1stmid PDF

Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur
MTH101A: Mid Semester Exam 1- 17-9-2012

Maximum Marks- 70
7:30-9:30 a.m.
1. Answer all questions.

2. Please number the pages and indicate on a tabular column on the first page, the pages in which the respective
questions have been answered.
(1) Determine whether the following sequences (an ) are convergent or divergent (Please
provide proper justifications for your answers):
2an1 + an2
, n > 2.
3
1
1
Solution: |an+1 an | = |an an1 | and 0 < < 1. The sequence is Cauchy. [3]
3
3
By the Cauchy criterion the sequence (an ) is convergent.
[2]
p
2. an = ln(n + 1).
1. a1 = 0, a2 = 3, an =
Solution: We show that the sequence (an ) is not bounded.

2
Fix n0 N and let N = en0

q
2
For any n > N , an > aN = ln(en0 + 1) > n0 .
The sequence is divergent since an unbounded sequence
cannot be convergent.
[3]
[1]
3. Let bk denote the number of prime numbers less than or equal to k. (For example,
b4 = 2 since the prime numbers less than or equal to 4 are 2 and 3.)
n
X
1
Let a1 = 2, a2 = 3 and an =
n 3.
[5+4+5]
bk
k=3
Solution: Since the number of primes less than or equal to k is atmost k, bk < k,
k > 2.
[1]
1
1
Hence 0 < < , k 3.
[1]
k
bk
X1
X 1
By the comparison test since
is divergent, so is
.
[2]
k
bk
Hence, (an ) is a divergent sequence.
[1]
(2)
1. Let f, g : R R be continuous functions such that f (a) 6= g(a) for some a R.

Show that there exists a
> 0, such that f (x) 6= g(x), x such that |x a| < .
[5]
Solution: Let h(x) = f (x) g(x). h is continuous on R and h(a) 6= 0.
[1]
h(a)
| > 0.
2
Since, h is continuous at a, there exists a > 0 such that
|h(x) h(a)| < , whenever |x a| < .
h(a)
|h(x) h(a)| < |
|, whenever |x a| < .
2
h(a)
|h(x)| > |
| > 0, whenever |x a| < .
2
Hence f (x) 6= g(x), whenever |x a| < .
Choose = |
[1]
[2]
[1]
2. Let f : R R be continuous with f (0) = 1 and f (1) = 3. Let

S = {x [0, 1]|f (x) = 0}.
(a) Show that S is non empty.
Solution: Since f is continuous on [0, 1], by the Intermediate Value property
for f , there exists a c (0, 1), such that f (c) = 0.
c S and hence S 6= .
[2]
(b) Let be the supremum of the set S. Show that (0, 1].
Solution: Since 1 is an upper bound for S, 1.
[1]
Since c S and c > 0, c > 0. Hence (0, 1].
[2]
(c) Show that f () = 0.
[2+3+4]
Solution: Assume, if possible that f () 6= 0. Since f is continuous at , (by

problem 2(1)) there exists a > 0 such that f (x) 6= 0 for all |x | < . [2]
In other words, no element in ( , + ) belongs to S which contradicts

that fact that is the supremum of S. Hence, f () = 0.
[2]
(3)
1. Let f : R R be a twice differentiable function which has a local maximum at

00
x = 0. Show that f (0) 0.
Solution: Since 0 is a point of local maxima for f , f 0 (0) = 0.
[1]
Further there exists an > 0, such that f (x) f (0), |x| < .
[1]
For each x (0, ), by the Mean Value Theorem, there exists cx (0, x), such
that f (x) f (0) = f 0 (cx )(x 0) 0.
[2]
0
0
0
f (cx )
f (cx ) f (0)
=
0.
[2]
cx 0
cx
f 0 (cx )
f 00 (0) = lim
0.
[2]
x0
cx
Aliter:
0 is a local maximum f 0 (0) = 0.
MTH101A
[1]
Mid Sem 1
Hence there exists a > 0 such that

f is increasing in (, 0) and f is decreasing in (0, ).
Hence, f 0 (0) < 0 if x > 0 and f 0 (0) > 0 if x < 0.
f 0 (h)
f 0 (h) f 0 (0)
00 +
= lim+
0.
f (0 ) = lim+
h0
h0
h
h
f 0 (h) f 0 (0)
f 0 (h)
f 00 (0 ) = lim
= lim
0.
h0
h0
h
h
Since f 00 (0) exists, f 00 (0) = f 00 (0+ ) = f 00 (0 ).
[2]
[1]
[4]
2. Let f : R R be a thrice differentiable function on [1, 1] with f (1) = 0,

