Usoc Nutrition Guide

ATHLETES PLATE
The Athletes Plates are a collaboration between the United States Olympic Committee Sport Dietitians and the University of Colorado (UCCS) Sport Nutrition Graduate Program.
For educational use only. Print and use front and back as 1 handout.
ATHLETES PLATE
Training volume and intensity vary from day to day and week to week along your training/compe on plan. Ea ng your meals and fueling your
workout or race should also be cycled according to how hard or easy it is. Consult with your sport die an to put the Athletes Plate into prac ce!
The Athletes Plates are tools for you to beer adjust your eang to the physical demands of your sport!
EASY An easy day may contain just an easy workout or tapering without the need to load up for compe
on with energy and nutrients. Easy day

meals may also apply to athletes trying to lose weight and athletes in sports requiring less energy (calories) due to the nature of their sport.
MODERATE A moderate day may be one where you train twice but focus on technical skill in one workout and on endurance or strength in the oth
er. The moderate day should be your baseline from where you adjust your plate down (easy) or up (hard/race).
HARD A hard day contains at least 2 workouts that are rela vely hard or compe
on. If your compe
on requires extra fuel from carbohydrates, use
this plate to load up in the days before, throughout, and a er the event day.
ATHLETES PLATE
ATHLETES PLATE

MODERATE A moderate day may be one where you train twice but focus on technical skill in one workout and on endurance in the other. The mod
erate day should be your baseline from where you adjust your plate down (easy) or up (hard/race).
on. If your compe
ATHLETES PLATE
ATHLETES PLATE

MODERATE A moderate day may be one where you train twice but focus on technical skill in one workout and on endurance in the other. The mod
erate day should be your baseline from where you adjust your plate down (easy) or up (hard/race).
on. If your compe
U.S. Olympic Committee
Sport Performance Division

Nutrition Fact Sheet
2010 U.S. Olympic Committee
Athlete Eating Guidelines

Focus on the following nutrition principles
year-round:
Stay hydrated. Your body is more than 60% water and your muscles
depend on water to function properly. A dehydrated body cannot train
or compete at its peak. Drink enough so that your urine looks like
pale lemonade or apple juice and so that you are urinating frequently
throughout the day.
Fuel up before training. Focus on eating lean proteins, fruits and
vegetables and whole grains to ensure that your body is prepared for
training. Try not to go into a training session with an empty fuel tank.
Eat a meal 3-4 hours or a snack 1-2 hours before exercise.
Boost your immune system. Choose foods that are high in antioxidants such as fruits and vegetables to help keep your immune system
healthy and reduce the amount of free radicals that your body builds up
during high intensity training. Choose more colorful fruits and vegetables such as blueberries, strawberries, kiwis, oranges, broccoli, carrots
and sweet potatoes.
INFORMATION
Limit fats. Saturated and trans fats can cause inflammation which is
the exact opposite of what elite athletes need. Stay away from foods
that are processed or fried, and higher fat meats like chicken wings,
bologna and pastrami. Choose non-inflammatory unsaturated fats such
as olives, avocados, nuts, seeds, and salmon.
Eat to recover. Choose carbohydrate rich foods with some protein
within 30-60 minutes of finishing a training session to help your body
recover faster. Good choices after workouts include: peanut better
sandwich (half or whole), carton of chocolate milk, or a bowl of cereal
with milk or yogurt.
Sport products. Sports bars, gels and drinks do have their place in an
elite athletes eating program. Be sure to not over-use these types of
products, however, as they can deter body weight goals and can replace
more beneficial calories from whole foods. Use sports products before,
during or immediately after practice depending on your sport needs and
goals.
A proper eating program is just as important to an

elite athletes success as a training program.
Think of your body as a car...
The foods and drinks you consume are the fuel.
Elite athletes are like finely tuned cars that require
high quality fuel to achieve optimal performance.
Putting low quality fuel into your body can lead to
poor health and sub-par performance.
This material was developed by professional

sports nutritionists at the United States
Olympic Committee. For more information and
additional sport performance resources, visit:
www.teamusa.org/resources/usoc-sport-performance
Nutrition
teamusa.org

Branched Chain Amino Acids

Information:
Branched-chain amino acids (BCCA), leucine, isoleucine, and
valine, are three of the indispensible amino acids that the body
cannot manufacture, and thus must come from the diet.
Amino acids are the building blocks of protein. They are necessary
for several metabolic processes and stimulate the creation of new
protein. Leucine in particular has been shown to promote muscle
synthesis in the absence of carbohydrate energy; but only in small
amounts.
Branched chain amino acids in the muscle are also easily converted
to glucose in the liver and thus can be used as a limited fuel for
working muscle during intense training.
Application:
Eat lean protein-rich foods at each meal and snack. It is not necessary to supplement BCAAs. Choosing protein-rich foods of high biological
value spread throughout the day will supply your body with ample amounts
of branched chain amino acids.
Include a small amount of high-quality protein in your pre- and
post-exercise snacks. Timing of protein intake may be as important as
total daily intake. A protein-carbohydrate snack eaten before and after
training will provide free amino acids that will, in combination with carbohydrate, begin the rebuilding and recovery of damaged muscle tissue.
SOURCES OF BRANCHED
CHAIN AMINO ACIDS
Animal -
lean beef, pork, poultry, eggs, or fish.
A Quick Look at Leucine:

Hydroxyl-methyl butyrate is the byproduct of leucine breakdown and has
been popularized as HMB -a popular recovery supplement that promotes
muscle synthesis.
However, the effective dosage is 3g/day; which can easily be found in
food
Dairy -
milk, yogurt, or low-fat cheese,
Vegan -
Quinoa, soy, legumes (beans, peas, lentils,

peanuts), and nuts and seeds
3 egg whites = 990mg leucine

1 cup 1% cottage cheese = 2880mg leucine
3oz tuna = 1740mg leucine
cup Edamame = 600mg leucine

