CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Sustainability is one of the worlds most talked about but least understood words.
Its meaning is often clouded by differing interpretations and by a tendency for the subject
to be treated superficially. For most companies, countries and individuals who do take the
subject seriously the concept of sustainability embraces the preservation of the
environment as well as critical development-related issues such as the efficient use of
resources, continual social progress, stable economic growth, and the eradication of
poverty.
In the world of construction, buildings have the capacity to make a major
contribution to a more sustainable future for our planet. Buildings in developed countries
account for more than forty percent of energy consumption over their lifetime
(incorporating raw material production, construction, operation, maintenance and
decommissioning). Add to this the fact that for the first time in human history over half of
the worlds population now lives in urban environments and its clear that sustainable
buildings have become vital cornerstones for securing long-term environmental, economic
and social viability.
Rapid transit, also known as metro, subway or underground, is a type of highcapacity public transport generally found in urban areas. Unlike buses, trams or light rail,
rapid transit systems are electric railways that operate on an exclusive right-of-way, which
cannot be accessed by pedestrians or other vehicles of any sort, and which is often grade
separated in tunnels or on elevated railways. Metro rail lines in India are composed of
both standard gauge and broad gauge. Projects like the Delhi Metro used broad gauge for
their earliest lines but most new projects in India are on standard gauge as rolling stock
imported from Europe is on Standard Gauge. Although Metro supposed to be mass rapid
transit system, Indian metro trains are slower than their counterparts in other parts of the
world, as they are mostly over ground and have sharp curves.
Metro stations function as hubs to allow passengers to board and disembark from
trains. They are also payment checkpoints and allow passengers to transfer between
modes of transport, for instance to buses or other trains. Access is provided via
either island- or side platforms. It may be possible to profit by attracting more passengers
by
spending
relatively
small
amounts
on
grand architecture,
art,
cleanliness, accessibility, lighting and a feeling of safety. Metro stations are the most
important part of the project in terms of sustainability.

The idea of sustainable metro station has been implemented in Delhi Metro
project. Following the lines of the same, we can incorporate few more ideas to make the
metro station an ideal public place which would be clean, green and efficient. Before
implementing new ideas, they need to be tested using soft wares that can simulate the
actual site conditions. This will give us an idea of the feasibility, workability and
durability of the newly implemented changes.
One such software is Autodesk Revit. Using this software, we can design the
structure and carry out its energy analysis. This is a comprehensive software which
incorporates minor details like the type of materials used, their U values, their thickness
etc. This gives us a near perfect end results and helps in actual implementation of the
project on site.
The type of materials used in constructions can make a huge difference in terms of
sustainability of the project. Thus using alternatives for conventional materials and adding
that data in Revit software gives us a energy consumption and heat gain values of the
structure. Apart from materials, ventilation plays a very important part in any public
building. A metro station will be used by thousands of people daily and to maintain the
same comfort level throughout the day, innovative and sustainable techniques for
ventilation need to be incorporated.
Heating Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC) comes into play for the physical
comfort of the building users. The goal of HVAC is to provide thermal comfort and
acceptable indoor air quality. This can be done using air conditioning systems which use
refrigerants, compressors, condensers or can be done using natural ventilation. In natural
ventilation warm air is allowed to rise and flow out high building openings to the outside
(stack effect), causing cool outside air to be drawn into low building openings. Natural
ventilation schemes can use very little energy, but care must be taken to ensure comfort.
In warm or humid climates, maintaining thermal solely via natural ventilation may not be
possible. Air conditioning systems are used, either as backups or supplements. Airside economizers also use outside air to condition spaces, but do so using fans, ducts,
dampers, and control systems to introduce and distribute cool outdoor air when
appropriate. Another sustainable option for indoor cooling is radiant cooling. Radiant
cooling systems are usually hydronic, cooling using circulating water running in pipes in
thermal contact with the surface. Typically the circulating water only needs to be 2-4 C
below the desired indoor air temperature. Once having been absorbed by the actively
cooled surface, heat is removed by water flowing through a hydronic circuit, replacing the
warmed water with cooler water.
2

Apart from the design of the core structure, there are various supplementary parts
of a metro station. One of such parts which is highly utilized is the parking lot. Thousands
of commuters will parks their vehicles at these parking stations and then travel further
using the metro. As this area is a raw shell with a relatively high roof area, using rooftop
solar panels for generation of electricity will be highly fruitful. Therefore, design of a
parking station beforehand will prove to be a plus point for the entire metro project.
Although new technologies are constantly being developed to complement current
practices in creating greener structures, the common objective is that sustainable buildings
are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and
natural environment by: Efficiently using energy, water and other resources, protecting
occupant health and improving employee productivity and reducing waste, pollution and
environmental degradation.

Scope
Design and Performance Evaluation of a Sustainable Metro Station is an assimilation of
transportation and sustainability studies. It focuses on the following aspects:

Study of BIM software.

Design of metro station using advanced software in reference to Pune DPR

Sustainable material studies

Sustainable construction studies

Energy and carbon emission studies

Climate studies

Water Consumption studies

Design of solar energy solutions

Study of radiant cooling systems

Life cycle analysis

Economic analysis and comparison of sustainable alternatives.

Economic analysis of solar energy solutions and implementation.

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ITS NEED:

Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It
contains within it two key concepts:
The concept of 'needs', in particular, the essential needs of the world's poor, to
which overriding priority should be given; and
The idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social
organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs. [1]
Sustainable development is the organizing principle for sustaining finite resources
necessary to provide for the needs of future generations of life on the planet. It is a
process that envisions a desirable future state for human societies in which living
conditions and resource-use continue to meet human needs without undermining the
"integrity, stability and beauty" of natural biotic systems. [2]
THE WORLD AS WE KNOW IT:

The global metabolic rate has almost doubled since 1950 to more than 9
tonnes of biomass, construction materials, fossil fuels, ores and industrial minerals per
capita per year. Its fastest increase in the past 100 years was experienced in the 2000s,
primarily due to increased construction.127 National metabolic rates continue to vary
greatly between countries, even up to a factor of 10 between countries at similar GDP per
capita levels.

Primary energy use doubled from 1970 to 2000. Energy use further
increased from 384EJ in 2000 to 493EJ in 2010. At the same time, the renewable energy
share increased from 5.4% in 1970 to 7.0% in 2000 and 8.2% in 2010. Global
withdrawals of water to satisfy demands grew rapidly in the 20th century.

Between 1900 and 1995, water withdrawals increased by over six times,
more than double the rate of population growth. However, per capita withdrawals peaked
in the mid-1980s. Since then, they have declined and absolute water withdrawals have
slowed 33 worldwide.

In industrialized countries, greater efficiency of use has led to lower per

capita consumption (e.g., -22% in the US from 1980 to 1995). Agriculture, primarily
irrigation, accounts for 70% of current freshwater withdrawals.
5


About 50 countries are already experiencing moderate to severe water
stress all year round, while many others have water stresses during part of the year. Local
and regional imbalances between water availability and growing demand are a growing
concern globally. [3]
Considering such alarming rates at overall resource depletion we need to take
drastic measures so as to control this incessant uncontrolled sprawl of humanities and its
allied fixtures.
For these reasons we have followed a DfE technique to analyse the construction of
a metro station which is explained below:
Design for the environment (DfE) means that the product is designed with
consideration of reduction of environmental impacts and optimisation of environmental
performance in the building or construction. It is important to evaluate the building and
the construction products for the whole life cycle of the building. A perquisite is a high
technical quality and durability of the construction. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is an
important tool for evaluating environmental performance and thus achieving sustainable
development. In this context building products should be evaluated and interpreted in
LCA for:
Efficient on-site use or recycling of materials (e.g. removed from roadbed and
construction)
Minimisation of the excavation of natural resources
Minimisation of transport works
Minimisation of energy use
Minimisation of releases and emissions from materials to the environment [4]
The Major areas that we have chosen to work on in this project encompass the
following modules of Sustainable Development:

Transportation

Green/ Sustainable Construction

Energy Analysis

Stationary Solar energy solutions

METRO
INTRODUCTION
Rapid transit, also known as metro, subway or underground, is a type of highcapacity public transport generally found in urban areas. Unlike buses, trams or light rail,
rapid transit systems are electric railways that operate on an exclusive right-of-way, which
cannot be accessed by pedestrians or other vehicles of any sort, and which is often grade
separated in tunnels or on elevated railways.
STATIONS
Stations function as hubs to allow passengers to board and disembark from trains.
They are also payment checkpoints and allow passengers to transfer between modes of
transport, for instance to buses or other trains. Access is provided via either island- or side
platforms. Underground stations, especially deep-level ones, increase the overall transport
time: long escalator rides to the platforms mean that the stations can become bottlenecks
if not adequately built. Some underground stations are integrated into shopping centres, or
have underground access to large nearby commercial buildings. In suburbs, there may be
a "park and ride" connected to the station.
To allow easy access to the trains, the platform height allows step-free access
between platform and train. If the station complies with accessibility standards, it allows
both disabled people and those with wheeled baggage easy access to the trains, though if
the track is curved there can be a gap between the train and platform. Some stations use
platform screen doors to increase safety by preventing people falling onto the tracks, as
well as reducing ventilation costs.

Figure 1.1 Typical Metro Station Building

Public Transport System is an efficient user of space and with reduced level of air
and noise pollution. As the population of a city grows, share of public transport, whether
road or rail based, should increase. Experience has shown that, in cities like Pune where
roads do not have adequate width and which cater to mixed traffic conditions comprising
slow and fast moving vehicles, road transport can optimally carry 8,000 persons per hour
per direction (phpdt). When traffic density increases beyond this level, average speed of
vehicles comes down, journey time increases, air population goes up and commuters are
put to increased level, of inconvenience. Thus when on a corridor, traffic density during
peak hours crosses this figure, provision of rail-based mass transport, i.e. Metro system
should be considered.

Requires 1/5th energy per passenger km compared to road-based system.

Causes no air pollution in the city.
Causes lesser noise level
Occupies no road space, if underground and only about 2 metres width of the road, if
elevated
Carries same amount of traffic as 5 lanes of bus traffic or 12 lanes of private motor
cars (either way), if it is a light capacity system.
Is more reliable, comfortable and safer than road based system
Reduces journey time by anything between 50% and 75% depending on road
conditions.

Such projects require a huge capital investment; in case of Pune metro project is
Rs. (Pune DPR). Major investments have to be made for station hubs and therefore
implementing energy saving techniques will reap more benefits than expected from
conventionally designed systems.
In order to show the relative comparison of a conventional metro station and a
sustainable metro station, we have tried to mimic design of the proposed Pune metro
station construction plan which we acquired from the DPR. This will hence give us a clear
understanding about the level of savings and long term benefits.
COSTS AND BENEFITS
Elevated or underground systems in city centres allow the transport of people
without occupying expensive land, and permit the city to develop compactly without
physical barriers. Motorways often depress nearby residential land values, but proximity
to a rapid transit station often triggers commercial and residential growth, with large
transit oriented development office and housing blocks being constructed. Also, an
efficient transit system can decrease the economic welfare loss caused by the increase of
population density in a metropolis.

Rapid transit systems have high fixed costs. Most systems are publicly owned, by
either local governments, transit authorities or national governments. Capital investments
are often partially or completely financed by taxation, rather than by passenger fares, but
must often compete with funding for roads. The transit systems may be operated by the
owner or by a private company through a public service obligation. The owners of the
systems often also own the connecting bus or rail systems, or are members of the local
transport association, allowing for free transfers between modes. Almost all transit
systems operate at a deficit, requiring fare revenue, advertising and subsidies to cover
costs.
Also as said in article Delhi Metro helps reduce vehicular air pollution, indicates
research [5] Metro dose not only reduce your travel time and make commuting hasslefree but also helps in bringing down the pollution level.

