RTS

D I S TA N C E

E D U C AT I O N

Isaiah through Malachi

0OT516, 3 hours

Lectures by
Richard P. Belcher, Jr., Ph.D.

RTS Distance Education

This course notebook is for the coordination of your course materials, including
reading assignments and lecture recordings. Each course notebook for RTS
Distance Education is arranged by the GUIDE acronym. The five components of
GUIDE are organized in each lesson by the following steps in the notebook:

GUIDE
Getting Started

To do the lessons, reading and listening assignments are listed.

Understanding

To maximize learning, the purposes are given.

Investigating

To explore the content, outlines are provided for note taking.

Developing

To expand content, readings are suggested.

Evaluating

To help review, lesson questions are based on purposes.

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COURSE SYLLABUS

Isaiah to Malachi, 0OT516, 3 hours

Lecturing and Professor of Record:
Dr. Richard P. Belcher, Jr.
Reformed Theological Seminary, Distance Education
Professor
Dr. Belcher is the Professor of Old Testament and Academic Dean
of RTS Charlotte. He is an ordained minister in the PCA and
pastored an urban nondenominational church in Rochester, NY
for ten years before pursuing the Ph. D. This pastoral experience
in an unusual and challenging setting gives him great insight
into the practical, modern issues that will be faced by future
pastors studying with him at RTS. He graduated from Covenant
College and received his M. Div from Covenant Seminary. He also
received an S.T.M. from Concordia Theological Seminary, and his
Ph. D. is from Westminster Theological Seminary. He has served
as stated supply for numerous churches in the area since coming
to RTS Charlotte in 1995.
Course Description
An expository study of the message of the prophets which looks at their meaning in
the context of OT history, which is foundational for understanding their message for Gods
people today. Issues surrounding the interpretation of prophecy, the unfolding of revelation in
relationship to the Messiah, and the significance of the prophets for ministry are emphasized.
Course Objectives
To set the prophets in their historical setting in order to better understand the
message of the prophets.
To be able to summarize the message of each prophetic book.
To become familiar with some of the issues related to the interpretation of prophecy.
To see how the prophets lay the groundwork for the coming of the Messiah.
Required Textbooks
Ray Dillard and Tremper Longman III, Introduction to the OT (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1994),
hereinafter IOT.
Willem A. VanGemeren, Interpreting the Prophetic Word (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1990),
hereinafter IPW.
D. Brent Sandy and Ronald Giese, Jr., Cracking Old Testament Codes (Nashville: Broadman and
Holman Publishers, 1995).
John Walton, Ancient Israelite Literature in its Cultural Context (Grand Rapids: Zondervan,
1990).

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Additional Required Reading

Richard Pratt, Historical Contingencies and Biblical Predictions, The Way of Wisdom (eds. J. I.
Packer and Sven K. Sonderlund; Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2000), pp. 180-203 (available
for download within the Learning Management System (LMS)).
The Prophetic books of the Old Testament, Isaiah through Malachi.

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COURSE REQUIREMENTS

Isaiah - Malachi, 0OT516 3 hours

Lecturing and Professor of Record:
Dr. Richard P. Belcher, Jr.
Reformed Theological Seminary, Distance Education
Online Student Handbook

The Online Student Handbook has been designed to assist you in successfully
navigating the Distance Education experience, whether you are taking a single course or
pursuing a certificate or degree program. In it you will find valuable information, step-bystep instructions, study helps, and essential forms to guide you through every aspect of your
distance education opportunity from registration to graduation. Please use this resource as
your first-stop reference manual. You will find it located at the RTS Distance Education
website (www.rts.edu/distance) under the Student Services tab.
Summary of Requirements
Master the readings and lectures.
A research paper
Three examinations
Required Reading
Prophetic Profiles
Participate in Forum Discussions (both with the professor and other students)
Mentor Report/Course Application Paper
Forum Discussions (15%)

The student is required to interact in two (2) forums:
1. Student-Professor Posts (15 total posts)
A. Personal Introduction Forum: The student is required to post a brief personal
introduction to the professor/class. Suggested details include your vocation,
where you live, your church background, why you chose RTS, and what you
hope to gain through the course (1 required post).
B. 5 Topical Discussion Q&A Forums: The student is required to answer each
topical discussion question with one (1) response. The professor will acknowledge the students answer and will follow up with a subsequent question
to which the student must also answer with one (1) response. Each topical
discussion question therefore requires two (2) total posts/responses from the
student (Total of 5 forums x 2 posts =10 total posts).
C. Student-Professor Forum: The student is required to post four (4) times in
this forum. Posts in this forum should focus on course-related content such
as research paper topics, lectures and reading assignments, or other academic
issues related to the course.
2. Student-Student Forum (5 total posts)
A post may be either a new topic or a response to an already existing topic.
Examinations (45%)