0
f (1) = 1 and f (0) = 0. Using Taylors Theorem prove that
f 000 (c) 3 for some c (1, 1).
[8+6]
Solution: By Taylors Theorem
00
0
f (1) = f (0) + f (0) + 12 f (0) +
f (1) = f (0)
On subtracting,
or f 000 (c2 ) 3.
(4)
1 000
f (c1 ), for some c1 (0, 1).
3!
0
00
f (0) + 21 f (0) 3!1 f 000 (c2 ), for some c2 (1, 0).
we get f 000 (c1 ) + f 000 (c2 ) = 6, which implies atleast
[2]
[2]
one of f (c1 )
[2]
000
1. Show that the equation x13 + 7x3 5 = 0 has exactly one real root.
Solution: Let f (x) = x13 + 7x3 5. Here, f (x) < 0 x 0, f (0) = 5 and
f (1) = 3. By the intermediate value property, there exists c (0, 1), such that
f (c) = 0. So, f has atleast one real root.
[1]
If f has more than one real roots, (from above) they must all be positive. But,
f 0 (x) = x2 (13x10 + 21) 6= 0 unless x = 0. Since f 0 (x) has no positive root, f has
atmost one real root.
[2]
2. Use the Cauchy Condensation Test to determine the behaviour of the p-series
X 1
for all p.
np
n
1
) is a decreasing sequence of nonnegative terms.
np
X 1
X
1
By the Cauchy Condensation test,
converges
iff
2k kp converges. [1]
p
n
2
n
k
X
X 1
1
1
2k kp =
. If p > 1, 0 < 2(p1)
= r < 1.
[1]
(p1)k
2
2
k
k
X
X 1
Since
rp is a geometric series, it is convergent. Hence
converges whenp
n
n
k
ever p > 1
[2]
When p 1, the gemoetric series diverges.
[2]
Solution: Let p 0. Then (
Mid Sem 1
MTH101A
If p 0, the Cauchy Condensation test fails and the nth term test tells us that
X 1
the series
is divergent.
p
n
n
3. Using the mean value theorem determine
(1 + x)n 1
.
x0
x
lim
[3+6+5]
Solution: Choose the function f : R R, f (y) = (1 + y)n .
For x > 0, f is continuous on [0, x] and differentiable on (0, x).
By the Mean Value theorem, there exists a cx (0, x) such that
(1 + x)n 1
f (x) f (0)
=
= f 0 (cx ).
x0
x
f 0 (cx ) = n(1 + cx )n1 .
Since 0 < cx < x, as x 0, cx 0.
(1 + x)n 1
Hence lim
= lim n(1 + cx )n1 = n
x0
cx 0
x
(5)
[1]
[2]
[2]
1. Determine whether the series

1 1
1
1
1
1
1
+ 2 + 3 + 4 ...
2 3 2
5 2
7 2
is convergent or divergent.
1
Solution:
X
Consider the above series as
(1)n an . Since (|an |) is not a decreasing sequence,
weX
cannot use the Leibniz test.
If
an , is convergent then the sequence of partial sums (sn ) must be convergent
and hence the subsequence (s2n ) must also be convergent.
[1]
n/21
n/2
X
1
1
1
1
sn =
= xn yn , where n is even. Since

< , by
m
2m + 1 m=1 2
2i + 1
2i
m=0
comparison test (xn ) diverges and hence (xn ) is an unbounded sequence.
[2]
P 1
is a geometric series and converges to 2. (yn ) is an increasing sequence and
2i
i=0
yn < 2 for all n.

[1]
For any K R, there exists an n0 N such that n > n0 , xn > K + 2.
This implies that sn = xn yn > K +P2 2 = K. Hence the sequence of partial
sums is unbounded and so the series
an diverges.
[2]
x2
2. Sketch the graph of the function f (x) = 2
.
x 1
Indicate clearly with proper justifications
MTH101A
Mid Sem 1
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
domain of definition of f ,
the x and y intercepts if any,
behaviour of f at and asymptotes if any,
intervals where f is increasing, decreasing and local extrema if any,
regions where f is concave/convex and points of inflection.
[6+8]
Solution: As f (x) = f (x), f is even and it is sufficient to concentrate on (0, ).

f is defined on R \ {1, 1} and the only x and y intercepts are when x = 0 and
y=0.
[1]
2
1
x
= 1+ 2
. Hence lim f (x) = 1. So, y = 1 is a horizontal asymptote.
2
x
x 1
x 1
[1]
lim f (x) = and lim f (x) = , x = 1 and x = 1 are vertical asymptotes.
x1
x1+
[1]
2x
0
. f (x) < 0 when x > 0. Hence the function if decreasing on
2
1)
(0, 1) and (1, )
[1]
The function is increasing on (, 1) and (1, 0).
f has a local maximum at x = 0 and f (0) = 0.
[1]
2
2 + 6x
f 00 (x) =
. f 00 > 0 on (1, ) and f 00 < 0 on (1, 1). Hence f is convex
(1 x2 )3
on (1, ) and (, 1) and concave on (1, 1).
[1]
Graph
[2]
f 0 (x) =
Mid Sem 1
(x2
MTH101A

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Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur

MTH101A: Mid Semester Exam 1- 17-9-2012

1. Answer all questions.

Solution: We show that the sequence (an ) is not bounded.

Fix n0 N and let N = en0

1. Let f, g : R R be continuous functions such that f (a) 6= g(a) for some a R.

2. Let f : R R be continuous with f (0) = 1 and f (1) = 3. Let

Since c S and c > 0, c > 0. Hence (0, 1].

(c) Show that f () = 0.

Solution: Assume, if possible that f () 6= 0. Since f is continuous at , (by

In other words, no element in ( , + ) belongs to S which contradicts

1. Let f : R R be a twice differentiable function which has a local maximum at

Hence there exists a > 0 such that

2. Let f : R R be a thrice differentiable function on [1, 1] with f (1) = 0,

1. Determine whether the series

= xn yn , where n is even. Since

yn < 2 for all n.

Solution: As f (x) = f (x), f is even and it is sufficient to concentrate on (0, ).

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