Case Study 1

CASE STUDY 1
CASE STUDY OF INVESTIGATION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

BASIC FIRST AID AND TREATMENT
Knowledge of basic first aid treatment is important for everyday life at home, work or in an organization.
Not every occurance requiring first aid will be life threatening. However, the more individuals with
essential first aid treatment knowledge, the better the chances of saving a life. Common accidents that
require first aid treatment are burns and scalds, shock, bone fracture, bleeding, poisoning, breathing
difficulties and drowning.
Bleeding
When a vein or vessels are harmed, bleeding happens. The condition of the bleeding can be external
(small cuts and grazes) or internal (the skin is not broken yet veins inside the body are harmed). There are
three types of bleeding, depending on what sort of vessels is damaged:
Arterial bleeding
Venous bleeding
Capillary bleeding
Bleeding can be more serious and life-threatening if an enormous vein or artery has been damaged. Even
if the blood loss is not severe, mishandling of bleeding cases can cause unreasonable acts, fainting or
shock. Make sure the casualty is as calm as possible and remember to monitor the ABC identification
steps when necessary.
Treatment For Bleeding
First aid for a bleeding casualty is to apply direct pressure on the bleeding wounds, except for those
injured by any object that has penetrated the persons skin, such as glass or bone. Press down firmly on
either side of the object. When possible, a sterile dressing or a clean cloth should be put on the wound and
secure it with tape. Wear protective gloves to protect yourself from possible infections and remember
universal precautions.
In case of severe bleeding, thick dressing is used as a pressure material. This action will permit the
clotting process to begin. If bleeding continues, do not remove the first dressing once it has been applied.
Place another dressing layer over the first. Keep pressure on the wound. In the occasion of no first aid kit,
substitute the bandage and tape with strips cut from clothes tied in place over the wound.
When managing a bleeding subject keep the injured body part above the level of the heart or raise the
wound above the level of the casualtys heart to help the blood flow slow down and control the bleeding.
Dont elevate or move any fracture or broken bone. Elevation may not be practical until you have applied
a splint. A tourniquet should only be applied in a life threatening situation.
Poisoning
Poison is anything that kills or injures through its chemical actions. It is a substance (other than an
infectious substance) that is harmful to human health. In cases of ingestion or inhalation of poison, call an
ambulance or emergency department. Poisons can enter the human body by:
Ingestion - By eating or drinking the substance
Injection Through medication
Absorption Through the skin by means of contract with different poisons
Inhalation Breathing the gas vapours or exhaust into the lungs
Poisoning may be accidental or purposeful. Most pharmaceuticals are poisonous, even deadly in
overdose. If poisoning occurs in an industrial area, farm or laboratory setting, take safety measures to stay
away from accidental injury. If more than one individual seems influenced by a poison substance at the
same time, there is high possibility of risky environmental contamination.
An individual may complain of physical indications without understanding that the symptoms are due to
poison. They may show unusual conduct that may dictated by the nature of the poison, its focus, and the
time of exposure.
Treatment For Poisoning
Where conceivable, discover the cause of poisoning, the amount taken and where it was taken. The type
and source of medical advice will depend on the circumstance. Decontamination will be in accordance
with the kind of poison and how it entered the body. Monitor the casualty closely and protect the airway
as required until the EMS arrives.
Burns and Scalds

Burn and scalds are regular accidents that can happen anywhere. Burns are caused by extreme heat (both
wet and dry material), chemicals, electric currents, radiation and even extreme cold. Burns and scalds can
affect the skin, lungs, eyes and other inner organs.
There are three categories of burns according to severity that may need to be managed. First degree
burns, also known as superficial burns, are the least serious. These burns usually initiate from the extreme
exposure to the sun, and quick contact with a hot item.
Second degree burns are more serious and are usually referred as partial thickness burns. They can
initiate from deep sunburn and from exposure with hot fluids or blazes. A person who is subjected to a
second degree burn may have a red mottled appearance, and a wet look of the skin inside of the burn area.
This wet appearance is due to a loss of plasma through the damaged tissue.
Third degree burns or full thickness burns are the most serious. It involves all of the skin layers. They
can be formed by overexposure to open flames, hot objects, or immersion in extreme boiling water.
Electrical injuries can similarly result in third degree burns. This type of burn requires medical treatment,
since it involves the loss of all layers of skin.
Treatment for Burns and Scalds

Treatment for the majority of work-related burns and scalds can be coordinated at the workplace and
would not require hospitalization, unless it is severe.
First Degree Burns Treatment
First degree burns should be run under water and washed by submerging in cool water. Never apply
adhesive dressings or lotions unless the skin is broken. Cover the burn with loosely wrapped sterile gauze
bandage. First degree burns usually heal very well.
Second Degree Burns Treatment

Second degree burns should be cooled under running water and submerged in tepid water, for no less than
one hour to two hours. The injury should then be layered with a clean cloth dipped in ice water and
wrung out. By then, the injury should be blotted dry, not rubbed. A dry, sterile gauze bandage should then
be applied. Never try to open any rankles or apply oil, balm, margarine, or any substance to a second
degree burn. Remove any dressing or jewelry from the burned area. If anything is adhered to the burned
area, abandon it for medical experts to remove.
Third Degree Burns Treatment
Third degree burns require fast medical attention. First, do not remove a burn casualtys attire, since skin
may fall off with it. When hands, feet or legs are burned, keep them raised over the victims heart. You
should not immerse a third degree burn in cold water as it could induce more reactions. Do whatever it
takes to not use creams, sprays or other types of treatments. Get the burn casualty to expert medical care
at the earliest opportunity.
Bone Fracture
Bone fracture is the breaking of a bone or a bend in a bone which has related damage to the soft tissue
around the broken bone. The most widely recognized sites for bone fractures include the wrist, ankle and
hip. A broken bone or fracture can happen during sporting activities, motor vehicle accidents and falls.
Bone fractures are usually not life threatening, but they do require immediate medical care. There are
three types of bone fractures:
Closed (simple) The broken bone has not penetrated the skin.
Open (compound) The broken bone has penetrated right through the skin or twisted, prompting
the fracture site.
Complicated Structures encompassing the fracture are injured. There may be damage of the
veins, arteries or nerves and injury to the lining of the bone.
Good first aid treatment of fractures is always a vital consideration. Moving the broken bone can
increase pain, prolong bleeding, and damage tissue around the injured area. This can prompt
complications in the repair and healing of the need to control any bleeding and cover any wounds with
sterile bandage or clean cloth.
Monitor and provide comfort until the rescue vehicle arrives. First aid for fractures is all about
immobilizing the damage territory. Splints can be utilized if the ambulance is delayed as a splint will give
forte between the upper and lower joints. The bone on either side of the damage should be balanced to
diminish the pain connected with the injury. Splints do need to be professionally produced as wood,
boards and rolled-up magazines can work in its place.

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CASE STUDY 1

CASE STUDY OF INVESTIGATION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

Burns and Scalds

Treatment for Burns and Scalds

Second Degree Burns Treatment

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