GREEN BUILDINGS AND GREEN CONSTRUCTION:

Green buildings use resourcesenergy, water, materials, and landmore efficiently
and effectively than buildings that are simply built to code. Green developers and builders
create healthier working, learning, and living environments with more natural light and
cleaner air. Working and living in such buildings improves occupant health, comfort, and
productivity. By building green, developers save money by reducing construction costs
and creating sustainable buildings that are in high demand. Owners save money by
reducing operation and maintenance costs, lowering utility bills, and increasing occupant
productivity. [6]
Following organizations are the pioneers of green building and research:
LEED, or Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design, is a green building
certification program that recognizes best-in-class building strategies and practices. To
receive LEED certification, building projects satisfy prerequisites and earn points to
achieve different levels of certification. Prerequisites and credits differ for each rating
system, and teams choose the best fit for their project.
Indian Green Building Council, formed by Confederation of Indian Industry (CII)
in 2001, is continuously striving towards wider adoption of eco-friendly and green
building concepts in the Indian industry. The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII)
Green Business Centre building in Hyderabad is one of the green buildings in India. There
are three primary Rating systems in India GRIHA, IGBC, LEED.[7]
IGBC promotes a whole-building approach to sustainability, based on the
principles of five elements of nature (the Panchamahabutas viz. earth, water, fire (energy),
air and sky) by recognizing performance in the following five key areas:
9

Sustainable site development

Water savings

Energy efficiency

Materials selection

Indoor environmental quality

A well-built green building is one that incorporates sustainability and environment

at the heart of its design right from the building modelling, to materials to fixtures
installed in the building.
Dr. P. K. Manoj states in his paper [8] that in our current environment of rising
utility costs and escalating gas prices, building houses that are affordable for low-income
to moderate-income individuals to purchase or rent is not sufficient. To be truly affordable
over the long term, residents must be able to afford the monthly mortgage or rent payment
as well as the utilities and transportation costs associated with the home. Homes must be
energy-efficient and located close to public transportation. Residents of green-built
housing can realise long-term saving through efficiencies incorporated in the design of the
home. Green, affordable housing presents an opportunity to reduce variable costs, such as
utility and transportation expenses, which disproportionately affect low-income people.
According to a 2005 report by the Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta, in addition to
lower utility rates, green building practices improve occupant health and comfort through
the use of better ventilation systems and GRA - GLOBAL RESEARCH ANALYSIS X 46
better construction materials. The end result is cleaner indoor air and a reduction in the
occurrence of asthma, respiratory diseases and other ailments. Some common green
features used in affordable housing projects include:
Compact fluorescent lighting,
Energy-efficient appliances,
Low-flow fixtures and dual-flush toilets,
Environmentally preferable products,
Use of local sources for materials,
Recycling of construction materials, and
Home-owner awareness education.
Dr. P. K. Manoj also gives benefits of green construction in his case study of
Ernakulum:
10

Green Homes can have tremendous benefits, both tangible and intangible. The
immediate and most tangible benefit is in the reduction in water and operating energy
costs right from day one, during the entire life cycle of the building.
Tangible Benefits
Energy savings: 20 - 30 %
Water savings: 30 50 %
Intangible Benefits
Enhanced air quality,
Excellent day lighting,
Health & wellbeing of the occupants,
Conservation of scarce national resources
Enhance marketability for the project

BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING:

BIM is an intelligent model-based process that provides insight to help you plan,
design, construct, and manage buildings and infrastructure
The US National Building Information Model Standard Project Committee has the
following definition:
Building Information Modelling (BIM) is a digital representation of physical and
functional characteristics of a facility. A BIM is a shared knowledge resource for
information about a facility forming a reliable basis for decisions during its life-cycle;
defined as existing from earliest conception to demolition. [9]
Traditional building design was largely reliant upon two-dimensional technical
drawings (plans, elevations, sections, etc.). Building information modelling extends this
beyond 3D, augmenting the three primary spatial dimensions (width, height and depth)
with time as the fourth dimension (4D) and cost as the fifth (5D), etc.BIM therefore
covers more than just geometry. It also covers spatial relationships, light analysis,
geographic information, and quantities and properties of building components (for
example, manufacturers' details).
Using BIM we can design any kind of building on various parametric levels
assigning each component as a data module in space and edit its characteristics. A BIM is
11

basically a virtual representation of every parameter involved in a building and it is done

in a virtual 3D expansive space to make prototypes of any structure.
Commonly used BIM softwares include:
Architecture

Autodesk Revit Architecture

GraphiSOFT ArchiCAD

Nemetschek Allplan Architecture

Gehry Technologies - Digital Project Designer

Nemetschek Vectorworks Architect

Bentley Architecture

4MSA IDEA Architectural Design (IntelliCAD)

CADSoft Envisioneer

RhinoBIM (BETA)

Sustainability

Autodesk Ecotect Analysis

Autodesk Green Building Studio

Graphisoft EcoDesigner

IES Solutions Virtual Environment VE-Pro

Bentley Tas Simulator

Bentley Hevacomp

DesignBuilder

Structures

Autodesk Revit Structure

Bentley Structural Modeler

Bentley RAM, STAAD and ProSteel

Tekla Structures
12

CypeCAD

Graytec Advance Design

StructureSoft Metal Wood Framer

Nemetschek Scia

4MSA Strad and Steel

Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis

MEP

Autodesk Revit MEP

Bentley Hevacomp Mechanical Designer

4MSA FineHVAC + FineLIFT + FineELEC + FineSANI

Gehry Technologies - Digital Project MEP Systems Routing

CADMEP (CADduct / CADmech)

Construction (Simulation, Estimating and Const. Analysis)

Autodesk Navisworks

Solibri Model Checker

Vico Office Suite

Vela Field BIM

Bentley ConstrucSim

Tekla BIMSight

Glue (by Horizontal Systems)

Synchro Professional

Innovaya

Facility Managment

Bentley Facilities
FM:Systems FM:Interact
Vintocon ArchiFM (For ArchiCAD)
13


Onuma System

EcoDomus
Out of these available softwares we have chosen AUTODESK REVIT because :

It's comprehensive and user friendly nature.

Cross platform utility (importing AUTOCAD files)

Multidisciplinary nature: architecture, structure, MEP, costing and green

building studio.

Free license for students and educational purpose.

Using BIM allows the user to export the model into analysis tools for daylight and

energy analysis. Revit Architecture is used for BIM models, allowing the user to export to
Figure 2.1 Autodesk REVIT working window
daylight analysis tools like Ecotect and 3d Studio Max Design. As the use of BIM in
projects becomes more popular, the opportunities to seamlessly integrate daylight analysis
into the design process become more abundant and more convenient. It is found that using
this technology, both the owner and designer can be more confident of what the outcome
will be before the building is even constructed. This has the potential to save money from
design changes and energy costs as well as material changes and retrofitting that is
common from older methods of daylight control. In the end it can improve the aesthetics
of the building, improve visual comfort and reduce the overall electrical lighting usage
within the building.
The use of BIM-based energy performance assessment during the design stages is
believed to be essential to achieve energy-conscious green buildings. BIM allows
14

architects and engineers to receive building information as a detailed and digitalized

virtual model. However, the use of BIM-based energy performance simulation in the
design phase of a building project is still controversial. In other words, for an improved
BIM- based simulation, one of the important issues is how architects and HVAC engineers
cope with interoperability between design and energy performance tools.
Based on the buildings size, type, and location (which drives electricity and water
usage costs), the web-based service determines the appropriate material, construction,
system and equipment defaults by using regional building standards and codes to make
intelligent assumptions. Using simple drop-down menus, architects can quickly change
any of these settings to define specific aspects of their design; a different building
orientation, a lower U-value window glazing, or a 4-pipe fan coil HVAC system for
example.[10]
Et Al Goswami ,Tiwari explains energy efficiency as follows:
Need of Energy Efficiency
The prediction of Eleventh Five-Year Plan (2007-2012) shows an energy demand
of 547 Mtoe in 2011-12 and between 1,350-1,700 Mtoe by the year 2030. The energy
consumption of India is expected to increase significantly while the countrys per capita
energy consumption will remain much lower than that of other industrialized and
developed countries leading to more greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions with huge impacts
on the global environment; in particular, since the conventional usage of coal in the
countrys energy sector is expected to continue until 2020. According to an International
Energy Outlook in 2009, nearly 7% of the worlds coal-related carbon emissions from
2006 to 2030 are from India and carbon dioxide emissions from coal combustion are
projected to total 1.3 billion metric tonne in 2030. The predominance of coal in the energy
mix, along with the expected increase in energy demand, embarks the significance of
promoting energy efficiency. The recent Five-Year Plans (FYP) accentuates the call for
competent use of energy resources to achieve sustainable development. By the end of the
11th FYP, an impending was researched to save 23,700 MW of power generation capacity
in the country.
3. Developments to Achieve Energy Efficiency:
a. Insulation
Insulation helps retain cool in summer and heat in winter, and acts as sound proof.
This can create a major impact on indoor thermal comfort of the building. Implementation
of energy-efficiency in building systems is almost entirely dependent on effective thermal
insulation of the building envelope. Insulation provides less dependency on HVAC
systems as it focuses on the building materials and with their proper installations new
15

levels of thermal comfort can be reached making the building more energy efficient.
Insulation can be done at various places starting from the base foundation, the walls and
the roof leading to lesser carbon emissions which ultimately increases the building
efficiency.
b. HVAC
More than one fourth of building energy consumption comes from the HVAC
systems. Space heating of the building is the most important factor when it comes in
providing thermal comfort to its occupants. Efficient HVAC systems can save up to 30%
of the total energy use. With more implementations of efficient HVAC systems the annual
cost can also be lowered up to 20%.
c. Lighting
Lighting holds a major part of total energy consumption in office and other
commercial buildings. Nearly one third of the total cost of energy consumption comes due
to the use of lighting appliances. An efficient lighting system saves up to 20% of the total
energy consumption throughout the year. Use of LED and CFL systems can provide with
huge savings in both cost and energy consumption departments. Intelligent lighting
systems with ambient light sensors are the latest innovations in this field.
d. Passive and Active Solar Heating
Passive and Active solar heating is a very simple yet effective way to achieve
energy efficiency in buildings. An active solar system uses a mechanical device to gather,
accumulate, and allocate solar energy and passive systems do not use such devices to
harness the solar power. These systems can be used for various purposes right from the
generation of electricity to space heating lowering the dependency on conventional power
source and also minimizing the total energy consumption and its related costs.
e. Building Materials
Use of conventional building materials like concrete, sand and mud bricks not
only increase the building heat and also are responsible for building carbon emissions.
Energy efficient buildings use materials that add up to 10% of the total energy savings.
Use of fly ash bricks instead of normal bricks and hollow concrete block walls helps to
reduce the radiant heat of the building decreasing the relative cost for space heating. Some
other materials like china mosaic tiles which can used in roofs to reflect the sun rays
keeping the building cool and vermiculite mixture which has lesser thermal conductivity,
density and weight provides excellent insulation and fire resistive properties provide good
energy efficiency and cost effectiveness. [11]

16

SOLAR ENERGY SOLUTIONS:

A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is an electrical device that converts the energy of
light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, which is a physical and chemical
phenomenon. It is a form of photoelectric cell, defined as a device whose electrical
characteristics, such as current, voltage, or resistance, vary when exposed to light. Solar
cells are the building blocks of photovoltaic modules, otherwise known as solar panels.
The reliability of crystalline silicon PV modules has improved dramatically over
the years. Module warranties of 25 years are now common. Extension of the warranties to
25 years was based on excellent field results for modules with 10 year warranties and on
extensive accelerated testing. Since none of the 25 year warranty modules have been in
the field that long, we do not know how or when they will eventually fail. It is important
for the PV industry to know this, because it impacts the ultimate useful life of our PV
systems, it provides critical input for future improvements in module reliability and it
provides important data on the long term wear out or failure of todays PV modules.[12]
Photovoltaic systems can be grouped into two main groups; namely off-grid
systems and grid-connected systems:
Off-grid PV systems, as the name implies, are systems that are not connected to
the public electricity grid. These systems require an energy storage system for the energy
generated because the energy generated is not usually required at the same time as it is
generated. A typical off-grid system comprises the following main components:
Solar PV Modules: these convert sunlight directly to electricity.
Charge Controllers: manage the charging and discharging of the batteries in order
to maximize their lifetimes and minimize operational problems
Battery or Battery Bank: Stores the energy generated by the PV modules
Inverter: converts the DC current generated by the solar PV modules to AC
current for AC consumer load.
Grid-connected systems are systems connected to a large independent grid usually
the public electricity grid and feed power directly into the grid. In the case of residential
or building mounted grid connected PV systems, the electricity demand of the building is
served by the PV system and the excess is fed into the grid; their capacities are usually in
the lower range of kilowatts. A typical grid-connected PV system comprises the following
components:
Solar PV Modules: these convert sunlight directly to electricity.

