Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 249 views

    Calculating Length of Reinforcing Bars

    Uploaded by

    swarlu
    The document discusses calculating the length of bent reinforcing bars. It notes that the cut length of bent bars is shorter than the sum of dimensions due to bend deductions. These deductions account for the shorter arc length of bends and inward shifting of the neutral axis due to friction against the bending mandrel. For a project with tight tolerances, the author determined bend deductions more precisely by introducing a friction factor into calculations to model this effect. Calibration revealed the friction factor varied based on factors like bar size, grade, bending speed, and machine, ranging from 0.2 to 0.3 but dropping to 0.1 at higher speeds. This approach allowed meeting the tight 10 mm tolerance, though the process was onerous and the

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Calculating Length of Reinforcing Bars

    Uploaded by

    swarlu
    249 views3 pages
    The document discusses calculating the length of bent reinforcing bars. It notes that the cut length of bent bars is shorter than the sum of dimensions due to bend deductions. These deductions account for the shorter arc length of bends and inward shifting of the neutral axis due to friction against the bending mandrel. For a project with tight tolerances, the author determined bend deductions more precisely by introducing a friction factor into calculations to model this effect. Calibration revealed the friction factor varied based on factors like bar size, grade, bending speed, and machine, ranging from 0.2 to 0.3 but dropping to 0.1 at higher speeds. This approach allowed meeting the tight 10 mm tolerance, though the process was onerous and the

    Original Description:

    steel calc

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document discusses calculating the length of bent reinforcing bars. It notes that the cut length of bent bars is shorter than the sum of dimensions due to bend deductions. These deductions account for the shorter arc length of bends and inward shifting of the neutral axis due to friction against the bending mandrel. For a project with tight tolerances, the author determined bend deductions more precisely by introducing a friction factor into calculations to model this effect. Calibration revealed the friction factor varied based on factors like bar size, grade, bending speed, and machine, ranging from 0.2 to 0.3 but dropping to 0.1 at higher speeds. This approach allowed meeting the tight 10 mm tolerance, though the process was onerous and the

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    249 views3 pages

    Calculating Length of Reinforcing Bars

    Uploaded by

    swarlu
    The document discusses calculating the length of bent reinforcing bars. It notes that the cut length of bent bars is shorter than the sum of dimensions due to bend deductions. These deductions account for the shorter arc length of bends and inward shifting of the neutral axis due to friction against the bending mandrel. For a project with tight tolerances, the author determined bend deductions more precisely by introducing a friction factor into calculations to model this effect. Calibration revealed the friction factor varied based on factors like bar size, grade, bending speed, and machine, ranging from 0.2 to 0.3 but dropping to 0.1 at higher speeds. This approach allowed meeting the tight 10 mm tolerance, though the process was onerous and the

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 3
    At a glance
    Powered by AI
    The key takeaways are that bend curvature deduction accounts for the difference in length between a straight and bent reinforcing bar due to elongation of the outer fibers during bending. It is important to accurately calculate bend curvature deduction to ensure reinforcing bars are cut to the proper length.

    Bend curvature deduction is the difference between the detailed length and cut length of a bent reinforcing bar. It accounts for the extra length added to the bar due to elongation of the outer fibers during bending. Accurately calculating bend curvature deduction is important to ensure reinforcing bars are cut to the proper length.

    Friction between the bar and bending mandrel causes the inner fibers of the bar to be restrained rather than elongate freely. This causes the effective centerline of the bar to shift inward towards the mandrel, affecting the bend curvature deduction calculation. Higher friction results in a smaller deduction.

    Designing for Constructibility:

    Perspectives on Reinforcing
    Calculating the
    Length of Bent
    Reinforcing Bars
    Tight tolerances lead to some interesting observations

    BY DICK BIRLEY

    hen reinforcing bars are


    fabricated with bends, the
    straight bar is initially cut to a length
    that is less than the sum of the
    specified dimensions of the bent bar.
    The difference between the detailed
    length and the cut length is the bend
    curvature deduction and may be
    known in the trade by other names
    such as gain, creep, and gyp. Generally,
    fabricators and programmers obtain
    the bend curvature deduction from
    a bend deduction table, such as the
    one shown in Table 1, that lists the
    deductions for 45- and 90-degree
    bends of common bar sizes.
    Figure 1 shows a No. 8 (No. 25)
    bar with a standard hook and sides
    measuring 1 ft 4 in. and 4 ft (400 and
    1220 mm). The detailed length of this
    bar would be the sum of the two
    sides, or 5 ft 4 in. (1620 mm). From
    Table 1, the deduction for a 90-degree
    bend on a No. 8 (No. 25) bar is 2-1/2 in.
    (65 mm). Thus, in this case, the cut
    length of the bar would be 5 ft 1-1/2 in.
    (1555 mm).

    The usual standard for measuring


    the cut length of a bar is along the
    actual centerline of the bar, which
    corresponds to the neutral axis of the
    bar cross section prior to bending.
    The cut length of a bent bar is
    shorter than the sum of the finished
    dimensions for two reasons. The first
    reason is obviousthe fillets created
    at the bend points have an arc length
    that is shorter than the sum of the
    intersecting tangents. This component
    of the bend deduction can be found
    with a simple mathematical calculation.
    The second reason isnt so obvious.
    While the outer fibers of the bar are
    free to elongate, the inner fibers of
    the bar are restrained by friction
    against the bending mandrelthe
    neutral axis therefore shifts inward
    toward the mandrel. This component
    cannot be easily calculated. Fortunately,
    however, the discrepancy resulting
    from calculating lengths based on the
    actual centerline is rarely a concern.
    A few years ago, some interesting
    surprises were found while detailing
    Concrete international

