SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEBANGSAAN SULTAN BADLISHAH

ANNUAL LESSON PLAN

BIOLOGY FORM 4 ( 2016 )
THEME
LEARNING AREA
Week

Learning
Objective

:
:

INTRODUCING BIOLOGY
1.0 INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY
Learning Outcomes

Suggested Learning Activities

Notes/Vocabulary

ORIENTATION WEEK
3-7 JANUARY 2016

1.1
A student able to:
Understanding
the study of
State what the study of
biology
biological is.
Explain the importance of
biological.
List the different fields of study
in biology.
List the careers related to
2-3
biology.
10/1/16

State various ways of studying

biology.
21/1/16

1.2
Applying
scientific
investigation

A student is able to:

Identify variables in a given in a
given situation.
Identify the relationship
between two variables to form a
hypothesis.
Design and carry out a simple
experiment to test the

Carry out small group discussion on the following &

present the findings:
a) What is the study of biology?
b) The importance of biology with respect to the
study of living things, environment, interaction
between living things & the environment.

Career kerjaya
Field bidang

Construct a concept map based on information gathered

on the different fields of study & careers related to
biology.
Small group discussion on the importance of the
following:
a) Acquiring scientific skills
b) Scientific method
c) Practicing scientific attitude & noble values.
Observe a situation & identify all the variables. Suggest
a question that is suitable for a scientific investigation.
Discuss to:
a) Form a hypothesis
b) Plan the method of investigation including
selection of apparatus & work procedures.
Carry out an experiment:

This activity helps

teacher to assess
student capabilities
to carry out a
scientific
investigation.
Scientific
investigation-

hypothesis.
Record and present data in a
suitable form.
Interpret data to draw
conclusions.
Write a report on an experiment.
Practice scientific attitudes and
noble values.

17 JANUARI 2016

THEME
:
LEARNING AREA :

a) To collect & tabulate data.

penyiasatan
b) Present data in a suitable form.
sainstifik.
c) Interpret the data & draw conclusion.
d) Write a complete report.
Carry out an experiment on the making of bread using
yeast in the absence & presence of sugar. Record the
time taken the dough its size. For further investigation,
salt is used. During investigations, highlight the need of
practice scientific attitudes & noble values such as
honesty & accuracy in recording & verifying data.
HARI KEPUTERAAN SULTAN KEDAH

INVESTIGATING THE CELL AS A BASIC UNIT OF LIVING THINGS

2.0 CELL STRUCTURE AND CELL ORGANISATION

Week

Learning
Learning Outcomes
Objectives
4
2.1
A student is able to:
24/1/16 Understanding Draw and label an animal cell
cell structure
28/1/16 and function
Draw and label a plant cell

Identify the cellular component

of an animal cell
Identify the cellular component
of an plant cell

Suggested Learning Activities

Notes/Vocabulary

Prepare and study slides to compare the epidermal cells

of onion or cell of Hydrilla sp leaf which cheek cells.
Observe, draw and label diagrams of an animal cell and
plant cell as seen through a light microscope.
Study electron micrographs of animal cell and plant cell
to identify cellular component of cell:
a) Plasma and membrane and cell wall.
b) Cytoplasm
c) Organelles:
i) Nucleus: nucleolus, chromosomes,
nucleoplasm and nuclear membrane
ii) Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
iii) Mitochondria
iv) Golgi apparatus
v) Lysosomes
vi) Ribosomes
vii) Chloroplast
viii) Centrioles

The structure of the

organelles is not
required.

Cellular component
komponenkomponen sel.

ix) Vacuoles
State the functions of the cellular
component of an animal cells.
State the function of the cellular
component of an plant cell.
Compare and contrast an animal
cell and a plant cell.
Related the density of certain
organelles with the functions of
specific cells.
5
A student is able to:
30/1/16 2.2
Understanding
State the necessity for cell
4/2/16 cell
organization
specialization in multi cellular
organism as compared to
unicellular organism.
Describe cell specialization in
multi cellular organism.
Describe cell organization in the
information of tissues, organs
and system in multi cellular
organisms.

Work in small group to match cellular component to

their functions. Student present a comparison between
the structure on and animal cell and plant cell.
Discuss the relationship between the density of certain
organelles with the function of specific cells:
a) Mitochondria with the function of sperm cell,
flight muscle cell in.
b) Chloroplasts with the function of palisade cells
Observe the living processes of unicellular organism
such as feeding, locomotion and reproduction through
computerized animation/video/microscope.
Carry out small group discussion on the following and
present the findings:
a) Cell specialization in multi cellular organisms.
b) The necessity for cell specialization in multi
cellular organism.
c) Cell organization in the formation of tissues,
organs and system in humans, animal and plants.

Relate mengaitkan
Density
ketumpatan

Living processes
proses-proses
kehidupan
Cell specialization
pengkhususan sel

Construct models of tissues, organs and system in

human, animals and plants

State the meaning of internal

environment.

Conduct a discussion on the following:

a) The meaning of internal environment.
b) Factors affecting the internal environment
Identify factors affecting the
including temperature, Ph, osmotic pressure and
internal the environment.
glucose level.
c) It is important that the organisms cells always
Explain the necessity to maintain
experience conditions which permit efficient
optimal internal environment
functioning.
The involvement of various system in maintaining
Describe the involvement of
optimal.
various system in maintaining
optimal internal environment.
2.3

A student is able to:

Discuss and predict the cell condition without a

A simple explanation

Appreciating
particular cellular component.
the
Predict the state of certain cells
uniqueness for
Conduct a role-play activity to show that cells become
without a particular cellular
the cell
adapted for different functions.
component
THEME
:
Investigating The Cell As Basic Unit Of Living Things
LEARNING AREA :
3.0 Movement Of Substance Across The Plasma Membrane
Week

Learning
Objectives
6
3.1
7/2/15 Analysing the
movement of
11/2/15 substance
CUTI
across the
TAHUN plasma
BARU
membrane.
CINA

Learning Outcomes
A student is able to:
State the substance required by
living cells.
State the substance that have to
be eliminated from cells
Explain the necessity for
movement of substance across
the plasma membrane.
Describe structure of the
plasma membrane
Describe the permeability of
the plasma membrane
Explain the movement of
soluble substance across the
plasma membrane through the
process of passive transport.
Explain the movement of water
molecules across the plasma
membrane by osmosis
Explain the movement of
substance across the plasma
membrane through the process

Suggested Learning Activities

Uniquenesskeunikan

Notes / Vocabulary

Discuss the following:

a) Substance that are required by cells
b) Substance to be eliminated from cells
c) The necessity for movement of substance across
the plasma membrane
Discuss the structure of the plasma membrane as
comprising the phospholipids bilayer, carrier protein
and pores.
Conduct an experiment, using starch suspension and
glucose solution, to study the movement of substance
across egg membrane or visking tubing.
Discuss the properties of the plasma membrane as a
semi-permeable membrane
Discuss the movement of soluble substance across
the plasma membrane through simple diffusion and
facilitated diffusion.
Carry out an activity to show osmosis using a simple
osmometer.

