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    Articulatory Phonetics

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    Glennmelove
    The document discusses the articulatory system and how speech sounds are produced. It describes the main components of the vocal tract including air cavities, pistons, and air valves. It then explains how airflow is initiated and the two classes of sounds - consonants and vowels. It provides details on places and manners of articulation, as well as airflow and sound sources.

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    Articulatory Phonetics

    Uploaded by

    Glennmelove
    46 views6 pages
    The document discusses the articulatory system and how speech sounds are produced. It describes the main components of the vocal tract including air cavities, pistons, and air valves. It then explains how airflow is initiated and the two classes of sounds - consonants and vowels. It provides details on places and manners of articulation, as well as airflow and sound sources.

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    A guide for phoneticians

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    The document discusses the articulatory system and how speech sounds are produced. It describes the main components of the vocal tract including air cavities, pistons, and air valves. It then explains how airflow is initiated and the two classes of sounds - consonants and vowels. It provides details on places and manners of articulation, as well as airflow and sound sources.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    46 views6 pages

    Articulatory Phonetics

    Uploaded by

    Glennmelove
    The document discusses the articulatory system and how speech sounds are produced. It describes the main components of the vocal tract including air cavities, pistons, and air valves. It then explains how airflow is initiated and the two classes of sounds - consonants and vowels. It provides details on places and manners of articulation, as well as airflow and sound sources.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 6

    Articulatory phonetics

    The eld of articulatory phonetics is a subeld of


    phonetics. In studying articulation, phoneticians explain
    how humans produce speech sounds via the interaction of
    dierent physiological structures.

    cal structures used to manipulate lung volume (in particular, the oor and the walls of the chest). The lung pistons are used to initiate a pulmonic airstream (found in
    all human languages). The larynx is used to initiate the
    glottalic airstream mechanism by changing the volume of
    the supraglottal and subglottal cavities via vertical movement of the larynx (with a closed glottis). Ejectives and
    implosives are made with this airstream mechanism. The
    tongue body creates a velaric airsteam by changing the
    pressure within the oral cavity: the tongue body changes
    the mouth subcavity. Click consonants use the velaric
    airstream mechanism. Pistons are controlled by various
    muscles.

    Generally, articulatory phonetics is concerned with the


    transformation of aerodynamic energy into acoustic energy. Aerodynamic energy refers to the airow through
    the vocal tract. Its potential form is air pressure; its
    kinetic form is the actual dynamic airow. Acoustic energy is variation in the air pressure that can be represented
    as sound waves, which are then perceived by the human
    auditory system as sound.[1]

    Valves regulate airow between cavities. Airow occurs


    when an air valve is open and there is a pressure dier1 Components
    ence between the connecting cavities. When an air valve
    is closed, there is no airow. The air valves are the vocal
    The vocal tract can be viewed through an aerodynamic- folds (the glottis), which regulate between the supraglotbiomechanic model that includes three main components: tal and subglottal cavities, the velopharyngeal port, which
    regulates between the oral and nasal cavities, the tongue,
    1. air cavities
    which regulates between the oral cavity and the atmosphere, and the lips, which also regulate between the oral
    2. pistons
    cavity and the atmosphere. Like the pistons, the air valves
    are also controlled by various muscles.
    3. air valves
    Air cavities are containers of air molecules of specic
    volumes and masses. The main air cavities present in
    the articulatory system are the supraglottal cavity and the
    subglottal cavity. They are so-named because the glottis,
    the openable space between the vocal folds internal to the
    larynx, separates the two cavities. The supraglottal cavity or the orinasal cavity is divided into an oral subcavity (the cavity from the glottis to the lips excluding the
    nasal cavity) and a nasal subcavity (the cavity from the
    velopharyngeal port, which can be closed by raising the
    velum. The subglottal cavity consists of the trachea and
    the lungs. The atmosphere external to the articulatory
    stem may also be considered an air cavity whose potential
    connecting points with respect to the body are the nostrils
    and the lips.

    2 Initiation
    To produce any kind of sound, there must be movement
    of air. To produce sounds that people today can interpret
    as words, the movement of air must pass through the vocal
    chords, up through the throat and, into the mouth or nose
    to then leave the body. Dierent sounds are formed by
    dierent positions of the mouthor, as linguists call it,
    the oral cavity (to distinguish it from the nasal cavity).

