Corridors

NATIONAL CENTER FOR CASE STUD
TEACHING IN SCIENCE
Do Corridors Have Value in Conserva

by
Andrea Bixler
Department of Biology
Clarke University, Dubuque, IA
Part I Introduction and Review of Relevant Biology

In 2008, conservation groups filed petitions with the Supreme Court to stop the U.S.
government from building a fence along the U.S.-Mexico border. The Court refused to
consider the issue because of security threats. What was the environmental argument
against the fence? While it was intended to stop drug smugglers and illegal immigrants
from crossing the border, the fence would also restrict movement of endangered jaguars
(Panthera onca).
Species that are endangered are found in very small numbers, often with very small
geographic distributions. For an animal like the jaguar, which as an adult may weigh 45
115kg (100250 pounds) and eats only meat, a large home range is necessary in order to
locate sufficient food. They are known to move 23 km/day (1.21.8 miles), and even
farther in the dry season. Conservation groups charged that building an 1127-km (700mile) fence along the southern border of the U.S. would make it more difficult for jaguars
to cover the ground they need. Besides restricting their movements in search of prey, a
barrier could prevent jaguars finding each other in order to breed.
Questions
1. Why is it more difficult for top carnivores to obtain sufficient energy resources than it is
for animals lower on the food chain? In the pyramid we are able to note that producers
are the ones containing all the energy source, and as it moves up the pyramid energy is
lost. The animals occupying the tertiary levels are known as either carnivores or
omnivores. Most top carnivores are large predators which need a large habitat or area
to live in since they need to be constantly feeding to survive.
2. What sorts of genetic changes are more common in smaller populations than large
ones? Are these problematic and, if so, how?
Genetic changes in smaller populations are genetic drifts, it becomes a problem
whenever the genetic drift occurs the population will increase so fast that it will be
difficult to happen again.
3. What term or concept is used to describe the population size of breeding animals (not
the total population size)? What factors discussed above might reduce the number of
breeding jaguars below the total number?
The term used if effective population size. The population decreases whenever
factors mentioned in the passage occur such as the border built by man dont allow
jaguars to move to other areas with resources required for survival or it also affect
breeding.
4. Is it important for people to try to protect endangered species? Yes it is important.
Do Corridors Have Value in Conservation? by Andrea Bixler
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NATIONAL CENTER FOR CASE STUDY TEACHING IN SCIENCE

Photo of US-Mexico border at Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico, by Wikimedia contributor Tomas
Castelazo, http://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Us-mexico_border_at_Tijuana.jpg, CC BY 3.0
license.
Part II Nature Preserves and Corridors

No one knows how many jaguars there are in the U.S. or Mexico, but it is doubtful there
are enough to maintain a healthy population for long. And inbreeding and genetic drift
make their population more susceptible to disease and environmental changes.
Obviously, nature preserves are ideal for protecting endangered species and their
habitats. But it is not always possible to create adequate protected areas. As an
alternative, environmentalists have suggested that elimination of barriers within the
geographic ranges of endangered species might boost their survival through both greater
habitat availability
and increased genetic diversity. However, when there are no actual fences preventing
species movements, there may still be human-made obstacles such as roads, urban
sprawl, or agricultural areas. Exactly which of these might pose problems for a species
depends on its particular needs.
Even when it is not possible to eliminate a fence, road, farm, or shopping mall, it may be
quite easy to create a corridor, or area of habitat suitable for species to use in moving
between natural areas. The importance of corridors has been widely reported in the
conservation biology literature for decades now, and formed the basis of arguments in the
case
against the U.S. Border Fence.
Questions
1. What does island biogeography theory suggest about the ideal design of a nature
preserve? (Think of a preserve as a habitat island.) - It suggests that larger reserves are
way better than smaller ones.
2. What are some reasons why the number and size of nature preserves are limited? In
your answer, consider what you know about both local and international pressures
(social, economic, and political). - they are limited because of high costs, legality and
industry.
3. What are some examples of corridors that already exist where you live? They may not
go by this name, but still serve the same function. Think about areas where typical land
use changes. For example, if you live in a farming community, are there unfarmed areas
that could serve as corridors? If you live in a city, which areas are not built up and
could they be corridors? some examples of corridors are areas of Rio Bravo(The Belize
Program), cockscomb Basin, Bacalar Chico, Glovers Reef, crooked Tree Wild Life
Sanctuary and Shipstern.
Part III Experimenting with Corridors

