing on one leg,
with arms raised, he was engrossed in meditation outside the Samavasaran. A large number of people,
including King Shrenik, passed by without disturbing his deep meditation to see Bhagwn Mahvir.
Seeing the calm, quiet face of Prasannachandra, resplendent in meditational pose, Durmukh, a minister
of King Shrenik, was possessed by a fit of mad jealousy and malicious intent to disturb the monk's
tranquility. He taunted, "Having left your son, a minor, at the helm of affairs of your kingdom, you have
become a carefree monk. Do you know how fearful your young son is in such a situation? Enemies have
surrounded him on all sides! The kingdom and his life are both at stake! If you have any worth, show it. It
is your duty to save your child from these perils, after which you should think of spiritual attainments."
Outwardly, Prasannachandra was unperturbed, but inwardly, his mind was growing restless. He
visualized the frightened face of his young, helpless child and was mentally present at Pottanpur to
protect his son. Mentally, he ordered the army to be prepared for battle and saw his army carry out the
order. Even he came with arms onto the battlefield and wounded or imprisoned all who threatened to
harm the well-being of his son.
This agonizing state of mind full of violence and fear were contradictory to the peaceful outward nature
that he was manifesting. New thoughts were perpetually fueling the fire of wrath and vengeance burning
within his mind. However, he heard the appreciative words of a humble layman thanking him for his
exemplary lifestyle. "Leaving all worldly luxuries and practicing sadhana is noble indeed".
The monk began to really think: Whose son? Whose empire? Of what am I thinking? Why do these
earthly cares plague me so? What good can come of wishing harm for others? Such attachment is not
wise. I must repudiate such inane feelings of victory and defeat. Such are the thoughts of irrational men.
I wish to be beyond such trifles.
His thoughts were now directed to the proper idea. Prasannachandra had pure thoughts and new visions.
The mental enemies disappeared. The delusion was over. The veils obscuring knowledge and
perception were flung aside, thus clearing his path of all obstructions. Prasannachandra had attained
omniscience.
When Prasannachandra was doing battle mentally before attaining omniscience, King Shrenik asked
Bhagwn Mahvir If the monk Prasannachandra were to die right now, where would his soul go?
Bhagwn Mahvir replied, Oh King! If Prasannachandra were to die now, then he would be reborn in the
seventh hell! The King was surprised by this answer. He again asked the same question and Mahavir
replied that if the monk were to die now, then he will reborn in the 12th heavenly region!
Now King Shrenik was very surprised by these answers, and soon he heard sounds of joy. He asked
Bhagwn Mahvir about these strange sounds, and Bhagwn Mahvir replied, Oh King! The monk
Prasannachandra has attained omniscience! Then Bhagwn Mahvir explained to the king, When you
asked me where he would go the first time, I replied that he will reborn in the seventh hell because at that
time, he was mentally fighting and killing an army. Then he controlled his mind and was repenting for his
bad contemplation caused by your minister, Durmukh. At that time you again asked me where he would
be born if he died immediately, and I replied that he would be born in the 12th heaven. Then the monk
continued to purify his thoughts, and he eventually attained omniscience and you heard the voices of
celebrations!
Moral:
Thoughts can lead us to hell and thoughts can lead us to heaven. Thoughts can even lead the
soul to liberation.
Highlights:
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Monk Prasannachandras thoughts were so violent that he could have been condemned to hell.
However, realizing his mistake, he repented and his pure thoughts entitled him to life in heaven.
He repented even more and in the process destroyed all his karmas and attained keval-jnn
while meditating.
More information on leshys can be found in the Conduct Section.
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14 - Abhaykumr and Thief Rohineya

During the time of Lord Mahvir, there was a burglar named Lohkhur. He lived in a remote cave in the
Vaibhrgiri hill near the city of Rjgrihi. He was very clever in his profession and never left any traces of
his burglary. He and his wife, Rohini, had a son named Rohineya. As Rohineya grew up, he learned his
fathers profession and eventually became an expert burglar. He even surpassed his father in intelligence
and smartness. It was almost impossible to recognize him when he was in disguise. If someone pursued
him, he could outrun him or her. He robbed the rich and hid the treasures in the most unexpected and
inaccessible places. He extended help to the poor from the wealth that he accumulated. Many of them
felt grateful and were pleased with him. Therefore, they were not willing to help government officials track
him down.
Lohkhur was now very old and could see that his life was coming to an end. When he was on his
deathbed, he called Rohineya and said that he was very happy with the expertise that he had shown in
committing burglary. In order to remain successful, he advised his son never to listen to the sermons of
Lord Mahvir because his teachings were not conducive to their profession. Rohineya promised his
father he would abide by his advice.
After Lohkhur died, Rohineya expanded his burglary so much that it became almost impossible for rich
families to ensure the safety of their property when they went out. They were constantly afraid that
Rohineya would go to their home during their absence and take their jewelry and other valuables. Some
people went to King Shrenik and requested him to take action to protect them from Rohineyas burglaries
since police officers had failed to do anything about the matter. The king therefore asked his most
intelligent chief minister, Abhaykumr, to take charge of arresting Rohineya.
Once, while Rohineya was secretly on his way to Rjgrihi, he had to pass by the side of the Lord
Mahvirs assembly hall. He remembered his fathers advice of never listening to Lord Mahvirs sermon.
He put his hands over his ears. Unfortunately, at that moment he stepped on a sharp thorn that went
deep into his foot. He had to take his hands off his ears in order to take out the thorn. During this time,
he heard the following words:
Human life is the best of all lives. It is possible to attain liberation only as a human.
Every human being can attain salvation irrespective of caste, creed, or color.
By virtuous deeds one can gain a life in heaven where all sorts of pleasures and
happiness exists.
When heavenly beings walk their feet do not touch the ground.
Their bodies are without shadow, their eyes remain steady, and their garlands do not
wither.
However, the life of a heavenly being does not lead to ultimate liberation,
which provides eternal bliss and happiness. Therefore, heavenly beings crave a human
life.
By that time Rohineya had removed the thorn from his foot. He then covered his ears again with his
hands and proceeded towards the city.
In the city, Abhaykumr had secretly posted trained soldiers in disguise at the gates and at all important
locations. He himself remained watchful. When Rohineya entered the city, a trained soldier recognized
him even though he was in the disguise of a farmer. The soldier sent a message to Abhaykumr that an
unidentified person had entered the city. Abhaykumr became very alert. As Rohineya passed by,
Abhaykumr glanced at him from a secret place. He recognized the burglar even in disguise and
instructed his men to surround him. Since Rohineya was very smart, he quickly recognized the danger.
He ran towards the city wall. Unfortunately for him, there were soldiers near the wall. He was easily
apprehended and was put in jail.
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The next day he was presented in the royal court. As Rohineya was in disguise, it was hard to identify
him as the burglar. Abhaykumr was sure, but how could the accused be punished without proof of his
identity? When the king asked him about his identity, Rohineya replied that he was a farmer named
Durgachandra who belonged to the Shligrm village. He had come to Rjgrihi to visit the capital and
was returning home when the watchmen apprehended him. Rohineya had made arrangements for that
assumed identity with the residents of the village. When inquiries were made in that village, the people
confirmed what Rohineya had stated in court.
Abhaykumr had to devise a plan for getting a confession from Rohineya regarding the burglaries. He
came to know that Rohineya was fond of drinks. He therefore arranged to serve an excessive amount of
wine to the thief. The excessive wine made him unconscious. While unconscious, Rohineya was
cleaned, dressed in extravagantly perfumed royal garments, and adorned with valuable jewelry. He was
then placed on a luxurious velvet bed of sandalwood on the top floor of a palatial building. As Rohineya
regained his consciousness, he saw himself in heavenly surroundings. There was a breathtaking view all
around. The walls, ceiling, and floor were crystalline. Beautiful maidens were waving scented air with
diamond studded fans, soft serene music was heard in the background, fairylike dancers were dancing in
tune with the music, and divine musicians were getting ready for a musical concert.
Rohineya could not make out where he was. He asked one of the girls where he was and why they were
all serving him so well. The girl replied that he was their new king in heaven. He had attained all the
divine comforts, which now belonged to him. He could live like Indra, the king of heaven, and enjoy life
with heavenly damsels.
Could this be true for a burglar like me? he asked himself. However, he then remembered that he was
helpful to the poor and needy, and he was sure that god had been just. Or could this be the plan of
Abhaykumr? he thought again. It was hard for him to decide what the truth really was. He therefore
thought it was best to wait and see.
After a while, a luxuriously clad person entered with a golden staff and a book in his hand. Is your new
lord awake? he asked one of the damsels. The girl replied that their new lord had just woken up and that
they were getting ready to celebrate his arrival in heaven by presenting the divine concert. Let me make
sure that all preparations pertaining to his arrival have been completed before you start your concert, and
let me also get some information from him that the heavenly realm needs to know. As he was saying this,
he came to Rohineya. Opening his book, he asked Rohineya to narrate his deeds from his previous life
prior to enjoying the amenities of heaven.
Meanwhile, Rohineya was looking around. He remembered what he had heard from Lord Mahvirs
sermon about heavenly beings when he stepped on the thorn. He observed the movements of heavenly
beings in front of him. He noticed that their feet were touching the ground, their bodies had shadows, and
their eyes were blinking like human beings. He immediately figured out that this heaven was not real and
that it was only an illusion created by Abhaykumr to gain evidence of his burglaries.
He therefore replied that in the previous life he gave donations to worthy causes, constructed temples,
went on pilgrimages to holy places, and rendered service to deserving people. The person took note of
his statement and asked him to narrate any wrong deeds that he might have indulged in. Rohineya said
that he had scrupulously avoided misdeeds and therefore he was born in heaven. Abhaykumrs plan did
not work and Rohineya was set free as being the innocent farmer that he pretended to be.
Rohineya was released, but he constantly thought about what had happened. He realized that what he
had accidentally heard from Lord Mahvir had saved his life. Then how could his father be right in the
advice that he had given? Lord Mahvir must be a very great entity. If those words, which were
accidentally heard, were so helpful, imagine how helpful his teachings would be? he asked himself. Had
he wasted his years avoiding the sermons of the Mahavir-swami? After pondering at length, he decided
to go to Lord Mahvir and serve at his feet. He went to the assembly and humbly requested the lord to
accept him as his disciple. He also requested to become a monk. Mahvir-swami asked him to disclose
his real identity and confess all of his past sins to the king before renouncing his worldly life.
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He then disclosed his real identity to the king, who was present in the assembly, and was ready to accept
any punishment. He also requested Abhaykumr to accept all the treasures he had collected during his
burglaries.
Since Rohineya had voluntarily confessed and had willingly returned everything that he had taken, the
king decided to pardon him and permitted him to become a monk. Rohineya deeply repented for what he
had done in his life. He started observing severe austerities in order to erase the karmas acquired by his
misdeeds. In his old age, with permission from Lord Mahvir, he adopted sanlekhan (avoiding food and
staying in meditation until death). After his death, he was born in heaven.
Moral:
The theme here focuses on honesty and the principle of non-stealing. One should not steal from
others even if one intends to donate the stolen items to the poor. Wrongdoing is still wrongdoing
regardless of how much good you are doing in other areas. One must repent in order to destroy
the bad karmas that accumulate as a result of wrongdoing.
The second thing we learn from this story is that we can attain liberation only through the human
form. Even heavenly beings cannot attain liberation without being born as human beings. So we
should realize how fortunate we are to have this human birth, and we should make the most of it
and wash away as many bad karma as we can.
Also, look at the power of Lord Mahvirs sermon. Just a few words from his sermon saved and
then ultimately changed Rohineyas life forever. Imagine the benefit of listening to all His
teachings. Unfortunately, we cannot listen to His sermons directly, but we have his teachings
available to us as gams. We should study and understand the gams as much as we can so that
our lives can change for the better just like that of Rohineya.
Highlights:
Rohineya was born in a family of thieves and grew up to be the best thief.
He promised his father never to listen to Lord Mahavir, but he was forced to listen due to his fate.
Those few words saved his life when Abhaykumar had him apprehended.
He realized the value of Lord Mahavirs teachings and took diskha and ultimately went to heaven.
He also adopted the vow of Sanlekhan avoiding food and staying in meditation until death.
In Rohineyas case his pap, or bad karmas, were such that they were washed away by his punya,
or good karmas, and hence he was able to go to heaven.
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F05 Story - Stories after Bhagwn Mahvir