Only a brief
account of the
plasma membrane
is required.
Permeabilityketelapan
Simple diffusionresapan ringkas
Facilitated
diffusion-resapan
berbantu
Passive transportpengangkutan pasif
Active transportpengangkutan aktif

Discuss the movement of substance across the plasma

membrane through active transport.
Conduct a simulation activity to show the movement
of substances across the plasma membrane through
passive transport.

Only a basic
explanation of the
active transport

of active transport
7
14/2/16
18/2/16

Explain the process of passive

transport in living organism
using examples.
Explain the process of active
transport in living organism
using examples.
Compare and contrast passive
transport and active transport

process is required.
Use compute simulation to show the movement of
substance across the plasma membrane.
Discuss the processes of passive transport and active
transport in living organism:
a) Gaseous exchange in the alveoli and blood
capillaries ( simple diffusion )
b) Absorption of digested food in the villus
( facilitated diffusion )
c) Absorption of water by root hairs of a plant
( osmosis )
d) Ion intake by root hairs of a plant ( active
transport )
Construct a concept map on the movement of
substance across the plasma membrane.

8
21/2/16
25/2/16

9
28/2/16
3/3/16

3.2
A student is able to:
Understanding
the movement Explain what hypotonic,
of substance
hypertonic and isotonic
across the
solutions are.
plasma
Explain the effects of
membrane in
hypotonic, hypertonic and
everyday life
isotonic solutions on plant cell
and animal cell.
Explain plasmolysis,
deplasmolysis, haemolysis and
crenation.
Design an experiment to
determine the concentration
isotonic to cell sap.
Make an inference on the
concentration of cell sap in
plant tissues.

Use a graphic organizer to compare and contrast

passive transport and active transport.
Carry out activities to study the effects of hypotonic
and hypertonic solutions on plant and animal cells.
a) Plasmolysis and deplasmolysis in plant cells.
b) Haemolysis and crenation in red blood cells.
Discuss the following:
a) Hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solutions
b) Plasmolysis, deplasmolysis, haemolysis and
crenation
c) Flaccidity and turgidity of plant cells
Carry out an investigation using various
concentrations of salt or sugar solutions to determine
the concentrations of external solution which is
isotonic to the cell sap of plant tissues.
Discuss and make an inference on the concentration
of cell sap in plant tissues which is equivalent to the
concentration of isotonic solution

Effects-kesan
The use of human
blood is
discouraged.
Turgiditykesegahan
The concentration
of the external
solution which is
isotonic to the cell
sap is determine
from the plotted
graph.

 Relate the movement of

substance across plasma
membrane with concentration
gradient.
Explain the phenomenon of
wilting in plants using
examples.
Explain the preservation of food
using examples.

3.3
Appreciating
the movement
of substances
across the
plasma
membrane

A student is able to:

Discuss and correlate the movement of substances

across the plasma membrane with the different in
concentration of the external solution and that of the
cell sap.
Discuss the following:
a) Wilting of plants caused by the excessive use of
chemical fertilizers
Preservation of food using salt or sugar

Wilting-layu
Preservationpengawetan
Discussion should
be based on the
concepts of
osmosis and
plasmolysis.

Compose poems to appreciate the movement of

substances across the plasma membrane.

Explain the necessity of

movement of substances across
the plasma membrane which
occurs in a continous and
controlled manner for survival
of a cell.
PEPERIKSAAN PERTENGAHAN PENGGAL PERTAMA 2016
3-10 MAC 2016
CUTI PERTENGAHAN PENGGAL PERTAMA 2016
11-19 MAC 2016

THEME
:
LEARNING AREA :
Week

INVESTIGATING THE CELL AS A BASIC UNIT OF LIVING THINGS

4.0 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE CELL

Learning
Learning Outcomes
Objectives
11
4.1
A student is able to:
20/3/16 Understanding
the chemical State the elements in the cell.
24/3/16 composition List the chemical compounds in

Suggested Learning Activities

Carry out small group discussion on the following and
present the findings
a) Elements in the cell, including carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, calcium,

Notes/Vocabulary
Chemical
compounds in the
cell are limited to
carbohydrates,

of the cell.

the cell.
Explain the importance of
organic compounds in the cell.
Explain the importance of water in
the cell.

potassium, magnesium, chlorine, sodium and

ferum.
The presence and importance of chemical compounds in
the cell.

lipids, proteins,
nucleic acids and
water only.
A brief account on
the importance of
carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins and
nucleic acids is
required.
Organic
compoundssebatian organik.
A detailed
molecular structure
is not required. A
brief account of
condensation and
hydrolysis reactions
is required.

12
4.2
27/3/16 understanding
carbohydrates
31/3/16

A student is able to:

State the element in
carbohydrates.
State the type of carbohydrates.
Explain the formation and
breakdown of disaccharides and
polysaccharides

Carry out small group discussion on the following and

present the findings:
a) Element in carbohydrates.
b) Types of carbohydrates, monosaccharides,
disaccharides and polysaccharides, using examples.
c) The formation and breakdown of disaccharides
such as maltose, sucrose and lactose.
The formation and breakdown of polysacchrides such as
starch, glycogen and cellulose

A detailed
molecular structure
is not required. A
brief account of
condensation and
hydrolysis reactions
is required.
Formationpembentukan
Breakdownpenguraian
Reducing sugargula penurun
Non-reducing
sugar-gula bukan
penurun

13-14 4.3
3/4/16 understanding
proteins
14/4/16

4.4
understanding
lipids

A student is able to:

State the element in proteins.
State the various structures of
proteins.
Explain the formation and
breakdown of dipeptides and
polypeptides.
Explain the meaning of essential
amino acids and non-essential
amino acids.
A student is able to:
State the element in lipids.
State the main types of lipids
State the component of fats and
oils.
Explain the formation and
breakdown of fats and oils.
Compare and contrast saturated fats
and unsaturated fats.