3oz chicken breast = 3690mg leucine

Nutrition
Reference: Clinical Sports Nutrition, 2006.
teamusa.org

Eating Breakfast
The importance of Breakfast:
Breakfast is refueling- the first opportunity to replenish glucose (blood
sugar), glycogen (carbohydrate stored as fuel for the brain and muscles)
and fluid.
Breakfast eaters tend to have more strength and endurance.
Eating breakfast daily improves mental skills athletes rely on, such as
alertness, concentrations, problem-solving and memory.
Eating breakfast can benefit an athletes mood, making it easier to
stay calm relaxed, motivated and positive.
Eating breakfast decreases the chances of inappropriate snacking
later in the day. Unplanned or out-of-control snacking can lead to higher
intake of fat and calories, and unwanted weight gain.
Breakfast provides a jump start to meeting your daily requirements of
key nutrients such a water, fiber, and more than 40 vitamins and minerals.
Breakfast fuels and sustains the body through morning training sessions. This helps decrease the ravenous hunger that athletes often experience later in the day.
Breakfast eaters make better food choices throughout the day.
INFORMATION
Eat breakfast daily! Great options include:

Whole-grain cereal with fruit and 8 ounces of milk/yogurt.
Waffles with peanut butter and a fruit smoothie.
Oatmeal made with milk and dried fruit/nuts.
Breakfast is important for performance and health.

It is an early-morning refueling stop for your body.
After 8-12 hours without a meal or snack, your
body needs to be replenished with fuel and fluid.
One egg (not fried) and two pieces whole grain toast with fruit
Smoothie made with milk/yogurt, fruit, honey, oats, ground flax, peanut
butter, etc.
Pancakes with fruit, maple syrup and a glass of milk.
Bagel with peanut butter, small fruit smoothie.
English muffin topped with melted cheese and tomato.
Omelet made with vegetables and a piece of whole grain toast.

Nutrition
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Calcium
Information
Calcium is an essential and abundant mineral in the body. In fact
2-3 pounds of body weight is calcium, with 99% being stored in the
bones and teeth.
Calcium is essential for assisting in optimizing bone mineral density.
The major functions of calcium include bone metabolism, blood
coagulation, blood pressure regulation, neuromuscular excitability, cellular adhesiveness, transmission of nerve impulses,
maintenance and functionality of cell membranes, and activation
of enzymatic reactions and hormonal secretions.
The Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for Calcium intake is
1300 mg per day for teenagers, 1000 mg per day for adults 1950 and 1500 mg per day for women who are amennorheic. The
upper limit of calcium intake is 2500 mg/day and toxicity symptoms include: constipation, and urinary stone formation.
Calcium is found mostly in dairy products, such as milk, yogurt,
and cheese. Green leafy vegetables also provide a source of calcium along with calcium fortified foods like OJ and cereal.
Vitamin D, lactose, glucose and a healthy digestive system enhance calcium uptake while fiber, and caffeine may have small
effects on calcium loss. Phytates, phosphorus compounds found
primarily in cereal grains, legumes, and nuts can also bind with
calcium and interfere with its absorption in the body.
Application
INFORMATION
Bone tissue in the skeleton, also known as

bone mass, can continue to grow until around
age 25. However, up to 90 percent of peak
bone mass is acquired by age 18 in girls and
age 20 in boys, which makes youth the
best time to invest in bone health.
Eating an adequate amount of calcium is essential for optimal

performance. It will help increase your bone mineral density and
help blood clot faster to improve recovery at times of injury.
Adequate calcium intake is important for bone injury rehabilitation (such as stress fractures). Since most of the calcium in the
body is stored in the bones, it is important to maintain a high calcium intake during this healing process in order for the body to be
able to repair the bone.
Weight bearing exercise, especially if your sport is low impact, is
important to stimulate bone cell activity and increase calcium deposition.
Nutrition

References: www.eatright.org, 2006. http://dietarysupplements.info.nih.gov, 2005.
teamusa.org

Calcium portions in common foods:
Dairy:
Fruit and Juice:
Milk, whole
1 cup
291 mg
Orange, fresh
1 medium
52 mg
Milk, skim
1 cup
302 mg
Milk, evaporated, skim
1/2 cup
371 mg
3/4 cup
215 mg
Yogurt, frozen, regular
1/2 cup
143 mg
Orange juice,
fortified with
calicum
Yogurt, fruited, nonfat
1 cup
323 mg
3/4 cup
35 mg
Yogurt, plain, whole milk
1 cup
296 mg
Blackberries,
fresh
Cheddar cheese, natural,

regular
1 oz
148 mg
Raspberries,
fresh, red
1/2 cup whole

pieces
14 mg
Cheddar cheese, natural,

lowfat
Tangerine, fresh
1 medium
12 mg
1 oz
118 mg
1/2 cup
118 mg
American cheese, regular
1 oz
142 mg
Rhubarb, fresh,
raw
Cottage cheese, regular
1/4 cup
32 mg
Figs, dried, uncooked
5 each
137 mg
Cottage cheese, lowfat
1/2 cup
77 mg
Ice cream, regular
1/2 cup
72 mg
Apricot, dried,
uncooked
5 halves
8 mg
Ice milk
1/2 cup
92 mg
2 Tab
23 mg
Cream cheese, regular
Soybeans, cooked
from dried or
canned
Vegetables:
Green or string beans,

cooked
Broccoli, cooked
Cabbage, green, cooked
Beans:
1/2 cup volume
88 mg
Tofu (soybean
curd), lowfat
4 oz
25 mg
4 oz
119 mg
1/2 cup
31 mg
Tofu (soybean
curd), regular
1/2 cup,
chopped
40 mg
Beans, white,
cooked from dried
or canned
1/2 cup volume
80 mg
Chickpeas/garbanzo beans, canned
1/2 cup
40 mg
1/2 cup volume
231 mg
Spinach, cooked
1/2 cup
131 mg
Turnip greens, cooked
1/2 cup
99 mg
1 medium
54 mg
Okra, cooked
1/2 cup sliced
77 mg
Kale, cooked
1/2 cup volume
90 mg