There are three exams in Isaiah to Malachi. They follow a similar format and are not
cumulative. No helps are allowed, including Bibles. Exam 1 will cover material through Lesson 6,
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Exam 2 through Lesson 15, and Exam 3 through Lesson 22. The student must give the outlines
of prophetic books, which are provided in the section titled Outline of Prophetic Books and Key
Dates. Memorize the outlines and produce them exactly as they are given to you.

There are also identification questions, which consist of terms, names, or concepts that
have been discussed in class. On exams 1 and 2, these are multiple choice. On exam 3, you
should be able to answer the identifications in two or three fact-filled sentences. There is also a
short essay question and a long essay question, which are based on the Lesson Questions at the
end of the lesson.

The third exam also has a section on key dates. The key dates are found in the syllabus
following the outlines. There will be five key dates on the final exam. You should think in term of
the event that took place and the significance of that event.

All exams for this course are to be taken online in the Learning Management System
(LMS). Please note that you will need to have a proctor for your exams. Your proctor can be
anyone except a relative or current RTS Student. After clicking on the exam link you will be
given detailed instructions about the exam. Please read these instructions carefully before
entering the exam.
Research Paper (20%)

A paper is required. It should focus on a particular passage from the prophets. See section
titled Guidelines for the Research Paper in this syllabus.
Prophetic Profiles (10%)
A Prophetic Profile must be turned in on each prophetic book except for Obadiah and Joel.
The Profile will be based on your assigned reading in IOT and IPW and will follow a Prophetic
Profile guideline. See section titled Guidelines for Prophetic Profiles in this syllabus.
Reading Report (5%)

Read the assigned reading from your textbooks plus the Biblical books of Isaiah through
Malachi. To receive full credit, the student must read all of the required readings listed at the
beginning of each lesson.
Mentor Report/Course Application Paper (5%)

Each Global/Non-Residential student is required to have a mentor submit a report at the
end of the course. This report will contribute to 5% of the students grade. For students who are
not Global/Non-Residential, you are asked to write a 200 word summary of how you perceive
what you have learned in this course will fit into the objectives you have for your ministry, your
educational goals, or other objectives you wish to achieve in life.
Assignments
Best practice for your time management is for you to submit all assignments at the end
of the week in which they fall, using the upload links provided in the LMS. All work must be
submitted by midnight of the course end date, per your course start letter. You are responsible for
turning in all assignments on time; no late submissions are permitted. Any student who needs an
extension must get approval from the Registrar prior to that time.

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Contact Information
Reformed Theological Seminary, Distance Education
2101 Carmel Road
Charlotte, NC 28226
(704) 900-1257
1-855-854-6920
FAX: (704) 366-9295
E-mail: dess@rts.edu
Web site: www.rts.edu/distance

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COURSE OUTLINE

Isaiah - Malachi, 0OT516, 3 hours

Lecturing and Professor of Record:
Dr. Richard P. Belcher, Jr.
Reformed Theological Seminary, Distance Education
Lesson One
Introduction
Divination
Lesson Two
Proclamation
Lesson Three
Interpretation
Lesson Four
Amos
Lesson Five
Hosea
Lesson Six
Jonah
Lesson Seven
Isaiah chapters 1-6
Lesson Eight
Isaiah chapters 7-39
Lesson Nine
Isaiah chapters 40-66
Lesson Ten
Zephaniah
Lesson Eleven
Nahum
Lesson Twelve
Habakkuk
Lesson Thirteen
Jeremiah
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Lesson Fourteen
Obadiah
Lesson Fifteen
Joel
Lesson Sixteen
Ezekiel chapters 1-32
Lesson Seventeen
Ezekiel chapters 33-48
Lesson Eighteen
Daniel chapters 1-6
Lesson Nineteen
Daniel chapters 7-12
Lesson Twenty
Haggai
Lesson Twenty-one
Zechariah
Lesson Twenty-two
Malachi

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BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SUGGESTED READING