    / MARCH 2006

    Designing for Constructibility: Perspectives on Reinforcing

    Fig. 1: Using the bend deduction value from Table 1 of 2-1/2 in.
    (65 mm), the length of straight bar cut to form the bent bar
    shown would be 5 ft 1-1/2 in. (1555 mm)

    TABLE 1:
    BEND DEDUCTION VALUES
    45-degree bend,
    in. (mm)

    90-degree bend,
    in. (mm)

    No. 3 (No. 10)

    1/4 (5)

    1 (25)

    No. 4 (No. 13)

    1/4 (5)

    1-1/4 (30)

    No. 5 (No. 16)

    1/4 (10)

    1-1/2 (40)

    No. 6 (No. 19)

    1/2 (10)

    1-3/4 (50)

    No. 7 (No. 22)

    1/2 (15)

    2-1/4 (55)

    No. 8 (No. 25)

    1/2 (15)

    2-1/2 (65)

    No. 9 (No. 29)

    3/4 (20)

    3-1/2 (90)

    No. 10 (No. 32)

    3/4 (20)

    3-3/4 (100)

    No. 11 (No. 36)

    1 (25)

    4-1/4 (110)

    No. 14 (No. 43)

    1-1/4 (30)

    6 (150)

    No. 18 (No. 57)

    1-1/2 (40)

    8 (200)

    Bar size

    the reinforcing for a large precast segmental bridge.


    There were more than 200 different bar shapes, of which
    most were multi-sided, closed stirrups with varying
    angles. The client insisted that the cut length of the bars
    had to be within a tolerance of 10 mm (3/8 in.), regardless
    of the number of bends on the bar or the angles. Obviously,
    this could not be accomplished by using a chart. The ability
    to calculate the precise bend deduction for each bend at
    any angle on each bar size had to be introduced into the
    detailing software.

    MARCH 2006

    / Concrete international

    =
    db =
    r =
    rm =
    ro =
    =
    re =
    a =
    T =
    d =

    bend angle
    bar diameter
    radius to actual centerline of bar
    radius of mandrel
    radius to outside of bar = rm + db
    friction factor 1 < < 0
    radius to effective centerline of bar = (db /2) + rm
    arc along effective centerline of bar = re( - )
    tangent to radius at outside of bar = ro /(tan /2)
    bend curvature deduction = 2T - a
    = 2ro /(tan /2) - re( - )

    Fig. 2: Calculation of bend deduction values including friction factor

    To meet this challenge, the calculations had to


    include a term that would allow the effective centerline
    of the bend to shift inward from the actual centerline.
    One way to include this effect in the arc length calculations
    is to use an effective centerline located a distance (db/2)
    from the inside of the bend, where is a variable labeled
    the friction factor. With zero friction, = 1 and the
    effective centerline is located at the actual centerline.
    With zero slip, = 0 and the effective centerline is located
    at the inside face of the bend.
    For a given bar size and mandrel, a calibration for the
    value can be made by carefully measuring the lengths of
    straight bars, bending them to the same angle, measuring
    and summing the dimensions of the two resulting sides,
    deducting the original straight length from this sum to
    find the total bend curvature deduction, and solving the
    equations defined in Fig. 2.
    Many factors, including bar size, steel grade, angle of
    the rib to the mandrel, the mandrel material, the amount
    of wear on the mandrel, the bending speed, and the bar

    Designing for Constructibility: Perspectives on Reinforcing


    temperature (the shop operated
    through winter and summer), were
    found to affect the value of . There
    were four bending machines in the
    shop, and each one was assigned
    a value for for each bar size.
    Bending speed was set at a constant
    prescribed rate for each bender, and
    the whole process was rechecked
    every couple of weeks. The 10 mm
    (3/8 in.) tolerance could be successfully met, provided the client could
    successfully control the various
    factors affecting .
    Surprisingly, the value of was
    usually about 0.2 to 0.25 and rarely
    approached 0.3. If the bending speed
    was increased, would drop to as
    low as 0.1. There was a small amount
    of Grade 75 (520 MPa) bar on the
    project for which had to be set to
    zero. This seemed to indicate that
    friction with the mandrel was so high
    (due to the force required to bend
    the bar) that there was no slip along
    the inner curve and that all of the
    elongation was along the outside
    curve of the bar.

    Acknowledgments
    Thanks to M. Lount, FACI, for contributing the calculations for the bend curvature
    deduction and identifying the friction factor.
    Selected for reader interest by the editors.

    ACI member Dick Birley has more than 40 years of experience in


    the reinforcing steel industry, including working as an ironworker
    and owning a fabrication and placing company. He is currently the
    owner of Condor Rebar Consultants, Inc., a detailing company
    located in Vancouver, BC, that is involved in projects worldwide.
    He is a member of ACI Committees 315, Details of Concrete
    Reinforcement, and 439, Steel Reinforcement.

    DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

    Considering the values for , it


    became apparent that, when a bar
    was bent, there was much more
    elongation along the outside of the
    bend than anticipated. If the mandrel
    was new and very smooth, there
    seemed to be less friction with the
    mandrel, which increased the value
    of . Increasing the bending speed
    seemed to increase friction against
    the mandrel, which decreased the
    value of . In the case of Grade 75
    (520 MPa) bars with an of 0, the
    difference between elongations along
    the outside and inside of the bend
    was extreme.
    As an aside, the client found the
    task of monitoring the factors
    affecting the bending so onerous
    that the requirement for the 10 mm
    (3/8 in.) cutting tolerance was
    quietly dropped, and the shop
    gradually returned to normal
    fabricating practices.

    1/3 ISLAND

    CIRCLE READER CARD #0


    Concrete international

    / MARCH 2006

    You might also like