01 - Vajrakumr
02 - King Samprati
03 - Temples of Delwd
04 - Udayan Mantri and His Sons mbad and Bhad
05 - Nobility of Savchand and Somchand
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01 - Vajrakumr
In the city of Tumbivan, there lived a rich Brahmin named Dhangiri. He had a beautiful wife named
Sunand. Their life was full of joy. When Sunand was pregnant, she had a beautiful dream. She told
her husband, who was a scholar, about the dream. He told her that she would give birth to a bright and
charming child. She felt very happy.
One day a Jain achrya named Singhiri came to the city. Both Dhangiri and Sunand went to listen to his
sermons regularly. Dhangiris soul was awakened by these sermons, and he lost interest in his wealth,
family, and worldly affairs. He decided to give up his worldly life and become a monk. He told his wife
about his decision. She was shocked. She tried to convince him to stay and enjoy their life together.
She also said that since they were going to have a child, so it would be better to stay together to raise the
child. Dhangiri did not change his mind. Nonetheless, he made the necessary financial arrangement for
his family. Sunand, who was the daughter of a religious merchant, Dhanpl, had a deep understanding
of religion. Therefore, she accepted his decision. Sunand was consoled that at least she was the wife
of a virtuous man.
A few months later, Sunand gave birth to a very handsome boy. He was lovable because he always had
a smile on his face. Everybody who saw him liked him from the very first glance. Sunand celebrated his
birth. She felt happy that she had a son to raise, but her happiness did not last long. One day some
ladies from the neighborhood were visiting her and started talking about her husband. One of them said,
If Dhangiri had not taken diksh, then he would have celebrated the birth with more extravagance than
Sunand. The child, although a baby, heard the word diksh and started thinking. He felt as if he had
heard the word diksh before. While thinking about it, he suddenly remembered his past life. He realized
that he was on the right spiritual path. He decided that he should take advantage of being born as a
human again and utilize this life to further uplift his soul. He should become a monk like his father. He
also realized that his mother would not let him go because he was her only hope and joy. He started
thinking about what could be done to get her permission.
At last, he came to the decision that since his mother would not let him go willingly, he should create a
situation in which she would get tired of him and give him up. He was still a little boy in the crib when he
thought, If I keep crying all the time, she will get tired of me and maybe she will try to get rid of me. He
put his thoughts to work right away. He started crying. His mother came running to comfort him, but he
just kept crying. She tried everything but nothing helped to quiet him down. She took him to the doctors
and took advice from others, but nothing worked. The childs trick worked. Even their neighbors, who
had liked this child very much, got tired of him. Finally, his mother was fed up with him, but she did not
know what to do with him. The child was now six months old, and monk Dhangiri (the childs father) and
chrya Singhiri visited the city again. Sunand came to know about this and thought of giving the child
to his father.
At the usual time for alms, Dhangiri Muni asked permission from the achrya to go for alms. chrya
Singhiri told him, Dhangiri, today you may accept even a live thing if it is offered. The achrya
possessed a special power, and he knew what alms monk Dhangiri was going to get, so he gave his
permission ahead of time. Although Muni Dhangiri did not understand what his guru meant, he left for
alms. On his route to various houses, he arrived at Sunands house. He said, Dharma Lbha (May
you follow the proper religion). Sunand recognized the voice. She welcomed Muni Dhangiri and
expressed happiness in seeing him again. She invited him to enter the house for food.
The young boy also heard Muni Dhangiris words: Dharma Lbha. He thought that this was the best
opportunity for his trick, so he started crying. This irritated his mother and she told the monk, You are
lucky to be able to uplift your soul, but I am tired with the burden of your child. He does nothing but cry.
He does not let me rest and I am very unhappy. Please accept him so there will be peace in the house.
The child heard these words and became very happy in his mind. He hoped that his dad would accept
her proposal. Muni Dhangiri remembered the words of his guru spoken right before he left for alms. Now
he understood what his guru meant. He said, Sunand, if you really want to give this child away, I will
accept him, but please think twice. Once you give him away, you will not be able to get him back. You
will have no right to this child after that. On hearing this, the child started crying even louder. She said, I
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do not want to hear this crying anymore. I am so sick and tired of him that I do not want him around at all.
You can take him forever.
She picked up the child and put him in the munis cloth bag. As soon as the boy was handed over to the
muni, he stopped crying and started smiling. Sunand was surprised by this and kept looking at the boy.
However, she was determined to give him away. Muni left with the child to go to the upshray. chrya
Singhiri saw that Muni Dhangiri was carrying something heavy, so he asked him, Why is your bag so
heavy? When the muni opened his bag, his guru saw the handsome, smiling boy. Since he was so
heavy, the achrya named him Vajrakumr.
chrya Singhiri requested a prominent Jain shrvak to take care of Vajrakumr and to make sure that he
was taught Jain religious teachings since he had the potential of being a great achrya in the future. The
shrvak brought Vajrakumr home and told his wife what chrya Singhiri wanted them to do. She was a
very religious woman and happily agreed to the wishes of the achrya. She loved the boy so much that
she would not let him go anywhere without her. She always took him to the upshray to see the sdhvis.
Even though he was little, he listened to and memorized all the scriptures the nuns were reciting. By the
time, he was three years old, he had learned up to eleven Anga Agams. He was respectful to everybody
and spoke very intelligently.
One day, one of Sunands friends came to her house and said, Do you know that your child, who kept
crying, spends a lot of his time at our upshray? I have never heard him cry. He is a very charming and
lovable child. Sunand tried to ignore what her friends told her, but after all she was Vajrakumrs
mother. She longed to see her son again. She started thinking, How could I have done such a terrible
thing? How could I have given up my precious child to a muni? After all, he is my child. I should get him
back.
A few days later, chrya Singhiri and Muni Dhangiri came to Tumbivan again. She went to the upshray.
She approached Muni Dhangiri and asked him Please, give my son back. I cannot live without him
anymore. Muni Dhangiri said, I told you at that time that once you give him away, you will not get him
back. Remember, you said you did not want him at all. We cannot give back what we take.
Sunand said, I do not know why I did that. I cannot live without my son. Please find a way to give
meback my son.
chrya Singhiri and Muni Dhangiri tried to convince her to forget him, but she was determined to get him
back.
At last, she went to the king and requested, Please help me get my son back. My husband has become
a monk and I am lonely. He is the only child I have. Please ask them to return my son.
The king heard the whole story from Sunand. He said, Let me find out what happened, and I will let you
know shortly. He inquired about the situation and found that because Sunand was tired of her sons
incessant crying, she had voluntarily given away her child.
The king called Sunand and told her, Sunand, when Muni Dhangiri came to your house for alms you
gave your child away voluntarily because you were fed up with his crying. Once you give something you
cannot have it back.
Sunand said, Oh King, this is not a thing. This is my own flesh and blood, and he is the only hope I
have. Please do something to get him back. I cannot live without him.
The king could feel the motherly affection and sincerity in her voice. He was also puzzled. Ultimately he
told Sunand, I will call you and Muni Dhangiri in the courthouse and let Vajrakumr decide whom he
wants to go with. Is it okay with you?
Sunand said, Yes, Your Majesty.
The next day, the kings courthouse was full of people curious to see what would happen to the child.
Sunand came with toys, sweets, clothes, and other novelty items to attract Vajrakumr. The king and all
his ministers came. Muni Dhangiri came with other monks. Everybody in the courthouse, including the
king, paid homage to the monks. Vajrakumr also came.
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The king told Vajrakumr, Vajrakumr, although you are very little, you are a very intelligent boy. Pointing
towards his mother, he said, She is your mother. She is very affectionate and loving. She has lots of
toys, sweets, and good clothes for you. She wants you back. On the other side, pointing towards Monk
Dhangiri, he continued, there is a monk who has given up worldly life. He is full of restraint and lives the
life of renunciation. He is very virtuous and a revered person. He also wants to keep you with him to
teach you about spiritual life. Now you must decide which way you want to go. Do you want to go with
your mother or with the monk?
There was pin drop silence. Everybody was eagerly waiting to see what Vajrakumr would decide.
Vajrakumr was very serious today. He got up, and as he walked, he glanced at his mother and Muni
Dhangiri. Sunand started screaming, Son, come here. See, I have brought you toys, sweets, and new
clothes. Please, please, come to me.
On the other side, Muni Dhangiri did not have anything with him except an ogho (a broom to clean the
way before walking). He showed that to Vajrakumr.
Vajrakumr picked up the ogho and started dancing with it. He started smiling again. Then he decided to
sit down with Muni Dhangiri and looked at everybody with a joyful face.
Everybody in the courthouse, including the king and Sunand, were amazed that the young boy chose
monkhood instead of a luxurious worldly life. Sunand accepted the decision of Vajrakumr and wished
him success. She celebrated Vajrakumrs diksh with joy and delight. Later, Vajrakumr became a
great achrya.
Moral:
A human soul is capable of having high religious values and faith at any age. The story of
Vajrakumr clearly shows us that it is never too early to learn religious values and to practice
religion.
Highlights:
Vajrakumar was born in a rich Brahmin family to Dhangiri and Sunand.

