Chapter 1 - INTRODUCTION

Scope of Fluid Mechanics (1)

By Gilberto E. Urroz
August 2005

Flow in pipes and channels

Air resistance or drag
Projectile motion
Lubrication
Irrigation
Meteorology

-- air and blood in body

-- wind loading
-- jets, shock waves
-- combustion
-- sedimentation
-- oceanography

Scope of Fluid Mechanics (2)

Fluids... fluids... everywhere

Used in the design of:

Water supply system

Dam spillways
Shock absorbers, brakes
ships, submarines
Aircrafts, rockets
Windmills, turbines
Bearings
Sport items:

Golf balls
Race cars
Surf boards

-- waste water treatment

-- valves, flow meters
-- automatic transmissions
-- breakwaters, marinas
-- computer disk drives
-- pumps, HVAC systems
-- artificial organs
* Yatchs
* hang gliders
4

As fish habitat...

Examples:

Prepared for CEE 3500 - CEE Fluid Mechanics

Fluids: gases and liquids, water and air most

prevalent in daily experience

For reptile habitat...

For mammals habitat...

For insects to walk on a surface...

In rivers and streams...

A tornado... an atmospheric vortex

10

Air to breathe...

11

Mixing (as in soups)

12

Mixing milk in coffee...

13

Air as a transportation mean...

14

Water surface for boating...

15

Flow of air around cars...

16

Air resistance to slow down a

landing

Gases used as propulsion agents

17

18

Smoke from homes...

19

Or industries...

20

Water or gas in conduits...

21

Pumps used to lift water...

22

Canals used for irrigation ...

23

Hydroelectric dams...

24

Fluid mechanics tries to explain

fluids and their motions

Flood control dams...

25

26

Scope of Fluid Mechanics (3)

Scope of Fluid Mechanics (4)

Science of the mechanics of liquids and gases

Based on same fundamental principles as solid

mechanics

More complicated subject, however, since in fluids

separate elements are more difficult to distinguish

Mathematical subject
Deals with ideal frictionless fluids

Classical hydraulics:

Experimental science
Deals with real fluids

28

Scope of Fluid Mechanics (5)

Historical development (1)

Classical hydrodynamics and hydraulics are now

combined into FLUID MECHANICS
Modern Fluid Mechanics:

Combines mathematical principles with experimental

data
Experimental data used to verify or complement theory
or mathematical analysis

Ancient civilizations: irrigation, ships

Ancient Rome: aqueducts, baths (4th century B.C.)

Ancient Greece: Archimedes buoyancy (3rd

century B.C.)

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CDF)

Numerical solutions using computers

Methods:

29

Fluid statics: fluids at rest

Fluid kinematics: velocities and streamlines
Fluid dynamics: velocity & accelerations
forces

Classical hydrodynamics

We'll solve problems of fluids on the surface of

the Earth, within reasonable ranges of pressure and
temperature.

27

Branches:

Finite differences
Boundary elements

* finite elements
* analytic elements
30

Leonardo (1452-1519): experiments, research on

waves, jets, eddies, streamlining, flying

Historical development (2)

Historical development (3)

Newton (1642-1727): laws of motion, law of

viscosity, calculus

Prandtl (1904): proposes idea of the boundary

layer

th

18 century mathematicians: solutions to

frictionless fluid flows (hydrodynamics)

17th & 18th century engineers: empirical equations

(hydraulics)

Late 19th century: dimensionless numbers,

turbulence

31

A thin, viscosity-dominated layer near solid surfaces

An effectively inviscid outer zone away from boundaries

Explains paradoxes
Allow analysis of more complex flows

20th century: hydraulic systems, oil explorations,

structures, irrigation, computer applications

32

Historical development (4)

The Book (Finnerman & Franzini) - 1

Beginning of 21st century:

No complete theory for the nature of turbulence

Still a combination of theory and experimental data

References:

Rouse & Ince: History of Hydraulics, Dover, NY 1963

Rouse: History of Hydraulics in the United States
(1776-1976), U of Iowa, 1976
Levy, E., El Agua Segun la Ciencia, CONACYT,
Mexico, 1989

33

Inside covers: conversion factors, temperature

tables, S.I. prefixes, important quantities
Table of Contents
Appendix A data on material properties
Appendix B information on equations
Appendix C brief description of software
Appendix D examples of software solvers
Appendix E references on fluid mechanics
Appendix F answers to exercises in the book
Alphabetical Index

34

The Book (Finnerman & Franzini) - 2

The Book (Finnerman & Franzini) - 3

Each chapter includes:

Concepts (building blocks)

Sample problems applications of concepts
Exercises reinforce understanding
Summary problems real-world or examination
problems

Only by working many problems

can you truly understand the
basic principles and how to apply
them.