17

 Inverter: converts the DC current generated by the solar PV modules to AC

current for the utility grid.
Main disconnect/isolator Switch
Utility Grid [13]

18

CHAPTER 3: DESIGN & ANALYSIS

3.1 Performance Evaluation of Metro Station Building

3.1.1 Features of Green Building Studio:
Whole-building energy analysis
Account for all of the energy-using systems in a building to understand energy
cost projections that inform design decisions and financial analyses.
Green Building Studio energy analysis software adds defaults and assumptions
based on your building type and location to complete the energy analytical model.
This helps you perform a valid and useful analysis for decision making.
Detailed weather data
Green Building Studio gives you access to over a million virtual weather stations
that are compiled from a variety of trusted sources.
For existing building projects, you can upload building utility history. Green
Building Studio automatically collects historical weather data from that same
period of time so you can create a calibrated energy model.
Energy Star and LEED support
Understand how the energy efficiency of your project compares to similar designs,
and get LEED point estimates directly from Green Building Studio.
For every project located in the United States, Green Building Studio provides an
ENERGYSTAR score to compare the energy efficiency of your design to similar
energy-efficient buildings, including a LEED point estimate for glazing factor and
water credits.
Carbon emissions reporting
Green Building Studio energy analysis software provides carbon emissions
reporting for nearly all aspects of a building.
Day lighting
Receive qualification for LEED day lighting credit.
Water usage and costs
Gain an understanding of the estimated water use in and outside your sustainable
building design.
Natural ventilation potential
Estimate the mechanical cooling requirements versus the hours of outdoor air
required to ventilate a building naturally.

19

Why Revit and Green Building Studio are used for Energy Analysis of Metro Station
Building?
Revit is 4D BIM capable with tools to plan and track various stages in the building's
lifecycle, from concept to construction and later demolition. Green Building Studio
energy-analysis software enables architects and designers to perform whole-building
analysis, optimize energy consumption, and work toward carbon-neutral building designs
earlier in the process. Cloud-based energy-efficiency software helps teams achieve
sustainable building designs faster and more accurately with powerful energy- and
carbon-analysis tools.
Autodesk Green Building Studio can be used as a standalone web service. It also powers
Autodesk Revits whole building energy analysis tools.

3.1.2 Overview
Green Building Studio uses the DOE 2.2 dynamic thermal whole building energy
simulation engine to estimate building energy use and operating costs; which are
based on the effects and interactions of building form, materials, systems, usage,
and climate.

Figure 3.1 Whole building energy analysis is dependent on the interrelationships of form,
materials, systems, building use, and climate.

20

Figure 2.2 A buildings form (shape, size, orientation, shading, etc.) is one of the primary
factors that influences energy consumption

Figure 3.3 Importance of thermal properties

A buildings materials (concrete, glass, insulation, etc.) has the thermal properties
of resistance and storage of heat and moisture. These affect the heating and
cooling energy required to maintain comfort. This is captured in energy
simulations using the fundamental physical properties of materials (conductivity,
specific heat capacity, and density) and how they are combined and treated to form
walls, roofs, windows, etc.

21

Figure 3.4 Effect of installed systems on energy analysis

A buildings systems (HVAC, Lighting, Equipment, DHW, Renewables etc.)
consume and produce energy to meet the buildings and occupants needs. These
highly complex mechanisms are captured in energy simulations using a variety of
methods that have been developed and trusted over many years.

Figure 3.5 Effect of occupancy on energy analysis

A buildings usage (hours of operation, occupancy levels, set-points, etc.) has a
significant impact on energy use. This is captured in Green Building Studio energy
simulations using clearly defined, well-established assumptions based on the
building type (such as those found in ASHRAE 90.1). While these modeled usage
patterns may differ from the actual use, the assumptions are sufficient for
comparative analyses.

22

Figure 3.6 Effect of climate on energy analysis

A buildings climate subjects it to a range of complex heat transfer processes that
react simultaneously with building systems and usage. This is captured in energy
simulations by using actual historical climate data.

3.1.3 Steps involving Energy Analysis of a Metro Station Building using Green
Building Studio

Step 1: Prepare Energy analytical model of a Metro station including plans,

elevations, sections, 3d views in Autodesk Revit
Step 2: Assign proper material along with their properties define building systems
and type of building along with the location.
Step 3: Define spaces/rooms in the model for energy analysis.
Step 4: Export the analytical model as gbxml file.
Step 5: Open the Green Building Studio account and create the project also define
the same building type, and location while creating the project in Green Building
Studio
Step 6: Now upload the gbxml file of the metro station model prepared in
Autodesk Revit.
Step 7: Now study the result after the analysis of the model is completed.
Step 8: Create the design alternatives by changing various parameters of the
building such as orientation, material of construction, building systems, renewable
energy sources, building fixtures etc. to enhance the building performance and
reduce the energy consumption, water consumption, operating cost and ultimately
the life cycle cost of a Project.
23

3.1.4 Exporting to Autodesk Green Building Studio from Autodesk Revit:

Within Revit, on the Home tab, Room & Area panel, open the Area and Volume
Computations dialog from the panel drop-down menu. Select the Compute Room
Volumes option.
Click the Revit icon> Export>gbXML and follow the steps to save a gbXML file.
From your computer Start menu open Green Building Studio>Green Building
Studio Desktop
Enter your Green Building Studio Username and Password and click the Login
button. You must be connected to the Internet for this to work.
If you have projects in your Green Building Studio account, they will be listed in
the Project list. Simply select the project to which this model is assigned.
Click Browse gbXML button and choose the gbXML file you just saved out of
Revit.
Click Create New Run to initiate the simulations and get results.

The web-based service will first check your Revit model for missing data or errors, and if
problems are found, an error message will appear. Assuming there are no errors, a browser
window will open presenting you with the status of your whole building energy, water,
and carbon analysis.
The length of time it takes to run the simulations using the web service typically
varies from less than a minute to 5 or 10 minutes. The run time depends on the server
traffic, complexity of the model, and the number of surfaces, windows, rooms, spaces, and
zones. Most runs are complete within minutes. Very large models (with gbXML files more
than 8 to 12 MB) may take up to an hour to run. This is a good reason to start analysis in
the early stages of design with a simple model. Once your run is complete you will see a
results page.
3.1.5 How the Autodesk Green Building Studio Web-based Service Works?
The web service provides a user-friendly front end to powerful building energy
analysis software. All of the computationally intensive hourly simulations are carried out
on remote servers, and the results are provided to you in a web browser. The web-based
service will collect data from three sources:
1. Your Revit software model. All the building geometry comes from your model,
including the number of rooms, the connections between rooms, and their relationship to
the exterior, exposure, and aspect to the sun; and the shape and total area of built surfaces
or openings.

24

2. Your responses to a few basic questions. In order to explain the buildings use or
context, you will need to select a building type from a drop-down menu and enter the
postal code for the site. You will also have a chance to select a weather station for the
project, although the closest one is selected to be the default.
3. Regionalized databases. Based on the above information, Autodesk Green Building
Studio will extract additional information about local weather conditions, construction,
and materials. The service will automatically add any information you have not provided,
so it can adapt to your requirements as your design evolves.
3.1.6 Understand the Analysis Results
The results pages provide accurate yet easy-to-understand summary information
on building energy and resource use, carbon emissions, simulation assumptions,
performance metrics, and costs. These results can be used to compare the energy costs of
multiple building design scenarios at the conceptual design stage. The following serves as
a guide to help you interpret the results effectively.

Figure 3.7 - Dimensional View of Metro Station Building Developed in Revit Used For
Analysis
25

Figure 3.8 Plan of the working floor of Metro Station

26

Metro Station Building Summary

Building Type

Transportation

Floor Area

1,264 m

Number of People

632 people

Electric Cost

Rs. 9 / kWh

Fuel Cost (Natural Gas)

Rs. 4/ MJ

Building Schedule

24/7

Address Of the Metro Station Building

Kothrud, Pune Maharashtra India

Average Lighting Power Density

10.76 W / m

Average Equipment Power Density

12.92 W / m

Specific Fan Flow

3.8 LPerSec / m

Specific Fan Power

-20,764.748 W / LPerSec

Total Fan Flow

4,816 LPerSec

Total Cooling Capacity

-29,180 kW

Total Heating Capacity

29,502 kW

(Up Arrow
Down Arrow

indicate value higher than typical value

indicates value lower than typical value.)

27

Details of Various Cost Distribution:

Graph 3.1 Total Electricity Cost Distribution

Ventilation Fans. 19. 19%

Area Lights. 18. 18% Space Cooling. 41. 41%
Miscellanious Equipment. 22. 22%

28

Ventilation Fans
Space Cooling
Miscellanious
Equipment
Area Lights

Graph 3.2 Total Fuel Cost Distribution

Space Heat . 4. 4%

Domestic Hot Water

Space Heat
Domestic Hot Water. 96. 96%

Graph 3.3 Total Energy Cost Distribution

Domestic Hot Water

Space Heat

Ventilation Fans

Miscellanious Equipment

Space
Cooling. 35. 35%
Area
Lights

Domestic Hot Water. 14. 14%

Space Heat . 1. 1%
Area Lights. 16. 16%
Ventilation Fans. 16. 16%
Miscellanious Equipment. 19. 19%

29

Space Cooling

Energy in KWh

Energy in KWh

Months

Months
Graph3.5 Monthly Electricity Consumption

Graph3.4 Monthly Fuel Consumption

Domestic Hot Water

Space Heat
Ventilation Fans
Space Cooling
Miscellaneous Equipment
Area Lights

Months
Graph3.6 Monthly Energy Consumption

30

Weather Data
BIM tools can be used to access, visualize, and analyze weather data to help you
understand your building sites climate. Runs using the Project Default Utility Rates will
use the project default weather station location established when the project was created.
Following is the collection of weather data that is collected from nearest weather
station of the site and is used for analysis purpose
Weather Station: GBS_06M12_12_111130
Distance to your project 1.2 mi (1.9 km)
Latitude = 18.5167, Longitude = 73.8000
Table 3.1 Temperature Data from Weather Station
Cooling Degree Day
Threshold
Value
18.3 C
2077
21.1 C
1116
23.9 C
382
26.7 C
54
Annual Design Conditions
Threshold Cooling
Dry
MCWB(C)
Bulb(C)
0.1 %
38.0
18.6
0.2 %
37.7
18.3
0.4 %
37.2
19.1
0.5 %
37.1
19.1
1%
36.2
18.6
2%
35.3
17.8
2.5 %
34.9
18.3
5%
33.2
18.2

Heating Degree Day

Threshold
18.3 C
15.6 C
12.8 C
10 C

Value
8
0
0
0

Heating
Dry Bulb(C)

MCWB(C)

7.9
9.0
10.2
10.4
11.5
12.8
13.1
14.6

4.8
4.9
6.7
7.0
8.2
9.0
9.2
10.9

31

Graph 3.7 Monthly design data (threshold 2 %)

Graph 3.11 Dew Point frequency distribution

Graph 3.8 Dry bulb frequency distribution

Graph 3.12 Relative humidity frequency distribution

Graph 3.13 Total Sky Cover DistributionGraph 3.14 Direct normal radiation frequency

distribution
Graph 3.9 Wind rose Diagram

Graph 3.10 Wind speed frequency

distribution (annual)
Graph 3.15 Diffused horizontal
frequency radiation
Graph 3.16radiation
Global horizontal
distributionfrequency
(Annual)distribution (Annual)

32

3.1.6.1 Estimated Energy & Cost Summary:

Estimated Energy and Cost Summary
Most building energy cost comparisons and early compliance decisions can be made using
annualized energy cost and consumption information. Costs are estimated using statewide,
territory, or country average utility rates, or the customized rates you may have applied to
the project.
The following0 estimated information is provided:

Annual energy cost.