Isaiah - Malachi, 0OT516, 3 hours
Lecturing and Professor of Record:
Dr. Richard P. Belcher, Jr.
Reformed Theological Seminary, Distance Education

Aldrich, Willard M. 1954. The interpretation of Acts 15:13-18. Bibliotheca Sacra 111 (October):
317-323.
Boyd, Gregory. 2000. God of the Possible: A Biblical Introduction to the Open View of God. Grand Rapids,
MI: Baker Books.
Frame, John M. 2001 No Other God: A Response to Open Theism. Phillipsburg, NJ: P&R Publishers
Helseth, Paul K. 2001. On Divine Ambivalence: Open Theism and the Problem of Particular
Evils. Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 44.3 (September): 493-512
Kaiser, Walter C. Jr. 1977. The Davidic Promise and the Inclusion of the Gentiles (Amos 9:915 and Acts 15:13-18): A Test Passage for Theological Systems. Journal of the Evangelical
Theological Society 20 (June): 97-111.
MacRae, A. 1953. The Scientific Approach to the Old Testament. Bibliotheca Sacra 110: 309-320.
Robertson, O. Palmer. 1988. Hermeneutics of Continuity. In Continuity and Discontinuity: Perspectives
on the Relationship Between the Old and New Testaments, ed. John S. Feinberg, 89-108.
Westchester, IL: Crossway Books.
Sanders, John. 1998 The God Who Risks: A Theology of Providence. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity
Ware, Bruce A. 2001 Gods Lesser Glory: The Diminished God of Open Theism. Wheaton, IL: Crossway.
Warfield, B. B. 1997. The Spirit of God in the Old Testament. In The Person and Work of the Holy
Spirit, 119-142. Amityville, NY: Calvary Press.
Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 45.2 (2002) is devoted to Open Theism

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GUIDELINES FOR THE RESEARCH PAPER

Isaiah - Malachi, 0OT516, 3 hours
Lecturing and Professor of Record:
Dr. Richard P. Belcher, Jr.
Reformed Theological Seminary, Distance Education

The paper can be centered on one passage or it can look at a major theme in one of the books
studied in this course. If the paper focuses on a theme in a book, it is important to see how that theme
relates to the rest of the canon (OT and NT). If the paper focuses on one passage, the following
questions should be kept in mind:
A. How does the passage fit into the rest of the book?
B. What is the major theme of the passage?
C. How is the theme developed (an outline of the passage is helpful here)?
D. Are there any significant literary, historical, or theological questions?
E. Are there any major problems in the passage?
F. Is the passage using prior revelation in any way?
G. What is the message of the passage to the original reading audience?
H. Is the passage used in a significant way in later Biblical history (either OT or NT)?
I. What is the message of the passage for today?
The paper could revolve around a particular literary, historical, or theological issue in the passage
or a particular problem encountered in the text. The paper should reflect a developed argument
centered around a theme or an issue in the passage.
The following are criteria that will be used to evaluate the paper:
a. Cogency of argument - is there a thesis statement, how well does the argument hang together,
and how well are pertinent and fundamental points brought out?
b. Discussions of historical context, genre, and redemptive history (where these are appropriate,
but do not go overboard); just give the reader enough information to understand your paper.
Some issues, like authorship, can be omitted or issues and bibliography related to authorship
can be given in footnotes.
c. The use of sources: this is a research paper so avoid study Bibles as a source; read as many
commentaries as you can, including conservative commentaries, those from a critical
perspective, and at least one older commentary, such as Calvin, Geneva series, etc. At least one
journal article must be cited. Research is important and can be included in footnotes. Think of
at least 8 sources.
d. Do not make a Scripture reference as a footnote, but put it in parenthesis in the paper.
e. The paper should be 10-15 pages, double-spaced, pages numbered, and with one inch margins
on all sides.
*Do not leave extra space between paragraphs!