Dhangiri took diskha after listening to the sermon of a Jain achrya named Singhiri.
As a baby he heard the word diskha and remembered his previous life and decided he wanted
to take diksha. However, he knew his mother would not let him go easily.
So he cried and cried till his mother was sick of him and offered him to his father as alms.
After a few years, Vajrakumar grew up to be a lovable boy and his mother found out about that.
Sunand went to the king and requested that Vajrakumar should be given back to her.
In the kings court, the decision was left to Vajrakumar one one side were gifts and toys from his
mother and on the other side was only a ogho from his father.
Vajrakumar picked up the ogho and his mother accepted his decision.
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02 - King Samprati
King Samprati was a great Jain king who lived during the second half of the third century and the first half
of the second century B.C. He was the grandson of the great King Ashok and the son of King Kunl.
Jain history provides some details of his life. Buddhist literature also mentions him by the Prkrit name,
Sampadi. His name occurs in some of the Hindu Purns, wherein he is variously referred to as Samprati,
Sampati, and Saptati, etc. Moreover, coins depicting a crescent and bearing his name have now been
found. The sign of the crescent represents the Jain symbol of Siddha-shil and the three dots are
symbolic of the Jain trio of right faith, right knowledge, and right conduct. Some of the coins also show a
swastika below the three dots. This is conclusive evidence of him being a Jain king.
Samprati was raised and educated in Avanti and became the king of Avanti in 232 B.C. While he was
prince, he once saw a grand Jain procession led by chrya Suhastigiri, who was the head of the Jain
religious order. On seeing the achrya, Samprati felt that he had seen him somewhere. While deeply
pondering over it, he faintly remembered that the achrya was his guru in an earlier life. Samprati bowed
to the achrya and asked whether he knew him. The achrya thought for a while and remembered that
Samprati was his disciple in the previous life.
There was a severe famine when chrya Suhastigiri was in the city of Kaushmbi. During the famine it
was very difficult for Jain monks to get alms. Jain householders, however, made sure that the monks
received alms. At that time, there was a poor man who could hardly get any food and was starving. He
noticed that the monks were getting enough food even during the severe famine. Therefore, he
requested the achrya to give him some food. Foreseeing that the man had great potential to be a Jain
legend in the next birth, the achrya told him that he could get food if he became a monk.
The man gladly agreed. Accordingly, he was initiated and therefore received enough food to eat. Since
he had been starving for many days, he ate too much. Consequently, he had severe stomach pains,
which he endured patiently while cursing himself for eating too much. Other monks served him in all
possible ways, but the pain did not subside. On the contrary, it continued to become worse and the newly
initiated monk died of the pain that very night. Due to his adopting the restraints of monkhood and
bearing the pain quietly, he was reborn as the grandson of the great King Ashok.
The achrya narrated the entire episode to him. Samprati was glad to hear that. He realized the benefits
of adopting Jainism even for a short while. He adopted it as his faith and formally accepted the achrya
as his guru. After he became a king, he offered his kingdom to the guru because it was obtained on
account of his benevolence. The achrya, however, refused to accept it and said that as a Jain monk he
did not want to possess anything. He pointed out that Samprati should try his best to promote and
encourage Jainism in his kingdom and beyond.
Samprati accepted the advice. He became a devout Jain and followed Jain principles. He was a brave
king and expanded his kingdom considerably in the south up to the Vindhya Mountains, and in the west to
the Arabian Sea. He not only constructed many Jain temples in his dominion, but he also encouraged the
rulers of Andhra Pradesha, Karnatak, and Maharashtra to do so. Jain tradition indicates that during his
lifetime he arranged for the installation of more than 100,000 Tirthankar idols and for the construction or
renovation of 36, 000 temples. He also sent his missionaries abroad to Afghanistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka,
Burma, and even China to spread the message of Jainism. It is hardly surprising that in the Early History
of India, Vincent Smith calls Samprati the Jain Ashok, as King Ashok is known for spreading Buddhism.
He treated other followers of Jainism very affectionately and helped them in every way. Since he vividly
remembered his starvation in his previous life, he was sympathetic to all poor people and took care to see
that they did not starve. He set up 700 charitable dharamshls where anyone could eat free of charge.
Samprati had no children. He took this as the consequence of his earlier karma and observed the
religious customs scrupulously. After ruling over his large kingdom for 53 years, he died in 179 B.C. Jain
tradition believes that he was reborn as a heavenly being.
Moral:
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Service to others is one of the many ways one can follow Jainism, and Samprati certainly
demonstrated this quality. He not only helped promote Jainism by renovating and building
temples and installing Tirthankar idols in existing temples, but he also helped reduce the pain and
suffering of the poor. We should also strive to serve others. His life story demonstrates that a
religious deed performed even for a short while gives manifold results. In addition, it creates a
chain of good deeds leading to beneficial results.
Highlights:
King Samprati was reborn as the grandson of King Ashok because he acquired punya karma in
his previous life due to becoming a monk and bearing his stomach pains quietly.
He heard about his previous life from a Jain chrya Suhastigiri.
He became a devout Jain and followed Jain principles.
He arranged for the installation of more than 100,000 Tirthankar idols and for the construction or
renovation of 36, 000 temples.
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03 - Temples of Delwd
Mount Abu is a beautiful town on a mountain in the state of Rajasthan. Within the town, there are two
magnificent Jain temples, known as the Delwd Temples. The carvings in both of these temples are
breathtaking. The carvings in the marble ceilings of these temples are so minute and intricate that it is
difficult to copy the design even on a piece of paper. These temples are regarded as poetry in marble.
Vimalsh built the first temple in the 11th century A.D. at a cost of 180 million rupees. The second
temple, called Lunig Vasahi, was built by two brothers, Vastupl and Tejpl, in the memory of their elder
brother. This temple was built in the 13th century A.D. at a cost of 120 million rupees. The stories
associated with the architects of these two temples are presented here.
Vimalsh
The Solanki dynasty was the golden period for the state of Gujarat in which the authority and prosperity of
the state reached its peak. The credit for putting Gujarat in this position mainly goes to the kings
chancellors and commanders, who were at the helm of affairs. It is interesting to know that many of the
chancellors and some of the commanders of that period were Jains. Vimalsh was a very capable and
outstanding commander in several respects.
King Mulrj, the founder of the Solanki dynasty, had an advisor named Vir Mahattam. His wifes name
was Virmati. They had three sons named Nedh, Vimal, and Chahil. While they were still very young, their
father renounced worldly life and became a monk. Their mother then went to her parents place and
raised her sons with love and care. Nedh was very intelligent and grew up to be a wise, considerate
youth. Vimal was bold and smart. He liked horseback riding and archery. He steadily gained expertise in
those arts, and in due course turned out to be a well-known equestrian and an accomplished archer.
As the sons grew older, their mother brought them back to the capital city of Ptan so that they could
pursue a career of their choice. In line with their interests, Nedh joined the royal court and Vimal joined
the army. Both of them quickly began to rise in the ranks and became known for their outstanding
capabilities. Since Vimal in particular was handsome and brave, he impressed a multimillionaire of Ptan,
who had a beautiful daughter named Shridevi. He thought Vimal would be a perfect husband for his
daughter. Vimal agreed, and Shridevi and Vimal got married.
Luck continued to favor both the brothers. During the reign of King Bhimdev, who came to the throne in
1021 A.D., Nedh became the chancellor and Vimal secured the position of commander. Vimal was
fortunate to get a beautiful, loving wife and a high ranking military position at a relatively young age.
Moreover, because of his amicable nature, he soon won the hearts of everyone and came to be known as
Vimalsh.
Some people at the court could not bear the good fortune of Vimalsh. They were jealous and began to
look for his drawbacks. They noticed that Vimalsh would not bow to anyone, not even the king, before
offering obeisance to the omniscient Jain Tirthankars. Thereupon, they started telling King Bhimdev that
Vimalsh was arrogant due to his position and was not even willing to bow to the king. They said his
ambition knew no bounds and he might even try to acquire the throne. Unfortunately, Bhimdev started to
believe those courtiers and began to look at Vimalsh with suspicion.
When Vimalsh learned of the disaffection of King Bhimdev, he decided to leave Ptan. Accordingly, he
went to mount Abu (which was known as Chandravti at that time) with his followers. There he learned
that Dhandhuk, the chief of Chandravti, was aspiring to become independent from the sovereign King
Bhimdev. Vimalsh attacked him with the force at his command. Dhandhuk could not fight him and fled.
Vimalsh thus occupied Chandravti. He had no ambition to become the king and took possession of
Chandravti in the name of King Bhimdev and considered himself the governor of the place.
Vimalsh was now happily passing his days at Chandravti with his wife. Shridevi was a very affectionate
lady and made him happy in every respect. They had no children. Being religious minded, however, the
couple considered it as the consequence of their unwholesome karma. Once, they happened to meet
Dharmaghosh-suri, who was the well-known Jain chrya of that time. Vimalsh regularly listened to his
sermons, which made him even more religiously oriented.
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As he remembered his involvement in past wars, he felt very sorry for the violence and sins he had
committed. He sincerely repented for it. In view of his genuine repentance, the achrya asked him to
construct a temple at Chandravti and make it a center of pilgrimage to help atone for the violence
caused during the wars. Vimalsh was pleased to hear this suggestion and made up his mind to
construct a grand temple.
He was also a devotee of Ambik Devi, the goddess in service of Tirthankar Neminth. He decided to
invoke her in order to get her blessings. The goddess was pleased with the earnestness of his worship
and asked him what he wanted. He asked for a son and the capability to construct a monumental temple
at Chandravti. However, the goddess asked him to select one of the two. Vimalsh opted for the
temple. Goddess Ambik granted his wish.
Then Vimalsh selected a site for the temple on top of a mountain and bought the land for 45, 360,000
gold coins. The foundation stone was laid with deep faith. However, it was not easy to construct the
temple. It was a Herculean task. Artisans were not locally available, there was no road leading from the
foot of the mountain to the top, and marble had to be brought from a great distance. Vimalsh was
determined to complete the project at any cost. He made all the necessary arrangements for transporting
the materials to the top and hired the best sculptors in the country for carrying out the work.
All possible care was taken to see that the artisans did not face any difficulty, and the project did not
encounter any problems. It took 14 years to finish the project, and the temple was constructed at a cost
of 185, 300,000 gold coins. The opening ceremony was performed with great fanfare and enthusiasm
under the guidance of Dharmaghosh-suri, Vardhamn-suri, and other achryas.
It is a spacious, marble temple. There are highly artistic figures in its domes, arcs, and panels. The
sculptures are exquisite. It would be nearly impossible to bring out that sort of accuracy even in wax.
The fact that the artists have done it in marble is marvelous, and draws the instantaneous admiration of
every visitor. These types of sculptures are not found anywhere else in the world. It is said that Vimalsh
paid the artists in gold. The artisans collected the marble dust that they had carved for the day and
brought it in and had it weighed. The person in charge would give them gold equal to the weight of stone
powder! His generosity and the beauty of the temple have immortalized his name. It is virtually a wonder
of the world. Later on, Vimalsh led a Jain sangh to the Shatrunjay Mountain located in the town of
Palitana that cost 40 million gold coins. He constructed the Vimal-vasahi temple there. It is located on
the way to the main complex on the hill. It is a small but equally exquisite temple. It is popularly known
as Bhulbhulmani temple, meaning a maze temple. He also constructed the well-known temples of
Kumbhri on the rsur hill on the northern border of Gujarat. Moreover, he is credited with the
construction of a beautiful temple in the capital city of Patan
One successful but highly instructive anecdote is associated with his later life. It is said that Shridevi had
a dream in which she saw a goddess. The goddess asked her to go to the temple along with her
husband at midnight on a specific date and ask for whatever they wanted. Both of them were eager to
have a son and went to the temple to express their wish. While they were waiting for midnight to arrive,
they felt thirsty. Vimalsh therefore went to an adjoining well to fetch water. Inside the well there were
steps which went all the way down to the water level. While he was going down the steps to get the
water, someone asked him to pay toll for taking water. Vimalsh was amazed to hear that and asked the
person why he was demanding toll to drink the water. The person replied that he was a descendent of
the person who had built the well. Since he was poor, he was collecting a toll for using the well.
Vimalsh was taken aback to hear that. He asked himself, What would happen if one day some of my
own descendants tried to collect a toll for the temple that I have built? He shuddered at the idea and
again asked himself whether it would be better in that case to remain without a child. He went up and told
his wife about the incident. She concurred with his thinking. At midnight when the goddess asked them
what they in the capital city of Ptan. wanted, Shridevi replied that she did not want a child anymore.
Now, it was the turn of the goddess to be taken aback. Vimalsh narrated what he had experienced and
said that they wanted to remain childless.
Vastupl and Tejpl