Lifecycle energy costs (30 year).
Annual energy consumption (electric and gas).
Peak electric demand (kW).
Lifecycle energy consumption (electric and gas).
CO2 emissions are based on the on-site fuel use and the fuel sources for the
electricity in the region.
An equivalency using an SUV (driven 15,000 miles/year) is given to put the
buildings CO2 emissions into perspective.

Assumptions
30 -year life and 6.1 % discount rate for costs. Does not include electric transmission
losses or the renewable and natural ventilation potential.
Results
1. Annual Energy Cost
: Rs. 47,00,000
{Calculation = Consumption * rate per unit consumption
=285771KWh*9Rs./KWh + 535211 MJ*4Rs./MJ}
2. Annual CO2 Emissions
Electric
: 108.4 Mg
Onsite Fuel
: 26.7 Mg
Large SUV Equivalent
: 13.5 SUVs / Year
3. Annual Energy
Energy Use Intensity (EUI)
: 1,237 MJ / m / year
Electric
: 285,771 kWh
Fuel
: 535,211 MJ
Annual Peak Demand
: 66.3 kW
4. Lifecycle Energy
Electric
: 8,573,121 kW
Fuel
: 16,056,336 MJ

33

3.1.6.2 Energy and Carbon Results:

This analysis provides accurate yet easy-to-understand summary information on building
energy and resource use, carbon emissions, simulation assumptions, performance metrics,
and costs. These results can be used to compare the energy costs of multiple building
design scenarios at the conceptual design stage. In addition to energy use and cost, the
web service provides additional information required to help design a carbon neutral
building. This additional information includes the following:
Table 3.2 CO2 Emissions
Annual CO2 Emissions
Mg
Base Run

135.1

Onsite Renewable Potential

-36.7

Natural Ventilation Potential

-13.6

Onsite Biofuel Use

-26.7

Net CO2 Emissions

58.1

Net Large SUV Equivalent: 5.8 SUVs / Year

Electric Power Plant Sources in Your Region
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has historical records for all the fuel and
emissions of all power plants in the United States and the Carbon Monitoring for Action
(CARMA) database has the carbon emissions data of more than 50,000 power plants
world-wide. This section summarizes the fuel sources for electricity generated in this
region. In order for a project to be carbon neutral, electricity consumption must be
reduced or offset using renewables by an amount equal to the portion of the electricity that
comes from fossil fuels.
Table 3.3 Distribution of Generation of Electricity according to Sources
Fossil (Coal)
Nuclear
Hydroelectric
Renewable
Other

82 %
2%
14 %
2%
N/A

3.1.6.3 Water Usage

A summary is given of the estimated water use in the building based on the number of
people in the building as well as the building type.
34

A summary is given of the estimated water use in the building based on the number of
people in the building as well as the building type. The water consumption is related to the
number of people and not to the number of fixtures
This section summarizes the water usage costs.
Total -- The estimated total water required by the building and landscaped area and the
associated cost.
Indoor -- The estimated indoor water required for domestic use and cooling and the
associated cost.
Outdoor -- The estimated outdoor water required for irrigation and other uses and the
associated cost.
Net Utility -- The estimated total utility-supplied water required by the building and
landscaped area and the associated cost.
Water Usage Estimator
This section summarizes the water usage estimator.
Source: AWWA Research Foundation 2000 Residential / Commercial and Institutional
End Uses of Water.
Table 3.4 Water Usage and Costs
Description

Quantity (L/yr)

Cost (Rs./yr)

Total

10,689,962

71,375

Indoor

9,617,452

67,707

Outdoor

1,072,510

3,668

Net Utility

10,689,962

71,375

Indoor Water Factors

This section summarizes the indoor water factors. Factors influencing the indoor usage
are the number of people occupying the building, which is determined elsewhere in the
building model for consistency with the energy analysis; and the percentage of time the
35

building is occupied, where the default percentage is derived from the default occupancy
schedule for this building type.
Outdoor Water Factors
This section summarizes the outdoor water factors. Factors influencing the outdoor usage
of the building include the irrigated area, the use of timed sprinklers, the presence of a
pool, and other water using equipment. These can be modified in this section of the Water
Estimator to adjust the outdoor water usage. Since the use of 'Native Vegetation
Landscaping' changes the demand for water outdoors, specifying this measure in the 'NetZero Measures' section will reduce the outdoor water usage.
The Efficiency settings of fixtures and equipment in the Building Summary section can
also influence the indoor water usage. Net-Zero Measures such as rainwater harvesting
and potable water sources on site do not reduce the indoor water usage, since they do not
change the demand for water indoors, but they do reduce the Net Utility water usage in
the Water Usage and Costs section.
Building Summary
This section summarizes the building summary.
Source: 2000 Uniform Plumbing Code of the IAPMO, Tables 4-1 and 4-3.
The indoor fixture, appliance and equipment counts, not the number of people, are shown
in this section. Fixture counts are based on the minimum requirements of the cited
plumbing code. Fixture counts can be modified and saved for planning purposes. The
number of fixtures in the building does not affect the baseline indoor water usage, since
the main driver for water usage is the number of people occupying the building, rather
than the number of fixtures available for use. However, the efficiency of those fixtures
does affect the indoor water usage, and the fixture efficiency can be improved in this
section of the Water Estimator to reduce the estimated indoor water usage. The presence
or absence of a cooling tower is determined elsewhere in the building model for
consistency with the energy analysis. Water usage due to the cooling tower contributes to
the 'Indoor' usage in the 'Water Usage and Costs' section. The efficiency of the cooling
tower can be modified to save water, and the cooling tower blow down water inclusion in
sewer costs can be specified.
Efficiency Savings
This section summarizes the efficiency savings.

36

Source: AWWA Research Foundation 2000 Residential / Commercial and Institutional

End Uses of Water.
The water savings applied here are based on observed saving potentials from
retrofit/replacement programs for each fixture and appliance in the cited literature. Cost
savings are calculated as a function of the water savings for each efficiency measure and
water and sewer costs. Water saved indoors achieves water and sewer cost savings, while
water saved outdoors achieves only water cost savings.
Net-Zero Measures
This section summarizes the net-zero measures.
Sources: AWWA Research Foundation 2000 Residential / Commercial and Institutional
End Uses of Water. Lancaster B. 2006, Rainwater Harvesting for Drylands - Volume 1,
Appendix 3. Net-zero measures can be applied to the building to optimize its interaction
with the environment and reduce the net utility water usage to zero. Net-Zero water
calculations are based on the cited literature.
Rainwater Harvesting -- In the rainwater harvesting calculation, default 'Annual
Rainfall' is based on 30-year climate normal average precipitation data from the National
Climactic Data Center, Climatography of the U.S. No. 81: Monthly Station Normals. The
user has the option to compare rainfall data from other sources to the default value and
modify 'Annual Rainfall' as appropriate. The catchment can be any area designed to
collect and divert rainwater to a cistern. The 'Catchment Area' default provided is the total
roof area of the building determined by the model, and it can be modified and saved by
the user. Harvested rainwater will be applied to reduce the net utility demand for indoor
water usage.
Native Vegetation Landscaping -- Savings for reduced irrigation as specified in the 2000
AWWA Research Foundation studies are applied for native vegetation landscaping to
reduce the outdoor water usage.
Greywater Reclamation -- Savings resulting from access to a non-utility water source as
specified in 2000 AWWA Research Foundation studies are applied for greywater
reclamation to lower net utility demand for outdoor water usage.
Potable Water Sources -- If potable water sources, such as wells or streams, will be
accessed on the site, specify the water yield from these sources and they will be applied to
reduce the net utility demand for indoor water usage.
Net-Zero Savings-- This section summarizes the net-zero savings.
37

Rainwater Harvesting -- Cost savings from rainwater harvesting are calculated as a

function of the amount of water harvested and the water price. Sewer costs savings are not
applied to harvested rainwater, as this water can be used indoors and may need
wastewater treatment.
Native Vegetation Landscaping -- Cost savings from Native Vegetation Landscaping are
calculated as a function of the amount of irrigation water reduction, and the water price.
Sewer cost savings are not applied to native vegetation landscaping savings, as outdoor
water use is not subject to wastewater treatment.
Greywater Reclamation -- Greywater reclamation cost savings are calculated as a
function of the amount of greywater reclaimed for irrigation and the water and sewer
prices.
Potable Water Sources -- Cost savings from potable water sources are calculated as a
function of the annual yield of the potable water sources and the water price. Sewer costs
savings are not applied to potable water sources, as this water can be used indoors and
may need wastewater treatment.
Unit Water Prices
Water
Sewer
Outdoor Water Factors
Irrigated Area* (m)
Timed Sprinklers
Pool
Other Equipment/Fixtures

: Rs. 3.42/m3
: Rs. 3.62/m3
: 1000
: No
: No
: Yes (Usage: 25 l/day)

Table 3.5 Indoor Water Factors, Types and Efficiencies (Conventional)

Building Fixtures Summary

Efficiency Savings

Fixture

Total

Male

Female

Employe
e

Toilet

15

Efficienc % of Gallons
y
indoor
per
Usage
year
Standard
-

Urinals
Sinks

6
15

6
5

0
5

0
5

Standard
Standard

Total Energy Savings

38

Annual
Cost
Saving
-

A Sustainable alternative to reduce the water expenditure

Table 3.6 Indoor Water Factors, Types and Efficiencies (Sustainable)
Building Fixtures Summary

Efficiency Savings

Fixture

Total

Male

Female

Empl
oyee

Efficiency

indoor
Usage
%

Gallons
per year

Annual
Cost
Saving
(Rs.)