    3 The two classes of sounds


    Sounds of all languages fall under two categories: Consonants and Vowels.

    Pistons are initiators. The term initiator refers to the


    fact that they are used to initiate a change in the volumes of air cavities, and, by Boyles Law, the corresponding air pressure of the cavity. The term initiation
    refers to the change. Since changes in air pressures between connected cavities lead to airow between the cavities, initiation is also referred to as an airstream mechanism. The three pistons present in the articulatory system are the larynx, the tongue body, and the physiologi-

    3.1 Consonants
    Consonants are produced with some form of restriction
    or closing in the vocal tract that hinders the air ow from
    the lungs. Consonants are classied according to where
    1

    AIRFLOW

    in the vocal tract the airow has been restricted. This is Glottal [h] [] the sound [h] is from the ow of air comalso known as the place of articulation.
    ing from an open glottis, past the tongue and lips as they
    prepare to pronounce a vowel sound, which always follows [h]. if the air is stopped completely at the glottis by
    tightly closed vocal chords the sound upon release of the
    3.1.1 Places of articulation
    chords is called a glottal stop [].
    Main article: Place of articulation

    3.2 Vowels
    Movement of the tongue and lips can create these constrictions and by forming the oral cavity in dierent ways,
    dierent sounds can be produced.

    Bilabial When producing a [b], [p] or [m], articulation


    is done by bringing both lips together.

    Labiodental [f] and [v] are articulated by placing the


    upper teeth against the lower lip.

    Nasal vowel / Oral vowel


    Previous Vowel / Later Vowel
    Rounded vowel / Unrounded vowel
    Open vowel / Close vowel

    4 Airow
    hyoid bone

    Interdental [] and [] are both spelled as th ( as in


    think) ( as in the). They are pronounced by inserting the
    tip of the tongue between the teeth.

    thyrohyoid membrane
    median thyrohyoid
    ligament

    lateral thyrohyoid
    ligament
    superior cornu

    of thyroid cartilage

    laryngeal incisure

    superior laryngeal
    nerve and artery
    oblique line

    thyroid cartilage

    Alveolar [t] [d] [n] [s] [z] [l] [r] are produced in many
    ways where the tongue is raised towards the alveolar
    ridge.
    [t, d, n] the tip of the tongue is raised and touches the
    ridge.

    cricothyroid muscle

    median cricothyroid
    ligament

    inferior cornu

    conus elasticus

    of thyroid cartilage

    cricothyroid joint
    cricoid cartilage
    trachea

    [s, z] the sides of the front of the tongue are raised, but
    the tip is lowered so that air escapes over it.
    [l] the tip of the tongue is raised while the rest of the
    tongue remains down, permitting air to escape over its Larynx, anterolateral view
    sides. Hence, [l] is called a lateral sound (m bin).
    [r] [IPA ] curl the tip of tongue back behind the alveolar For all practical purposes, temperature can be treated as
    ridge, or bunch up the top of the tongue behind the ridge, constant in the articulatory system. Thus, Boyles Law
    the air escapes through the central part of the mouth. It can usefully be written as the following two equations.
    is a central liquid.
    P1 V1 = P2 V2 [2]
    Palatal [] [] [t] [d] [j] are produced by raising the
    front part of the tongue to the palate.

    Velar [k] [] [] are produced by raising the back part


    of the tongue to the soft palate or the velum.

    Uvular [] [q] [] these sounds are produced by raising


    the back of the tongue to the uvula. The 'r' in French and
    German may be an uvular trill (symbolized by []). The
    uvular sounds [q] and [] occur in Arabic. These do not
    normally occur in English.

    V1
    (V1 +V )

    (P1 +P ) [3]
    P1

    What the above equations express is that given an initial


    pressure P 1 and volume V 1 at time 1 the product of these
    two values will be equal to the product of the pressure
    P 2 and volume V 2 at a later time 2. This means that if
    there is an increase in the volume of cavity, there will be
    a corresponding decrease in pressure of that same cavity,
    and vice versa. In other words, volume and pressure are
    inversely proportional (or negatively correlated) to each
    other. As applied to a description of the subglottal cavity, when the lung pistons contract the lungs, the volume
    of the subglottal cavity decreases while the subglottal air