Two brothers, Vastupl and Tejpl, were ministers in the court of King Vir-Dhavala in Gujarat. Tejpl was
also a very outstanding commander of the army. Both brothers made their name by their valor and
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faithfulness. They helped the king to conquer enemies and maintain law and order in the kingdom.
Tejpls wife, Anupam-devi, was a wise and smart woman who always helped her husband in family
matters. She was sweet spoken and a very religious and compassionate woman.
Tejpl had always respected her opinion. Once, the families of both the brothers and many others went
on a pilgrimage. They came to a small village. This particular area was not regarded as very safe for the
pilgrims because the road was frequented with burglars. Thinking that they might meet some burglars on
the way, the brothers decided to bury and hide their wealth in the nearby area. They started digging a
hole, but to their amazement, they unearthed a big pot of jewels and coins from the ground. They simply
did not know what to do with this wealth.
Tejpl asked Anupam-devi what they should do with this immense wealth. Anupam-devi had no
hesitation in replying that this wealth had come from a deep trench, but the right place for it was on a high
mountain. This would spread the glory of Jainism. Thus, they decided to take it to the top of the
mountain and spend it there.
The brothers decided to build a temple on Mt. Abu. It is known as the Lunig Vasahi Temple. Tirthankar
Neminth Bhagawns samavasaran has also been carved in this temple. Tejpl had also dedicated two
Gokhlas (niches) for two women, one to commemorate his wife and the other to commemorate his
brothers wife (sister-in-law). These niches are called Derni-Jethni n Gokhlas (The wives of two
brothers are known as Derni-Jethni. Derni is the younger brothers wife and Jethni is the older
brothers wife).
They constructed many more temples of which only the Delwd temple and the Neminth Temple of
Mount Girnar exist today. However, the Lunig Vasahi Temple of Mount Abu is similar to that of the
Vimalsh Temple. Fifty-two deva kulikas (subsidiary shrines) have also been constructed on an elevated
platform around the central temple, each with the statue of a Tirthankar. Elephants were used to carry the
marble to Mount Abu for the construction of the temples. A place called Hasti Shl is also built within the
temple complex to commemorate the contribution of elephants.
Moral:
The contribution made by Vimalsh, Vastupl, and Tejpl to the architecture of Jain temples is
very inspiring. Their dedication to their religion, and their perseverance and honesty are
praiseworthy. Their contribution to Jain architecture is part of our great heritage.
Highlights:
Vimal was the son of Virmati and Vir Mahattam (advisor to King Mulrj, founder of the Solanki
dynasty).
Vimal was bold and smart. He liked horseback riding and archery. He steadily gained expertise
in those arts and in due course turned out to be a well-known equestrian and an accomplished
archer.
Vimals father took diksha and his mother raised him and his two brothers.
Vimal joined the army of the King.
He was married to Shridevi, the daughter of a multimillionaire of Patan.
He had no children and he decided to invoke Ambik Devi, the goddess in service of Tirthankar
Neminth, and ask her for blessings. The goddess was pleased and asked him what he wanted.
Since he could ask for only one wish, he asked for the capability to construct a monumental
temple at Chandravti, instead of a son.
Then Vimalsh selected a site for the temple on top of a mountain and bought the land for 45,
360,000 gold coins. It took 14 years to finish the project and the temple was constructed at a cost
of 185, 300,000 gold coins.
Vimalsh and his wife still wanted a child, but a later incident caused them to forsake that wish.
Two brothers, Vastupl and Tejpl, were ministers in the court of King Vir-Dhavala in Gujarat.
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Once while digging to bury their own wealth they came across a great treasure. Tejpals wife
Anupam-devi told him that the best use of this wealth would be to spend it to build a temple at
the top of a mountain.
The brothers decided to build a temple on Mt. Abu known as Lunig Vasahi Temple.
Tejpl had also dedicated two Gokhlas (niches) for two women, one to commemorate his wife
and the other to commemorate his brothers wife (sister-in-law), called Derni-Jethni n
Gokhlas.
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04 - Udayan Mantri and His Sons mbad and Bhad

Udayan Mantri (Minister)
The Solanki dynasty was the golden period for the state of Gujarat and the prosperity of the state reached
its peak during the reign of King Kumrpl. The credit for attaining this position mainly goes to his
chancellors, who were known as mantris. It is interesting to learn that many of the chancellors of the
Solanki period were Jains. The contribution of Udayan Mantri and his sons, mbad and Bhad, to the
rise and success of King Kumrpl was substantial.
Originally, Udayan was a simple merchant in a village named Vghar near the town of Jlore, Rajasthan.
He could hardly make ends meet and was passing his days in hardship. His wife, Suhdevi, suggested
they move to a place with better economic prospects. During this time, King Siddharj was ruling the
state of Gujarat, and its prosperity was increasing by leaps and bounds. Hence Udayan thought about
migrating to Gujarat.
At that time, King Siddharj of Gujarat had built a new town named Karnvati (Amdvd) in the memory
of his father Karnadev. Since Karnvati was a fast growing city, Udayan decided to move there. He did
not know anyone there so he first went to the local Jain temple. When Udayan arrived a religious lady
named Lachchhi was worshipping in the temple. As she came out, she noticed the new young couple
and asked them where they were from. Udayan replied that they were from Rajasthan and he was
looking for some business in Karnvati.
Lachchhi was a compassionate lady. As she knew the newcomers were Jains, she took them home and
treated them as her guests for a couple of days. Then she gave them an old house for shelter. Udayan
settled there and started a small business. Luck favored him and within a short time he earned and
saved enough to renovate the old house. While digging the ground, he came across a hidden treasure.
Since he was honest, he took the treasure to Lachchhi and offered it to her because it belonged to her.
She declined to accept it, stating that since the property had been given to him, the treasure also
belonged to him.
Udayan now had enough money to start a large-scale business. He made lots of money, and in due
course became the wealthiest man in Karnvati. The state also recognized his status and gave him the
position of the first citizen of Karnvati. In that capacity, he rendered valuable service to the people of
Karnvati.
At that time, the city of Khambht (about 80 miles from Amdvd) was the most lucrative seaport on the
western coast of India. Politicians competed with one another to get the position of governor in that city.
Due to the proven capability of Udayan, he was appointed governor of Khambht in 1120 A.D. He held
that position for a fairly long period. Two major events have been attributed to him during his tenure as
governor.
At the suggestion of the queen mother, Minaldevi, he abolished the pilgrim tax of Bholad
He helped Devchandra-suri to initiate a five-year old boy, Chngdev, who had the potential to shine as a
great sage. (Later on Chngdev became the great Jain chrya Shri Hemchandra)
His loyalty to the king was unquestionable. He hesitated to help Kumrpl, who was roaming from town
to town hiding from King Siddharj. However, when Kumrpl came to Khambht in search of shelter,
Hemchandra chrya advised Udayan to help him. Since Udayan highly respected the achrya, he
agreed to hide Kumrpl in his basement. Shortly thereafter, King Siddharj died and Kumrpl became
king of Gujarat. King Kumrpl kept Udayan in his position as governor of Khambht and later brought
him to Ptan (capital city of Gujarat) to work as his trusted advisor.
Udayan had not forgotten how religion had helped him during his bad times. He therefore used his wealth
and position to promote Jainism. As a token of his devotion to the faith, he constructed several Jain
temples. Three of them are recorded in Jain history. One was the temple known as Udayanvihr in
Karnvati, another was Udvasahi in Dholk (nearby town of Karnvati), and the third one whose name is
not recorded was in Khambht.
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During the later part of Udayans life, Kumrpl sent him to subdue Sumvar, a notorious bandit in the
Saurashtra region. In that mission, he had to pass through Palitn. He decided to go on a pilgrimage to
Shatrunjay hill. To commemorate the pilgrimage, his statue has been erected on a camels back in a
small temple on the way to the main complex on the hill. That place is now mistakenly known as Pp
Punya Ni Bri (window of good and bad karma).
At that time, there was a wooden temple on the hill. While Udayan was worshipping there, he saw a
mouse take a lit wick in its mouth and roam about. Udayan recovered the wick from the mouse, but he
realized that the temple could be set on fire by a mouse. He therefore vowed to construct a new temple
there.
He succeeded in his expedition against Sumvar, but he was badly wounded in combat, and his death was
imminent. On his death bed he told his sons about his vow to reconstruct a new temple at Shatrunjay hill.
They promised him that they would fulfill his vow. Thereafter, he died peacefully knowing his vow would
be fulfilled.
mbad and Bhad

Udayan had four sons, named mbad, Bhad, Chhad, and Sollak. mbad was a poet and a bold
warrior. He became the chancellor of King Kumrpl. He constructed the western walkway on
Shatrunjay hill, now known as Gheti Ni Pg. He expanded Udvasahi of Dholka and renovated the wellknown temple of Shakunikvihr at Bharuch.
mbad had pledged his allegiance to Kumrpl and served him with utmost sincerity and loyalty. When
Kumrpls successor, King Ajaypl, came to the throne, he began to undo everything Kumrpl had
stood for. As a result, mbad decided to resist him with all the means at his command. Ajaypl sent
troops to subdue him. mbad, however, refused to be subdued and died fighting Ajaypls troops.
The second son, Bhad (also known as Vhad), was a politician and statesman. He first worked for King
Siddharj, and under King Kumrpls regime he became the kings trusted right hand man. When
Kumrpl undertook the renovation of Somnth temple, the project was entrusted to Bhad, who carried
out the work very well.
In order to honor the pledge to his father, Bhad undertook the construction of a grand temple on
Shatrunjay. The temple was completed in 1155 A.D., but soon after, portions of the temple fell down due
to intense wind. Bhad then arranged to reconstruct the fallen parts so it could withstand high winds in
the future.
There is an interesting anecdote associated with the construction of that temple. When Bhad undertook
the work, many people wanted to contribute to the project. A list of donors was prepared in order to
accommodate them. At that time, there was a poor man named Bhim who earned his livelihood going
from place to place selling ghee (refined butter). He went to the place where the list was being prepared.
He had an intense desire to contribute to the project, but he had only one coin, the one he had earned
that day. How could he speak about donating such a small amount when people were contributing
thousands of coins? Bhad noticed his eagerness and called him to his side. He gently asked Bhim to
contribute whatever he wanted. Naturally Bhim hesitated. However, he said that he wanted to contribute
the coin he had earned that day.
Bhad not only accepted the offer, but also wrote Bhims name at the top of the donors list. When he
was asked to explain, Bhad said that the other donors, including him, had contributed a part of their
wealth while Bhim had contributed his entire wealth.
It so happened that when Bhim returned home, his wife asked him to fix a wooden post to restrain their
cow. As he was digging, he came across a box buried in the ground. As he opened it, he saw that it
contained gold coins and other valuables. He thought it was the consequence of his contribution to the
temple and took the entire wealth to Bhad as his contribution to the temple.
The construction project was completed in 1157 A.D. at a cost of 29.7 million coins, and the opening
ceremony was performed on a grand scale in the presence of Shri Hemchandra chrya.
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Moral:
The life story of Udayan, a religious and hardworking Shrvak, is very inspiring to all of us. He
was always humble and never forgot his benefactors. He raised brave and virtuous sons, mbad
and Bhad, two gems of the Jain sangh. Bhims generosity is also praiseworthy. Bhads act of
putting Bhims name at the top of the donors list demonstrates his unbiased leadership and true
understanding of religion.
Highlights:
Udayan was a minister in the court of King Kumrpl.