Toilet

15

Low Flow

7.1

685,697

4,827

Urinals

Waterless

4.3

415,175

2923

Sinks

15

Hands Free

0.8

72,504

510

12.2

1,173,376

8,261

Total Energy Savings

Net Zero Measures to Save Water

Rainwater Harvesting: Yes

Annual Rainfall-710 mm

Catchment area-1000m2
Surface type-Metal/Concrete
Savings Liters per year: 674,500
Annual Cost Saving: Rs. 2307
Native Vegetation Landscaping: Yes
Savings Liters per year: 642,756
Annual Cost Saving: Rs. 2,198
Greywater Reclamation: Yes
Savings Liters per year: 268,128
Annual Cost Saving: Rs. 1,888
Site Potable Water Sources: No

Thus Total Savings Liters per year: 1,585,384

Thus Total Annual Cost Saving: Rs. 6,393

39

3.1.6.4 Photovoltaic Analysis

A summary is given of the photovoltaic potentials. The details of
the Photovoltaic (PV) Analysis are listed in this tab, showing the
potential for every exterior surface of the project to generate electricity
from solar electric panels. After analyzing the potential of every
surface, Green Building Studio creates a suggested Installed System
according to user-defined Payback Settings.
Green Building Studio assumes that PV panels can be mounted
on tilted as well as horizontal surfaces , including roofs, walls, windows,
and shades. The analysis assumes that all surfaces included in the
model space can hold PV panels, so for a proper analysis of project PV
energy generation potential, trees and buildings that are not part of the
project should not be modeled. Use the VRML view tab to display the
building surface associated with each result.
The Installed System Summary includes every surface that
receives enough solar energy to meet the payback settings with
installed PV panels. In the Payback Settings, estimated price per watt
for the PV system can be adjusted to account for rebates or other
regional differences that affect PV system cost.
The PV calculations performed by GBS were validated using the
National Renewable Energy Labs (NREL) calculation methods.
Panel Type:
Three panel types are currently available to choose from for
analysis. These three types fairly represent the performance of the
majority of technologies available today. Some panel types are more
efficient at converting solar energy into electricity than others.
Selecting one type versus another will give a general indication of the
potential electrical energy output for the different technologies.
Remember that panels with higher efficiency are generally more
expensive than lower efficiency panels, so you should adjust
your Installed Panel Cost accordingly. Available Panel Types are:

Single Crystalline 13.8% efficient

Poly Crystalline 12.3% efficient
40

Thin Film 7.5% efficient

Installed Panel Cost

This is an estimated cost, per watt of rated system capacity, for materials and labor
to install a complete grid-connect solar electric system. This price does not include any
state or federal incentives. Rated system capacity is in PTC (not STC) watts. Remember
that higher efficiency panels are more expensive per installed watt than lower efficiency
panels.

Applied Electric Cost

Utility rates often vary significantly by time of day and by season, and are
typically highest during afternoon hours in the summer when PV production is highest.
Because this calculation doesn't take into account the daily or seasonable higher rates, but
instead uses a flat rate, the calculated Payback Period is quite conservative (higher) than
the actual payback period is likely to be. You may want to obtain an estimated flat rate
from your utility for summer daytime electric rates and use that figure in the payback
calculations.
Maximum Payback Period
The maximum payback period defaults to 50 years. Green Building Studio will
calculate the performance of PV panels on all surfaces, but will only consider panels for
the Installed Summary that will pay for them within the Maximum Payback Period.
Increasing this value will likely result in more surfaces being included in the calculations,
and decreasing this value will likely results in fewer surfaces being included.
The data in the Installed Panel Cost and the Applied Electric Cost fields are used,
in conjunction with the weather files, to determine which surfaces will pay for themselves
through net metering within the Maximum Payback Period. Review the information above
for both the Installed Panel Cost and the Applied Electric Cost fields to determine if it is
reasonable for you to make adjustments to those default assumptions. Reducing the
Installed Panel Cost and/or increasing the Applied Electric Costs fields will result in more
surfaces being included in the calculation and will also reduce the Payback Period shown
in the Summary section.
Installed Panel Summary

41

This section provides the summary of the installed photovoltaic panels for your run
including:

Installed Panel Cost

Installed Panel Area

Annual Energy Production

Potential Cost Saving (per year)

System Payback (years)

Note: No federal and state energy incentives, tax breaks, loan solutions or system derating
factors are considered in this payback calculation.

Payback Period
The System Payback Period is the amount of time, in years, that it will take to recover the
initial cost of the PV panels through the savings in utility costs with net metering. The
calculation assumes that energy prices will escalate at a rate of 2 percent per year.

Photovoltaic Surface Analysis

The Photovoltaic Surface Analysis provides detail information for the surfaces that
are considered for photovoltaic analysis such as Surface Variables (Type, Direction, Tilt,
and Panel Area), Shading Variables (Solar Exposure, Obstruction Shading), and detail
Summary for surfaces (Annual Energy, Potential Cost Savings, and Payback per Surface).
Note: The calculation assumes that BIPV panels used on windows will have a lower
efficiency than standard wall and roof panels.
Surface Orientation
Direction: The Surface Direction is shown in compass orientation. Twelve directions are
shown, including the cardinal directions and 30 degrees each side of cardinal. Though the
actual orientation of a surface is used to calculate PV energy generation, the direction
shown here is the closest of the twelve general directions.
Tilt: The Surface Tilt is measured from an upward-facing horizontal orientation. For
example, a vertical wall has a tilt of 90 degrees. A flat roof has a tilt of 0 degrees, and a
pitched roof surface is between 0 and 90 degrees. A floor has a tilt of 180 degrees. Only
surfaces with a tilt of less than 120 degrees are considered for PV analysis.

42

Solar Exposure
Solar Exposure ranges from 100%, meaning fully exposed to direct sun at all times
of the day and year, to 0%, meaning always in shadow. Solar exposure represents
approximately how much solar energy is received by the surface compared to a solar
tracking surface with no shading and perfect orientation.
A value of 100% would only occur for a tracking solar array, and 0% would occur
for down-facing and/or highly-obstructed surfaces. Surfaces always in full shadow (0) are
not considered for PV analysis and are not listed in the table.
Obstruction Shading
Obstruction shading ranges from 0%, meaning completely exposed to the
environment, to 100% meaning completely obscured. This differs from Solar Exposure
because this value is independent of surface orientation. Obstruction Shading tells how
much the surface is obstructed by neighboring buildings, shading devices, or overhangs
compared to a surface of the same orientation in an open environment.
Annual Energy
Annual Energy is measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh). This annual sum is the
amount of DC power that solar panels on the building surface will create given the solar
radiation levels and sky conditions from the weather file, and the surface orientation and
obstruction shading characteristics of the model for every hour of the year. If 60 percent
of the surface is shaded by other parts of the building, then the remaining 40 percent is
used for photovoltaic calculations.
The Potential Cost Savings and System Payback calculations are based on the
Annual Energy production the Applied Electric Cost, and the future cost escalation only.
Energy incentives, tax breaks, and loan solutions are not taken into account. Incentives
can lower the payback period significantly, so the payback figures are fairly conservative.

Payback Calculation For Solar Photovoltaic System:

Panel Type

: Poly Crystalline 12.3% efficient

Installed Panel Cost

: Rs. 97.5 per watt ( Rs. 12000 per sq. m)

Applied Electric Cost

: Rs. 7 / KWh
43

Max Payback Period

: 25 Years

Installed Panel Area

: 808 m

Installed Panel Cost

: Rs. 9,694,435.20

Annual Energy Production

: 78,653 kWh

Potential Cost Savings (per year)

: Rs. 550,572.11

System Payback

: 15 Years

3.1.6.5 Wind Energy Potential

Wind Energy Assumptions
A single 15 ft diameter turbine, with cut-in and cut-out winds of 6 mph and 45 mph
respectively, and located at the coordinates of the weather data.
Annual Electric Generation: 1,048 kWh

44

3.1.6.6 Natural Ventilation Potential

Natural Ventilation Assumptions
Assumes natural ventilation only during comfort zone periods and air changes per hour
are less than 20 ACH. Building form & opening design must be able to allow stack effect
or cross ventilation.
Total Hours Mechanical Cooling Required

7,163 Hours

Possible Natural Ventilation Hours

1,331 Hours

Possible Annual Electric Energy Savings

29,656 kWh

Possible Annual Electric Cost Savings

2,372

Net Hours Mechanical Cooling Required

5,832 Hours

3.1.6.7 Radiant Cooling (case study)

Unlike most cooling systems in California, which circulate cold air
to maintain comfort, most radiant cooling systems circulate cool water
through ceiling, wall, or floor panels. Coolth from that water is then
absorbed by occupants and interior spaces according to the dynamics
of thermal radiation. However, these radiant cooling systems, which
are popular in Europe, are rarely found in India.
A radiant cooling system refers to a temperature-controlled
surface that cools indoor temperatures by removing sensible heat and
where more than half of heat transfer occurs through thermal
radiation. Heat will flow from objects, occupants, equipment and lights
in a space to a cooled surface as long as their temperatures are
warmer than that of the cooled surface and they are within the line of
sight of the cooled surface. The process of radiant exchange has a
negligible effect on air temperature, but through the process of
convection, the air temperature will be lowered when air comes in
contact with the cooled surface. Radiant cooling systems use the
opposite effect of radiant heating systems, which rely on the process of
heat flow from a heated surface to objects and occupants.
The major components of the system are High efficiency chiller,
pumps, Air handling unit (AHU) and cooling tower, Distribution system.
45

Figure 3.9 Radiant Cooling Through Slabs

A lot of research is already been done in radiant heating systems
as required in European countries. But opposite is true for radiant
cooling systems. From the case study done on first radiant cooled
commercial building in India the SDB-1 BUILDING, INFOSYS,
HYDERABAD its been found that

Radiant cooling system is easier to build since it requires fewer

equipments.

The overall cost of the system is slightly lower than the

conventional air-conditioning system.

Radiant cooling system occupies just one-third of the space

compared to conventional air-conditioning system.

The efficiency of radiant cooling system is about 33% better than

a highly efficient conventional air conditioning system.

Radiant cooling system provides a better indoor air quality and

thermal comfort compared to conventional air-conditioning.

However, Retrofitting and repairing of the radiant cooling system

may be considered as a very difficult job so that it is very
important to implement the system in the most optimized and
authorized manner during the construction of building so that
there is no need of further repair works.
46

On the similar basis radiant cooling system is practiced in Indian

Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune. Along with the system,

Natural lighting is exploited throughout the day work hours using

full height windows & skylight strips.
Natural cross ventilation system is assisted by extraction fans
installed at terrace. Direct heat gain due to solar radiation is
reduced on east & west by using cavity walls.
Mutual shading of building surfaces has been achieved by large
roof overhangs and structural steel pergolas.
Manually operable aluminum fins on south & north side cut off
the glare & provide shading to the glazing.

47

Figure 3.10 Photographs of Indian institute Of Tropical Meteorology

Building Having Radiant Cooling Technique

48

3.2 Design & Economical Analysis of Solar Parking Shade

3.2.1 General
India is struggling with skyrocketing energy demands, declining energy supplies,
and peak load blackouts and shortages that limit energy access. Indias renewable energy
capacity is nearly 13 % of total generation capacity. At the same time many policies are
established by Ministry of New & Renewable energy (MNRE) like Jawaharlal Nehru
National Solar Mission. While considering the large scale energy generation projects
small decentralized projects can also be helpful to fulfill local energy demands.
From the same perspective making use of parking lots for the generation of solar
power will be wise decision as Indias high solar insolation & expensive land in city areas.
If such arrangement is considered during the design phase an efficient & economical
system can be incorporated. Such measures will be helpful for achieving energy
independence & reducing carbon footprint of energy generation.
Parking lots and garage rooftops offer expansive, unshaded and unobstructed
spaces ideal for housing commercial-scale solar energy systems. For years, solar
photovoltaic (PV) have proven to be a smart choice for parking facilities for a variety of
reasons.
Shade structures can be a great addition to any parking lot, as they provide
numerous benefits as well as the potential to carry solar panels. Adding shade structures to
a parking lot can reduce lighting costs through the installation of energy-efficient LED
lighting under the structures in place of the often low-efficiency light poles in many lots.
Following is the brief design of the modular parking shade system.