From 1996 to 1998, Nick Haddad and several colleagues set about studying the effects of
artificially created corridors within plantations of pine trees. The map below shows the 27
patches of open habitat the scientists created through the removal of trees. The patches
are all 128 128 m in size (this amounts to 1.64 ha, about 4 ac, or about twice the size of
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a baseball diamond). Some of them are connected by corridors that are 32 m wide,
ranging from 64 to 384 m in length. Whether these patches and corridors seem large or
small to you, the important thing is whether they seem large or small to the species
Haddad et al. studied. There are butterflies that do not move more than 128 m in their
lifetime. There are mice with home ranges of about half a hectare. And then there are
animals like jaguars that have home ranges of at least 10 km 2 (4 mi2). Obviously,
butterflies would respond differently to the described study area than jaguars! Moreover,
the type of habitat in the patches and corridors will only be suitable for certain types of
organisms.
Fig. 1. Corridor experiment at the Savannah River National Environmental Research Park,
South Carolina, USA. Black areas show patches (128 128 m, numbered 127) and 10 corridors
(32 m wide, varying in length from 64 m to 384 m). Solid lines show roads, and stippled areas
are ponds and streams.
Questions
1. How and why might animals move between habitat patches? Due to lack of resources in
their habitat.
2. How and why might plants move between habitat patches? They move through seed
dispersal either to move in other areas for survival of their species and also to have
more sunlight.
3. As Haddad et al. point out, we often think of forests as good habitat (ideal for
corridors), when they could be a barrier. What sorts of species might Haddad and
colleagues be studying for which pine forest can serve as a barrier? Predators are
blocked by barriers which separate the predators from the pray.
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4. What can you predict about the species Haddad and colleagues wanted to study, based
on the size and vegetation of the habitat patches and corridors they used? Health of the
species and also the effects of movement in those corridors.
5. Examining habitat patches 14, 15, and 16, can you predict the type of comparison
Haddad and his colleagues would make to determine whether corridors were important
to the species studied? Specifically, what type of data would you collect, and in which
patches, to determine whether corridors had an influence on the species of interest?
The movement of animals determine how important corridors are. The data gathered
would be that of animal movement.
Reference
Haddad, N.M., D.R. Bowne, A. Cunningham, B.J. Danielson, D.J. Levey, S. Sargent, and T.
Spira. 2003. Corridor use by diverse taxa. Ecology 84 (3): 609615.
Part IV Methods and Results of the Study