Carry out small group discussion on the following and

present the findings:
a) Element in proteins, such as carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, sulphur, nitrogen and phosphorus.
b) Dipeptides and polypeptides.
c) The formation and breakdown of dipeptides and
polypeptides.
d) Essential amino acids and non-essential amino
acids.

A detailed
molecular structure
is not required
A brief account of
condensation and
hydrolysis reactions
is required.

Used charts to illustrate the various proteins structures,

i.e primary, secondary, tertiary and quartenary.
List the main types of lipids:
a) Fat
b) Oil
c) Wax
d) Phospholipids
e) Steroids, such as cholesterol, testosterone,
oestrogen and progesterone.
Carry out small group discussion on the following and
present the finding:
a) Elements in lipids
b) Components of fats and oils.
c) Formation and breakdown of fats and oils.

A detailed
molecular structure
is not required.
A brief account of
condensation and
hydrolysis reactions
is required.
Saturated fatslemak tepu
Unsaturated fatslemak tak tepu

Use a graphic organizer to compare saturated fats and

unsaturated fats.
15
4.5
A student is able to:
17/4/16 Understanding State what enzymes are
enzymes
Explain why enzymes are needed
21/4/16
in life processes
List the general characteristic of
enzymes
Relate the name of enzymes to
substance

Discuss in the following:

a) What enzymes are
b) Enzymes requirement in the living process
c) General characteristics of enzymes
d) Naming of enzymes base on the substrate
e) Sites of enzymes synthesis
f) Intracellular and extracellular enzymes and
examples.

Intracellular
enzyme-enzim luar
sel
Substrates-substrat

 State sites where enzymes are

synthesized
State the meaning of intracellular
enzymes and extracellular
enzymes
Explain the involvement of
specific organelles in the
production of extracellular
enzymes
Explain the effect of Ph,
temperature, enzymes
concentration and substrate
concentration on enzyme activity
Explain the mechanism of
enzymes action.
Relate the mechanism of enzyme
action with Ph, temperature,
enzymes concentration and
substrate concentration
Explain the used of enzymes in
daily life and industry using
examples.

16-17
24/4/16
5/5/16

4.6
Realizing the
importance of
the chemical
composition
in cells.

A student is able to:

Predict the consequences of
deficiency in carbohydrates, protein,
lipids or enzymes in the cell.

1 MEI 2016
5 MEI 2016

THEME

Conduct a role-play activity to show the involvement of

ribosome, endoplasmic reticulum and golgy body in the
production of extracellular enzymes.
Conduct the experiments to study the effect of ph and
temperature on the activities of amylase and pepsin.
Discuss the effect of enzyme concentration and substrate
concentration on enzyme activity.
Discuss the mechanism of enzymes action using the
lock and key hypothesis.
Discuss and correlate ph, temperature, enzyme
concentration and substrate.
Concentration on enzyme activity using the lock and
key hypothesis.
Gather information from the internet and other sources
on the uses of enzymes in:
a) Daily life, e.g. tenderizing meat
Industry, e.g. food processing and detergent
manufacturing.
Deficiencykekurangan
Conduct a role play or story telling session to predict the
consequences of deficiency in one of the chemical
components in the cell.
HARI BURUH
ISRAK MIKRAJ

INVESTIGATING THE CELL AS A BASIC UNIT OF LIVING THINGS

LEARNING AREA :

5.0 CELL DIVISION

Week

Learning
Learning Outcomes
Objectives
18
5.1
A student is able to:
8/5/16 Understanding

Mitosis
State the necessity for the
12/5/16
production of new cells in
organisms.
Explain the necessity for the
production of new cells identical
to parent cells.
State the significance of mitosis.
Identify the phases in the cell
cycle.
Explain the processes of mitosis
and cytokinesis.
Arrange the various stages of
mitosis in the correct sequence
Compare and contrast mitosis
and cytokinesis in animal cell
and plant cell.
Explain the importance of
controlled mitosis.
Explain the effect of uncontrolled
mitosis in living things.
Describe the application of
knowledge on mitosis in cloning.
Explain the advantages and
disadvantages of cloning.

Suggested Learning Activities

Conduct a brainstorming session on the following:
a) The need for production of new cells in organisms.
b) The need for production of new cells identical to
parent cells.
Derive the meaning and significance of mitosis from the
brainstorming session.

Notes/Vocabulary

Identical-seiras
Significancekepentingan

Study charts to identify the various phase s of the cell

cycle.
Make models to demonstrate mitosis and cytokinesis.
Prepare and observe a slide of anion root tip to identify
different stages of mitosis.
Study the process of controlled and uncontrolled mitosis
and cytokinesis through simulation, computerized
animation or video.
Conduct a brainstorming session to come up with
examples on mitosis as a controlled process for the
perpetuity of living things such as regeneration of lizard
tail, certain plant parts and the healing of skin.
Gather information on diseases, including cancer or
tumor, caused by uncontrolled mitosis in living things.
Make a trip to a research institute to study tissues culture
technique.
Conduct a debate or forum on cloning issues.
15-26 MEI 2016

Controlled mitosismitosis terkawal

Uncontrolled
mitosis-mitosis luar
terkawal
RegenerationPertumbuhan/
Penjanaan semula
Healingpenyembuhan
Trait inheritancepewarisan ciri
Offspring-anak
Chromosome
behaviour-perlakan
kromosom.

PEPERIKSAAN PENGGAL 1
21 MEI 2016
HARI WESAK

21
5.2
12/6/16 understanding

meiosis
16/6/16

5.3
Appreciating
the movement
of
chromosomes
during mitosis
and meiosis

A student is able to:

27 MEI-11 JUN 2016

CUTI PENGGAL 1
Discuss the following:

State the necessity of trait

inheritance in offspring for
continuation of life
State the necessity to maintain
diploid chromosomal number
from generation to generation
State the necessity for production
of haploid gametes in sexual
reproduction
State the significance of meiosis
Explain the process of meiosis
Arrange the various stages of
meiosis in the correct order.
Compare and contrast meiosis I
and meiosis II
Compare and contras meiosis and
mitosis.