49

Figure 3.11 Typical View of Solar Paneled Parking lot

Figure 3.12 AUTOCAD Schematic Drawing of Solar Paneled Parking Lot Truss
3.2.2 Load Calculations
(A) Dead Load:
(i)

Weight of solar panel @ 90 N/m2

90 * 3 = 270 N

50

(ii)

Weight of purlin @ 100N/m2

100 * 3 cos20 = 285.32 N

(iii)

Bracing @ 20N/m2
20 * 10 cos 20 = 57.069 N

(iv)

Self-weight of truss
100 * 3 cos20 = 285.3 N

Total dead load = 897.695 0.9 KN

(B) Wind load:

(i)

Basic wind speed (V)

= 50m/s

(ii)

Risk coefficient (K1)

=1

(iii)

Terrain roughness & height factor (K2)

=1

(iv)

Topography factor (K3)

=1

(v)

Design wind speed (Vz)

= K1 * K2 * K3 * V1
= 50 m/s

(vi)

= 0.6 * Vz2

Design wind pressure (Pz)

= 1500 N/m2
(vii)

Net pressure coefficient Max +ve

Max ve

(viii)

Wind load

= 0.8
= -1.3
= Cp * A * Pz
= 1.3 * 3 * 1500
= 5850 N

Wind load = 5850 KN

3.2.3 Calculation of Member Forces & Design Forces:

Autodesk Force effect Software is used for the calculation of Member Forces and
the results are verified by manual calculation also.
Microsoft Excel is used to find out the design force of the members for calculations of
different load combinations.

51

Figure 3.13 Dead Load Analysis

Figure 3.14 Wind Load Analysis

52

Table 3.7 Loads in each members & load combinations

Dead Load

Wind
load

1.2(DL+LL+WL)

0.9DL+1.5WL

1.5DL

AB

-0.984

3.092

20.64312

26.33526

-1.3284

BC

-4.214

6.092

38.21472

50.04396

-5.6889

CD

-5.564

7.092

43.77672

57.72546

-7.5114

DE

-5.035

6.092

37.32804

49.37895

-6.79725

EF

-2.626

3.092

18.86976

25.00524

-3.5451

GH

-0.641

0.5

2.81772

3.86829

-0.86535

HI

3.187

-3.5

-21.12804

-28.13103

4.30245

IJ

5.134

-5.6

-33.76728

-44.98146

6.9309

KJ

5.203

-5.5

-32.99076

-44.04807

7.02405

KL

3.392

-3.5

-20.90664

-27.96498

4.5792

LM

-0.299

0.5

3.18708

4.14531

-0.40365

GA

0.665

-0.707

-4.24494

-5.665275

0.89775

AH

3.612

-3.536

-20.92176

-28.10268

4.8762

HB

-2.284

2.122

12.42972

16.77051

-3.0834

BI

2.284

-2.121

-12.4227

-16.761735

3.0834

IC

-0.956

0.707

3.93066

5.429565

-1.2906

CJ

0.955

-0.707

-3.93174

-5.430375

1.28925

JD

0.374

-0.707

-4.55922

-5.900985

0.5049

DK

-0.374

0.707

4.55922

5.900985

-0.5049

KE

1.703

-2.121

-13.05018

-17.232345

2.29905

EL

-1.703

2.121

13.05018

17.232345

-2.29905

LF

3.032

-3.536

-21.54816

-28.57248

4.0932

FM

0.664

-0.707

-4.24602

-5.666085

0.8964

Member

53

3.2.4 Design of Members

3.2.4.1Design of TOP & BOTTOM CHORD member

Design force

= 44.98 KN

Tension

Reversal force

= 7.03 KN

Compression

Length of member

= 1.00 m

(A) Sectional area of the member:

Tdg

= (Ag * fy ) / mo

Ag

= (Tdg * mo ) / fy
= 44980 * 1.1 / 250
= 197.91 mm2

Ag is increased by 10 %
Thus Ag required = 1.1 * 197.91 = 217.7 mm2
(B) Select ISA 50 * 50* 6
Section properties:
A

= 568 mm2

Cy

= 14.5 mm

Ixx

= 12.9 * 104 mm4

Iyy

= 12.9 * 104 mm4

Rmin

= 9.6 mm

(C) Design of connection:

Smin = 3 mm
Smax = least of 1) 0.75t = 0.75*6 = 4.5mm
2) t-1.5= 6-1.5 = 4.5 mm
Let S = 4 mm
54

Design Force Tv = (0.7 * S * L * fu ) / ( 3 * mw)

44.98 = (0.7 * 4 * L * 410 * 10-3) / ( 3 * 1.25)
L = 84.82 mm
L1 + L2 = 84.82 mm
By taking the moment about bottom,
L1 * 50 + L2 * 0 = 44.98 * 14.5
Thus

L1 = 13.4 mm = 20 mm
L2 = 71.77 mm = 80 mm

Figure 3.15 Typical design of weld

(D) Check for tensile strength :
But
Anc
Ago

Avg
Avn
Atg
Atn
Tdg

= {50 (6/2)}*6 = 282 mm2

= {50 (6/2)}*6 = 282 mm2
= 1.4 0.076 (w / t) (fy / fu) (bs / lc)
= 1.4 0.076 (50/6)(250/410)(50/100)
= 1.2
= 600 mm2
= 600 mm2
= 0 mm2
= 0 mm2

= (Ag * fy ) / mo
= (568 * 250 ) / 1.1
= 129 KN > 44.98 KN
55

Tdn
Tdn

= ( 0.9 * Anc * fu ) / m1 + ( * Ago * fy ) / mo

= ( 0.9 * 282 * 410 ) / 1.25 + (1.2 * 282 * 250 ) / 1.1
= 160.155 > 44.98 KN

Tdb1

= (Avg * fy / 3 * mo )+ (0.9 * Atn * fu / m1)

= 600 * 250 / 3 *1.1
= 78.73 KN > 44.98 KN

Tdb2

= (0.9 * Avn * fu / 3 * m1 )+ (Atg * fy / mo)

= 0.9 * 600 * 410 / 3 * 1.25
= 102.26 KN > 44.98 KN

(E) Check for reversal

= leff / Rmin = 0.85 * 1000 / 9.6 = 88.54

fcd
80
136
88.54
X
90
121
X = 123.19 N/mm2
compressive strength = fcd * Ag
Compressive strength = 123.19 * 568 * 10-3 = 69.97 KN > 7.03 KN
Thus provide section ISA 50*50*6
Also with above calculations section ISA 50*50*6 can used for compression force of
69.97 KN & tensile force of 78.73 KN
The requirements of BOTTOM CHORD MEMBER are
Design force

= 44.98 KN

Tension

Reversal force

= 7.03 KN

Compression

Length of member

= 1.00 m

Thus same member can be utilized as bottom chord.

3.2.4.2 DESIGN OF STRUT MEMBERS

Design force

= 17.23 KN

Compression

Reversal force

= 28.57 KN

Tension
56

Length of member

= 0.707 m

(A) Area required

Assume fcd = 90 MPa
Area required = Pu / fcd = 17.23 * 103/ 90 = 191.44 mm2
(B) Selection of the member
Select ISA 50 X 50X 6
Section properties:
A

= 568 mm2

Cy

= 14.5 mm

Ixx

= 12.9 X 104 mm4

Iyy

= 12.9 X 104 mm4

Rmin

= 9.6 mm

(C) Compressive strength of the member

= leff / Rmin = 0.85*707/9.6 = 62.59

60
62.59
70

fcd
168
X
152

X = 163.8 N/mm2
compressive strength = fcd * Ag
Compressive strength = 163.8 * 568 = 73.04 KN
(D) As the both forces design and reversal are less than 44.98 KN we will consider the
same design of connection as in top chord member for simplicity.
Also this will be helpful on site as the complexity is reduced.
Design of connection:
Smin = 3 mm
57

Smax = least of 1) 0.75t = 0.75*6 = 4.5mm

2) t-1.5= 6-1.5 = 4.5 mm
Let S = 4 mm
Design Force Tv = (0.7 * S * L * fu ) / ( 3 * mw)
44.98 = (0.7 * 4 * L * 410 * 10-3) / ( 3 * 1.25)
L = 84.82 mm
L1 + L2 = 84.82 mm
By taking the moment about bottom,
L1 * 50 + L2 * 0 = 44.98 * 14.5
Thus

L1 = 13.4 mm = 20 mm
L2 = 71.77 mm = 80 mm

(E) Check for Reversal :

Anc
Ago

Avg
Avn
Atg
Atn

= {50 (6/2)}*6 = 282 mm2

= {50 (6/2)}*6 = 282 mm2
= 1.4 0.076 (w / t) (fy / fu) (bs / lc)
= 1.4 0.076 (50/6)(250/410)(50/100)
= 1.2
= 600 mm2
= 600 mm2
= 0 mm2
= 0 mm2

Tdg

= (Ag * fy ) / mo
= (568 * 250 ) / 1.1
= 129 KN > 44.98 KN

Tdn
Tdn

= ( 0.9 * Anc * fu ) / m1 + ( * Ago * fy ) / mo

= ( 0.9 * 282 * 410 ) / 1.25 + (1.2 * 282 * 250 ) / 1.1
= 160.155 > 44.98 KN

Tdb1

= (Avg * fy / 3 * mo )+ (0.9 * Atn * fu / m1)

= 600 * 250 / 3 *1.1
= 78.73 KN > 44.98 KN

58

Tdb2

= (0.9 * Avn * fu / 3 * m1 )+ (Atg * fy / mo)

= 0.9 * 600 * 410 / 3 * 1.25
= 102.26 KN > 44.98 KN

Thus provide section ISA 50*50*6.

3.2.4.3 DESIGN OF PURLIN
Spacing of trus:
Spacing of Purlins:
Pitch:
Roof covering:
Design wind pressure:

2m
1m
20
G.I. sheets @ 90 N/m2
1500 N/m2

(A) Design calculations :Load area /m run

Load area /m run = 3 * cos 20

= 3 m2
= 2.819 m2

(inclined)
(plan)

(i)

Dead load
GI sheets @ 90 N/m2 = 90*3
= 270 N/m
2
Self-weight of purlins @ 100 N/m = 100 * 2.819
= 281.9 N/m
Total Dead Load
= 551.9 N/m

(ii)

Wind load
W.L

= Pz*inclined area
= 1500* 2.819
= 4228.5 N

(B) Load calculations.

(i)
1.5 ((D.L + L.L )
= 1.5 ( 551.9 )
= 827.85 N

(ii)

827.85 cos 20

= 777.92 N/m

827.85 sin 20

= 283.141 N/m

0.9D.L +1.5 W.L

0.9*551.9 cos
0.9*551.9 sin

= 466.75 N/m
= 169.88 N/m
59

fy = 1.5*4228.5 - 466.75
fx

= 5876 N/m
= 169.88 N/m

Thus,
BMx = 5876 * 32 / 8
BMy = 283.141 * 32 / 8
SFx = 3857.32 * 32 / 8
SFy = 525.93 * 32 / 8

= 6610.5 N.m
= 319.08 N.m
= 8814 N
= 425.445 N

(C) Design of purlin

(i)

(ii)

Zpx req = BMx * mo / fy

= 6610*1.1*103/ 250

= 29.0862*103 mm3

Zpx req = 29.0862*103/ 1.14

Zpy req = BMy * mo / fy
= 319.08*1.1*103/ 250

= 25.514*103 mm3

Zpy req = 29.0862*103/ 1.14

= 1.231*103 mm3

= 1.404*103 mm3

Select ISLC 100

D = 100 mm
B = 50 mm
Zx = 32.9 cm3

t = 4.0 mm
T = 6.4 mm
Zy = 7.3 cm3

Section classification
B/T = 50 / 6.4

= 7.82 < 9.4

d/t = {100 2(6.4+6)} / 4

= 18.8 < 42

Thus section is plastic.