    Larynx, superior view (bottom = anterior)

    subglottal cavity, (2) the mouth is open and, therefore,


    supraglottal air pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure,
    and (3) the lungs are contracted resulting in a subglottal
    pressure that has increased to a pressure that is greater
    than atmospheric pressure. If the vocal fold valve is subsequently opened, the previously two separate cavities become one unied cavity although the cavities will still
    be aerodynamically isolated because the glottic valve between them is relatively small and constrictive. Pascals
    Law states that the pressure within a system must be equal
    throughout the system. When the subglottal pressure is
    greater than supraglottal pressure, there is a pressure inequality in the unied cavity. Since pressure is a force
    applied to a surface area by denition and a force is the
    product of mass and acceleration according to Newtons
    Second Law of Motion, the pressure inequality will be resolved by having part of the mass in air molecules found
    in the subglottal cavity move to the supraglottal cavity.
    This movement of mass is airow. The airow will continue until a pressure equilibrium is reached. Similarly,
    in an ejective consonant with a glottalic airstream mechanism, the lips or the tongue (i.e., the buccal or lingual
    valve) are initially closed and the closed glottis (the laryngeal piston) is raised decreasing the oral cavity volume behind the valve closure and increasing the pressure
    compared to the volume and pressure at a resting state.
    When the closed valve is opened, airow will result from
    the cavity behind the initial closure outward until intraoral pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure. That is, air
    will ow from a cavity of higher pressure to a cavity of
    lower pressure until the equilibrium point; the pressure as
    potential energy is, thus, converted into airow as kinetic
    energy.

    5 Sound sources
    Sound sources refer to the conversion of aerodynamic
    energy into acoustic energy. There are two main types
    of sound sources in the articulatory system: periodic (or
    more precisely semi-periodic) and aperiodic. A periodic
    sound source is vocal fold vibration produced at the glottis
    found in vowels and voiced consonants. A less common
    periodic sound source is the vibration of an oral articulator like the tongue found in alveolar trills. Aperiodic
    sound sources are the turbulent noise of fricative consonants and the short-noise burst of plosive releases produced in the oral cavity.

    5.1 Periodic sources


    Larynx, lateral view (left = posterior)

    pressure increases. Conversely, if the lungs are expanded,


    the pressure decreases.
    A situation can be considered where (1) the vocal fold
    valve is closed separating the supraglottal cavity from the

    Non-vocal fold vibration: 2040 hertz (cycles per


    second)
    Vocal fold vibration
    Lower limit: 7080 Hz modal (bass), 3040
    Hz creaky

    7 SEE ALSO
    Upper limit: 1170 Hz (soprano)

    5.1.1

    Vocal fold vibration

    larynx:
    cricoid cartilage
    thyroid cartilage
    arytenoid cartilage

    Electrolaryngography
    Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) / Real-time
    MRI [4]
    Radiography
    Medical ultrasonography

    interarytenoid muscles (fold adduction)

    Electromagnetic articulography

    posterior cricoarytenoid muscle (fold abduction)

    Aerometry

    lateral cricoarytenoid muscle (fold shortening/stiening)


    thyroarytenoid muscle (medial compression/fold stiening, internal to folds)
    cricothyroid muscle (fold lengthening)
    hyoid bone
    sternothyroid muscle (lowers thyroid)
    sternohyoid muscle (lowers hyoid)
    stylohyoid muscle (raises hyoid)
    digastric muscle (raises hyoid)
    Control of fundamental frequency

    Photoglottography

    Experimental techniques

    Endoscopy
    Videokymography

    6.1 Palatography
    In order to understand how sounds are made, experimental procedures are often adopted. Palatography is one
    of the oldest instrumental phonetic techniques used to
    record data regarding articulators.[5] In traditional, static
    palatography, a speakers palate is coated with a dark
    powder. The speaker then produces a word, usually with
    a single consonant. The tongue wipes away some of the
    powder at the place of articulation. The experimenter can
    then use a mirror to photograph the entire upper surface
    of the speakers mouth. This photograph, in which the
    place of articulation can be seen as the area where the
    powder has been removed, is called a palatogram.[6]
    Technology has since made possible electropalatography
    (or EPG). In order to collect EPG data, the speaker is tted with a special prosthetic palate, which contains a number of electrodes. The way in which the electrodes are
    contacted by the tongue during speech provides phoneticians with important information, such as how much
    of the palate is contacted in dierent speech sounds, or
    which regions of the palate are contacted, or what the duration of the contact is.

