Applications of Microwave Engineering
Applications of Microwave Engineering
Applications of Microwave Engineering
ARORA
0014802813
Applications of microwave engineering
Antenna gain is proportional to the electrical size of the antenna. At higher
frequencies, more antenna gain is therefore possible for a given physical
antenna size, which has important consequences for implementing miniaturized
microwave systems.
More bandwidth can be realized at higher frequencies. Bandwidth is critically
important because available frequency bands in the electromagnetic spectrum
are being rapidly depleted.
Microwave signals travel by line of sight are not bent by the ionosphere as are
lower frequency signals and thus satellite and terrestrial communication links
with very high capacities are possible.
Effective reflection area (radar cross section) of a radar target is proportional to
the targets electrical size. Thus generally microwave frequencies are preferred
for radar systems.
Various molecular, atomic, and nuclear resonances occur at microwave
frequencies, creating a variety of unique applications in the areas of basic
science, remote sensing, medical diagnostics and treatment, and heating
methods.
5 hey only need small antennae. Microwaves operate at very high frequencies
so they travel much faster and require only smaller infrastructure to transmit.
6 Physical obstacles such as water and high mountains may interfere with other
kinds of signals. Microwaves travel better through them since theyre so robust.
Designation
Typical service
3-30 kHz
Navigation, sonar
30-300
kHz
300-3,000
kHz
Medium frequency
(MF)
3-30 MHz
30300MHz
3003,000MHz
Ultrahigh frequency
(UHF)
3-30 GHz
Superhigh frequency
30-300
GHz
(SHF)
Extreme high
frequency (EHF)
Radar, experimental
skin effect
Skin effect is the tendency of an alternating electric current (AC) to become
distributed within a conductor such that the current density is largest near the
surface of the conductor, and decreases with greater depths in the conductor.
The electric current flows mainly at the "skin" of the conductor, between the
outer surface and a level called the skin depth. The skin effect causes the
effective resistance of the conductor to increase at higher frequencies where the
skin depth is smaller, thus reducing the effective cross-section of the conductor.
The skin effect is due to opposing eddy currents induced by the
changing magnetic field resulting from the alternating current. At 60 Hz in
copper, the skin depth is about 8.5 mm. At high frequencies the skin depth
becomes much smaller. Increased AC resistance due to the skin effect can be
mitigated by using specially woven litz wire. Because the interior of a large
conductor carries so little of the current, tubular conductors such as pipe can be
used to save weight and cost.
advantages of microwaves
1 Essentially, microwaves are Electromagnetic waves with frequencies that
range from approximately 500 MHz to 300 GHz or more. They are in use in a lot
of technology from mobile phones to satellites and home appliances. A lot of
systems rely on microwaves to transmit data and it is still one of the most viable
technologies for a lot of industries.
2 Unlike other types of stations, microwave radio systems do not require a lot of
legal and real estate requirements between different stations. Other types of
stations need right-of-way acquisitions between them.
3 Each station only needs a small plot of land. This is because microwave radio
communication is powerful enough not to need massive towers that should have
vast tracks of land between them and other structures in case of an emergency
collapse.
4 heir high operating frequencies allow them to store large amounts of
information. This means that its very cost efficient to use microwave radio
communications for a lot of systems for your business or enterprise.
5 hey only need small antennae. Microwaves operate at very high frequencies
so they travel much faster and require only smaller infrastructure to transmit.
6 Physical obstacles such as water and high mountains may interfere with other
kinds of signals. Microwaves travel better through them since theyre so robust.
Maxwell's equations in differential form
Maxwell's equations in differential , or point, form are:
(1.
1)
(1.
2)
(1.
3)
(1.
4)
where
=
and all eight quantities are, in general, functions of position r and time t. The
operator is the del or ``nabla'' operator,
is the curl operator.
, whose outward
(1.1
4)
(1.1
5)
(1.1
6)
(1.1
7)
where Qe and Qm are the total electric charge (in C) and magnetic charge (in
Wb) inside the volume
, respectively.
equals the
in unit
is also zero.
, as
where Ie is the total electric current which flows through the closed loop .
Equation (1.22) is Ampre's law, whose generalization to time-varying fields
requires the addition of the second term in the right-hand side of (1.20); this
added term, whose existence was postulated by Maxwell in 1861, is called
the displacement current.
For the case
, equation (1.21) is Lenz's law which in turn represents a
generalization of Kirchhoff's second law of circuit theory to the case of timevarying fields by the inclusion of an induction term.
E1 = E1t + E1n
E2 = E2t + E2n
E.dl =0
is applied for a closed path abcda assuming the path is very small with respect to
variation in E.
E1tw-E1nh/2- E2nh/2- E2tw+ E2nh/2+ E1nh/2
Et =|Et|
En =|En|.
As, h-->0
So, E1t = E2t
Thus, the tangential components of E are on the two sides of the boundary. In
other words, Et undergoes no changes and so continuous through the boundary.
and since D = E = Dt + Dn.
so
D1t/1 = D2t/2
Hence Dt remains discontinuous across the interface.
Thus the normal component of D is continuous across the interface; that is D undergoes no change at the
boundary. Since D = E so
1E1n = 2E2n