(D) Check for moment capacity

Mdx

= b. Zpx fy / mo
= 1.14 *32.9*250/1.1
= 8524.09 > 6610 N.m

[clause 8.2.1.2]

60

(E) Shear capacity

Vd

= h . tw . fy / 3

[clause 8.4]

mo

= 100*4.0*250/ 3 *1.1
= 52.486 KN > 8.814 KN
(F) Moment capacity Mdy
Mdy
= b . Zpy . fy / mo
= 1.14 *7.3*250/1.1
= 1891.36 > 319.08 N.m

[clause 8.2.1.2]

(G) Shear capacity @ Vdy

mo
Vd
= 2*B*T*fy / 3
= 2*50*4*250/ 3 *1.1
= 52.486 KN > 0.425 KN

[clause 8.4]

(H) Check for interaction

Mx / Mdx + My/ Mdy 1
6610/8524.09 + 319.08/1891.36 = 0.94 < 1

3.2.4.4 DESIGN OF COLUMN

(A) Design force = Gravity load
= 1.5 (dead load)
= 1.5 *3.218
= 4.827 KN
Length of the member = 4.71 m

(B) Choice of section

- I section

Selection of section
Assume
= 180
rmin req
= K *L /
= 0.8 * 4710 / 180
= 20.93 mm
Consider I section ISSC 100
Ag
= 2550mm2
61

D
B
t
T
rx
ry

= 100 mm
= 100 mm
= 6.0 mm
= 10.0 mm
= 41.3 mm
= 23.1 mm

(C) Classification of the section

B/ T

= 100 / 10

d/ t

= 100 / 6

< 15.7 ..........Flange is semi compact

= 16.67< 84 ............web is plastic
= 10

Thus section is semi compact

(D) Bukling class
H/ bf
= {100-2(6+12)} / 100 = 0.82 < 1.2
Also tf < 100 mm
Thus bukling class along z-z axis is b
bukling class along y-y axis is c.3
Slenderness ratio
= K* L / rmin = 0.8 * 4710 / 23.1 = 163.11
(E) Design compressive stress

160
163.11
170

fcd (class b)
57.3
X
51.5

X = 53.75 N/mm2

fcd (class c)
160
53.3
163.11
X
170
48.1
X = 50.12 N/mm2

(F) Design compressive strength

62

Pd

= Ag * fcd
= 2550 * 50.12
= 127.81 KN

Hence provide ISSC 100 as column

(G) Design of column base
Design force
= 4.827
Concrete grade
= M20
Area of base plate
A
= P / bearing strength of concrete
= 4.827 * 103 / (0.45 * 20)
= 536.33mm2
Size of base plate
Considering projections of base plate from column as 25 mm
Size of the base plate will be 150 * 150 with area 22500 mm2
Intensity of pressure from concrete pedestal
W
= P / A1
= 4.827 * 103 / 22500
= 0.214 MPa
Thickness of base plate
T
= {2.5 . w (a2 0.3b2) mo / 250}
= 8.11 mm
But thickness of flange of ISSC 100 is 10 mm
Provide ts = 10 mm
Hence provide column base plate 150 * 150 * 10
Design of anchor bolt
Use 4 bolts of 20mm dia & 300mm long to anchor the plate
Design of welded connection
Provide continuous weld at both outer flanges
Design of concrete pedestal
Provide concrete pedestal of size 150 * 150 * 100

63

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Comparison of Conventional and Sustainable Metro Station Building

We studied BIM software- AUTODESK REVIT 2014 under industry expert &
successfully designed a full scale model of metro station with reference to Pune Metro
DPR.

4.1.1 Comparison in terms of cost

Table 4.1 Comparison of Conventional and Sustainable Metro Station Building

Parameter
Materials
o Flooring

Concrete

o Walls

Clay Brick

o Glass

Normal Glass
exterior Glazing

o Paint

Conventional
paints
(Distemper)
Gypsum based
Plaster
Cast in situ
concrete

o Plaster
o Concrete

Techniques
o Orientation of
Building

o Openings
o Type of Cooling
System
o Skylights

Conventional

0 Degree w.r.t.
North

As per
convenience
VAV - Single
Duct
Not
implemented

64

Sustainable
Cork with Acoustic
Tiles
Autoclaved Aerated
Blocks
High Performance
Glass with reflective
coatings
Zero VOC Paints

Lime based Plaster

Light Weight
Concrete and Precast
concrete
180 Degree w.r.t.
North (Better
Ventilation and
illuminance)
As per wall to
openings aspect ratio
Radiant
Cooling(Explained
Earlier)
Yes

o Native
Not
Yes
Vegetation
implemented
Landscaping
o Greywater
Not
Yes
Reclamation
implemented
o Photovoltaic
Not
Yes
Cells
implemented
o Use of
Not
Yes
Renewable
implemented
Energy Sources
o Use of Natural
Not
Yes
Ventilation
implemented
o Occupancy
Not
Yes
Sensors
implemented
o Daylight
Not
Yes
Sensors
implemented
Results Of the Analysis

Construction Cost

Operating Cost
(Annual)
o Annual Savings

Water Usage (` per

year)
o % Cost Savings
per year

Sustainable Metro Station Building has

31% more construction cost (approx. 13
lakh) than conventional.
47 Lakh
40 Lakh
Sustainable Metro Station
building has savings of more than 15 %
on operating cost over a life span
(approx. 7 Lakh) compared to
conventional Metro Station Building.
` 56, 525 per year
` 71,375 per
year
More than 20 % Savings in the water
usage cost per year

4.1.2 Summary
Architects and engineers can use digital design information to help analyze and
understand how their projects will perform before they are built. Developing and
evaluating multiple alternatives simultaneously makes comparison easier and helps
inform better sustainable design decisions. Building information modeling (BIM) is core
to sustainable design approach for building performance analysis and simulation.

65

4.2 ECONOMICS OF SOLAR PANELED PARKING SHADE

We carried out structural design, cost analysis and savings analysis of a Solar Paneled
Parking Lot.

Now we will consider financial assessment of off grid and grid tied systems. Here we
have considered a cash flow analysis which concluded with total capital investment,
payback period & Internal Rate of Return (IRR).

Table 4.1 Off grid 2.25 KW 3 phase system (For heavy commercial loads)
Description
Solar
(250W)

Quantity Rate

Total

Note

Panel 9

10000

90000

MC4 type connectors are provided

with panel

Inverter
with 1
charge controller
(6KVA, 3 Phase)
Truss structure
1

75000

75000

Considering highest load rating for

elevator/ escalator

38500

38500

MS hot dip galvanized

Battery bank (24V, 1

600AH)

60000

60000

6 batteries 2 in series 3 in parallel

Cables

5000

Lump sum

Labor Charges

3000

Transportation

2500

Grand total

274000

Within 30 Km radius

Table 4.3 Off grid 2.25 KW Single phase system (For light commercial loads)
Description
Solar Panel (250W)

Quantity
9

Rate
10000

Total
90000
66

Note
MC4

type

connectors

are

Inverter with charge 1

con-troller
(2KVA,single phase)
Truss structure
1
Battery bank (24V, 1
600AH)
Cables
Labor Charges
Transportation
Grand Total

30000

30000

38500
60000

38500
60000
5000
3000
2500
229000

provided with panel

Considering highest load rating
for elevator/ escalator
MS hot dip galvanized
6 batteries 2 in series 3 in
parallel
Lump sum
Within 30 Km radius

Table 4.4 Grid tied 2.25 KW 3 phase system (For heavy commercial loads)
Description
Solar Panel (250W)

Quantity
9

Inverter with charge 1

controller (6KVA, 3
Phase)
Truss structure
1

Rate
1000
0
8500
0

Total
90000

3850
0

38500

Cables
Labor Charges
Transportation
Grand Total

85000

5000
3000
2500
224000

Note
MC4 type connectors are
provided with panel
Considering highest load rating
for elevator/ escalator & with
grid feed compatibility
MS hot dip galvanized
Lump sum
Within 30 Km radius

Table 4.5 Grid tied 2.25 KW single phase system (For light commercial loads)
Description
Solar Panel (250W)

Quantity
9

Inverter with charge 1

con-troller
(2KVA,
single phase)
Truss structure
1
Cables
Labor Charges
Transportation
Grand Total

Rate
1000
0
4000
0

Total
90000

3850
0

38500

40000

5000
3000
2500
179000

67

Note
MC4 type connectors are
provided with panel
Considering highest load rating
for elevator/ escalator & with grid
feed compatibility
MS hot dip galvanized
Lump sum
Within 30 Km radius

Table 4.6 Data for economic assessment

System Description

Total
cost
(Rs)
274000

Electrici
ty rate
(Rs/
unit)
9

Units
generate
d
per
day
9

No of Total
sunny
annual
days
revenue
(Rs.)
320
25920

Off grid 2.25 KW 3 phase system

(For heavy commercial loads)
Off grid 2.25 KW Single phase
system (For light commercial
loads)
Grid tied 2.25 KW 3 phase system
(For heavy commercial loads)
Grid tied 2.25 KW single phase
system (For light commercial
loads)

229000

320

20160

224000

320

25920

179000

320

20160

Table 4.7 Economics Result Table

System Description

Total cost (INR)

IRR (%)

274000

Break-even
point (Years)
10.6

Off grid 2.25 KW 3 phase system

(For heavy commercial loads)
Off grid 2.25 KW Single phase
system (For light commercial loads)
Grid tied 2.25 KW 3 phase system
(For heavy commercial loads)
Grid tied 2.25 KW single phase
system (For light commercial loads)

229000

11.3

2.11

224000

8.6

10.38

179000

8.8

10.01

4.18

The above values are obtained on the assumptions that

1. No of sunny days are 320 in year
2. Rate of electricity for single phase is Rs.7 per unit & for 3 phase is Rs.9/unit
including surcharges.
3. The single module generates daily 9 units on average.

SUMMERY:
Provide top chord, bottom chord & strut members as ISA 50 * 50 * 6
68

Provide purlin as ISLC 100

& column members as ISSC 100
With all joints welded as designed.
Economic assessment shows that grid tied systems are more economically
feasible.
This will be a modular component which can be integrated to form
required array system. The spacing between rows of modules can be determined
by considering parking convenience & shadow effect based on site conditions.

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4.3 Additional Suggestions

Table 4.8 Suggestions & Results
1. Related to Management
SUGGESSTION
RESULT
Community involvement in the planning Includes of the community in the station
and design
through engaging the local community and
stakeholders.
Inclusion of community needs in the design

Stations adapted to the needs of the

community and stakeholders.
Spaces reserved for local businesses and User satisfaction and improvement in the
services
productivity of businesses.
Inclusion of works of art
Improves the image and identity of the
station.
Conducting a Life Cycle Cost study
Improvement
in
the
design
and
specification of the project by identifying
the cost of assets or parts throughout its
lifecycle, whilst meeting performance
requirements.
Incorporate the principles of CPTED (crime
prevention through environmental design)
Increases station security
2. Related to Construction Site
Establishing the construction site

Ensuring good site performance in terms of

sustainable development.
Access adapted to the site
Reduces the risk of accidents caused by the
works.
Limiting the impact on neighbors and station Limits the impact on regional staff, on the
users
STIB, outside stakeholders and station
users
Ensuring a safe working environment
Reduces the risk of accidents and illness linked
to the site.
Identifying potential waste
Potential site waste will be evaluated and
classified according to waste classification
regulations
Waste Management Plan
Three key groups of waste will be subject to
benchmarking with target objectives, as well as
monitoring procedures. A training and
awareness program for workers will
accompany the waste management plan
Sorting of Waste
Recycling collection and sorting centers with
sufficient size and clear signage are planned.
It is advised that access to these areas is
70

adapted to facilitate removals during the

works. Clearly labeled bins are planned for
recyclable waste.
The
majority
of
non-dangerous
construction waste generated by the site
will be diverted from landfill and reused on
site instead.