Keys to mastering Fluid Mechanics

35

Flow fields of low-viscosity fluids divided into two

zones:

Learning the fundamentals: read and understand the

text
Working many problems
36

How to master assigned Material

Steps in solving problems (1)

Study material to be covered before it is covered

in class

a) Read and ponder problem statement, identify

simplest approach
b) Summarize info to be used (given and obtained
elsewhere), and quantities to be found

Study sample problems until you can solve them

closed book

c) Draw neat figure(s), fully labelled

Do enough of the drill Exercises, answer unseen

d) State all assumptions

Do the homework Problems you have been

assigned

37

e) Reference all principles, equations, tables, etc. to

be used
38

Precision in numerical answers

(see step h, above)

Steps in solving problems (2)

f) Solve as far as possible algebraically before
inserting numbers

g) Check dimensions for consistency

h) Insert numerical values at last possible stage
using consistent units. Evaluate to appropriate
precision.

i) Check answer for reasonableness and accuracy.

j) Check that assumptions used are satisfied or

appropriate. Note limitations that apply.
39

Common rule is to report results to 3 significant

figures, or four figures if they begin with a 1,
which yields a maximum error of 5%
Do not round off values in your calculator, only do
so when presenting your answer

40

More on problem solving (1)

More on problem solving (2)

Master simpler problems, then tackle advanced

ones.
Practice working problems closed book with
time limits
Form a study group early on in the course quiz
each other about

41

Should not be more precise (as %) than that of the

least precise inserted value

Techniques to be used:

Category a problem falls into

Procedures that should be used in solution

Know how and when to use the material learned

Seek and build understanding of applications of
your knowledge
42

For most problems: algebra, trial-and-error methods,

graphical methods, calculus methods
Also: computer and experimental techniques

Repetitive numerical evaluations using computers

Programmable calculators for root solving

Real-world problem solving

Dimensions and units (1)

Many real-world problem are not like in the

textbook
Develop ability to recognize problems and to
clearly define (or formulate) them, before analysis
Experience helps in determining best method of
solution among many available
In real world problems:

S.I. (Systeme Internationale d'Unites)

Adopted in 1960
Used by nearly every major country, except the U.S.
Likely to be adopted by the U.S. in the near future

B.G. (British Gravitational system)

Used in the technical literature for years

Preferred system in the U.S.

44

Dimensions and units (2)

Dimensions and units (3)

Commonly used units in SI and BG

Basic dimensions used in fluid mechanics:

Length (L)
Mass (M)
Time (T)
Temperature ()

Dimension
Length (L)
Mass (M)
Time (T)
Force (F)
Temperature ()
Absolute
Ordinary

Dimensions of acceleration: [a] = LT-2

Newton's 2nd law: F = [m][a] = MLT-2
Only 3 of the four basic units can be assigned
arbitrarily, the fourth becoming a derived unit

45

BG unit
foot (ft)
slug (=lb sec2 /ft)
second (sec)
pound (lb)

SI unit
meter, metre (m)
kilogram (kg)
second (s)
newton (n) (=kg m/s2)

Rankine (oR)
Fahrenheit (oF)

Kelvin (K)
Celsius (oC)

See other dimensions and units in page 8

46

Dimensions and units (4)

Example P1.1 Weight calculation

Weight,

Gravity on the surface of the moon (gm) is 1/6 that of

Earth, i.e., gm = g/6. What is the weight, in
newtons, of m = 2.5 kg of water on Earth, and on
the surface of the moon?