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GUIDELINE FOR PROPHETIC PROFILES

Isaiah - Malachi, 0OT516, 3 hours
Lecturing and Professor of Record:
Dr. Richard P. Belcher, Jr.
Reformed Theological Seminary, Distance Education

The following information should be included in your Prophetic Profile based on your
reading in IOT and IPW. Concerning the historical background and the reigns of the Jewish
kings, you should read the appropriate sections in Kings and Chronicles (see Kings of the
Southern and Northern Kingdom handout) so you can summarize the reign of the kings under
which the prophet lived. Be sure to include the names and the significance and/or actions of any
nation or ruler. Give as full an account of the history as you can from your reading. Your Prophetic
Profile should be written out in paragraph form.
A. The Prophet
1. Family background
2. Contemporary prophets ministering at the same time
3. The place of origin (where is he from?)
B. The Historical Situation
1. The date(s) of the prophets ministry
2. The people to whom or against whom he is writing
3. The Jewish kings who reigned during the prophets lifetime and a brief description
of their reign
a. This would include kings not mentioned in the canonical book
b. Include the kings years of reign, length of reign (He _____ reigned ____
years), and whether he was good or evil
4. The foreign nations or kings that are mentioned, including their actions and/or
significance for Israel or Judah
5. Any other important events, such as battles or natural catastrophes (be sure to give
their dates)
C. The Theme of the Prophetic Book

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OUTLINE OF PROPHETIC BOOKS AND KEY DATES

Isaiah - Malachi, 0OT516, 3 hours
Lecturing and Professor of Record:
Dr. Richard P. Belcher, Jr.
Reformed Theological Seminary, Distance Education

For references that include entire chapters, the student may just put the chapter
number. If a section breaks in the middle of a chapter, then the verse reference needs to
be included.
Amos
I. General judgments of God against all nations (1-2)
II. Specific judgments of God against Israel (3-6)
III. The judgments of God in symbolic visions (7:1-9:10)
IV. The judgments of God will lead to restoration (9:11-15)
Hosea
I. The Training of the Prophet (1-3)
A. Hoseas marriage to Gomer (1-2)
B. Hoseas remarriage to Gomer (3)
II. The Teaching of the Prophet (4-14)
A. Unfaithfulness and its cause (4-6)
B. Unfaithfulness and its punishment (7-10)
C. Unfaithfulness and the love of God (11-14)
Jonah
I. Gods mercy opposes narrow pride (1:1-16) (Running away from God)
II. Gods mercy shown to his disobedient servant (1:17-2:10) (Running to God)
III. Gods mercy to repenting Gentiles (3:1-10) (Running with God)
IV. Gods mercy rebukes his despairing servant (4:1-11) (Running against God)
Isaiah
I. Volume of Rebuke and Promise (1-6)
II. Volume of Immanuel (7-12)
III. Volume of Gods Judgment on the Nations (13-27)
IV. Volume of Hezekiah (28-39)
V. Volume of Comfort (40-66)
A. Purpose of Peace (40-48)
B. Prince of Peace (49-55)
C. Program of Peace (56-66)

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Micah
I. First Cycle: God Saves a Remnant (1-2)
A. Prophecies of Judgment because of Religious Apostasy (1:1-2:11)
B. Prophecy of Hope: the Shepherd King leads the People Triumphantly (2:12-13)
II. Second Cycle: God Restores the Glory of the Remnant (3-5)
A. Prophecies of Judgment: Corrupt Leaders Bring the Downfall of the Nation (3:1-12)
B. Prophecies of Hope: Messiah brings Security to His People (4:1-5:15)
III. Third Cycle: God Forgives the Remnant of His Sinful People (6-7)
A. Prophecies of Judgment: Corrupt Leaders Lead to the Break-down of Basic
Relationships (6:1-7:6)
B. Prophecy of Hope: God will Provide for His People (7:7-17)
Adapted from Waltke, Micah in The Minor Prophets, ed. T. E. McComiskey (Grand Rapids:
Baker, 1993) 2:597-98.
Zephaniah
I. The judgment of the day of the Lord (1-2)
A. The day of judgment upon Judah (1:1-2:3)
B. The day of judgment upon the nations (2:4-15)
II. The salvation of the day of the Lord (3)
Habakkuk
I. The Perplexity of the Prophet (1-2)
A. How can God allow wickedness to continue? (1:1-11)
B. How can God use a wicked nation to punish his people?
II. The Praise of the Prophet (3)

(1:12-2:20)