Bok choy, cooked
1/2 cup volume
79 mg
Artichoke
Nutrition
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Grains:
Seafood:
Biscuit baking
powder, from mix
1 medium
105 mg
Salmon, cooked
from fresh/frozen
3 oz edible
portion
13 mg
Muffins, banana,
plain, from bakery
1 medium
82 mg
Salmon, canned
3 oz edible
portion
181 mg
Bread, cornbread,
from mix
1 piece
111 mg
Sardines, canned
in water, drained
1 ounce
21 mg
Pancake, white
flour, plain
1 each
11 mg
Sardines, canned
in oil, drained
1 ounce
108 mg
1/4 cup, dry
75 mg
19 mg
3 oz edible
portion
78 mg
1/2 cup
Clams, cooked
from fresh
20 mg
3 oz edible
portion
77 mg
1 medium slice
Oyster, cooked
from fresh
Shrimp, cooked
from fresh
3 oz edible
portion
33 mg
Amaranth, cooked
Lentils, cooked
from dried
Whole wheat
bread
Other:
Almonds, raw
1/4 cup whole

pieces
94 mg
Eggs, boiled
1 large
25 mg

Nutrition
teamusa.org

Dietary Fat and Cholesterol

Information:
Cholesterol is a fat-like substance that is produced naturally by the
liver from fats and the breakdown of carbohydrate and protein. lt is
used in the body for making cell membranes & some hormones.
Because the body makes cholesterol, very little is needed from
foods eaten.
Cholesterol is only found in animal products!
Eating a diet high in saturated fat can increase the bodys total
cholesterol which may increase the risk for coronary heart disease,
stroke etc.
There are different types of cholesterol with LDL (low density lipoprotein) and HDL (high density lipoprotein) being the two predominant ones.
LDL cholesterol leads to build up of cholesterol in the arteries
and the higher the LDL level in your blood the greater your risk
of developing heart disease.
HDL cholesterol carries cholesterol from other parts of your
body back to your liver. High levels of HDL can lower your
chance of developing heart disease.
OPTIMAL PERFORMANCE
AND HEALTH:
Maintain a moderate overall fat intake and be very
cautious when offered products marketed to athletes
claiming to improve fat oxidation. Research clearly
documents that exercise training is the best method to
Fats and lipids play critical roles in the overall functioning of the
body, such as in digestion and energy metabolism. Specifically,
human fat stores are a major source of energy for skeletal muscle
during aerobic exercise.
Fats and lipids also have important structural roles in maintaining
nerve impulse transmission, memory storage, and tissue structure.
It also helps to maintain body temperature and protect body organs
from trauma
Fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K and carotenoids depend on fat
for appropriate delivery and absorption.
veggies and legumes.
Nutrition
improve usage of fat----a trained individual is a better

fat user than an untrained individual.

teamusa.org

Application:
Eat a lower saturated fat diet (less than 7% of
total calories) by having no more than 1 gram of
saturated fat per 100 calories.. Limit foods high in
saturated fats such as fast food, commercial baked
goods, snack foods and full fat meats and dairy
products.
Eat more monounsaturated and polyunsaturated
fats.
Eat foods with plant sterols and sterols which are
found in fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds and commercially prepared butter-like table spreads.
Dietary fat is classified according to its chemical

structure. Short chained fatty acids are considered
saturated fat and are usually solid in structure. Medium chained fatty acids are monounsaturated fats
and tend to be more liquid in structure and long
chain fatty acids are polyunsaturated fats and liquid
in structure.
Chain length and degree of saturation are important
to consider because it determines function within
the body, effect on health and determines method
of digestion and absorption.
Begin to recognize where different types of fat occur

within your food choices:

Nutrition
teamusa.org

Reading Food Labels

Serving sizes are
standardized for
foods. Pay attention
to how many there
are in a food
product.
Nutrition Facts
Serving Size
Too much
cholesterol can
contribute to high
blood cholesterol
levels and be
detrimental to health
and performance.
Amount per serving

Calories 170
Calories from Fat 25

% Daily Value
5%
Total Fat 3g
8%
Saturated Fat 1.5g

Trans Fat 0g
Sodium is essential
for optimal hydration
before, during and
after training.
2%
Cholesterol 5mg
6%
Sodium 150mg
Total Carbohydrate 26g 9%
Lean protein is
necessary for
muscle recovery
after hard training
sessions.
0%
Dietary Fiber 0g
Complex
carbohydrates and
dietary fiber can
stabilize blood sugar,
prevent insulin spikes
and keep body weight
under control.
Sugars 25g
14%
Protein 9g
Vitamin A 10%
Vitamin C 6%
Calcium 30%
Iron
Nutrition Facts SKIM MILK

1 cup (247g)
Nutrition Facts 2% MILK
Serving Size
1 cup (247g)
Servings Per Container: 1
Amount per serving
Amount per serving
Calories 83
Calories 122
Calories from Fat 2

% Daily Value
0%
1%
Saturated Fat 0g
Vitamin and mineral

dense foods are
important during
high intensity
training.
0%
Total Fat 0g
Calories from Fat 43

% Daily Value
15%
Saturated Fat 3g
2%
Trans Fat 0g
Cholesterol 20mg
7%
Sodium 103mg
4%
Sodium 100mg
4%
Total Carbohydrate 12g

Dietary Fiber 0g
4%
Total Carbohydrate 11g

Dietary Fiber 0g
4%
Sugars 12g
Vitamin A 10%
Sugars 12g
Calcium 30%
Protein 8g
Vitamin C 4%
Iron
1%
Vitamin A 9%
Calcium 29%
More
calories
7%
Total Fat 5g
Trans Fat 0g
Cholesterol 5mg
Protein 8g
Nutrition
8 fl oz (236mL)
Saturated and trans

fats increase
inflammation and
slow recovery.
Serving Size
% Daily Value does

not pertain to elite
athletes.
Vitamin C 1%
Iron
0%
Higher fat
and
cholesterol
Same
protein and
calcium
teamusa.org
Performance