W = mg

g = gravitational acceleration
On the surface of Earth

On Earth,
W =mg = (2.5 kg)(9.81 m/s2) = 24.53 N

g = 32.2 ft/s2 = 9.81 m/s2

Weights of unit mass

47

Systems to be used:

Numerical results not the ultimate goal

Results need to be interpreted in terms of physical
problem
Recommendations must be made for action

43

Units needed to properly express a physical

quantity

On the moon,
Wm =mgm = mg/6= (2.5 kg)(9.81 m/s2)/6 = 4.087 N

BG units: W = mg = (1 slug)(32.2 ft/s ) = 32.2 lb

SI units: W = mg = (1 kg)(9.81 m/s2) = 9.81 N
2

48

Dimensions and units (5)

Dimensions and units (6)

Other systems of units used:

Popular usage in Europe and other countries

English Engineering (EE) - inconsistent

M (pound mass, lbm), F (pound force, lbf)

MKS (m-kg-s) metric - inconsistent

M (kg mass, kgm), F (kg force, kgf)

Cgs (cm-g-s) metric consistent

1.00/0.4536 = 2.205 lb/kgf

M (g), F(dyne = g cm/s2)

1 dyne = 10-5 N, a very small quantity

49

50

Unit abbreviations (1)

s, min, h, d, y (S.I.)
Sec, min, hr, day, yr (B.G.)

fps = feet per second

gpm = gallons per minute
cfs, or cusecs = cubic feet per second
cumecs = cubic meters per second

51

Abbreviations

Non-standard abbreviations

53

kg = kilogram
lb = pound(s), not lbs
Time units:

In engineering, reserve kg for mass only, and N for

force only

Unit abbreviations (2)

Abbreviations

A kilo of sugar or other produce, represents a

mass of 1 kg
A kilo, therefore, represents a weight of 9.81 N
A pound of weight has a mass of about 0.4536 kg
Thus, the conversion factor for popular usage is

Acres, tons, slugs abbreviated [Although, Ac = acres]

Units named after people:
Upper case when abbreviated: N, J, Pa
Lower case when spelled out: newton, joule, pascal
Use L for liter (to avoid confusing l with 1)
S.I. absolute temperature is in K (kelvin) not oK

1 British or imperial gallon = 1.2 U.S. Gallon

(0.1%)
When not specified, assume U.S. gallons

52

Derived quantities (1)

Derived quantities (2)

Basic dimensions: mass (M), length (L), time (T)

Velocity = Length / Time
Acceleration = Velocity / Time = Length / Time2
Discharge = Volume / Time

Force = Mass Acceleration

Pressure = Force / Area (also Stress)

Work = Force Length (also Energy, Torque)

Power = Work / Time = Force Velocity

Angular Velocity = Angle / Time
Angular Acceleration = Angular Velocity / Time

Basic dimensions: force (M), length (L), time (T)

Velocity = Length / Time
Acceleration = Velocity / Time = Length / Time2
Discharge = Volume / Time

Mass = Force / Acceleration

Pressure = Force / Area (also Stress)

Work = Force Length (also Energy, Torque)

Power = Work / Time = Force Velocity

Angular Velocity = Angle / Time
Angular Acceleration = Angular Velocity / Time
54

Example P1.2 Mass, force, pressure

Basic units for derived quantities

Derived quantity
Velocity
Acceleration
Discharge
Mass
Force
Pressure
Work
Power
Angular velocity
Angular acceleration

B.G.
ft/sec = fps
ft/sec2
ft3/s = cfs
slug = lb sec2 / ft
lb
lb/ft2 = psf
lb ft
lb ft/sec
rad/sec
rad/sec2

S.I.
m/s
m/s2
m3/s
kg
N = kg m/s2
Pa = N/m2
J=Nm
W = J/s
rad/s
rad/s2

A mass m = 2.5 kg is subject to an acceleration of a = 4

m/s2. What is the force applied to the mass?
F = ma = (2.5 kg)(4 m/s2) = 10 N

A force F = 20 lb produces an acceleration of a = 2 ft/s2,

determine the mass m?
m = F/a = (20 lb)/(2 ft/s2) = 10 slugs

Determine the pressure p produced by a force F = 10 lb

on an area A = 5 ft2:
P = F/A = (10 lb)/(5 ft2) = 2 psf

55

56

Example P1.3 Pressure, Work, Power

Unit prefixes in S.I.