A student is able to:

Describe what will happen when
the movement of chromosomes
during mitosis and meiosis do not
occur in a orderly manner.
Know and avoid things that maybe
harmful.

a) Trait inheritance in off springs

b) The need to maintain diploid chromosomal number
from one generation to another.
c) The need to produce gametes with haploid number
of chromosomes
d) The uniqueness of diploid number of chromosomes
in organisms
e) The significance of meiosis
f) The type of cell that undergoes meiosis in human,
animal and plants.
Observe the process of meiosis through computerized
animation, photomicrograph, prepare slides or video.
Use simulation activities to show changes in
chromosome behaviour during meiosis I and meiosis II
Use graphic organizers to compare and contrast:
a) Meiosis I and Meiosis II
b) Meiosis and mitosis
a) Conduct a role-play
b) Avoid radioactive and carcinogenic substances

THEME
:
LEARNING AREA :
Week

Learning
Objectives
22
6.1
19/6/16 Understanding

types of
23/6/13 nutrition

6.2
Applying the
concept of
balance diet

INVESTIGATING THE PHYSIOLOGY OF LIVING THINGS

6.0 NUTRITION
Learning Outcomes
A student is able to:
State the type of nutrition.
Explain autotropic nutrition
Explain heterotrophic nutrition
Classify organism according to
types of nutrition.
A student is able to :
Explain the necessity for a
balance diet
Explain the factor affecting the
daily energy requirement of the
human body
Determine the energy value in
food samples
Determine the nutrient content in
different food samples.
Explain the function and sources
of vitamin in a diet to maintain
health
Explain the function and sources
of minerals in a diet to maintain
health
Explain the function and sources
of roughage/dietary of water in

Suggested Learning Activities

Observe the identify types of nutrition in various
organism.
Discuss autotrophic and heterotropic nutrition with
reference to chemosynthesis, photosynthesis, holozoic
nutrition, saprophytism and parasitism.
Use a graphic organizer to show the types of nutrition.
Conduct and activity to classify various organism
according to types of nutrition.
Carry out small group discussion on the following and
present the findings:
a) Requirement of a balance diet.
b) Factors affecting the daily energy requirement
such as age, sex, body weight and occupation.
Conduct and activity to determine the energy value in
food samples.
Design activity to test of the presence of starch, reducing
sugar, non-reducing sugar, protein and lipid in food
samples.
Conduct and experiment to determine the vitamin c
content in various fruit juices
Match the vitamin with their source, function and effects
of defiency
Match the mineral with their sources, function and effect
of deficiency.
Discuss the sources and function and efficiency of
roughage

Notes/Vocabulary

the body
Justify the selection of an
appropriate balanced diet for a
target group.

23
6.3
26/6/16 Understanding

malnutrition
30/6/16

A student is able to:

6.4
Analyzing
food digestion

Explain what malnutrition is

Explain the effect of malnutrition
using examples.
Describe ways to reduce the
change of contracting certain
health problems due ones diet
Describe ways reduce the effect
of certain health problems.

A student is able to
State the substance required by
the cell to carry out metabolic
process
List the complex substance that
need to be digested
Explain the necessity for
digestion of complex substance
Draw and label the human
digestive system
State the digestive juices and
substance that aid in the process

Discuss the sources and function of water in a body.

Carry out a group discussion to formulate and justify an
appropriate diet menu based on a nutrient chart for the
following target group:
a) Pregnant mother
b) Infants
c) Children
d) Teenagers
e) Atheletes
f) People with specific diseases
g) The aged
h) Vegetarians
Carry out small group discussion on the following and
present the findings:
a) Meaning of malnutrition
b) Effect of deficiency in of carbohydrates, vitamins,
minerals on health
c) Effect of excessive intake of carbohydrates, lipids,
vitamins, minerals on health
d) A diet low in saturated fats helps reduce the chance
of contracting cardiovascular disease
e) Ways to reduce the risk of high blood pressure,
diabetes mellitus and osteoporosis
Discuss the following :
a) Glucose, amino acid and lipids are required by the
cell to carry out metabolic process
b) Complex substance like carbohydrate, protein and
lipids need to be digested
Draw and label parts of human digestive system
Discuss the function of digestive juices, including saliva,
gastric juice. Intestines juice and other substance I e
hydrochloric acid and bile that aid the process of
digestion.

of digestion in human
Describe the function of the
digestive juices and substance
Explain the digestion of
carbohydrate, protein and lipids in
human body
Identify parts of digestive system
in ruminants and rodents involved
in the digestion of cellulose in
ruminants and rodents
Design experiment to study the
digestion of starch and proteins in
food samples.
Describe problems related to food
digestion.

Discuss the digestion of carbohydrates, protein and fats

of the following aspects:
a) Specific location of each digestive process
b) Chewing of food
c) Movement of food
d) Glands involved
e) Digestive enzymes
f) Suitable ph for each enzymes action
g) Substrates and product
Identify the parts of digestive system in ruminants and
rodent
Discuss the digestion of cellulose in ruminant ( e.g cow )
and rodent ( rabbit )
Use graphic organizer to compare and contra the process
of cellulose digestion in human, ruminants and rodent.
Plan and conduct experiments o the enzymes action on
starch and protein food samples.
Collect information and discuss problem related to food
digestion:
a) Incomplete digestion of food
b) Bile stones preventing the flow of bile
c) Reduce production of specific digestive enzymes

24
25
10/7/16

14/7/16

CUTI SEMPENA HARI RAYA

AIDIL FITRI
6.5
A student is able to:
Understanding
the processes
Identify the parts of the digestive
of absorption
system involved in absorption of
and
digestive food
assimilation of Explain the adaptive
digested food
characteristic of the digestive
system related to absorption.