Eating a diet high in saturated or trans fats will promote inflammation which is
detrimental to recovery. These types of fat are found in higher fat dairy products,
meats, fried foods and processed foods/snacks.
Sodium promotes better hydration before, during and after training or
competition. Endurance athletes may require more sodium than non-endurance
athletes but remember that too much sodium can have a negative impact on
health and could contribute to high blood pressure in athletes who
are salt-sensitive.
Eating protein during the day will help replenish stores that are lost during higher
intensity or longer duration training. In addition, eating protein with carbohydrate
immediately following workouts will help speed recovery. Choose sources such
as lean meats, dairy products and soy products.
Vitamins and minerals are always important for elite athletes but even more so
during higher volume and intensity training times of the year. Foods that are rich
in vitamins and minerals also contain antioxidants which are important for elite
athletes. Antioxidant rich foods such as fruits and vegetables will keep the
immune system in top shape for performance.
Weight Management
Eating complex carbohydrates and at least 25 grams of fiber each day will help
stabilize insulin levels and help maintain a good performance body composition.
Be sure to eat frequently throughout the day and focus on fiber-rich foods
such as whole grains and fruits and vegetables.
% Daily Value is based on 2000 or 2500 calorie meal plans and is not applicable to
elite athletes. Calories consumed should vary based on weight and body
composition goals and training cycle.
For athletes wanting to reduce body fat, it is important to eat more frequently
throughout the day. Eating every 3-4 hours and focusing on lean protein, fruits
and vegetables and whole grains will help improve body composition.
This material was developed by professional sports nutritionists at the United States
Olympic Committee. For more information and additional sport performance resources, visit:
Nutrition
teamusa.org
Fluid for Athletes
Fact Sheet
Hydration
September, 2011
Drink Up!
These are times when
your fluid requirements
are higher.
Heat
Humidity
Hard training
Beginning of heat
acclimatization
Also watch your hydration status during...
Travel
Altitude training
Surgery
Illness
Recovery days
Consult with your sports

dietitian to identify individual fluid replacement
strategies using sweat
rate testing and USG
monitoring.
Optimal hydration supports daily training

and recovery. Dehydrations effects can
take hours to days to recover. Athletes
need to develop strategies to monitor and
adapt their hydration plan to intensity,
duration, and frequency of training, fitness level, and environmental conditions.
At a temperature of 68-70F an exerciseinduced body weight loss of 1-2% does
not appear to affect performance of less
than 90-min. Once dehydration exceeds
2% body weight loss and exercising for
Signs and Symptoms of Dehydration

Lack of concentration
Early fatigue
High perceived exertion in training
Trouble tolerating heat
Delayed recovery
Muscle cramps
Monitoring Daily Hydration Status

Three indicators of dehydration can be used to
monitor athletes daily hydration status: 1) color of
urine, 2) waking weight
and 3) thirst. If two or
more of these simple
markers are outside the
normal range , it is likely
the athlete is dehydrated.
Urine Color
#
1
2
3
4
5
Date
greater than 90-min, performance decrements will likely occur.
The color of urine (U) is lowed by a nude body

associated with urine spe- weight (W). Using the
cific gravity (USG, or the urine chart below, athletes
urines
concentration). should aim for an AM
USG measures the concen- urine color of less than 4
tration of particles in the (pale yellow or the color of
urine, with >1.020 indicat- lemonade). Thirst is asing dehydration. USG sessed subjectively as a
should be assessed at first yes or no, recorded at
describing
void of the morning, fol- Caption
the same
timepicture
as Uorand W.
graphic.
Dehydration is indicated
by a U of 4, W change of
more than 1% (fluctuates
to a greater degree in
women before and during
the menstrual cycle) and T
is yes.
8/2/11
Nude weight
this AM
144
Nude weight
yesterday AM
143
Weight
change
-0.7%
Thirsty
Yes/No?
No
Urine color 4
Yes/No?
2 (No)
Dehydrated
Yes/No?
No
8/5/11
145
142
2%
Yes
4 (Yes)
Yes
Your date here
Monitoring Daily Hydration Status

The best fluid to consume is water; however sports drinks have their benefits too because they combine fluid, electrolytes, and carbohydrate. Here are some suggestions to help increase fluid intake at training or competition.
Drink cool (~59F) fluids in hot weather and warm fluids in cold weather. Fluid temperature can affect your bodys
ability to regulate heat and cold.
Sodium is critical for optimal cellular rehydration and should be included in drinks when athletes do not have the
opportunity to consume electrolytes naturally found in food
Flavored sport drinks taste better which stimulates drinking, and thus, may improve hydration.
Low fat milk and flavored milk have also been shown to be effective rehydration solutions.
Daily Hydration Plan

Time
Whats happening
Fluid Intake
7am
Breakfast
Drink ~1-2 cups of water along with other fluids
9am
Training
10:30am
Post training
Midday
Lunch
Use body weight change during training to calculate fluid requirements

1lb loss in weight = 16 oz or 2 cups of sweat loss. Aim to replace ~80 - 100% of sweat
losses. For long session consume sport drinks or water with gels or chews (note: these
typically do not contain much sodium)
Consume fluid to replace 150% of sweat lost in training
Drink some low fat milk or flavored milk (see USOC Recovery Fact Sheet)
Sip regularly. Drink water, diluted fruit juice, low fat milk
3pm
Mid-afternoon
7pm
Evening meal
Drink 1-2 cups (8-16 oz) of tea, ice tea, water, or sport drink (if you have another
workout)
Drink ~2 cups (16 oz) of water
9-10pm
Before bed
Drink 1 cup (8 oz) of water herbal tea, or low fat milk
Note: Athletes should take the same precautions with sport drinks as with other sugar-containing beverages to prevent cavities
and these include, 1) not swishing the sport drink and using a straw, 2) following intake with sugar free gum or any dairy products and 3) brushing teeth when possible
Can You Overhydrate?

It is possible to consume more fluid than is lost during exercise. This can cause gastric discomfort. However, most importantly, drinking too much increases the risk for hyponatremia (i.e., dilution of plasma sodium levels), also called
water intoxication. Sodium maintains blood pressure and is needed for nerves and muscles to perform properly. When
plasma sodium levels drop from an imbalance of fluids, confusion, fatigue, headaches, muscle weakness, and nausea
can occur. Water can actually enter the brain and cause swelling. Although not common, it is seen during ultraendurance events lasting >4 hours and is most likely due to an over-consumption of water, resulting in weight gain.
Signs and symptoms of hyponatremia are strikingly similar to dehydration. Thus, monitoring body weight before and
after exercise is the best way to avoid overhydration. Athletes should not gain weight from drinking too much.
Created by USOC Sports Dietitians 2011