Factor
109
106
103
10-2
10-3
10-6
10-9

A force F = 40 N is applied on an area of A = 2

m2, what is the average pressure p on the area?
p = F/A = (40 N)/(2 m2) = 80 Pa

If the force F = 40 N moves a mass a distance x =

2 m in a time t = 10 s, what is the work developed
and the corresponding power?
W = F x = (40 N)(2 m) = 80 J
P = W/t = (80 J)/(10 s) = 8 W

57

Symbol
G
M
k
c
m

58

Example P1.4 Pressure, work, power

Other units (B.G.)

A force F = 4000 N is applied on an area of A =

20 m2, what is the average pressure p on the area?

p = F/A = (4000 N)/(20 m2) = 80000 Pa = 80 kPa

If the force F = 4000 N moves a mass a distance x

= 2000 m in a time t = 10 s, what is the work
developed and the corresponding power?

W = F x = (4000 N)(2000 m) = 8 000 000 J = 8 MJ

P = W/t = (8 000 000 J)/(10 s) = 800 000 W
= 800 kW = 0.8 MW
59

Prefix
giga
mega
kilo
centi
milli
micro
nano

60

Length: 1 in = 1/12 ft, 1 mi = 5280 ft, 1 yd = 3 ft

Area:
1 Acre = 43 560.17 ft2
Volume: 1 gallon (U.S.) = 0.1337 ft 3
1 acre-ft = 43 560.17 ft3
Velocity: 1 mph = 1.467 fps
Pressure: 1 psi [lb/in2] = 144 psf, 1 in Hg = 70.73 psf,
1 ft H20 = 62.37 psf
Energy: 1 BTU = 778.17 lb ft
Power: 1 hp = 550 lb ft / s

Example P1.5 Various B.G. Units (1)

Example P1.5 Various B.G. Units (2)

A steel pipe has a diameter D = 6 in. What is the

diameter in ft?

What is the volume of a 5-gallon container in ft3?

V = 5 gal = (5 gal)(0.1337 ft3/gal) = 0.669 ft3

D = 6 in = (6 in)(1/12 ft/in) = 0.5 ft

The area of a reservoir is given as A = 2.5 acres.

What is the area in ft2?

V = 1.2 acre-ft = (1.2 acre-ft)(43 560.17 ft3/acre-ft)

= 52272.20 ft3

A = 2.5 acres = (2.5 acres)(43560.17 ft /acres)

= 108 900.43 ft2
2

61

The volume of a reservoir is given as V = 1.2

acre-ft. What is the reservoir volume in ft3?

62

Example P1.5 Various B.G. Units (3)

Example P1.5 Various B.G. Units (4)

A tire manometer reads 40 psi of pressure. What

is the pressure in pounds per square foot (psf)?

p = 20 ftH20 = (20 ftH20)(62.37 psf/ftH20) = 1247.4 psf

p = 40 psi = (40 psi)(144 psf/psi) = 5760 psf

A piezometric tube shows a pressure of 20 meters of

water (p = 20 ftH20). What is the pressure in psf?

A barometer reads an atmospheric pressure of 28

inches of mercury (28 inHg). What is the
atmospheric pressure in psf?

During a short period of operation a heater produces an

output of 300 BTUs (British thermal unit). What is the
heat produced in lb ft?
W = 300 BTU = (300 BTU)(778.17 lb ft/BTU)
= 233 451 lb ft

p = 28 inHg = (28 inHg)(70.73 psf/inHg)

= 1980.44 psf
63

64

Other units (S.I.)

Example P1.5 Various B.G. Units (5)

A machine is able to develop a power of 500 hp

(horse power). What is the power of this machine
in lb ft/s?

P = 500 hp = (500 hp)(550 lbft/(shp))

= 275 000 lb ft/s

65

66

Area: 1 ha = 10 4 m2
Volume: 1 L = 10 -3 m3 = 10 3 cc
Mass: 1 g = 10 -3 kg
Pressure: 1 atm = 101.325 kPa, 1 bar = 10 5 Pa,
1 mmHg = 133.32 Pa, 1 mH20 = 9.810 kPa
Energy: 1 cal = 4.186 J, 1 erg = 1 dyne cm = 10 -7 J,
1 kW h = 3.6 10 6 J
Angular velocity: 1 rpm = 0.1047 rad/s (both systems)

Example P1.6 Various S.I. units (1)

Example P1.6 Various S.I. units (2)

The area of a small basin is reported to be A = 0.5

ha. What is the area in m2?