Examine model or diagrams of the digestive system and

crossection of the small intestine.
With reference to the models diagram discuss the
following:
a) Adaptation pf the small intestine
b) Absorption process of amino acids, glucose, fatty
acids, glycerol, vitamins and minerals in the villus

 Draw and label the structure of

villus
Explain the process of absorption
in the small intestine.
Explain the absorption of water
and minerals in the colon.
Describe the transport of
nutrients by the circulatory
system for assimilation.
Explain the main functions of the
liver
Describe the process of
assimilation

Carry out activity to study the movement of substance

through the visking tubing.
Based on the above activity correlate the movement of
food substances through the visking tubing with nutrient
absorption in the small intestine.
Discuss the absorption of water and minerals in the
colon
Using diagrams, charts or computerized animation
discuss:
a) The transport of amino acid, glucose, water
soluble vitamins and minerals by the circulatory
system
i) From the small intestine for the liver
through the hepatic portal vein.
ii) From the liver to the body cells.
b) Transport of lipids and fats soluble vitamins
Make a schematic diagram to show the transport of
nutrients form the intestine to the body cells.

6.6
understanding
the formation
faces and
defecation

Discuss the following function of the liver:

a) Storage of nutrients
b) Processing the product of digestion i.e excess
glucose and amino acids.
c) Detoxification
A student is able to:
Discuss the process of assimilation by the body cells.
With deference to diagram, charts or model of the
Identify the part of the
digestive system, identify the colon and rectum
digestive system where the
Carry out small group discussion on the following and
formation of faces takes place
present the findings:
a) The formations of faces
Describe the formation of faces
b) The role of microorganism in the colon
Explain the role of
c) Effect of antibiotic on the microorganism in the
microorganism in the colon and
colon
the effects of antibiotics on
d)
What defecation is
them

 Explain what defecation is

Explain the importance of high
fiber diets
Describe the to problem related
defecation
26
6.7
17/7/16 Evaluating
eating habits
21/6/16

27
24/7/16
28/7/16

e) The importance of defecation

f) Importance of high fiber diet
g) Defecation related problems, i.e constipation,
colon cancer and haemorrhoids.

A student is able to:

Relate eating habits with health
problems.
Evaluate critically whether a
particular eating habit is good or
bad.

Carry out small group discussion on the following and

present the findings:
a) Relationship between eating habits and health
problems such as
i) Gastritis
ii) Obesity
iii) Aneroxsia nervosa
iv) Bulimia
b) Evaluate the nutrient contents of food based on
food labels or advertisements
Evaluate the eating habits of classmate

6.8
Realizing the
importance of
a healthy
digestive
system

A student is able to:

Predict the effects of a
defective digestive system of
health.
Take care of the digestive
system of one well being.

Conduct an activity to predict the effects odf a defective

digestive system of health.

6.9
Understanding
the importance
of
macronutrients
and
micronutrients
in plant

A student is able to:

Carry out small group discussion on the following and

present the findings
a) The elements required by plants
b) Classify the element required by plants based on
the amount needed
i) Macronutrients, consisting of carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorous, potassium, calcium,
magnesium and sulphur
ii) Micronutrients consisting of boron,
molyddenum, zink, manganese, copper
and ferum.

List element required by plants

Classify elements required by
plants based on the amount
needed
Design an experiment to study
the effects of macronutrient
deficiency with the functions of
macronutrient.
Explain the function of
macronutrient in plant
State the function of

Conduct a discussion on ways to take care of the

digestive system such as good eating habits, avoid eating
junk food and try to cut down on sweet and fatty food.

Plan and conduct an experiment on plants to study the

micronutrient in plant
State the of macronutrient
deficiency in plants.

effects macronutrients deficiency i e nitrogen,

phosphorus, potassium,calcium, magnesium and sulphur.
Discuss and correlate the effect micronutrients
deficiency with the function macronutrients based on the
result of the experiment
Collect and interpret data from various sources such as
internet on the function of each macronutrient in plants
Discuss the function of micronutrients and effect of
macronutrients deficiency in plants.

6.10
Understanding A student is able to:
photosynthesis
Describe the development that
leads to the discovery of
photosynthesis.
State the substance required for
photosynthesis
State the substance produced
from photosynthesis
Draw and label the cross section
of a leaf
State the functions of each part of
the leaf with respect to
photosynthesis
Explain leaf adaptation to
optimize photosynthesis.
Different habitats are adapted to
carry out photosynthesis
28-29
31/7/16
11/8/16

6.11
A student is able to:
Understanding
the
Identify the parts of chloroplast
mechanism of
related to photosynthesis
photosynthesis Explain the light reaction of
photosynthesis

Student read about the discovery of photosynthesis and

extract important facts from it.
Study the cross-sectional model a leaf. Draw and label it
Discuss the following:
a) Functions of the parts of a leaf
b) Adaptation of the leaf for optimal photosynthesis
Carry out an activity to investigate the adaptation of
plants such as hibiscus, water lily, hydrilla and cactus
with respect to:
a) Distribution of stomata
b) Distribution of choloplast

With reference to the structure of chloroplast discuss the

light reaction and dark reaction of photosynthesis with
respect to:
a) Substance required
b) Location of reaction

 Explain the dark reaction of

photosynthesis
Compare and contras light
reaction and dark reaction in
photosynthesis
Write an equation to represent
the process of photosynthesis.
A student is able to:
6.12
Identify the factors affecting the
Synthesizing
rate of photosynthesis
factors

Design the experiment to

affecting
investigate the effect of light
photosynthesis
intensity on the rate of
photosynthesis
Identify the factor that limits the
rate of photosynthesis at different
light intensity
Explain the effects of
temperature and concentration of
carbon dioxide on the rate of
photosynthesis
Explain the different in the rate
of photosynthesis in plants
throughout the day based on the
changes in light intensity and
temperature
Identify some ways to meet the
need of increasing the
productivity of croup based on
factors affecting the rate of
photosynthesis

c) Product of reaction
Draw a simple schematic diagram of the light reaction
and dark reaction in photosynthesis
Discuss the following:
a) Compare and contras the light reaction and dark
reaction of photosynthesis
b) Correlate light reaction and dark reaction of
photosynthesis .
Write an equation to represent the overall process of
photosynthesis
Conduct a brainstorming session to identify the factors
affecting the rate of photosynthesis i.e concentration of
carbon dioxide, light intensity and temperature
Plan and carry out an experiment to study the effect of
light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis
Carry out small group discussion of effect of light
intemsity, temperature and concentration of carbon
dioxide on the rate of photosynthesis.
Plan a strate by based on factors the rate of
photosynthesis to ensure crop production throughout the
year in countries with four season.
Compose a poem or lyric of a song to show appreciation
of the role of photosynthesis in ensuring the perpetuation
of life.
Conduct a planting project in the science resource
garden or school compound

30
6.13
14/8/16 Practicing a

A student is able to:

Carry out small group discussion on then following and

present the findings:

caring attitude
18/8/16 towards plant

Tell why we need to take good care

of plants
Identify cases of mishandling or
destruction of plants.