Minerals
Information:
Similar to vitamins, minerals also assist in many body processes and are crucial in muscle contractions,
energy expenditure and immune function. Minerals are divided into two groups: Macrominerals, which are
required in amounts greater than 100 mg/d and microminerals, also known as trace elements, are required
in amounts less than 100 mg/d. Elite athletes have an increased need for both macro and micro-minerals
because of the higher stress that is placed on the body during training. The following is a list of all of the
minerals, their functions and food sources.
Macro minerals:
Micro minerals:
Mineral
Function in Body
Food Sources
Mineral
Function in Body
Food Sources
Calcium
Growth and maintenance

of bones and teeth,
important for heart and
skeletal muscle function,
nerve impulse
transmission, blood
clotting, and release of
some hormones
Dairy products, dark

green leafy vegetables,
calcium fortified
foods/beverages
Iron
Aids in oxygen delivery,

essential for aerobic
metabolism
Meat, fish, poultry,

shellfish, eggs, whole
grains, vegetables, nuts
Iodine
Aids in metabolism
control by forming thyroid
hormone
Iodized salt and seafood
Aids in bone strength

and structure, acid-base
balance, B-vitamin
function
High protein foods,

whole grains, carbonated
drinks
Selenium
Antioxidant
Meat, fish, seafood,

whole grains, nuts
Copper
Aids in iron
transportation
Magnesium
Aids in protein synthesis,

glucose metabolism,
bone structure, muscle
contraction
Milk and milk products,

meat, nuts, whole grains,
dark green leafy
vegetables, fruit

shellfish, eggs, nuts,
whole grains, bananas
Manganese
Aids in energy
metabolism, fat
synthesis, bone structure
Whole grains, legumes,

green leafy vegetables,
bananas
Sodium
Aids in water balance,

acid-base balance,
muscle contraction
Processed and canned

foods, cheese, soy
sauce, (almost
everything)
Zinc

shellfish, eggs, whole
grains, vegetables, nuts
Chloride
Aids in water balance
Table salt
Aids in energy
metabolism, protein
synthesis, immune
function
Chromium
Aids in glucose control
Potassium
Aids in water balance,

glucose delivery to cells
Citrus fruits, potatoes,

vegetables, milk, meat,
fish, bananas
Brewers yeast,
mushrooms, whole
grains, nuts, legumes,
cheese
Phosphorus

References: Advanced Sports Nutrition. 2006.
Nutrition
teamusa.org
[Type text]
RECOVERY
Why is Recovery Important?
As a high performance athlete, youve chosen a career where taking care of your body
is your job. When you are training and competing full time, there are several
physiological consequences that occur as a result of hard exercise. A sound recovery
nutrition protocol will ensure you can optimize training adaptations and perform at 100%
of your bodys potential for the next training bout or in preparation for competition.
Physical Consequences of
Hard Training
Dehydration
Depletion of glycogen
(carbohydrate stored in muscle
and liver)
Breakdown of muscle
Cell damage and inflammation
The 4 Rs of Recovery Nutrition

Re-hydrate with fluids and electrolytes
Replenish muscle glycogen stores with carbohydrates
Repair and regenerate muscle tissue with high quality protein
Reinforce your immune system with nutritious, fresh foods
(e.g., fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fish, nuts, olive oil)
Key Considerations for Recovery Nutrition
How quickly you should refuel and how much you need depends on your training
intensity, volume, timing of your next training bout and your body weight. This means
your daily approach to recovery fueling may change throughout the week or season.
For hard training research shows that timing is critical and refueling with the
following nutrients will optimize recovery:
o 1g of carbohydrate per kg of body weight (0.5g of carb per 1lb)
o 15-20g of protein (high biological value from whey, found mainly in
animal sources)
o 24oz (3 cups) fluid per pound of sweat lost from session
o Electrolytes from a sport drink or some salty food
For moderate training, timing and balance of nutrients is also important, but less
stringent. In easy training recovery can occur through your next meal or a small
post-training snack.
Successful recovery will only occur with proper planning! Think about your training
sessions ahead of time, so you can plan and pack the appropriate fuels with you.
Created by USOC Sports Dietitians
[Type text]
Recovery Nutrition Guidelines

Training Type
Nutrition Guidelines
Hard training
Characteristics:
Higher volume
and/or intensity
phases
Physical
adaptation training
(ie. heavy lifting,
altitude training)
Competition or
simulated
competition days
Multi-day training
bouts
Moderate training
Characteristics:
Single session
with training the
next day
Maintenance of
fitness/strength
Easy training
Characteristics:
One session in
day, followed by a
rest day
Recovery day
Athlete in a weight
loss phase
Refuel immediately
after training
Ensure a minimum
of 1 g/kg carbs, 1520g protein, and
fluids/electrolytes
lost are replaced.
Eat next meal within
1 hour of initial
recovery fuel.
Add a snack 1 hour
later.
Regular fueling and
hydration throughout
the day.
Planning is
essential!
Examples of Recovery Nutrition
45 - 60kg (110-132 lbs)

16oz chocolate milk + water
6oz non-fat Greek yogurt + fresh fruit + water
Natural ingredient sport bar (fruit/nut) + glass of
skim milk + water
Recovery mix (carbohydrate + protein mixed)
70-80kg (154-176lbs)
24 oz chocolate milk + water
Sport bar (45-50g carb/15-20g pro) +16oz
sport drink
2 x 6oz non-fat Greek fruit yogurt + 1 cup fruit
juice + water
Recovery mix + Banana
90-100+kg (198-220+kg)
24 oz chocolate milk + 1 banana
Sport bar (50g carb/15-20g pro) + 24oz sport
drink
Recovery mix (aim for 90 g of carbs and 25 g
of protein) + banana
Refuel within 30-60

minutes after
training session.
Balanced snack with
carbs, protein and
fluids
Eat next meal within
2 hours
Regular fueling and
hydration in the day.
8-16oz chocolate milk

6oz non-fat Greek yogurt + fruit + water
Natural ingredient sport bar (35-40g carbs and
15-20g pro) + water
PB & J + glass of milk
Recovery mix + water
8oz of fruit and yogurt smoothie + water
Timing is less
critical, but be sure
to refuel within 1-2
hours following
exercise.
Top up glycogen
storage with a small
high carb snack or
having your next
core meal
Water followed by core meal

8oz PowerAde
Fresh Fruit + Water
Fruit Leather Snack + Water
4oz Fruit Juice + Water
4-8oz Chocolate Milk or Soy + Water
Plain Greek yogurt + Water
[Type text]