V = 0.3 L = (0.3 L)(103 cc/L) = 300 cc

A = 0.5 ha = (0.5 ha)(104 m2/ha) = 5 103 m2

he volume of a small container is V = 0.3 L. What

is the volume in cc (cubic centimeters)?

The volume of a tank is V = 40000 L. What is the

tank's volume in m3?

Convert the following pressures to Pa or kPa:

p1 = 0.6 atm = (0.6 atm)(101.325 kPa/atm)
= 60.80 kPa

V = 40000 L = (40000 L)(10 -3 m3/L) = 40 m3

p2 = 0.02 bar = (0.02 bar)(105 Pa/bar) = 2.1 Pa

67

68

Example P1.6 Various S.I. units (3)

Example P1.6 Various S.I. units (4)

Convert the following pressures to Pa or kPa:

p3 = 100 mmHg = (100 mmHg)(133.32 Pa/mmHg)

E = 2000 cal = (2000 cal)(4.186 J/cal) = 8372 J

= 133 320 Pa = 133.32 kPa = 0.133 MPa

p4 = 2.5 mH20 = (2.5 mH20)(9.810 kPa)

70

Selected conversion factors (BG-SI)

Example P1.6 Various S.I. units (5)

If a pump operates at 400 rpm, what is the

equivalent angular velocity in rad/s?

= 400 rpm = (400 rpm)(0.1047 rad/(s rpm))

= 41.88 rad/s

71

If a refrigerator uses 0.05 kW-h during a period of

operation, what is the energy consumed in joules?

E = 0.05 kW-h = (0.05 kW-h)(3.6 106 J) = 180 000

J = 180 kJ = 0.18 MJ

= 24.525 kPa
69

Determine the energy in Joules contained in 2000

calories.

72

Length: 1 ft = 0.3048 m, 1 mi = 1.609 km

Area: 1 acre = 0.4047 ha
Volume: 1 gal = 3.786 L,
1 acre-ft = 1233.49 m3
Discharge: 1 gpm = 6.30910 -5 m3/s
Mass: 1 slug = 14.594 kg
Force: 1 lb = 4.448 N
Work: 1 lb ft = 1.356 J, 1 BTU = 1055.06 J,
1 BTU = 252 cal
Power: 1 lb ft/s = 1.356 W, 1 hp = 745.70 W

Example P1.7 BG to SI conversions (1)

Example P1.7 BG to SI conversions (2)

A pipeline is measured to be 300 ft in length.

What is the pipe length in m?

L = 300 ft = (300 ft)(0.3048 m/ft) = 91.44 m

V = 12.5 gal = (12.5 gal)(3.786 L/gal) = 47.33 L

The area of a small pond is measured to be 2.3

acres. What is the pond area in hectares?

74

Example P1.7 BG to SI conversions (3)

Example P1.7 BG to SI conversions (4)

A pipeline carries a discharge Q = 5 gpm. What is

the pipeline discharge in m3/s?

Q = 5 gpm = (5 gpm)(6.30910 -5 m3/(s gpm))

= 0.0003155 m3/s

The mass of a given volume of water is measured

to be m = 4.5 slugs. What will this mass be in kg?

75

The force applied by water flowing under a sluice

gate on the gate is measured to be F = 145 lb.
What is the force on the gate in newtons?
F = 145 lb = (145 lb)(4.448 N/lb) = 644.96 N

m = 4.5 slugs = (4.5 slugs)(14.594 kg/slug)

= 65.673 kg

The potential energy of a water mass is measured

to be E = 236 lb ft. What is this energy in J?
E = 236 lb ft = (236 lb ft)(1.356 J/(lb ft))
= 320.02 J

76

Example P1.7 BG to SI conversions (5)

Example P1.7 BG to SI conversions (6)

The heat transferred through an industrial process

is measured to be q = 2000 BTU. What is the
amount of heat in J?

The power developed by a pump is P = 150 lb ft/s.

What is the pump's power in watts?
P = 150 lb ft/s = (150 lb ft/s)(1.356 W s/(lb ft))
= 203.4 W = 0.203 kW

q = 2000 BTU = (2000 BTU)(1055.06 J/BTU)

= 2 110 120 J = 2 110.12 kJ = 2.11 MJ
How many calories are there in 2000 BTU?