6.14
A student is able to:
Understanding
the technology Explain the need for improving
used in food
the quality and quantity of food
production
Explain the effort to diversity
food production in the country

6.15
Evaluating the
technological
development
in food
processing

A student is able to:

Explain the necessity for food
processing
Describe the development of
food processing technology
Relate food processing methods
with the factors causing food

a) The quantity of food needed for the present and

future population of the country
b) The need of improving the quality of food the
country in line with the national food production
policy.
c) Effort by various agencies to diversify food
production
d) Methods used to improve the quality and quantity
of food production through the following:
i) Direct seeding for rice
ii) Hydroponic and aeroponic
iii) Breeding
iv) Tissue cultural
v) Genetic engineering
vi) Soil management
vii) Biological control
Conduct a field trip relevant agencies such as the
Institute of Agricultural Research and Development of
Malaysia
( MARDI ) Agricultural Department and Fishery
Department
Carry out a vegetable planting project.
Discuss the need for food processing based on the
following:
a) Overcoming the factors causing spoilage of food
as the action of microorganism and oxidation
b) Extending the life span of food
c) Avoiding food wastage
d) Diversifying the uses of food like milk and dairy
products
e) Ensuring sufficient food supply
Prepare a portfolio on the technological development of
food processing from the early till the present
Correlate the following food processing methods with

spoilage
Asses the methods of food
processing to justiy the choice of
consuming certain processed food

factors causing food spoilage

i) Cooking
ii) Using salt, sugar and vinegar
iii) Fermentation process
iv) Drying
v) Pasteurization
vi) Canning
vii) Refrigeration
Conduct a forum entitled the effects of processed food
on health.

THEME
:
LEARNING AREA :
Week

INVESTIGATING THE PHYSIOLOGY OF LIVING THINGS

7.0 RESPIRATION

Learning
Learning Outcomes
Objectives
31
7.1
A student is able to:
21/8/16 Understanding
the respiratory State that all living processes
25/8/16 process in
required energy.
energy
Identify the main substrate for
production
producing energy
State the two types of respiration
Explain what cell respiration is
Explain the energy production
from glucose during the process
of aerobic respiration
State the conditions leading to
anaerobic respiration in yeast
Explain the process of anaerobic
respiration in human muscle
Write the chemical equations for
aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Compare and contras aerobic
respiration with anaerobic

Suggested Learning Activities

Discuss the following :
a) Living process required energy
b) The main substrate for respiration, that is glucose is
obtained from the following:
i) The digestion of carbohydrates in human
and animals.
ii) The process of photosynthesis in plants
Carry out of a discussion on the types of respiration
Carry out an activity to show aerobic respiration
Discuss the energy production in aerobic respiration
Conduct an experiment to investigate an anaerobic
respiration in yeast
Discuss the following:
a) Conditions leading to anaerobic respiration in cell
b) The process of anaerobic respiration in human
muscle
Use a graphic organizer to compare and contrast aerobic

Notes/Vocabulary
Living processesproses-proses
kehidupan.

respiration.
7.2
Analysing the
respiratory
structure and
breathing
mechanisms
in human and
animal.

A student is able to:

State the respiratory structure in
human and some animals
Make an inference on the various
adaptations of the respiratory
structure
Describe the characteristic of
respiratory surface in human and
other organism
Compare and contrast the human
respiratory system with that of
other organisms.

respiration with anaerobic respiration.

Observe graphic and live specimens and discuss the
respiratory structure in human and other organism
including protozoa, insects, fish and amphibians
Conduct an activity to compare the total surface area of a
flat card with a corrugated card and correlate the
increase in total surface area with a modified surface
structure.
Discuss the relationship between the total surface area of
the respiratory structure and the efficiency of gaseous
exchanges in various organism
Observe the respiratory structure to generalize the
characteristic of the respiratory surface in human and
other organism such as protozoa, insects, fish and
amphibians
Construct or use a model that can be manipulate to
explain the breathing mechanism in human. Discuss the
breathing mechanism of other organisms such as
protozoa, insects, fish and amphibians.
Use graphic organizer to compare and contras the human
respiratory system with that of other organisms.

7.3
Understanding
the concept of
gaseous
exchange
across the
respiratory
surface and
transport of
gases in
human

A student is able to:

Describe the process of gaseous
exchange across the surface of
the alveolus and blood capillaries
in the lungs.
Explain the transport of
respiratory gases
Explain the process of gaseous
exchange between in the blood
and body cells.

Using the diagram, discuss the process exchange across

the surface of the alveolus and blood capillaries in the
lungs in relation to:
a) The different in partial pressure of respiratory
gaseous in the air of the alveolus and blood
capillaries in the lungs,
i) Partial pressure of oxygen is higher in
the air of the alveolus compare to the
partial pressure of oxygen in the blood
capillaries.
ii) Partial pressure of carbon dioxide is

 Distinguish the composition of

inhaled and exhaled air.

lower in the air of the alveolus

compared to the partial of carbon
dioxide in the blood capillaries.
b) The different in partial pressure of oxygen and
carbon dioxide in the blood entering the alveolus
with the blood leaving the alveolus i.e
i) Partial pressure of oxygen is lower in the
blood entering the alveolus compared to
the partial pressure of oxygen in the
blood leaving the alveolus.
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide is higher in the blood
entering the alveolus compared to the partial pressure of
carbon dioxide in the blood leaving the alveolus.

7.4
A student is able to:
Understanding Describe the change in rate of
the regulatory
respiration after completing a
mechanism in
vigorous exercise
respiration.
Correlate the rate of respiration
with the oxygen and carbon
dioxide content in the body
Explain the regulatory
mechanism of oxygen and
carbon dioxide content the body,
Explain the human respiratory
response and rate of respiration
in different situations
Correlate the rate of respiration
with the rate of heart beat.