    7 See also
    List of phonetics topics
    Manner of articulation
    Place of articulation
    Basis of articulation
    Articulation visualized by Real-time MRI

    Vowel

    Plethysmography

    Consonant

    Electromyography

    International Phonetic Alphabet

    References

    [1] Note that although sound is just air pressure variations, the
    variations must be at a high enough rate to be perceived as
    sound. If the variation is too slow, it will be inaudible.
    [2] Stated in a less abbreviatory fashion: pressure1 volume1
    = pressure2 volume2
    [3] volume1 divided by sum of volume1 and change in volume
    = sum of pressure1 and the change in pressure divided by
    pressure1
    [4] Niebergall, A; Zhang, S; Kunay, E; Keydana, G; Job, M;
    et al. (2010). Real-time MRI of Speaking at a Resolution of 33 ms: Undersampled Radial FLASH with Nonlinear Inverse Reconstruction.. Magn. Reson. Med.
    doi:10.1002/mrm.24276..
    [5] Ladefoged, Peter (1993). A Course In Phonetics (3rd ed.).
    Harcourt Brace College Publishers. p. 60.
    [6] Palatography

    Bickford, Anita (2006). Articulatory Phonetics:


    Tools For Analyzing The Worlds Languages (4th
    ed.). Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 155671-165-4.

    External links
    Interactive place and manner of articulation
    Observing your articulators
    QMUs CASL Research Centre site for ultrasound
    tongue imaging
    Seeing Speech with reference examples of IPA
    sounds using MRI and ultrasound tongue imaging
    UCLA Electromagnetic articulography
    UCLA Aerometry
    UCLA Electrolaryngography
    Articulatory Phonetic Alphabet

    10

    10
    10.1

    TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

    Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses


    Text

    Articulatory phonetics Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articulatory_phonetics?oldid=727396729 Contributors: PierreAbbat,


    Hirzel, DennisDaniels, Nohat, Niteowlneils, Beatnick~enwiki, Andycjp, Burschik, 4pq1injbok, Rich Farmbrough, Kwamikagami, Lysdexia, Ish ishwar, Angr, Woohookitty, Lulich, BD2412, Crazycomputers, Chobot, Trondtr, Thane, Dbrs, SmackBot, Imiraven, Shingrila,
    SundarBot, Drphilharmonic, Illnab1024, JorisvS, The Man in Question, J Crow, Postmodern Beatnik, Kanags, Alaibot, Thijs!bot, Jobber,
    Magioladitis, Vssun, JaGa, STBot, TXiKiBoT, Dodger67, ClueBot, SchreiberBike, DumZiBoT, Addbot, Dammacco, OlEnglish, Yobot,
    Unixphil, J04n, Thehelpfulbot, John of Reading, Hazard-SJ, , ClueBot NG, Cwmhiraeth, Mrtheerandomguy, Mmmm cake, Zhangshuo517, NotWith, BattyBot, Madeleined2, Mark viking, Epicgenius, Freebirdthemonk II, Everymorning, Peter238, Occamsaftershave,
    Coeec and Anonymous: 55

    10.2

    Images

    File:Gray959.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Gray959.png License: Public domain Contributors:


    Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of the Human Body (See Book section below)
    Original artist: Henry Vandyke Carter
    File:Gray960.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Gray960.png License: Public domain Contributors:
    Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of the Human Body (See Book section below)
    Original artist: Henry Vandyke Carter
    File:Larynx_external_en.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Larynx_external_en.svg License: CC BYSA 2.5-2.0-1.0 Contributors: Own work, modied SVG version of PD picture from Grays Anatomy. Original artist: Olek Remesz (wiki-pl:
    Orem, commons: Orem)
    File:Real-time_MRI_-_Speaking_(English).ogv Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Real-time_MRI_-_
    Speaking_%28English%29.ogv License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: http://www.biomednmr.mpg.de Original artist: Biomedizinische
    NMR Forschungs GmbH
    File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg License:
    CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: This le was derived from Wiki letter w.svg: <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:
    Wiki_letter_w.svg' class='image'><img alt='Wiki letter w.svg' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_
    letter_w.svg/50px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png' width='50' height='50' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/
    Wiki_letter_w.svg/75px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/
    100px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='44' data-le-height='44' /></a>
    Original artist: Derivative work by Thumperward

    10.3

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    Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0

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