When he was governor of Khambht, he sheltered King Kumrpl and later on became his
minister.
He asked his son to construct a new temple on Shatrunjay, since the old temple was made of
wood and could be set on fire.
His son Bhad constructed one temple in 1155 A.D., but parts of it fell down due to high winds.
He decided to reconstruct it and completed it in 1157 A.D.
The top of the donor list was a poor man named Bhim who donated his entire wealth (even
though it was only one coin).
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05 - Nobility of Savchand and Somchand

The Shatrunjay hill is a very sacred place of pilgrimage for Jains. It is located near the town of Palitn,
about 140 miles southwest of Amdvd, Gujarat. There are nine temple complexes on the hill. They are
popularly known as nine Tuks. One of them is Chaumukhaji Tuk, located on the peak of the hill. Here is
an interesting story of the construction of the temple complex there.
During the latter part of the 16th century when King Akbar, the great Moghul king, was ruling over India,
there was a businessman named Savchand Jeram in the town of Vanthali in the Saurashtra region of the
Gujarat state. He owned a very large business. He had many ships that used to export goods to
Indonesia and other countries. During these voyages, they would buy merchandise at one place and sell
it at another for profit.
Once a fleet of 12 ships set sail with valuable merchandise. After selling all their goods at a foreign port,
they were returning with valuable foreign merchandise. On the way back, the fleet encountered a heavy
storm and had to wait on an island. Meanwhile, monsoons set in and the fleet was stranded on the island
for a couple of months. Because the ships did not come back for a long time, Savchands shipping
agents made all possible efforts to locate them. Since they did not find any trace of the fleet, they
reported to Savchand that the ships were lost.
This was a heavy loss to Savchand. He had invested a significant amount of money on the voyage and
was expecting a handsome return by selling the merchandise that the ships were expected to bring back.
With the loss of his ships, he faced an acute shortage of funds and it was hard for him to pay back his
creditors. As the news about the lost ships spread, people started talking about how Savchand had lost
everything and his creditors would have to write off their dues.
That set off a panic among his creditors. In order to realize their dues, they began to present their claims.
Savchand was a highly religious and honest person. He tried to pay back his creditors as much as he
could with the resources he had left. One of the creditors was the prince of Mngrol, a place not far from
Vanthali. He had deposited 100,000 rupees in Savchands firm. That was a substantial amount because
one rupee of that time would be worth about Rs. 250 today.
When the prince learned about the loss of Savchands ships, he also became impatient and called for the
repayment of his deposit. Savchand could not raise such a large amount so quickly. He requested the
prince to wait while he tried to raise the money. The prince, however, insisted on getting the amount
immediately. Savchands name and credit were at stake. In order to maintain his credit, he had to find a
way to pay the prince.
At that time, there was a businessman named Somchand Amichand in the city of Amdvd. Savchand
did not have any trade connection with him, but he had heard about Somchands firm and knew
Somchand to be a very noble gentleman. An idea occurred to him. He thought of satisfying the prince by
giving him a promissory note which would be honored by Somchands firm. The prince agreed to that
form of payment. Savchand wrote a promissory note payable to the prince by Somchands firm without
Somchands permission. Since he had no right to write this. He was overcome with sadness and guilt
while preparing it and tears began to roll down his face. A few drops of his tears fell on the document and
smeared the promissory note. Then, with a heavy heart, Savchand handed the note to the prince and
requested him to cash it with Somchands firm.
The prince did not lose any time. He immediately proceeded towards Amdvd, and upon arriving
presented the promissory note to Somchands firm. The accountant took the note in his hand and asked
his men to look for Savchands account. The men searched their books, but they did not find any account
in the name of Savchand. The men reported that Savchand had no trade connections with their firm. The
accountant went to Somchand and informed him that he had received a promissory note of exchange
from Savchand of Vanthali which, being unduly drawn, could not be honored.
Somchand was puzzled to learn that. He knew Savchands firm by name and was aware that it was a
well reputed business organization of Vanthali. He could not make out why Savchand would have drawn
the note for such a large amount when Somchand did not have any trade links with his firm. He looked at
the note again and noticed the letters smeared by Savchands tears. He could make out from the water
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spots that Savchand must have been in a very embarrassing position and must have drawn the note out
of sheer desperation.
It was clear to Somchand that Savchand had reposed trust in him by writing the note. It was now his turn
to reciprocate. What good was his wealth if he could not extend a helping hand to a noble man in
distress? He, therefore, decided to oblige and asked the accountant to honor the note. The accountant
was confused and asked, Which account should the amount be debited from? Somchand instructed the
accountant to debit it to his personal account.
The note was accordingly accepted, and the amount was paid to the prince. The prince did not actually
need the money and had asked for payment because of his doubt about the financial stability of
Savchand. When the note was honored, he felt reassured about Savchands credibility and repented for
insisting upon the return of his deposit. On his way home, he went to Savchand and told him that he had
received the amount from Amdvd. Savchand heartily thanked Somchand for that act of grace.
At the end of the monsoon, the ships resumed their return journey and safely returned with the
merchandise. Savchand was very pleased and relieved. He made a huge fortune by selling the
merchandise, and his prestige rose even higher than it was before the loss of his ships. It was now time
for him to pay back Somchand. For that purpose, he personally went to Amdvd and offered the amount
of Rs. 100,000 with interest. Somchand, however, declined to accept it on the grounds that his books did
not show any amount due from Savchand.
Savchand would not accept that. How could he go home without repaying the debt? He therefore
pressed Somchand to accept the amount and said that he was willing to pay any amount that Somchand
asked. Savchand added that if he failed to repay, he would feel guilty for drawing the undue promissory
note. Somchand, however, replied that he had purchased the promissory note for the drops of tears.
Those two drops of tears of a respectable man were worth Rs. 200,000 to him. Of that, he had paid only
Rs. 100,000 to the prince and another Rs. 100,000 were still due to be paid. Saying this, he offered Rs.
100,000 to Savchand.
But how could Savchand accept that? He was indebted to Somchand for his graciousness in honoring
the bill. For that grace Savchand was willing to pay any amount to Somchand. Instead of accepting the
amount, Somchand was offering another Rs. 100,000 to him! As Savchand repeatedly insisted on
repaying the amount of his promissory note, Somchand explained that he was unable to accept the
amount because his books did not show any amount due from Savchand. In a way, he was right because
the payment to the prince of Rs. 100,000 was debited to his personal account and not to Savchands
account.
In Rmyan, there is an interesting event when neither Rm nor Bharat were willing to accept the throne,
and they each asked the other to accept it. A similar dispute arose between Savchand and Somchand.
Both of them offered a high payment to the other but neither of them was willing to accept the others
offer. Savchand continued to insist that Somchand accept the amount of his bill, but the latter would not
only decline, but insisted on Savchand accepting another Rs. 100,000. At last, it was decided that they
would refer the matter to the mediation of the Jain community.
The executive committee of the Amdvd Jain Sangh got together with both of them. After hearing them
patiently, the sangh concluded that since neither of them was ready to accept the amount offered by the
other, the amount should be used for a noble cause. Both of them agreed, and after making a substantial
addition to the said amount, they decided to spend the money to construct a temple complex on
Shatrunjay Hill. Accordingly, construction was undertaken immediately. After completion, the opening
ceremony of the complex was performed with great fanfare in 1619 A.D. In commemoration of their
names, the complex is still known as Sav-Som Tuk.
Moral:
Honesty in life as well as in business always pays off. The generosity of Somchand is
praiseworthy. He did not take undue advantage of a person in distress. Instead, he helped an
unknown person. Moreover, he did not expect anything in return.
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Highlights:
Savchand Jeram was a prominent businessman in the town of Vanthali in Saurashtra, Gujarat.
One time ships carrying his merchandise were lost at sea and everyone feared they would not
return.
His creditors started asking for repayment of their loan.
One of them was a prince who demanded payment right away.
Savchand wrote a note to Somchand asking him to repay the prince.
Somchand knew of Savchand but had no business dealings with him, yet he paid the prince since
he noticed that the ink on the note was smudged, possibly due to tears, and realized Savchand
was in real trouble and it was painful for him to write this note.
Once Savchands ships returned, he went to Somchand to repay him, but Somchand declined.
Savchand refused to keep the money and Somchand refused to take it.
Both of them finally agreed to spend it on a noble cause and added even more money to the
original sum and built a temple complex on Shatrunjay Hill, Sav-Som Tuk, which was opened in
1619 A.D.
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F06 Story - Contemporary Jain Legends

01 - Shrimad Rjchandra
02 - Virchand R. Gandhi
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01 - Shrimad Rjchandra - 1867 to 1901

Introduction
Shrimad Rjchandra was a great seer and one of the most recognized Jain sages of modern times. He
has made priceless contributions to Jain philosophy and literature. He was a great philosopher, a brilliant
poet, social reformer, thinker, and self-realized saint. Mahatma Gandhi was highly influenced by
Shrimads spiritual life. Shrimads writings come from his experiences of life, and his teachings are widely
followed by many Jain and Hindu aspirants seeking spiritual awakening and self-realization.
Birth and Childhood

Shrimad Rjchandra was born on the auspicious full-moon (Dev-Diwli) of the month of Krtik, 1924 V.S.
(November 9, 1867) in Vavni, Morbi district, Gujarat. His parents were Ravajibhai and Devab. He
was named Laxminandan at birth, but after four years his name was changed to Raichand. Later he
became famous by the name of Rjchandra.
Rjchandras father and grandfather followed the Vaishnav (Hindu) religion. They were devotees of Lord
Krishna. His mother, Devab, was from a Jain family. Thus, the child Rjchandra was brought up under
the unified culture of Jainism and Hinduism.
As a child, Rjchandra was deeply interested in reading various books. Once he read the Jain
pratikraman sutras and was touched by the feelings of kindness to animals and the expression of sincere
forgiveness from each other during daily pratikraman rituals and the paryushan festival. He was drawn
closer to the Jain faith because of the emphasis it places on self-knowledge, self-control, penance,
renunciation, detachment from worldly affairs, and meditation. As a seeker of ultimate truth, Shrimad
came to the conclusion that the philosophy and culture of Jain religion was of the highest order of truth
and equanimity.
An incident that took place when he was seven years old that changed the course of his life. An adult
acquaintance, Shri Amichandbhai, died of a serpent-bite. Young Rjchandra asked his grandfather,
What does it mean to die? His loving grandfather explained, His soul has left the body and he will no
longer be able to eat, talk, or move. His body will be burnt outside the village. Rjchandra saw the dead
body being burnt and slipped into deep contemplation. Suddenly, as if a veil lifted, he recalled his past
lives. With this experience he realized the pains of repeated births and deaths from one life to another.
This incidence became a major spiritual awakening point in his life to free himself from the bondage of
karma and the life cycle of pain and misery.
Rjchandra started schooling at the age of seven. With his exceptional ability to remember exactly what
he saw or heard or read once, he was able to complete the seven year elementary school education in a
mere two years. The village school provided only seven years of education and hence his formal
education came to an end. However, he continued to learn and read many books on his own. After his
elementary education, he worked in his fathers shop and conducted the business honestly and sincerely.
He composed his first poem at the age of eight and started writing poems and articles related to social
issues for publication in the local newsletters. Despite his young age he wrote serious articles on social
reform subjects like the need for improving female literacy rates, child marriages, and the display of
wealth by the rich. He also composed poems with nationalistic zeal.
At a very young age, he had the supernatural ability to foresee what was likely to happen and he helped
some people by saving them from possible disasters. By the time he was 18, he had become a very
proficient astrologer. He was able to identify books merely by touching them and know the taste of food
without tasting it. Along with developing all these extraordinary abilities, he became very compassionate
towards all living beings and a was strong promoter of non-violence.
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Family
At the age of 20,Rjchandra married Zabakben in 1888 A.D. Zabakben was the daughter of Shri
Popatlalbhai Jagjivandas, the elder brother of Shri Revashankarbhai who later became Shrimads
business partner. They had four children. Their two sons were Shri Chhaganlal and Shri Ratill. Their
two daughters were Smt. Javalben and Smt. Kshiben. Shrimad had a younger brother named Shri
Mansukhbhai.
Shrimad Rjchandra became a partner in a gemstone business in Mumbai at the age of 20. He was
absolutely ethical, honest, and compassionate in all his business dealings. In a very short time his
business flourished because of his wisdom and business insight. His regard for truth, adherence to high
moral values, and firmness to do what was right inspired many others. In 1899 A.D., he totally retired
from business at the age of 31.
Power of Avadhn (Multi-Tasking)