Discuss the following:

a) The transport of respiratory gases in human
b) The exchange of respiratory gases between the
blood and body cells.
Use schematic diagram to explain the exchange and
transport of respiratory gases in human.
Conduct an experiment to investigate the different
between inhale and exhale air in term of oxygen, carbon
dioxide and heat content.
Study the process of respiratory gas exchange and
transport using simulation and computerized animations.
Conduct an experiment to study the effects of a vigorous
exercise on the rate of respiration and rate of heart beat.
a) Correlate the rate of respiration with the oxygen
and carbon dioxide content in the body.
b) Regulatory mechanism of oxygen and carbon
dioxide content in the body .
Conduct a discussion on human respiration response,
rate of respiration and rate of heart beat in different
situations:
a) Vigorous activities such as swimming, running,

32
28/8/16

1/9/16

7.5
Realizing the
importance of
maintaining a
healthy
respiratory
system
7.6
Understanding
respiration in
plants.

A student is able to:

Care and maintain efficient
function of the respiratory
organs.

A student is able to:

Describe the energy requirement
in plants
Explain the intake of oxygen for
respiration.
Explain aerobic respiration in
plants.
Explain anaerobic respiration in
plants under certain conditions
Compare and contras the process
of photosynthesis and respiration.
Explain what compensation point
is
Relate light intensity with the
attainment of compensation point
Predict the situation when the
rate of photosynthesis and rate of
respiration remains at
compensation point.

31 DISEMBER 2016

aerobic, exercise, mountain climbing and playing

badminton.
b) Relaxing
c) Fear
Discuss the habit to be cultivated or avoided to ensure
the efficient function of the respiratory organs
Conduct an experiment to show the effects of cigarette
smoke on white cotton wool and draw an analogy
between the lungs and the white cotton wool
Show photographs of damaged lungs( cancer ) due to
smoking.
Discuss the following:
a) The lower energy requirement of plant compared
to animal for living processes
b) The intake of oxygen by plants for respiration.
Draw a diagram to show the intake of oxygen in plants.
Discuss the anaerobic respiration carried out by rice
plants in a paddy field or other plants in certain
situations like flooding.
Use a graphic organizer to compare the process of
respiration with the process of photosynthesis in plants.
Discuss the following
a) Meaning of compensation point
b) Correlate light intensity with compensation point
from graph
Visualize and describe the effect on living things when
the rate of photosynthesis and rate of respiration remains
at compensation point.
CUTI SEMPENA HARI KEBANGSAAN

THEME
:
LEARNING AREA :
Week
33
4/9/16
8/9/16

Learning
Objectives
8.1
Understanding
the abiotic and
biotic
components
of the
environment

INVESTIGATING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LIVING THINGS AND THE ENVIRONMENT

8.0 DYNAMIC ECOSYSTEM
Learning Outcomes
A student is able to:
Identify is abiotic components
of an ecosystem
Identify the biotic components
of an ecosystem .
Classify biotic component into
trophic levels
Explain the interactions
between biotic components in
relation to feeding, using
examples

Suggested Learning Activities

Conduct a field study to:
a) Identify the biotic components including ph,
temperature, light intensity, humidity, topography
and the microclimate of an ecosystem.
b) Identify the biotic components of an ecosystem.
c) Investigate the feeding relationship of the biotic
components to construct the food chains and food
webs and classify the biotic components into
trophic levels.
d) Investigate the interaction between biotic
components as follows:
i) Symbiosis among plants and animal
encompassing the following
- commensalisms
- parasitism
- mutualism
ii) Saprophytism
iii) Predator prey interaction
e) Investigate the interaction between biotic
component in relation to competition which are:
i) Intraspecific competition
ii) Interspecific competition
Conduct an experiment to study the intraspecific
competition and interspecific competition of plants
e.g maize and rice
collect and interpret data to study intraspecific
competition and interspecific competition involving
paramecium for example paramecium Aurelia and
paramecium caudatum.

Notes/Vocabulary
Abiotic componentkomponen abiotik
Biotic componentkomponen biotic
Tropic levels-aras
trof

Predator-pemangsa
Prey-mangsa
Competitionpersaingan

8.2
A student is able to:
Understanding
the processes State what is ecosystem
of
identify the niche habitat,
colonization
community and population of
and
an ecosystem.
succession in Explain the process of
an ecosystem
colonization
Explain the process of
succession
Identify the pioneer species in
an ecosystem
Identify the successors in an
ecosystem
Identify the dominant species
in an ecosystem
Identify the adaptive
characteristic of successors.
Explain the changes in habitat
caused by pioneer species.
Explain the changes in habitat
caused by successors at every
level of succession until a
climax community is reached.
Relate the abiotic component
with the biotic component in
an ecosystem during the
process of colonization and
succession.
34

Conduct a field study on an ecosystem i.e a mangrove

swamp or a pond to:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

Identify the niche, community and population.

Investigate the processes of colonization.
Investigate the process of succession
Identify pioneer species, successor species,
dominant species and climax community.
Identify the adaptive characteristic of pioneer
species and subsequent species in the habitat for
the processes of colonization and succession.

Students present their findings or make a folio.

Study the processes of colonization and succession
through video, computer software and printed material.

Mangrove swamppaya bakau

Colonizationpengklonan
Succession-sesaran
Successors-spesis
penyesar
Adaptive
characteristics-ciri
penyesuaian
Pioneer-spesis
perintis.

Discuss and correlate the abiotic component and biotic

component during the processes of colonization and
succession in an system.

CUTI PERTENGAHAN PENGGAL 2

9-17 SEPTEMBER 2016
8.3
Synthesizing
ideas on
population
ecology

A student is able to:

Identify the appropriate
sampling technique to study
the population size of an

Discuss the appropriate sampling technique to study the

population size of an organism
Conduct a field study or use an appropriate analogy to:
a) Estimate the population size of animal such as

Sampling
technique-teknik
persampelan
Distribution-

organism
Estimate the population size of
an organism in a habitat.
Determine the distribution of
organism in a habitat based on
the density frequency and
percentage coverage of the
species.

snails and wood lice.

b) Investigate the distribution of plants using the
quadrat sampling technique.
Based on the above study discuss the distribution of an
organism a habitat.
Discuss and correlate the change in population
distribution of an organism with the changes in each of
the abiotic factors.

taburan
Density-kepadatan
Frequencykekerapan
Percentage
coverage-peratus
liputan
Growth rate-kadar
pertumbuhan

Correlate the change in

population distribution of an
organism with the changes in
each of the abiotic factors.