Re-use of construction materials

3. Related to Air Quality

Removal of asbestos

Ensures air quality and the health of service

users
Plan for interior air quality
Reduces interior pollutants.
Regulation and CO2 alert sensors
Reduces air pollution in inside environments
and the associated health risks.
HVAC filtration
Provides not only pure, clean air, but also
prevents the HVAC system becoming
contaminated by dirt or dust
Promote adequate air circulation through Platforms and busy areas of the station will
natural ventilation
be ventilated naturally
Demand controlled ventilation
The ventilation system only activates when
necessary. This limits ventilation loss.
Opening windows
Creation of sufficient natural ventilation and
an improvement in the work space

4. Related to Acoustic Performance

Identifying any noise that may cause Implementation of a noise impact study.
nuisance
Noise impact study
Demonstrate the levels of ambient noise, the
level of noise coming from the source, and
the level of noise specific to the source.
Modify systems to reduce noise
Improves acoustic conditions in the station so
that announcements from the PA system can
be heard
External screens
Controls the noise generated by the station
when it is in operation
Positioning of the ventilation system
Reduces noise pollution and nuisance to the
surrounding area
Controlling noise from mechanical devices
Control the noise produced by the technical
systems in the station: the HVAC system,
mechanisms for travelling between floors
71

(lifts, escalators) and other mechanical

equipment
Reduces nuisance from noise resulting from
operations within the station to surrounding
buildings

Avoid reducers and slatted air outlets

5. Related to Customer Comfort

Protection from the wind
Shade
Planting vegetation in park and ride areas

Ensures the comfort of users

Ensures the comfort of users
Improves the thermic and visual comfort of
these spaces

6. Related to Energy Efficiency

Orientation and thermal mass

Improves the energy efficiency of the whole

station
Reduces primary energy use in order to limit
greenhouse gas emissions that have a direct
impact on global warming
Improves the energy efficiency of enclosed
areas and the station as a whole
Reduces primary energy use
Improves the energy efficiency of the station
as a whole
Avoids heat loss through distribution and the
risk of condensation
Using solar photovoltaic cells, solar water
heating, biomass generation etc.

Energy management
Insulation
"Night flushing" of enclosed interior spaces
Double skin faade
Insulation of pipes
Incorporate renewable energy

7. Related to Monitoring
Energy management

Analysis of energy consumption and

detection of excess energy consumption
Establishes energy monitoring that keeps an
eye on systems within the station that have
high energy consumption, whilst also
avoiding excess consumption. Improves
energy management and billing for
businesses
Establishes initiatives based on behavior in
order to reduce energy consumption

Energy monitoring using sub-meters

Real-time monitoring

8. Related to Equipment
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Energy efficient HVAC system

Improves the potential energy savings through

the use of energy efficient equipment
Light efficiency(for example, T5 fluorescent, Reduces energy consumption through the use
LED, metal halide lamps).
of efficient lighting and increases the lifespan
of lights
Strategic Lighting system
Improves lighting efficiency.
Lighting compatibly with insulation
Reduces damage caused to infrastructure
Appliances
Improves the potential energy savings through
the use of energy efficient appliances
High-performance motors
Improves potential energy savings through the
use of efficient motors
Permeability
Reduces energy consumption
Awareness
Reduces energy consumption
9. Related to Materials
Sustainable materials

Maintains the performance expected for

materials for a defined period and reduces the
need for maintenance.
Gives priority to the use of construction
materials with minimal environmental impact
during the life cycle of the infrastructure.
Reduces the environmental impact through the
reuse of materials
Maintains the performance expected for
materials for a defined period and reduces the
need for maintenance
Limits how often construction materials need
replacing
Reduces the environmental impact through the
choice of furnishings

Materials from responsible sources

Quantity of materials
Sustainable materials for outside areas
Robust design
Sustainable furnishings

10. Related to Water

Establish reference water consumption

Survey and evaluate water consumption at the

station
The impact of leaks in the water distribution
system that could pass unnoticed is reduced by
the management methods put in place
Proper implementation of the low water
consumption measures that have been put in
place
Monitors and controls the consumption of
potable water whilst the station is in operation.
Reduces the demand for potable water

Controlling consumption
Raising users awareness
Monitoring
Collecting rainwater
73

Treatment of grey water

Drip irrigation for vegetation
Sustainable urban drainage systems

Minimises the consumption of potable water

Minimises the consumption of potable water
Helps to prevent and/or delay flooding and
reduce damage caused to infrastructure

11. Related to Waste

Recycling

Reduces the need for new materials and

optimizes the efficiency of materials used in
the construction
Ensures good waste management in order to
increase the amount of waste recycled instead
of sent to landfill or to be incinerated
Encourages users to sort their waste and put it
into the appropriate bins
Encourages users to sort their waste and to
deposit it in the appropriate bins

Management of waste
Public waste bins
Customer awareness

12. Related to Pollution

Detection of different types of refrigerants

Choose HFC for existing installations;

refrigerants containing CFC/HCFC are illegal
in new installations.
Reduces the production of greenhouse gases
and the effect on the ozone layer of refrigerant
fluids
Reduces the environmental impact
Limits the risk of pollution due to refrigerant
leaks
Reduces needless light pollution and energy
consumption
Reduces nuisance for neighboring properties
Reduces needless light pollution and nuisance
for neighboring properties

Global warming potential (GWP)

Waste management
Detection of refrigerant leaks
Light pollution
Safety and security lights
Avoid dazzle and light pollution

13. Miscellaneous
Ecological value and protection during and Ensures the conservation of the local ecology
after the works
on the site
Climate change impact evaluation
Identifies and limits risks related to climate
change.
Information devices
Advises and informs station users of the
services on offer to them to optimise their route
and the use of other associated services.
Alternative modes of transport
Develop metro stations that will become
transport hubs by planning measures to
74

Preferential
vehicles
Bicycle hire
Car pooling

parking

for

energy

facilitate transfer between different modes of

transport: bicycle, taxi, walking, car-sharing,
others
efficient Raises users awareness of alternatives modes
of transport
Promotes transfer between different modes of
transport to both passengers and staff.
Promotes transfer between different modes of
transport to both passengers and staff.

75

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS

5.1 Conclusion
The following inferences can be drawn from the study:

AUTODESK REVIT & GREEN BUILDING STUDIO is useful to carry out

following anlysis:

Energy usage and Cost

Carbon emissions

Water usage

Cost and Energy analysis due to implementation of Photovoltaic Technology

Cost and Energy analysis due to implementation of Wind Energy

Calculation of natural ventilation potential

This yielded the following results:

Sustainable Metro Station has 31% more construction cost compared to a conventional
construction process.
Our Sustainable Metro Station design yields 15% Savings on operation cost and 20%
savings on water usage costs annually and hence the extra cost can be recovered during its
life cycle while providing a healthy and cost effective building.

Solar Paneled parking Module of 18m2 designed which gives an annual saving of Rs
25,920 per annum after breakeven point and hence can result in substantial savings
when implemented on a full scale as per area requirement and availability.

Further suggestions provided which can be implemented to make this building

certified from authorities like LEED and IGBC and turn it into a landmark.

Finally we conclude that a sustainable metro station is a solution needed for the dire
conditions in the country regarding transportation and environmental issues.

A good travel environment and healthy buildings will go a long way in helping to
replace the private transport by a well-equipped and attractive public transport facility.

76

Such a structure will also promote general awareness and goodwill towards using
metro and other public transport facilities which contribute positively to the
environment.5.2 Scope For Future work

Energy Anlysis Softwares have great opportunities in the near future. Apart from
Green Building Studio and Revit, there are softwares which are having great capabilities
of doing various types of analysis relates to energy and environmental aspects making the
building model more and more sustainable. Hence our aim is to do all types of analysis
which are possible in other softwares by inter portability of the model between various
softwares.
We want to further explore the other innovative options like Solar Paneled Parking
lot and carry out their feasibility and economic studies to promote Sustainability.

77

REFERENCES
[1] World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future (1987)
[2] A Sand Country Almanac by Aldo Leopold(1949)
[3] United Nations (2014). Prototype Global Sustainable Development Report. Online
unedited edition. New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs,
Division
for
Sustainable
Development,
1
July
2014.
http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/globalsdreport/
[4] Environmentally Sustainable Construction Products and Materials Assessment of
release and emissions (March 2014)
Authors: Margareta Wahlstrom, Jutta Laine-Ylijoki, Helena Jarnstrom, Tommi Kaartinen,
Martin Erlandsson, Anna Palm Cousins, Ola Wik, Pascal Suer, Anke Oberender, Ole
Hjelmar, Harpa Birgisdottir, Stefania Butera, Thomas Fruergaard Astrup & Andreas
Jrgensen.
[5] Delhi Metro helps reduce vehicular air pollution, indicates research
Neetu Chandra New Delhi, Sunday, April 28, 2013
http://m.indiatoday.in/story/delhi-metro-helps-reduce-vehicular-air-pollution-delhi-schoolof-economics/1/268105.html
[6] Building Green for the Future: Case Studies of Sustainable Development in Michigan,
University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan June 2005
[7] http://greencleanguide.com/2012/08/22/three-primary-rating-systems-for-greenbuildings-in-india
[8] Prospects and Challenges of Green Buildings and Green Affordable Homes-Concept:
A Study with Reference to Ernakulam, Kerala, Dr. P.K Manoj, Dec 2013
[9] Nationalbimstandard.org/faq
[10] Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Sustainability Using Design
Technology in Energy Efficient Modeling ,2012 Eng. Parisa Esmaeili Moakher and Prof.
Dr. S. S. Pimplikar
[11] Green Building Analysis through Energy Modelling by Jaypratik Goswami, Neha
Tiwari (2013)
[12] Long Term Photovoltaic Module Reliability (2003)
John H. Wohlgemuth, 2003.Long Term Photovoltaic Module Reliability,NCPV and Solar
Program Review Meeting 2003, NREL/CD-520-33586 pp 179-183
[13] Design and Analysis of a 1MW Grid-Connected Solar PV System in Ghana(2013)

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Ebenezer Nyarko Kumi The Energy Center Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and
Technology Kumasi-Ghana.
[14] DPR_Metro_Aug_2014 (Pune metro Project DPR)
[15] Getting_Started_with_Green_Building_Studio, User Guide For Autodesk Green
Building Studio
[16] IS: 875(Part1): CODE OF PRACTICE FOR DESIGN LOADS (OTHER THAN
EARTHQUAKE) FOR BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES PART 1 DEAD LOADS
UNIT WEIGHTS OF BUILDING MATERIALS AND STORED MATERIALS ( Second
Revision )
[17] IS: 875(PART2): WIND LOADS ON BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURESPROPOSED DRAFT & COMMENTARY
[18] IS: 808:1989 DIMENSIONS FOR HOT ROLLED STEEL BEAM, COLUMN,
CHANNEL AND ANGLE SECTIONS (Third Revision)

79