Sport Nutrition Products

There are many sports nutrition products on the market and it is
quite confusing at times to make a good choice based on your nutrition needs for your training cycle and body weight goals. Below is a
description of the three main sports nutrition products.
Sports Drinks
Sports drinks are flavored beverages that contain measured amounts of
carbohydrate and electrolytes and are typically consumed before, during
and after training sessions. They will help maintain hydration and carbohydrate replacement for optimal performance. Look for a product that supplies
the following per 8 ounces: 14-15 grams carbohydrate and at least 100 mg
sodium. Drink about 15-20 oz of sports drink 1-2 hours before training,
6-12oz of sports drink every 15-20 minutes during training >1 hour and 24
oz of sports drink after training for every pound of body weight lost.
Sports Bars
Energy bars are designed to provide athletes a compact source of calories,
carbohydrate and protein before, during or after training sessions when
other solid foods are not well-tolerated or available. Although the size and
composition of these energy bars varies, it is typically best to consume one
that contains 30-100 grams of carbohydrate and 6-20 grams of protein.
If used before training, eat a bar that is higher in carbohydrate (60-100
grams), moderate in protein (10-15 grams) and low in fat (<6 grams) 3-4
hours before and a bar that is lower in carbohydrate (30-40 grams), protein
(<8 grams) and fat (<3 grams) 1-2 hours before. The higher carbohydrate
and protein bars are appropriate after exercise.
Sports Gels
Energy gels are semi-solid forms of mostly carbohydrate that help to
maintain blood sugar levels during training and competition. Most energy
gels will contain at least 22 grams of carbohydrate and sometimes vitamins
and minerals. If used during exercise, consume 1-2 gels per hour with 4-8
ounces of water for each gel eaten.
INFORMATION
Athletes should rely mostly on real food to supply their
energy needs throughout the day.
Sports nutrition products such as sports drinks, sports
bars and gels have been designed to supplement an
athletes eating program before, during, and after training
and not be a replacement or a substitute for food.
Refer to a qualified Sport Dietitian (RD: Registered Dietitian; CSSD:

Board Certified Specialist in Sports Dietetics) for more information
about choosing a product and deciding on a timing protocol that is
best for your needs.

References:
Nutrition
teamusa.org

Sports Drinks
Information:
Athletes who exercise for extended periods of time both during
training and at events can lose a substantial amount of sweat. When
you sweat, you lose both water and sodium, as well as deplete the
carbohydrate stores that help fuel your exercise. Sports drinks contain water, carbohydrates, sodium, and other electrolytes such as
potassium and calcium
Whats in a Sports Drink?

Carbohydrates provide the fuel for muscles and the brain and they contribute to the palatability of the drink. Ideally the sport drink should have
a carbohydrate concentration of 4-8%. Higher carbohydrate concentrations
impair gastric emptying and can cause gastric distress.
Sodium is the main electrolyte in sport drinks. It increases fluid uptake,
retention and it also helps with salt replacement in heavy or salty sweaters.
Sodium also encourages fluid intake via the thirst mechanism. The sodium
concentration of most sport drinks are in the range of 100mg/8oz. If you
will be exercising hard in the heat (particularly for more than 3 hours) and
anticipate losing significant a amounts of sweat, consume a salty food within 2-4 hours pre-exercise to help stimulate thirst and retain the consumed
fluids. Immediately post exercise then consume salty foods to help replace
the salt lost in the exercise bout.
Other ingredients can be found in sport drinks which assist in flavor,
free radical defense, energy metabolism, and recovery. Athletes should read
the labels of their sport drinks and make sure they are free of any banned
substances on the WADA Prohibited List.
WHATS THE BEST SPORTS

DRINK?
Fluid requirements vary remarkably between athletes
and between exercise bouts. Fluid losses are affected
by genetics, body composition, fitness, environment and
exercise mode and intensity.
The best sport drink also depends on personal taste, and
tolerance. Choose sports drinks that are
40 to 80 calories (10 to 20g carb) and
When should you consume sports drinks?

Sport drinks are typically consumed before, during and post training
sessions and competitions. They help maintain hydration status and
provide carbohydrate replacement for optimal performance.
55 to 110 gm sodium per 8 ounces.

Nutrition
teamusa.org
Supplement Certifications
www.uspverified.org
Summary of Usefulness to Elite Athlete
Tests for overall integrity.

Does NOT test for banned
substances
Integrity
Specifically Tests For

*see page 2 for definitions
Purity
Dissolution
Safe Manufacturing
One-Time Testing or
Continual Monitoring?
Testing continually based on

a random sample obtained
on the open market
www.consumerLab.com

www.nsf.org
Athletic Banned Substances

Screening Program (ABSSP).
NFL/NFLPA Supplement
Certification.
Does test for WADA banned

substances.
Does test for NFL banned

substances.
Identity
Identity
Purity
Strength
Formula Evaluation
Purity
Good Manufacturing
Practices
Availability
Testing for Metabolites

Chain-of-Custody
Procedures
Non-ABSSP: Tested every

12 months based on a random sample obtained on the
open market.
Each product lot (batch)

undergoes analytical
testing.
Internet Links
US Anit-Doping Agency (USADA)
World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)
www.usantidoping.org
Click on Guidebook for link to list of banned substances.
www.wada-ama.org/en/
Click on Prohibited List for link to list of banned
substances.
Continued...
Nutrition
teamusa.org

Definitions
Word/Phrase
Meaning
Integrity
All listed ingredients are in the declared

amount.
Purity
The supplement does not contain harmful levels of contaminants (heavy metals, pesticides, bacteria, molds, toxins,
etc.).
Dissolution
The supplement will break down and

release ingredients in the body.
Safe Manufacturing
Assurance of safe, sanitary, well-controlled and well-documented manufacturing and monitoring processes.
Identity
The product meets recognized standards of quality and the level of quality
claimed on the label.
Strength (quantity)
Availability
The product contains the amount of

ingredient claimed on the label.
The product breaks apart properly so
that it may be used by the body.
Formula Evaluation
Review of product formulations to

screen for potential banned substances.
Good Manufacturing Practices

(GMP)
Production facilities inspected to ensure

controls in place to avoid introduction
of, or cross-contamination with, banned
substances.
Chain-of-Custody Procedures
Each product lot tested for banned

substances must be collected by an NSF
auditor. All products pending testing
are held under locked quarantine until
the NSF notifies the manufacturer of
successful test results.
Testing for Metabolites
At the clients request, NSF will oversee

testing to determine if any ingredients
metabolize into prohibited substances.
Disclaimer and General Safety Advisory