Plan and conduct an experiment to study the relationship

of population distribution of an organism with changes
in any one of the abiotic factors such as ph, temperature
light intensity and humidity.
Suggested organism:
Pleurococcus, lemna

Design an experiment to
investigate the effect of a
change in any one of the
abiotic factors on the
population growth rate of an
organism.
8.4
A student is able to:
Understanding
the concept of Explain the meaning of
biodiversity
biodiversity
Explain the need for
classification of organism
State the five kingdoms used in
the classification of organisms.
8.5
Appreciating
biodiversity

A student is able to:

Justify the importance of
preservation and conservation

Discuss the following:

a) Meaning of the biodiversity
b) Need for the classification system of organisms.
Gather information on the following:
a) The five kingdom in the classification of organism,
which are monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and
Animalia
b) Main characteristics of organisms in each kingdom
c) Examples of organism in each kingdom.
Discuss the following:
a) The hierarchy in the classification of organism
from kingdom to species.
b) The method of naming a number of vertebrates and

Biodiversitybiokepelbagaian
Classificationpengelasan

Preservationpemeliharaan
Conservationpemuliharaan

of biodiversity
Preserve and conserve various
living things around him/her

c)

local flowering plants, using the Linnaeus binomial

system
The importance of biodiversity

Conduct a field trip to create awarness of biodiversity of

an ecosystem.

THEME
:
LEARNING AREA :
Week

Learning
Objectives
9.1
Evaluating
human
activities that
endanger an
ecosystem

INVESTIGATING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LIVING THINGS AND THE ENVIRONMENT

9.0 ENDANGERED ECOSYSTEM
Learning Outcomes
A student is able to:
Identify human activities that
threaten the ecosystem
Explain the impact of human
activities on the ecosystem
Evaluate critically the effect of
unplanned development and
mismanagement of the
ecosystem
Describe type of population and
sources of population
Explain the effect of population
on living things and the
environment
Compare and contrast pollutants
in the air from difference
environments
State the sources of air
population

Suggested Learning Activities

Carry out small group discussion on the following
present the findings:
a) Human activities that threaten the ecosystem
b) The impact of human activities on the ecosystem
c) The effect of unplanned make an inference on the
sources of pollution
Conduct and activity to analyse data on air pollution
index of some cities within and outside the country and
make an inference on the sources of pollution.
Conduct an activity to analyse data on water pollution
such as Biochemical Oxygen Demand ( BOD ) value
and content of heavy metals in some rivers and make an
inference on the sources of pollution
Conduct activity to formulate a strategy to reduce the
level of air and water pollution in a particular location
by:
a) Analyzing information on the population, such as
the size of population, socio-economic activities
and level of air and water pollution.

Notes/Vocabulary
Impactimpak/kesan
Threatenmengancam
Critically- secara
kritis
Biochemical
Oxygen Demandkeperluan oksigen
biokimia
Unplanned- tidak
terancang
Mismanagementsalah pengurusan
Development-

 Interpret data on the level of air

pollution in some cities
Make an inference on the
sources of air pollution in some
cities
Interpret data on the level of
water pollution in some rivers
Make an inference on the
sources of water pollution in
some rivers
Predict the level of air and water
pollution in a particular location
within the next ten years
Suggest strategies to solve
problems related to air and water
pollution in a particular location
within the next ten years

9.2
A student is able to:
Understanding
the
Explain what greenhouse effect
greenhouse
is,
effects and
Correlate the concentration of
thinning of the
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
ozone layer.
with global warning,
Explain the thinning of the ozone
layer,
Explain the impact of thinning of
the ozone layer and global
warning on the ecosystem.

b) Conducting an activity to predict the level of air

and water pollution at a particular location within
the next ten tears
c) Preparing an action plan consisting of a strategy to
development and mismanagement of the
ecosystem, such as:
i. Soil erosion
ii. Flash flood
iii. Landslide
iv. Eutrofication
v. Water, air, thermal and noise pollution.
vi. Global warning
vii. Ozone depletion
viii. Climatic change
ix. Extinction of living thing
x. Deforestation
d) Types of pollution and sources of pollution
e) Effects of pollution on the following:
1) Humans health ( disease affecting the
respiratory system, skin problem,
conjunctivitis, cancer and cholera )
2) Animal and plants habitats
3) Buildings
4) Agriculture and Climate.
Conduct and experiment to compare solid pollutants in
the air of different environments and reduce the level of
air and water pollution at that particular location within
the next ten years.
Carry out small group discussion on the following and
present the findings:
a) Greenhouse effect, including its cause and
effect
b) Concentration of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere and correlate in with global
warning.
c) Ozone depletion, including its cause and effect

pembangunan
Ecosystemekosistem
Flash flood- banjir
kilat
Landslide- tanah
runtuh
Global warningpemanasan global
Ozone depletionpenipisan ozon
Extinctionkepupusan
Deforestationpenyahhutanan
Pollutionpencemaran
Greenhouse effectskesan rumah hijau

d)
9.3
Realizing the
importance of
proper
management
of
development
activities and
the ecosystem

A student is able to:

Justify the need for development
Explain the effect of increase in
population on the ecosystem
Explain measures taken in the
management of development
activities and the ecosystem to
ensure a balance of nature is
maintainted
Care for the ecosystem
Participate in activities related to
the management of the ecosystem

Impact of ozone depletion and global warning

on the ecosystem.

Conduct a debate on the need for development to

improve the quality of life and to meet requirements of
an increasing population.
Discuss the effect of an increase in population on the
ecosystem
Carry out small group discussion on the following and
present the findings:
a) Implementation of laws
b) Use of technology
c) Education on the management of resources,
including the reduce, reuse and recycle of
resource preservation and conservation of soil,
water, flora and fauna of forest and mangrove
swamps.
d) Practice of biological control
e) Use of renewable energy
f) Efficient use of energy
Conduct activities to care for the following ecosystem
in school and at home:
a) Fish pounds
b) Gardens
Plan and conduct a program related to the management
of the ecosystem for example Environment Day

40

PEPERIKSAAN PENGGAL 2
16/10/2016-27/10/2016
CUTI AKHIR TAHUN
25/11/2016-31/12/2016

Maintainmengekalkan
Balance of naturekeseimbangan alam
Biological controlkawalan biologi
Renewable energytenaga diperbaharui