If a turbine's power is rated to be P = 500 hp, what

is the turbine's power in watts?
P = 500 hp = (500 hp)(745.7 W/hp) = 372 850 W
= 372.85 kW = 0.373 MW

q = 2000 BTU = (2000 BTU)(252 cal/BTU)

= 504 000 cal = 504 kcal
77

The volume of a reservoir is 3.5 acre-ft. What is

the reservoir volume in cubic meters?
V = 3.5 acre-ft = (3.5 acre-ft)(1233.49 m3/acre-ft)
= 4317.49 m3

A = 2.3 acres = (2.3 acres)(0.4047 ha/acre)

= 0.9381 ha
73

The volume of a small container is V = 12.5 gal.

What is the container's volume in liters?

78

Selected conversion factors (SI-BG)

Example P1.8 SI to BG conversions (1)

Length: 1 m = 3.28 ft, 1 km = 0.621 mi

Area: 1 ha = 2.47 acre
Volume: 1 L = 0.264 gallon,
1 m3 = 9.10710 -4 acre-ft
Discharge: 1 m3/s = 15 850.32 gpm
Mass: 1 kg = 6.85210 -2 slug
Force: 1 N = 0.225 lb
Work: 1 J = 0.738 lb-ft = 9.47810 -4 BTU ,
1 cal = 3.96810 -3 BTU, 1 kW-h = 3412.14 BTU
Power: 1 W = 0.7375 lb ft/s, 1 W = 1.3410 -3 hp

79

L = 3.5 km = (3.5 km)(0.621 mi/km) = 2.1735 mi

A crop area A = 2.5 ha is to be irrigated. What is

the area in acres?
A = 2.5 ha = (2.5 ha)(2.47 acre/ha) = 6.175 acre

80

Example P1.8 SI to BG conversions (2)

Example P1.8 SI to BG conversions (3)

You collect a volume of 25 L for a test. What is

this volume in gallons?

A canal carries a flow Q = 0.02 m3/s. What is this

flow in gallons per minute?

Q = 5.6 m3/s = (0.02 m3/s)(15 850.32 gpms/m3)

= 317.00 gpm
81

How many slugs are there in a mass of 18 kg?

m = 18 kg = (18 kg)(6.85210 -2 slug/kg)
= 1.233 slug

V = 25 L = (25 L)(0.264 gal/L) = 6.6 gal

The shear force on a segment of a channel is

measured to be 250 N. What is this force in
pounds?
F = 250 N = (250 N)(0.225 lb/N) = 56.25 lb

82

Common temperature scales

Example P1.8 SI to BG conversions (4)

If you use 0.5 KW-h of energy, how much energy

did you use in BTU?
W = 0.5 kW-h = (0.5 Kw-h)(3412.14 BTU/KW-h)
= 1706.7 BTU

If a turbine is rated for a power P = 1.5 kW, how

many hps is the rating power?
P = 1.5 kW = (1500 W)(1.3410 -3 hp) = 2.01 hp

83

A large aqueduct is built with a length of 3.5 km.

What is this length in miles?

84

Example P1.9 Common temperature scales

More temperature relations

Determine the value for which both the Celsius

(centigrade) and Fahrenheit scales have the same
reading.

C = (5/9)(oF-32)

F = (9/5)(oC) + 32

We try to find x such that oF = x and oC = x in

K = oC + 273

(oF-32)/oC = 9/5, i.e., (x-32)/x = 9/5, thus

5x 160 = 9x

-4x = 160

x = -40

K = (5/9)(oR)

Thus, -40oF = -40oC is the point where both scales

read the same value.
85

R = oF + 460

R = (9/5) K

86

Unit conversions HP calculators(1)

Example P1.10 Temperature conversions

Convert 350 hp to W:
[ ][UNITS][NXT][POWR][3][5][0][ hp ][1][ W ]
[ ][UNITS][TOOLS][CONVE]

T = 68oF
T = 25oC

C = (5/9)(oF-32) = (5/9)(68-32) = 20oC

F = (9/5)(oC) + 32 = (9/5)(25)+32 = 77 oF

T = -20 oC

350 hp = 260994.96 W

K = oC + 273 = -20 + 273 = 253 K

Convert 25 acre-ft to m3:

[ ][UNITS][AREA][NXT][2][5][acre][NXT]
[UNITS][LENG][1][ ft ][][ ][UNITS][ VOL ]
[1][m^3] [ ][UNITS][TOOLS][CONVE]

T = -250 F
o

T = 495 oR
T = 360 K

R = F + 460 = -250 + 460 = 210 R

o

K = (5/9)(oR) = (5/9)(495) = 275 K

o

R = (9/5) K = (9/5)(360) = 648 oR

87

25 acre-ft = 30837.17 m3
88

Unit conversions HP calculators(2)

Unit conversions TI 89 (1)

Convert 150 kW-h to lbft:

[ ][UNITS][NXT][POWR][1][5][0][ ][ - ]
[ALPHA][ ][K][ W ][ENTER][UNITS][TIME]
[1][ h ][][NXT][UNITS][NXT][ENRG][1][ftlb]
[NXT][UNITS][TOOLS][CONVE]

Convert 350 hp to W:
[HOME][3][5][0][2nd][UNITS]
Press [ ] 13 times to highlight Power .... _hp
[Enter] (selects _hp) [Enter] (auto convert to _W)

350 hp = 260995 W

150 kW-h = 398283560.61 ftlbf

Convert 25 acre-ft to m3:

[HOME][2][5][2nd][UNITS][ ][ ][Enter][][1]
[2nd][UNITS][ ][ ][ ][ ][ ][ ][ ][Enter]

NOTES: (1) Use of prefixes, e.g., k = kilo:

[ ][ - ][ALPHA][ ][K]
(2) The answer is given using lbf (pound-force), note
that lbf (EE) = lb (BG).
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25 acre-ft = 30837. m3
90

Quantities, dimensions, and units

Unit conversions TI 89 (2)

Convert 150 kW-h to lbft:

Quantity
Length (L)
Time (T)
Mass (M)
Area (A)
Volume (Vol)
Velocity (V)
Acceleration (a)
Discharge (Q)
Kinematic viscosity ()
Force (F)
Pressure (p)
Shear stress ()
Density ()
Specific weight ()
Energy/Work/Heat (E)
Power (P)
Dynamic viscosity ()

[HOME][1][5][0][2nd][UNITS]
Press [ ] 12 times to highlight Energy .... [ ]
Press [ ] 7 times to highlight _kWh [Enter][2nd][ ]
[2nd][UNITS]
Press [ ] 12 times to highlight Energy .... [ ]
Press [ ] 7 times to highlight _ftlb [Enter]
150 kW-h = 3.98284E8_ ftlb = 3.98284108 lbft
Note: the symbol [2nd][ ] is the conversion operator
91

Dimensions
(M,L,T)
L
T
M
L2
L3
LT -1
LT -2
L3T -1
L2T -1
MLT -2
ML -1T -2
ML -1T -2
ML -3
ML-2T -2
ML2T -2
ML2T -3
ML -1T -1

(F,L,T)
L
T
FT2L -1
L2
L3
LT -1
LT -2
L3T -1
L2T -1
F
FL-2
FL-2
FT2L -4
FL -3
FL
FLT -1
FTL -2

Preferred units
S.I.
E.S.
m
ft
s
s
kg
slug
m2
ft2
m3
ft3
m/s
ft/s or fps
m/s2
ft/s2
m3/s
ft3/s or cfs
m2/s
ft2/s
N
lb
lb/ft2
Pa
lb/ft2
Pa
kg/m3
slug/ft3
N/m3
lb/ft3
J
lb ft
W
lb ft/s
N s/m2
lb s/ft2

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Example P1.12 Dimensional homogeneity

Example P1.11 - Dimensions

Let P = pressure, = density, V = velocity.

Determine the dimensions of the quantity

The theoretical equation for the discharge Q over a

sharp-crested weir is given by
Q = (2/3)(2g) 1/2LH 3/2,

where g = gravity, L = length, H = weir head. Check

the equation for dimensional homogeneity.
[Cp] = [P]/([][V]2) = ML-1 T -2 /(ML-3 (LT -1)2)

With [g] = LT-2, [L] = L, [H] = L, we find

= M 1-1 L-1+3-2 T -2+2 = M0 L0 T0 = dimensionless

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[Q] = 1(1LT-2)1/2LL3/2 = L 1/2+1+3/2 T (-2)(1/2) = L3T-1

94