Nahum
I. The Destruction of Gods Enemies Decreed (1)
II. The Destruction of Gods Enemies Depicted (2)
III. The Destruction of Gods Enemies Described (3)
Jeremiah (You only need to know I, II A, B, III, IV)
I. The Call of Jeremiah (1)
II. Prophecies concerning Judah (2-45)
A. Prophecies before the fall of Jerusalem (2-39)
1. Prophecies concerning Judahs destruction (2-20)
2. Prophecies concerning Nebuchadnezzar, Gods instrument to punish Jerusalem
(21-29)
3. Prophecies of the future restoration of Judah (30-33)
4. Prophecies against Zedekiah and Jehoiakim (34-36)
5. Prophecies during the siege and destruction of Jerusalem (37-39)
B. Prophecies after the Fall of Jerusalem (40-45)
1. Prophecies under Gedeliah (40-43:7)
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2. Prophecies in Egypt (43:8-44:30)

3. Prophecy to Baruch (45)
III. Prophecies against the foreign nations (46-51)
IV. An Historical Appendix (52)
Joel
I. The day of the Lord is a day of devastation (1:1-2:11)
II. The day of the Lord is a day that calls for repentance (2:12-32)
III. The day of the Lord brings judgment on the wicked (3:1-17)
IV. The day of the Lord brings salvation to Gods people (3:18-21)
Obadiah
I. The pride of Gods enemies (1-9)
II. The mistreatment of Gods people by Gods enemies (10-14)
III. The judgment of Gods enemies (15-16)
IV. The deliverance of Gods people (17-21)
Ezekiel
I. Judgment on Judah and Jerusalem (1-24)
A. Visions: the prophets call and commission (1-3)
B. Sign acts: the destruction of Jerusalem depicted (4-5)
C. Speeches: the comprehensibility of Gods judgment (6-7)
D. Temple vision: God abandons the temple (8-11)
E. Sign acts: the exile depicted (12)
F. F. Speeches: the inevitability of Gods judgment (13-24)
II. Prophecies against the foreign nations (25-32)
III. Prophecies of restoration (33-48)
A. Preparation for restoration (33-39)
B. Restored temple and worship (40-48)
Daniel
I. The training and testing of the remnant (1)
II. Nebuchadnezzars dream and Gods plan for the ages (2)
III. The golden image and the fiery furnace (3)
IV. Nebuchadnazzars warning dream and humbling (4)
V. Belshazzars feast and Gods judgment (5)
VI. Daniel in the lions den (6)
VII. The triumph of the Son of Man (7)
VIII. The vision of the ram and the he-goat (8)
IX. The vision of the seventy weeks (9)
X. Tribulations and the final triumph of Gods people (10-12)

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Haggai
I. The rebuke of religious indifference (1)
II. The promised glory of the new temple (2:1-9)
III. Blessings for a defiled people (2:10-19)
IV. God will triumph through his servant (2:20-23)
Zechariah
I. Messages during the building of the Temple (1-8)
A. Call for national repentance (1:1-6)
B. The eight visions (1:7-6:15)
C. Obedience is better than insincere fasting (7-8)
II. Messages after the building of the Temple (9-14): the full restoration of Gods people
A. The redemption of Gods people (9-10)
B. The problem of false shepherds (11)
C. The triumph of Gods kingdom (12-14)
Malachi
I. Introductory appeal: Gods love for Israel (1:1-5)
II. Oracles against the priests (1:6-2:9)
III. Oracles against the people (2:10-4:3)
IV. Concluding admonitions: keep the law and wait for the coming of the Lord (4:4-6)

KEY DATES FOR PROPHETS

Know the event and the significance of that event of the following dates for the final exam:
931
734
722
701
621
609
605
586
538
515

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OLD TESTAMENT COMMENTARY SERIES ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Isaiah - Malachi, 0OT516, 3 hours
Lecturing and Professor of Record:
Dr. Richard P. Belcher, Jr.
Reformed Theological Seminary, Distance Education

The Anchor Bible (AB)