Information in this handout does not replace medical or legal advice.
Consult a physician or health professional before taking any supplements.
Review USADA and WADA Banned Substances List before taking any supplement.
Most supplements have chemical and biological activity which may have side effects and may interact with certain medications and/or foods.
This material was developed by professional sports nutritionists at the United States
Olympic Committee. For more information and additional sport performance resources, visit:
Nutrition
teamusa.org

The Vegetarian Athlete

Any athlete, regardless of sport, intensity of training, gender, or age
can successfully choose a vegetarian diet without risking nutrient
shortages or deficiencies. However, such a lifestyle choice will require careful planning to maintain adequate energy for training and
to reduce the risk of associated vitamin and mineral deficiencies.
***The key to a successful vegetarian diet is understanding which plant
foods contain similar nutrients as the foods you are no longer consuming;
and which nutrients may be at risk.
Nutrients at risk for the vegetarian athlete:

Iron
Zinc
Vitamin B-12
Calcium
Omega 3s
FORMS OF VEGETARIANISM
Protein
Vegan -
Nutrient Information and Sources:
consisting of only plant-based foods
If you do have a known deficiency, it is important to consult your physician to

determine appropriate dietary supplements regimen.
Lacto-ovo includes milk, milk-based foods, and eggs;
Zinc - Necessary for protein synthesis, and supporting immune

function, this mineral can be found in whole grains, fortified foods
as well as nuts and seeds
Vitamin B-12 B-12 is necessary for protein synthesis and aids
in energy metabolism but it is only found in animal products, so
vegan athletes should look for foods fortified with B-12 or consume
a multi-vitamin that contains B-12.
Pesca Vegetarian add fish, eat dairy products and eggs

Continued...
Nutrition
teamusa.org

Common Sources of Iron

Iron The most bio-available form (heme) is found in
meat, but vegetables contain a form of iron (non-heme)
that can promote optimal iron stores if consumed regularly.
Calcium - Recommended Adequate Intake (AI) for

athletes between ages of 19 and 50 years is 1000 1500mg. Athletes not eating dairy can find calcium in
fortified foods, soy as well as some veggies and legumes.
Food
Serving Size
Iron (mg)
Beef, round tip

(cooked)
3 oz
2.5 H
Chicken, breast
(roasted)
3 oz
0.9 H
Shrimp (cooked
moist heat)
3 oz
2.6 H
Kidney beans,
canned
cup
2.6 NH
Tofu, reg
3 oz
6.4 NH
Common Sources of Calcium
Omega 3s This essential fatty acid which promotes

good heart health and inflammation can be found in high
concentrations in nuts/seeds like almonds, walnuts, flax
and sunflower seeds.
Food
Serving size
Calcium (mg)
Skim milk
1 cup
306
Low-fat yogurt
1 cup
372
Cottage cheese
2 cup
304
Soy Milk
1 cup
333
Broccoli (raw)
1 cup
60
Kale (cooked)
1 cup
180
Cheerios
1 cup
122
Protein Depending upon the individuality of the sport,

phase of training etc, most athletes will need 1-2g protein/kg body weight
Common Sources of Protein

Food
serving size
Protein (g)
Peanut butter
2 tbsp
Almonds
cup
Sunflower Seeds
cup
Tofu
cup
20
Soy milk
1 cup
6-10
Beans (black,
kidney etc)
cup
7-10
Edamame
cup
10
Quinoa, cooked
1 cup
Reference: Clinical Sports Nutrition, 2006.
Nutrition
teamusa.org
TRAVELNUTRITION
NutritionalRequirementsforTraining&Competition
PackforPerformance
Travelinginternationallyposesseriouschallengesforathletes.Whenitcomestofood
preparation,followthesetipstofuelyourbodyforcompetition.
Getorganizedandplanahead
Packatravelnutritionkittobringwithyou
Bookspecialmealsonplaneifneeded(2448hrspriortodeparturewithairline)
Investigatetheavailabilityoffoodsatdestination
Identifygoodmealoptionsatyourdestination
Planaheadforeatingout
Carryawaterbottleatalltimes
Adoptamealpatternontraveldays
Shopatlargeshoppingcenterfornecessaryessentials
Beawarefoodandwatersafety
WhatYouWillNeed:
Pack1nutritiontravelkitperroomforinternationaltravels,containingthefollowing:
Nonperishablefood
Electrichotpotorelectricburner
Foodandrefrigeratorthermometer
Internationalplugadapter
Measuringcups,spoons
Tupperwarew/lid(microwavesafe)
Eatingutensils
Antibacterialwipes
Antibacterialdishsoap
Cleansingbrush
Handsanitizer
CreatedbyUSOCSportNutrition5/2011
Carbohydrates
Instantrice,noodles,couscous,
quinoa,lentils
Shelfstablebread
Instantmashedpotatoes
Instantoatmeal,creamofwheat
Coldcerealssuchasmuesliand
granola
Granola/proteinbars
Snackcrackers
Fruitsnacks(dried,dehydrated,
canned)
Powderedsportsdrink
Instantsoupmixes
Instantbreakfastormeal
replacementpowder
Protein(ShelfStable)
Nonfatdrymilk
Packedtuna,salmon,orchicken
Peanutoralmondutter
Tofu
Driedhummusmix
Jerky(turkey,beef,buffalo)
Nutsandseeds(raw,unsalted)
Recoverydrinkmix
Proteinpowder
Other
Spiceblends
Saltandpepper
Boullion Cubes
Oliveoil(plasticjar)
Honey
Coffee/teabags
HotPotRecipes
SuperOatmeal
Combineonescoopof
instantsoymilk(ornonfat
milkpowder)withoatmeal
packageandcookinhotpot
accordingtopackage
directions.Addone
tablespoonofpeanutbutter.
Mealfor1in1minute!
SantaFeChicken
Cooksouthwestready
riceinhotpotaccording
topackagedirections,add
1pouchchickenbreast.
(Serves2inlessthan2
minutes)
CranberryCouscous
Cookgarlicherbcouscous
inhotpotaccordingto
packagedirections,addin
1pouchofchickenbreast
and1/3cupofdried
cranberries.(Serves2in
about5minutes)
PrecautionswhenTraveling (*ExtremelyimportantwhentravelingtohighriskareaslikeAsia,
SouthAmerica,theMiddleEast,andEasternEurope)
Drinkbottled,boiledorcarbonatedbeverages
Avoidicecubesoranythingmadewithtapwater
Avoidbrushingteethwithtapwater
Avoidwashingdisheswithtapwater
Makesurefoodisfullycookedandservedhot
Avoiddairyproductsunlessyouknowtheyhavebeenpasteurized
Donteatfromstreetvenders
Avoidrawfoodslikesushi
FoodHandling
Personshandlingfoodshouldwashhandswithbottledwaterandsoaporusehand
sanitizerbeforeandafterhandlingfood.
Hairshouldbetiedbackandoutoffacewhilepreparingmeals.
Cleanclothesshouldbewornwhilecookingtopreventcontamination.
Ifill,personsshouldnothandlethefood
Becarefulaboutcrosscontaminationoffood
FoodStorage
Perishablefoodsneedtoberefrigerated
Buyandeatfreshfoodimmediatelyifyoudonthaveproperstorage
Discardperishablesleftatroomtemperatureforlongerthan2hrs
Discardleftoversifnotconsumedwithin12days
Makesurerefrigeratortemperatureis40Fdegreesorbelow
Storecookedfoodsaboveuncookedfoods
Donotusefoodspastexpirationdates