At the age of 17, Shrimad had observed someone performing eight different tasks simultaneously, known
as Asht-vadhni, in Gujarati. He studied the method, and the next day he was able to perform twelve
tasks. He soon improved his performance to be able to manage 52 avadhns. When he was 19, he was
invited to perform his avadhns at a public meeting in Mumbai in the presence of the Bombay Chief
Justice and other dignitaries. He successfully performed 100 avadhns, known as Shatvdhn.
The 100 tasks included a variety of activities like playing cards, playing chess, counting the bell chimes,
completing mathematical calculations, composing poems with different themes and specified sets of
words, and arranging the order of words from 16 different languages which included English, Greek, Latin
and Arabic (note that Shrimads formal study included only Gujarati up to Grade 7 of elementary school).
This was an unbelievable feat, and the performance was given much publicity in all the major newspapers
like the Times of India and Pioneer. Shrimad was invited to go to Europe and demonstrate his
extraordinary talents. This would have meant more fame and substantial material gain. However, he
declined the offer because it would be extremely difficult to stay in Europe as per Jain religious standards.
He would also be distracted from his main objective of spiritual progress.
By the time he was 20,his fame had spread throughout India, and he realized that he was achieving only
material benefits for his amazing powers, which was not what he wanted from his life. He gave up all
such activities completely and only concentrated on self-restraint, detachment from worldly matters,
contemplation, and meditation to progress spiritually so that he could free himself from the cycle of birth
and death.
Shrimads Writings
In his early years, Shrimad composed poems and articles on social reforms, arousing nationalistic
passion. When he was working in his fathers shop, he had done an in-depth study of the Jain gams
and scriptures after having learnt Sanskrit and Prkrit languages on his own at the age of 14.
At the age of 16, he wrote Moksha-ml and its compendium Bhvan-bodh, which literally means
garland of liberation. True to its name, it deals with subjects that lead towards the path of liberation. It is
written in a simple and easy to understand language, but explains the Jain religion in finest detail. Its 108
lessons were composed in three days!
tmasiddhi-shstra is an epic poem and the prime jewel composed by Shrimad in Gujarati in 1896 while
he was in Nadiad, a town near Ahmedbd. On one auspicious evening, he composed 142 stanzas of
tmasiddhi-shstra in one sitting of less than 90 minutes. The fact that Shrimad composed such
comprehensive and all inclusive work within such a short time can only give us a clue of the depth of
spiritual wealth he possessed.
The subject matter of tmasiddhi-shstra is the scientific characterization of the six fold truths of soul: its
existence, its eternity, doer of its karma, the impact of karma on it, the nature of the pure consciousness,
and its potential for attaining liberation from karma. It describes the Jain philosophy comprehensively and
also shows how Aneknthvd allows Jainism to encompass all other Indian faiths. Many scholars have
written an elegant commentary on the tmasiddhi-shstra.
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Apurva Avasar was his last major compilation. It is the most divine poem in which Shrimad expresses
the fourteen stages of spiritual progress for ultimate liberation. Apurva Avasar was incorporated into the
prayer book in Gandhijis Ashram.
The complete works of Shrimad contain more than thirty five poems and almost 950 letters which were
written to various people who came in contact with him. They are compiled in a text called Vachanmrit.
A high level of spirituality is evident in his writings. If one delves deeper into his literature, one will notice
that his writings provide excellent discourses for attaining self-realization leading to liberation.
Mahatma Gandhi was very impressed by Shrimads spirituality and lifestyle. He accepted Shrimad as his
spiritual guide with great respect and reverence. When Gandhiji was in South Africa, he was under
intense pressure from his Christian and Muslim friends to adopt their faith. He wrote to Shrimad for
guidance. Shrimads guidance convinced him of how his own faith, Hinduism, would ensure his spiritual
progress. Gandhiji has written reverently about Shrimad in his autobiography and has paid glorious
tribute to him on several occasions. He often revealed that he learnt compassion for all beings and nonviolence from Shrimad. According to him, Shrimads life and spiritual writings impacted him more than
Tolstoy and Ruskin.
Spiritual Progress
Shrimad did not have a spiritual teacher in his life. At the age of seven, when he was able to recall his
past lives, he clearly remembered his association with Lord Mahvir in a previous life.
In 1891 A.D., at the age of 23, Shrimad realized samyag darshan. He continued to enhance his progress
by slowly detaching himself from the material world, deeply studying scriptures, strengthening virtues,
refraining from worldly pleasures, and remaining in meditation for longer durations. He started to stay at
lonely places outside Mumbai for more than a month at a time. In the beginning, there were many
obstacles in his way because he needed to perform his duties as a house holder and as a businessman.
From 1896 A.D., he often spent several months in isolation in the woods of Uttarsanda, Idar, and Kavitha,
where he would eat only one meal during the day and sleep very little. He spent his time in deep
meditation and attained a highly enlightened state of self-realization at the age of 28.
He retired totally from business at the age of 31 in 1899 and requested his mother to permit him to
renounce the worldly life permanently to become a monk. Unfortunately, his mother denied him out of
love and affection. However, after two years of clever persuasion, he was hopeful of his mothers
permission, but by this time his health had deteriorated. and he could not recover. He died in 1901 A.D.
in Rajkot at the very young age of thirty three.
Followers
Though Shrimad tried to keep his spiritual personality completely private, several people accepted him as
their guide to achieve ultimate liberation and devoted their lives to him. Some of his closest followers
were:
Shri Sobhagbhai
Almost 350 of the 950 letters of Shrimad Rjchandra were written to Shri Sobhagbhai, who was about 40 years
older than him. In the very first meeting, Sobhagbhai recognized Shrimad as a highly self-realized person and
accepted him as his true guru. He was simple in his behavior and serious in devotion. He was a native of Saila, a
town near Rajkot. Based on his request, Shrimad composed the epic poem tmasiddhi-shstra so that it would be
easier to memorize. Shri Sobhagbhai attained self-realization and died in deep meditation (samdhi).
Shri Laghurj Swmi

Shri Laghurj Swmi was a Sthnakavsi Jain monk and one of most devoted disciples of Shrimad. As a monk, his
devotion to Shrimad caused him great problems from the Jain community.
Shri Laghurj Swmi attained self-realization during Shrimads presence and then established the Ages shram near
Vadodara. The ashram can take credit for preserving Shrimads writings and making it available to the Jain
community at large. Ages is an important place for Shrimads followers. Today there are more than fifty ashrams in
India and aboard where the followers worship and study Shrimads literature based on the divine faith and testimony
provided by Shri Laghurj Swmi.
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Shri Ambllbhai
Ambllbhai, a native of Khambhat, was a very devoted disciple who sacrificed a brilliant legal career to be in the
service of Shrimad. Shrimad entrusted him to copy scriptural works and his letters because of his exceptional
memory. He and Shrimads younger brother, Mansukhbhai, were responsible for recovering Shrimads letters and
writings and publishing them. Four years after Shrimad, in 1905 A.D., Ambllbhai attained self-realization and
passed away in deep samdhi at a very young age.
Shri Joothbhai
Joothbhai was the first person to recognize Shrimads divinity and accept him as his spiritual mentor. Their
relationship was very close, but also very short as Shri Joothbhai passed away when he was only 23 years old in
1890 A.D.
Teachings and Contribution of Shrimad Rjchandra