Haddad and colleagues studied the movements of two species of butterfly, two small
mammals, one bee species, four bird-dispersed plants, and the pollen of an additional
plant. In each case, they determined whether the individuals
were more likely to move via corridors; in other words, were they more often found in
patches that were connected or unconnected to the center patch?
To collect data on these diverse organisms, they had to use a number of different
techniques:
Butterflies and bees were captured and individually marked; attempts were made to
recapture them later.
Hispid cotton rats were captured from locations 13 km or further from the
experimental area, radio-collared, released within habitat patches, and radio-tracked.
Old-field mice were eliminated from three blocks of three patches; then marked mice
were introduced to the center patch (e.g., patch 15) and attempts were made to
recapture them in traps set in all nine patches.
For two species of plants, members of that species already present were removed from
the peripheral patches (e.g., patches 14 and 16) and any seeds found subsequently
were assumed to have been brought by birds from the center patch.
In the other two plant species, plants were not removed, but the seeds in the center
patch were marked with fluorescent microspheres; these microspheres followed the
same ingestion/excretion path as the seeds and allowed researchers to identify which
seeds located in the peripheral patches were from plants in the center patch.
For the pollination study, flowers in the center patch were dusted with fluorescent
powder and presence of powder was observed on flowers in the peripheral patches. The
single bee species observed pollinating 90% of these flowers was also marked and
recaptured (as described in the first point above).
Below are the data. Note that the statistical results are printed in the corner of each
graph. Where it says no analysis, there were insufficient observations of movement to
conduct a statistical test.
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Fig. 2. Plant and animal movement between connected and unconnected patches. Panels (A)(D) and (J)
show the mean (+1 se) proportion of individuals that were marked in one patch and moved to a connected
or unconnected patch. Panels (E)(H) show the mean (+1 se) number of bird-dispersed seeds that moved
from center patches to connected or unconnected patches. Panel (I) shows the mean (+1 se) proportion of
flowers in connected or unconnected patches with fluorescent powder. Data for butterflies are adapted from
Haddad, N. M. 1999, Corridor and distance effects on interpatch movements: a landscape experiment with
butterflies, Ecological Applications 9:612622. Asterisks indicate significance levels: *P < 0.10; **P < 0.05;
***P < 0.01.
Questions
1. Briefly describe the overall pattern you see in the data. animals tend to use connected
corridors rather than the unconnected corridors.
2. For which species are the results significant? plants have the important results.
3. Does your answer to Question #2 suggest any patterns among species types? For
example, are plants different from animals or are butterflies different from bees?
Describe the patterns and try to explain them according to the characteristics of the
taxa involved. plants tend to move faster than the mammals and species; mammals in
the other hand move faster than insects and as answered in question 1, animals use
connected corridors instead of the unconnected ones.
4. Haddad and colleagues conclude that In our study, we lack data on population viability
and genetic diversity, and our dramatic increases in movement to connected patches
strongly suggest, but do not demonstrate, the
value of corridors.
(a) Do you think this statement (suggest, but do not demonstrate) is a fair assessment of
their study? Explain your answer. it is not a fair statement because they are assuming
and not informing if they saw it or not, it is not concrete data.
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(b)What other data are the researchers suggesting they need to conclusively demonstrate
the importance of corridors? Do you think they are right? For example, does knowing
the level of genetic variability answer questions about long-term population survival?
they need to find out the population size and biodiversity and yes their data is right that
corridors do protect animals from danger.
(c) How could researchers collect these data? Give suggestions for several of the species in
their study. through the use of quadrats used to determine the types of species in the
given area.
5. Based on what you know from the Haddad et al. study, what would be the effects of a
border fence on the population of jaguars mentioned in Part I? Explain your thinking.
Specify any additional information you need in order to make sound predictions.
Jaguars are a kind of species that cover large areas of land, they require lots of
resources for their survival. The effects of a border would mean that Jaguars would
have a limited space and not be able to move inside the territory that is fenced. They
will have few resources and prey numbers would increase more than those of
predators. Also there wouldnt be reproduction or mating for the jaguar.
2
Figures 1 and 2 and accompanying captions were reproduced with permission of Ecological
Society of America, from Corridor use by diverse taxa by Haddad, N.M., D.R. Bowne, A.
Cunningham, B.J. Danielson, D.J. Levey, S. Sargent, and T. Spira, in Ecology 84(3), 2003, pp. 609
615. Case copyright held by the National Center for Case Study Teaching in Science,
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University at Buffalo, State University of New York. Originally published May 25, 2011. Please see
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NATIONAL CENTER FOR CASE STUD

Do Corridors Have Value in Conserva

Part I Introduction and Review of Relevant Biology

NATIONAL CENTER FOR CASE STUDY TEACHING IN SCIENCE

Part II Nature Preserves and Corridors

Part III Experimenting with Corridors

Do Corridors Have Value in Conservation? by Andrea Bixler

NATIONAL CENTER FOR CASE STUDY TEACHING IN SCIENCE

Do Corridors Have Value in Conservation? by Andrea Bixler

NATIONAL CENTER FOR CASE STUDY TEACHING IN SCIENCE

Part IV Methods and Results of the Study

Do Corridors Have Value in Conservation? by Andrea Bixler

NATIONAL CENTER FOR CASE STUDY TEACHING IN SCIENCE

Do Corridors Have Value in Conservation? by Andrea Bixler

NATIONAL CENTER FOR CASE STUDY TEACHING IN SCIENCE

Do Corridors Have Value in Conservation? by Andrea Bixler

NATIONAL CENTER FOR CASE STUDY TEACHING IN SCIENCE

Do Corridors Have Value in Conservation? by Andrea Bixler

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