Vitamins
Information:
Vitamins have many effects in the body and specific to athletes, they are involved in muscle contractions and energy
expenditure. Elite athletes have an increased need for vitamins because of the higher stress that is placed on the body
during training. The following is a list of all of the vitamins, their functions and food sources.
Water-soluble:
Vitamin
Alternate
Name
Function in Body
Food Sources
Thiamin
Vitamin B1
Aids in carbohydrate
metabolism and nervous
function
Whole grain
cereals, beans,
pork, enriched
cereals
Riboflavin
Vitamin B2
Aids in energy
metabolism, protein
metabolism, skin and eye
health
Dairy, dark green

leafy vegetables,
whole grain cereals,
enriched grains
Vitamin B6
Pyridoxine
Aids in carbohydrate, fat

and protein metabolism,
protein synthesis
Meats, whole grain

cereals, enriched
cereals, eggs
Folic Acid
Folate
Aids in formation of DNA

and red blood cells
Green leafy
vegetables, beans,
whole grain cereals,
oranges, bananas
Vitamin B12
Cobalamin
Aids in energy
metabolism, protein
synthesis
Animal foods,
fortified cereals
Niacin
Nicotinic Acid
Aids in energy metabolism
Milk, eggs, turkey,

chicken, whole
grains, meat, fish
Pantothenic
Acid
Pantothenate
Aids in energy metabolism
All foods except

processed and
refined
Biotin
None
Aids in glucose and fat

synthesis
Egg yolks, legumes,

dark green leafy
vegetables
Vitamin C
Ascorbic Acid
Aids in iron absorption,

collagen synthesis
Fruits and
vegetables
Reference: Advanced Sports Nutrition. 2006.
Nutrition
teamusa.org

Information:
Fat soluble vitamins are stored in the body whereas water soluble vitamins are not. Therefore,
it is important to not take too high of a dose of fat soluble vitamins as there could be risk of
toxicity and take water soluble vitamins frequently since they are not stored and are excreted
in the urine.
Fat-soluble:
Vitamin
Alternate
Name
Function in Body
Food Sources
Vitamin A
Retinol
Aids in maintaining
healthy cells, eyes and
immune system
Liver, cheese,
dark green and
brightly
pigmented fruits
and vegetables
Vitamin D
Cholecalciferol
Aids in absorption of
calcium and
phosphorus
Fish liver oil,

eggs, canned
fish, fortified milk,
margarine
Vitamin K
Phylloquinone
Aids in formation of
blood clots and assists
with bone strengthening
Dark green leafy

vegetables,
vegetable oils
Vitamin E
Tocopherol
Aids in antioxidant
protection of cells
Poly- and
monounsaturated
vegetable oils,
margarine,
fortified cereals,
eggs

Nutrition
Reference: Advanced Sports Nutrition. 2006.
teamusa.org

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ATHLETES PLATE

on with energy and nutrients. Easy day

on. If your compe

on requires extra fuel from carbohydrates, use

on with energy and nutrients. Easy day

on. If your compe

on requires extra fuel from carbohydrates, use

on with energy and nutrients. Easy day

on. If your compe

on requires extra fuel from carbohydrates, use

U.S. Olympic Committee

Sport Performance Division

Athlete Eating Guidelines

A proper eating program is just as important to an

This material was developed by professional

U.S. Olympic Committee

Sport Performance Division

Branched Chain Amino Acids

lean beef, pork, poultry, eggs, or fish.

A Quick Look at Leucine:

milk, yogurt, or low-fat cheese,

Quinoa, soy, legumes (beans, peas, lentils,

3 egg whites = 990mg leucine

This material was developed by professional

3oz chicken breast = 3690mg leucine

Reference: Clinical Sports Nutrition, 2006.

U.S. Olympic Committee

Sport Performance Division

Eat breakfast daily! Great options include:

Breakfast is important for performance and health.

This material was developed by professional

U.S. Olympic Committee

Sport Performance Division

Bone tissue in the skeleton, also known as

Eating an adequate amount of calcium is essential for optimal

This material was developed by professional

References: www.eatright.org, 2006. http://dietarysupplements.info.nih.gov, 2005.

U.S. Olympic Committee

Sport Performance Division

Calcium portions in common foods:

Fruit and Juice:

Milk, evaporated, skim

Yogurt, frozen, regular

Yogurt, fruited, nonfat

Yogurt, plain, whole milk

Cheddar cheese, natural,

1/2 cup whole

Cheddar cheese, natural,

American cheese, regular

Cottage cheese, regular

Figs, dried, uncooked

Cottage cheese, lowfat

Ice cream, regular

Cream cheese, regular

Green or string beans,

1/2 cup volume

1/2 cup volume

Chickpeas/garbanzo beans, canned

1/2 cup volume