All of Shrimads literature is based on Bhagwn Mahvirs teachings. He presented these teachings in
simple Gujarati and Hindi in both prose and poetry forms. As we study Shrimads writings in depth, we
find that he has made an enormous effort to shed new light on true spirituality. He has succeeded in
reforming the blind faith with real spiritual awakening.
His biggest contribution is to point out the mistakes most people make in following a teacher based on the
external conduct and dress code. The spiritual journey led by a wrong teacher leads the disciple to
extended life cycles of misery and pain. On the other hand, when an aspirant is able to know and follow
the teachings of a true teacher (sadguru), he will be able to attain true freedom and liberation.
1. Morality:
Good manners, good activities, and good behavior are the roots of holiness.
All living beings are seen as equal. Therefore, do not cause pain to any soul, nor extort work from any
soul beyond their ability and capacity.
2. Human life:
All living beings long for permanent happiness, and there is no exception to this. This desire can be
fulfilled only in a human life. Yet human beings choose unhappiness. This is due to his illusionary state
(Mohaniya karma - Mithytva) in which he sees happiness in worldly desires and possessions.
3. Non-attachment to Worldly Affairs (Vairgya):
Detachment from worldly and materialistic affairs and family relationships is defined as Vairgya, and
achieving it is essential for eternal happiness.
True renunciation is always followed by the true knowledge of the self or the soul. Without true
renunciation, a person will not be able to gain the true knowledge of the soul. If one stops only at the
stage of renunciation and there is no desire for true knowledge, his/her human life would be in vain.
4. Knowledge and Wisdom:
Through proper knowledge, we are able to know the forms and qualities of the substances of the
universe.
The Jain scripture, Uttardhyayan Sutra, indicates that Knowledge is like a needle with thread. Just like
a needle with a thread in it does not get lost, a person with knowledge will not lose the right religious path
in this world.
It is the true knowledge with which an external feeling is controlled, attachment for life, family and worldly
pleasures decreases, and the truth is revealed.
If you know yourself, you know the whole world.
worthless.
If you do not know yourself, your knowledge is
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Summary
Shrimad Rjchandra was a great saint, a self-realized master, and an outstanding educator. He was a
born poet, possessed an extraordinary power of memory, a reformer of society, a keen follower, and an
advocate of non-violence. He had equal respect for all religions.
As with many great personalities, Shrimads greatness was not recognized in his life time. Shrimad was
not popular among Jains because he spoke about the faults in Jain society and the traditions being
carried out without understanding the proper meaning and purpose behind them. Many people have
recognized his greatness after his death.
Shrimad has put great emphasis on the need of a Sadguru in ones life for spiritual progress and
ultimately to attain liberation.
Shrimad always maintained that since he had not taken the vow of diksh (sainthood), he was not eligible
to preach the path of liberation. Therefore, even with his wealth of knowledge, he did not preach to the
masses. He hoped that later in his life, he would become a monk, and when the time was right, he could
bring the proper teachings of Jainism to the masses as there were many undesired factors in the practice
of Jainism at that time.
Moral:
Shrimads writings to his close associates and his personal notes are the essence of Jain religion.
He has given us priceless spiritual gifts including Moksha-ml, tmasiddhi-shstra, Apurva
Avasar, and many other spiritual writings in the form of letters, articles, and poems. In his short
life of 33 years, he delivered the spiritual message of eternal importance. He explained Bhagwn
Mahvirs teachings in simple words. Now these teachings have become accessible to ordinary
people, and we have the unique opportunity to learn about the inner state of a truly self-realized
person.
Highlights:
Shrimad Rjchandra was born on the auspicious day of full-moon (Dev-Diwli) of the month of
Krthik, 1924 V.S. (November 9, 1867) in Vavni, Morbi district, Gujarat.
Father Ravajibhai (Hindu) and mother Devab (Jain)
He composed his first poem at the age of eight
At the age of 16, he wrote Moksha-ml and its compendium Bhvan-bodh.
At the age of 20,Rjchandra married Zabakben in 1888 A.D.
In 1891 A.D., at the age of 23, Shrimad realized samyag darshan
He successfully performed 100 avadhns simultaneously, which is known as Shatvdhn
tmasiddhi-shstra is an epic poem composed by Shrimad in Gujarati in 1896
Apurva Avasar was his last major compilation
Almost 350 of the 950 letters of Shrimad Rjchandra were written to Shri Sobhagbhai
Shri Laghurj Swmi was a Sthnakavsi Jain monk and one of most devoted disciples of
Shrimad
Ambllbhai, a native of Khambhat, was a very devoted disciple of Shrimad Rjchandra
Joothbhai was the first person to recognize Shrimads spirituality and accept him as his spiritual
mentor
Shrimad has put great emphasis on the need of a sadguru in ones life for spiritual progress and
ultimately to attain liberation
Shrimad always maintained that since he had not taken the vow of diksh, he was not eligible to
preach the path of liberation
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02 - Virchand R. Gandhi
A Brief Summary of His Life and Mission
(August 25, 1864 to August 7, 1901)
It was the memorable day of September 11, 1893. The Columbus Hall of the Art Institute of Chicago was
overflowing with over 3, 000 delegates of different nations and religions. It was the opening day of the
Parliament of World Religions Conference, the first such conference ever organized in the history of
mankind. The aim of the conference was to impart to the world the knowledge of different religions, to
promote a feeling of fraternity between followers of diverse religious persuasions, and to pave the way for
world peace. The conference lasted for 17 days.
Two young men among them, with their Indian costumes and turbans, drew special attention from the
public. One was the world famous Swmi Viveknanda, who represented Hinduism, and the other was
Shri Virchand Rghavji Gandhi, who represented Jainism. They made such an impact at the Parliament
of Religions with their impressive speeches and personality they were both requested to prolong their stay
in the U.S. and continue giving speeches in different cities after the conference was over.
Shri Virchand Gandhi, a young man of twenty-nine, impressed the delegates not only by his eloquence,
but also by the sheer weight of his scholarship. The impartiality of his outlook and his oratorical skills
fascinated the delegates at the conference. An American newspaper wrote, Of all the Eastern scholars,
it was this youth whose lectures on Jain faith and conduct was listened to with great interest and
attention.
Shri Virchand R. Gandhi was born on August 25, 1864 in Mahuva, near Bhavanagar, Gujarat. After his
primary and secondary education in Bhavanagar, he joined Elphinstone College in Mumbai. He
graduated and obtained a B.A. Degree with honors from the University of Bombay in 1884. He was
probably the first graduate amongst the Jains at that time. He was also a student of Buddhism, Vedanta
Philosophy, Yoga, Christianity and Western philosophy. He had also done a comparative study of various
philosophies, which equipped him for talks on various subjects with confidence. He had command over
fourteen languages including Gujarati, Hindi, Bengali, English, Prkrit, Sanskrit, and French.
Shri Gandhi became the first honorary secretary of the Jain Association of India in 1885 at the age of 21.
As secretary, he worked very hard for the abolition of poll tax levied on pilgrims to Mount Shatrunjay, the
most sacred place of Jain religion at Palitn. In those days, to protest against the ruler was to invite
severe punishment and even death. He prepared a case to compromise. He made a strong
representation to Lord Ray, the governor of Bombay, and Colonel Watson, the political agent, and
eventually abolished the poll tax in place of a fixed payment of Rs. 15, 000 per year to the ruler for
looking after the safety of the pilgrims and the holy place.
In 1891 Mr. Boddam, an Englishman, set up a factory for slaughtering pigs and making tallow out of them
at Samet Shikhar, another holy place of Jain pilgrimage near Calcutta in the state of Bihar. Shri Virchand
Gandhi went all the way to Calcutta to stop the killing of pigs at the holy place. He stayed there for six
months, learned Bengali, prepared his case against the factory, and ultimately got this verdict issued:
Samet Shikhar is a place of Jain pilgrimage, and nobody else has any right to interfere there. He got the
factory to close down.
Shri Virchand Gandhi was a great social reformer at a very young age. At the age of 22, he wrote long
essays to remove evil social customs and continuously fought against it and was successful in eradicating
many of them.
Shri Virchand Gandhi sailed to the U.S. along with Swmi Viveknanda to attend the Parliament of World
Religion Conference in 1893. He stayed in the United States for about two years after the conference
and gave lectures in cities such as Chicago, Boston, New York, and Washington. He also visited
England, France, Germany, and other places in Europe. In foreign countries, he wore a long and loose
kurta, a white shawl on his shoulder, a golden bordered Kathiawadi turban on his head, and country
shoes. This external appearance bore the imprint of India. He delivered more than 535 lectures on
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Jainism, yoga, Indian systems of philosophy, Indian culture, occultism, and spiritualism. He qualified as a
barrister in London at one of the inns of the court, but did not use this qualification for monetary gain.
Virchand Gandhi talked about the doctrines of Jainism in such a coherent manner that some newspapers
published the texts of his lectures in full. He had the most effective way of handling the otherwise difficult
terminology of Jainism. He had an extraordinary ability to clarify his statements in a consistent and logical
manner. At the conference, he made a brief but striking presentation on the fundamentals of Jain religion.
He expounded Jain religion in its main aspects in the categories of Jain philosophy, Jain way of life, and
Jain code of conduct.
Another special characteristic of Shri Virchand Gandhis lectures on Jain religion was that they did not
deal in criticism of other religions. Free from sectarian preferences and prejudices, his impartial ideology
is an apt expression of the Jain who practices non-violence in life and Aneknthvd in thoughts. His
discourses convinced the elite of America of the fact that Jain religion has an authentic and rational
religious tradition. His speeches received extensive publication in several leading newspapers.
Shri Virchand Gandhi was a great exponent of Indian culture and religion in addition to being a brilliant
scholar of Jainism. His speeches at the parliament echoed the true spirit and culture of India. The
prevailing belief in America was that India was a country of tigers, serpents, magicians, and kings.
Christian missionaries also presented a distorted picture of the people of India. Shri Virchand Gandhi and
Swmi Viveknanda made a great effort to give the people abroad the true perspective on India.
Explaining the importance of Indian culture to foreigners, he said, It is an astonishing fact that foreigners
have been constantly attacking India, and in the face of all those aggressions the soul of India has stood
vital and watchful. Her conduct and religion are safe and the whole world looks at India with a steady
gaze.
Shri Virchand Gandhi was not a dogmatic person. He spoke as a Jain, but he forcefully defended
Hinduism from the attack of Westerners at the Parliament. After all, he was first Indian, then Jain. He
received a warm reception and was shown the highest appreciation from clubs, literary and church
societies, philosophical branches, and spiritual associations in the U.S. and other countries. His lectures
also served to educate the Western society regarding the salient features of Indian culture.
Five decades before the independence of India, Virchand Gandhi had a prophetic vision. He said in one
of his lectures, You know my brothers and sisters, that we are not an independent nation. We are
subjects of Her Gracious Majesty Queen Victoria the defender of the faith, but if we are a nation in all
that the name implies with our own government and our own rulers, with our laws and institutions
controlled by us free and independent, I affirm that we should seek to establish and forever maintain
peaceful relations with all the nations of the world.
Virchand Gandhi was not only a philosophical thinker, but he also had the welfare of the nation at heart.
He collected a shipload of grain and about 40,000 rupees ($10,000) in cash for famine relief in India in
1896 while he was in the U.S.
In America, Virchand Gandhi founded various societies, such as:
The Gandhi Philosophical Society
The School of Oriental Philosophy
The Society for the Education of Women of India
The secretary of the latter institution was Mrs. Howard who had adopted pure vegetarianism, practiced
smyika daily, and followed other codes of conduct of Jainism. In England, he founded the Jain
Literature Society and taught Jainism there. Mr. Herbert Warren, a religious enthusiast, abandoned nonvegetarianism and adopted the Jain religion. He summarized Virchand Gandhis lectures and published a
book known as Herbert Warrens Jainism.
Literature Published by Shri Virchand R. Gandhi or complied from his Speeches:

Title
Year Published
Language
Pages
Jaina Philosophy
1907
English
375
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Karma Philosophy
1913
English
221
Yoga Philosophy
1912/1993
English
309
The Systems of Indian Philosophy
1970/1993
English
188
Selected speeches of V. R. Gandhi
1963
English
85
Religion and Philosophy of Jains
1993
English
264
Essay - Radv Kutvni Hanikrak Chl
1886
Gujarati
37
Concentration 12 Lectures on
Meditation
1916
English
64
The Unknown Life of Jesus Christ
1894
English
128
Savirya Dhyna
1902/1989
Gujarati
158
Herbert Warrens Jainism
1961/1983
English
164
While he was in England, his health suddenly took a turn for the worse. He returned to India, but a few
weeks later Shri Virchand Gandhi passed away at the very young age of 37 in Bombay on August 7,
1901.
Moral:
Shri Virchand Gandhi rendered an excellent service to India and Jainism by interpreting Indian
culture and religion in its true spirit to the western world. He was a brilliant and promising young
man, full of hopes and aspirations of service to his religion and community. His name will
continue to be remembered as a great champion of Jain religion and of Indian culture.
Highlights:
Shri Virchand R. Gandhi was born on August 25, 1864 in Mahuva, near Bhavanagar, Gujarat.
He became the first honorary secretary of the Jain Association of India in 1885 at the age of 21.
He sailed to the U.S. with Swmi Viveknanda for the Parliament of World Religion Conference in
1893.
He delivered more than 535 lectures on Jainism, Yoga, Indian systems of philosophy, Indian
culture, occultism, and spiritualism.
He collected a shipload of grain and about Rs. 40,000 ($10,000) cash for famine relief in India in
1896 while he was in USA.
He passed away at the very young age of 37 in Bombay on August 7, 1901.
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01 - King Hansa
02 - Kamalsen
04 - Two Frogs
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01 - King Hansa
In the city of Rjpur, there lived a king named Hansa. He was a fair and just king, known for his devotion
to truth and non-violence. On top of Mount Ratnasringa, there was a beautiful temple dedicated to
Rishabhdev, the first Tirthankar. During the month of Chaitra, on the day of the full moon, people came
from far to visit and worship at the temple. Once, the king decided to visit the temple. He asked his
council of ministers to look after the kingdom during his prolonged absence and left with members of the
royal household on this spiritual mission.
A few days after king Hansa departed, king Arjun attacked the city. In spite of putting up a strong fight,
king Hansas army was defeated, and many of the generals lost their lives on the battlefield. King Arjun
gained control of the palace and the treasury. King Arjun occupied the royal throne and enforced his
authority over the entire kingdom.
King Hansa heard the story of their defeat on the way to the temple. The kings courtiers were very upset
and advised him to return to the city. The king said, I have given up control of the kingdom, and we are
on a spiritual mission and that is what we should be thinking about. So let us keep going to the temple.
The kings courtiers were unhappy about the kings decision and worried about the safety of their families
at home. One by one, they all dropped out until only one umbrella bearer was left with the king.
On the way to the temple, they had to pass through the forest. The king took off his royal dress and
jewelry and gave them to his servant. While passing through the forest, the servant was separated from
the king.
As the king was walking, a deer ran in front of him and disappeared. Right after that, a hunter came
running with a bow in his hand and asked the king if he had seen the deer. The king knew that if he told
the truth, the deer would be killed. He decided not to answer the question and instead kept talking about
irrelevant things. He said that he came from Rjpur. The hunter asked him again about the deer, and he
answered that he was the king. The hunter was very upset with his answers and left in anger.
By now, the king was tired and decided to rest under a tree. He overheard a discussion in the bushes
about robbing some monks who would pass that way in the next two days. The king got concerned about
the safety of the monks. While he was thinking about what he could do, some policemen approached him
and asked if he had seen any suspicious people that looked like robbers. They said, These people are
very dangerous and we have heard that they harm holy people. We are here to arrest them or even
shoot them if necessary to protect the holy people.
The king was in a dilemma again whether to tell the truth or not. He was concerned that if he told the
police about the robbers, they would be harmed, and if he did not, the monks would be harmed. He
thought, If by telling the truth someone gets harmed or killed, then telling that truth is not the best choice.
Truth is supposed to protect and not harm anyone. He said, My friends, you are asked to guard the
monks. Why not go and look after the monks and worry about the robbers if they confront the monks.
The policemen agreed and left to join the monks.
The robbers who were hiding in the bushes heard all this. They were amazed at the mercy shown by this
stranger. They came out, thanked him for saving their lives, and told him that they were at his service.
The king advised them, My dear friends, give up harassing people and be good citizens. The robbers
promised that they would not harm the monks anymore and would try to be good citizens.
As if this was not enough, a group of soldiers came and asked him if he had seen king Hansa. The king
asked, What do you want from King Hansa? They explained that they were the trusted men of King
Arjun and they had been told to arrest King Hansa and kill him. If they did, they would receive a big
reward. King Hansa thought for a moment and said, I am King Hansa. Carry out your duty as told by
your king. After saying that, he closed his eyes, stood in meditation, and started reciting the Namaskr
Mantra.
At once, a deva appeared and said, Oh king! I am overwhelmed by your truthfulness and compassion. I
have captured King Arjun, made him a prisoner, and have given control of your kingdom back to your
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ministers. Today is a great day for worship, but the temple is too far from here. There is no way you can
reach there in time. My chariot is at your service. Please let me take you there.
King Hansa was surprised by the miraculous turn of events. In the company of the deva, he reached the
summit of Mount Ratnasringa in time to worship. The demigod then escorted him back to his kingdom.
King Hansa pardoned King Arjun and released his soldiers immediately. The angel appointed four
lieutenants to look after the safety of the king and his kingdom and then departed. King Hansa once
again ruled the city of Rjpur, and the people were happy.
Moral:
The main theme here is the importance of the Jain principles of truthfulness and non-violence,
and their interrelationship. Sometimes, following one Jain principle blindly can lead to the
violation of another principle, which is what King Hansa was faced with on multiple occasions. He
thought about each situation carefully and found a very creative, smart, and beneficial solution
without violating any principles and without hurting anyone. This showed his devotion and
adherence to Jainism. When faced with Arjuns soldiers in the last situation, he told the truth
since no other person or principle was involved, even though it meant the possible end of his life.
He again stuck to his Jain principles, even though he could have been killed for it.
Highlights:
King Hansa followed the Jain principles completely and to their fullest, even if it meant putting his
own life in danger.
He spared the life of a deer by not answering the question posed by the hunter.
He even saved robbers by telling the policemen to protect monks instead of looking for the
robbers.
Even when soliders came to capture him, he answered that he indeed was the one they were
looking for.
All this did not go unnoticed and a deva came to his aid.
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02 - Kamalsen
Shripat Sheth and his wife Sundari once visited Shri Shilandhar chrya and told him that they both
observed daily vows such as reciting Namaskr Mantra, performed navkrshi (to eat 48 minutes after
sunrise), and smyika. However, their son, Kamalsen, did not observe any vows.
Kamalsens parents were unhappy and anxious about their sons lack of devotion and spirituality. They
requested the monk to give some advice to their son so that he would change for the better and be happy
in this life as well as the next. The monk willingly obliged.
After reaching home, the merchant said to his son, Well, my son, a great teacher is visiting our town. He
is a very learned man, and his lectures are worth listening to. The next day, they accompanied their son
to the lecture. After paying their respect to the achrya, they sat down to listen. The achrya talked
about many things, including hell, heaven, misery, and keval-jnn. After the discourse, the parents asked
Kamalsen what he felt about the lecture. Kamalsen replied, I was too busy watching the movements of
the achryas neck area. His parents were greatly dismayed and returned home disappointed.
Soon after, another great sage, chrya Gunasgar-suri, visited the town, and Kamalsen and his parents
went to visit him. The achrya told the audience various stories of bravery, humor, sorrow, and family
relations with religious messages because such stories attract common people. The boy liked those
stories, so every day he attended the achryas sermons and listened with interest. After a few days, the
achrya was preparing to leave town. Kamalsen joined the people at the farewell ceremony. Many
people pledged to observe some vow. Kamalsen was asked if he would take a vow. He said, I will not
tell a lie except during the day or the night. I will not put a whole watermelon into my mouth, nor will I eat
cow manure. The achrya was surprised by the boys ridiculous behavior. Hence, in order to repent, the
boy vowed not to eat food without looking at the baldhead of Simelo, a potter in the town. The achrya
was very pleased with Kamalsen for taking a vow even though it was a very strange one.
One day, Simelo went to the forest to get some clay. Kamalsen was about to eat lunch when his mother
reminded him of his vow. He immediately ran to the forest to find the bald potter. There he saw the potter
digging in the ground. While digging, the potter came across a pot full of gems and precious stones. At
the boys arrival, he started hiding it underneath a heap of soil. Kamalsen shouted, Yes! I have seen it
(indicating to himself that he had seen the bald head of the potter). The potter thought Kamalsen meant
that he saw the pot and he did not want anyone else to know about the gems. Therefore, he told the boy
that he would share half the treasure from the pot if he did not tell anyone. At first, Kamalsen did not
understand what Simelo was talking about, but later he understood and gladly accepted the treasure and
returned home.
Kamalsen thought deeply as he returned home, A simple vow taken as a joke brought me this wealth.
Had I taken this vow seriously, I would have benefited a lot more. This incident changed Kamalsens life.
He then observed many vows and became very happy.
Moral:
When one takes vows to do something, it should require true devotion and discipline and require
some form of sacrifice consistent with the principles of Jainism. Taking vows that do not fit this
profile is useless and has no meaning. Taking vows and following through with them benefits
ones soul. These benefits may be evident in ones present life or may not be evident until some
future birth. However, vows definitely help to discipline your present life.
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04 - Two Frogs

In the forests of Pratisthn, there lived a hermit well known for predicting future events. Many times the
people of the village gathered around him asking for predictions, even though the hermit did not always
like to satisfy their curiosity. The hermit kept moving deeper and deeper into the jungle until people
stopped looking for him. Two friends, Vipul and Vijan, got lost in the jungle on their way to Pratisthn.
They feared for their lives in the dark and looked for shelter. Late in the night, they saw a hut and
approached it with fear and uneasiness. They peeped into the hut and saw a hermit deep in meditation.
They assumed that he was the hermit known for his predictions. They waited until the hermit completed
his meditation and then told him their story about getting lost in the forest.
The hermit heard their story and offered them fruits. The compassionate hermit told them to rest. The
next morning the hermit requested one of his disciples to show them the way to the village. However,
before Vipul and Vijan left, they folded their hands and asked the hermit to tell them their future. The
hermit declined politely, telling them that it was not advisable to know their future, and sometimes
predictions may prove to be wrong. Both friends insisted and at last, the hermit told them their future. He
looked at Vipul and told him he would become a king within a year while Vijan would die at the hands of
an assassin during the same time.
Outside the forest, Vipul could not contain his joy while Vijan was very gloomy. It was only natural. Back
in their town, Vipul behaved arrogantly and told everyone that if they misbehaved, he would chop off their
heads when he became king. Everyone in the village was afraid of him. Meanwhile Vijan, a teacher,
went about his work with great devotion and spent a lot of his time in prayers and social work. He was
humble to all and eventually overcame his sadness. He no longer feared death, but surrendered himself
to his destiny.
Six months later, Vipul asked Vijan to accompany him to select the site of his future palace. Both were
surveying a deserted region when Vipul stumbled across a pot full of gold coins. He was joyous and told
Vijan that he was going to use the money to buy a crown. Right then, a robber jumped out of the bushes
and tried to snatch the pot. Vijan came to his friends rescue, and the robber attacked him with a dagger.
Vijan was experienced in defensive tactics and drove off the robber, although he received a cut on the
shoulder. The grateful Vipul offered his friend half the gold but Vijan politely refused saying he was going
to die soon and would have no use for the gold. Vipul spent the money irrationally and squandered it in
eating and drinking. A full year passed. Vipul did not become a king, and Vijan did not die.
Both friends went back to the hermit in search of an explanation. The hermit was in meditation. He said
to Vipul, Your destiny changed because of your thoughtless actions over the year. The crown that was
meant to come to you was reduced to a simple pot of gold which you found in the field. He said to Vijan,
Your prayers, humility, and trust in religion changed your destiny too. Death by the hands of an assassin
was changed to a mere wound. The two friends returned to the village, thoughtful of their actions and the
results, and the meaning of life.
Moral:
Ones destiny is driven by ones karma. In turn, ones karma is governed by ones thoughts and
deeds in the current as well as past lives. Knowing their fate, Vipul and Vijan changed their
behavior. One changed for the worse, and the other for the better. Arrogance and materialistic
indulgence led to bad karma that impacted Vipuls future in a negative manner. Conversely,
humility, prayers, and faith in the divine led to good karma which impacted Vijans future in a
positive manner. We should all strive to behave in a manner that will promote good karma in our
current and future lives.
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04 - Two Frogs
A group of frogs were playing in the farm, when two of them fell into a pot of milk. All the other frogs
gathered around the pot to see what could be done to help their companions. When they saw how deep
the pot was, they agreed that it was hopeless and told the two frogs in the pot that they should prepare
themselves for their fate because they were as good as dead.
Unwilling to accept this terrible fate, the two frogs began to jump with all of their might. Some of the frogs
shouted into the pot that it was hopeless, and that the two frogs wouldnt be in that situation if they had
been more careful and more responsible. The other frogs continued sorrowfully, shouting that they
should save their energy and give up since they were already as good as dead. The two frogs continued
jumping with all their might, and after a while, were quite weary. Finally, one of the frogs took heed to the
calls of his fellow frogs. Exhausted, he quietly resolved himself to his fate, drowned to the bottom of the
pot, and died.
The other frog continued to jump as hard as he could even though his body was wracked with pain and
exhaustion. Once again, his companions began yelling for him to accept his fate, stop the pain, and just
die. The weary frog jumped harder and harder, and the milk turned into butter with all the movement of
the jumping. The frog was now able to stand on the layer of butter on top, use that as leverage, and
finally leap high enough to get out of the pot. Amazed, the other frogs celebrated his freedom and then
gathering around him asking, Why did you continue jumping when we told you it was impossible? The
astonished frog explained to them that he was deaf, and as he saw their gestures and shouting, he
thought they were cheering him on. What he had perceived as encouragement inspired him to try harder
and to succeed against all odds.
Moral:
The book of proverbs says, There is death and life in the power of the tongue. Your
encouraging words can lift someone up and help them make it through the day. Your destructive
words can cause deep wounds. They may be the weapons that destroy someones desire to
continue trying, or even their life. Your destructive, careless words can diminish someone in the
eyes of others, destroy their influence, and have a lasting impact on the way others respond to
them. Be careful what you say. Speak life to (and about) those who cross your path. There is
enormous power in words. If you have words of kindness, praise, or encouragement, speak them
now to, and about, others. Listen to your heart and respond.
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Compendium of Jainism

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03 - Vipul and Vijan

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Compendium of Jainism 2015

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Compendium of Jainism 2015

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Compendium of Jainism 2015

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All breathing, existing, living, sentient creatures should

Compendium of Jainism 2015

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Compendium of Jainism 2015

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List of JAINA Education Series books:

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Compendium of Jainism 2015

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B06 - Nav Tattva Part I: Jiva, Ajiva, Punya, Pp, srava.......................................................................50

F07 Story - Moral Stories

04 Relationships among Gunasthna, Karma, Leshy, and Dhyna..............................................120

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Yoga Benefits............................................................................................................................. 186

C10 - Jainism in Action........................................................................................................................ 188

F07 Story - Moral Stories

02 Six Essential Observances of Shvetmbar tradition..................................................................228

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03 - Vipul and Vijan