The object of this series is to make the Bible accessible to the modern reader through
exact translation, extended exposition, and reconstruction of the ancient setting. The
authors are from a variety of backgrounds, including Protestants, Catholics, and Jewish
scholars. Most sections include Notes on the translation of the text and Comment on
the text.
The Apollos Old Testament Commentary (AOTC)
This series takes its name from Apollos, the Alexandrian Jewish Christian who taught the
Scriptures powerfully (Acts 18:24-25). It seeks to combine a focus on the original text
with an emphasis on giving insight for application to preachers, teachers, and students
of the Bible. The format is very similar to WBC, with each author giving a translation,
notes on the translation, an analysis of form and structure, an exposition of the text, and
then explanation for today. The notes on the text are easier to read than WBC (larger
font), and some authors give more attention to the Explanation Section. Many British
Evangelicals contribute to this series.
The Bible Speaks Today (BST)
A series that attempts to expound the biblical text with accuracy, to relate it to
contemporary life, and to do this in a readable format. The series is not a commentary
series nor a series of sermons, but an exposition of the text.
The Evangelical Press Study Commentary Series
This series is published by Evangelical Press of Great Britain and is distributed in the
USA through Presbyterian & Reformed Publishing Company. It wants to bridge the
gap between the technical and the popular by making the technical understandable.
The series takes an exegetical approach that is practical, designed for pastors to use in
sermon preparation and for students to use in Bible study. It is written from a Reformed
perspective, including some RTS professors.
The Expositors Bible Commentary (EBC)
A twelve volume work covering the Old and New Testaments written by expositors
for expositors with the goal of making clear the meaning of the text at the time it
was written. Each book of the Bible covered includes an Introduction. Besides the
expository comments there is a brief section of Notes that deals with the Hebrew or
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Greek (with the use of Hebrew and Greek characters). The series is based on the NIV
and is generally consistent with a pre-mill position, although not all expositors are pre-mill.
The Forms of the Old Testament Literature (FOTL)
This series is not a typical commetary series but approaches the text from a form-critical
perspective analyzing each book and text from that angle with the goal of helping pastors
and students engage in their own analysis of the text. There is a focus on the structure of
the text with discussions of genre. Contains bibliographies and glossaries.
The Geneva Series of Commentaries
Reprints of classic, older commentaries. Although they need to be supplanted by new
commentaries, many are excellent, and most are good devotional reading.
Hermeneia
The term Hermeneia in the ancient Greek-speaking world referred to the detailed,
systematic exposition of a scriptural work. This series is a critical and historical
commentary series without arbitrary limits in size or scope utilizing the full range
of philological and historical tools for interpretation. It makes full use of the ancient
Semitic and classical languages and is international and interconfessional in its selection
of authors. Most sections of the commentary include a translation, notes to the
translations, and interpretation.
International Theological Commentary (ITC)
The goal of this series is to make the OT come alive for the church with an emphasis on
the theological interpretation of the Hebrew text and an emphasis on the importance
of the NT for understanding the OT. It is also international in the choice of its authors.
The focal concern of the series is the proclamation of the biblical message. Covers large
sections of the text in an expositional format.
Interpretation
This series is designed to meet the needs of students, teachers, and ministers by
integrating the results of historical and theological work in the exposition of the text.
The format is not a word-by-word analysis but expository essays on the text, with
application to faith and life. Based on the RSV and NRSV
The New American Commentary (NAC)
This series is a continuation of An American Commentary published at the end of the
nineteenth century. Its aim is to enable pastors and students to read the Bible with
clarity and proclaim it with power. It focuses on communicating the theological structure
and content of each biblical book by trying to show how each section of a book fits
together. Based on the NIV. Written from a Baptistic perspective and some writers are
classical dispensationalists.
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The New Century Bible Commentary (NCB)

This series attempts to be a verse-by-verse exposition while interacting with
contemporary discussions. Based on the RSV. Brief in format.
The New International Biblical Commetary (NIBC)
The goal of this series is to break down the barriers between the ancient and modern
worlds so that the power and the meaning of the biblical text can become transparent to
contemporary readers. The series tries to bring together probing, reflective intepretation
of the text with biblical devotion, what is called believing criticism. Follows a more
expositional format.
The New International Commentary on the OT (NICOT)
An excellent series written from an evangelical perspective, with many Reformed writers,
that has limited discussion of the Hebrew with good exposition of the text. Excellent on
the historical situation with some emphasis given to NT appropriation.
The New Interpreters Bible (NIB)
The general aim of the series is to bring the best in contemporary scholarship into the
service of the church to enhance preaching, teaching, and study of the Scriptures. This
is a multivolume work covering Old and New Testaments. The first volume in the OT
has general articles dealing with the interpretation of the Bible, reading the Bible from
various ethnic perspectives, and backgrounds to the Bible. Each commentary on the book
of the Bible begins with an Introduction. Each unit of the text includes an Overview,
the NIV and NRSV translation in parallel columns, a Commentary section which focuses
on the final form of the text, and a Reflection section, which gives several trajectories of
possible interpretations. The authors come from a wide variety of backgrounds, including
a few evangelicals (like WC Kaiser).
The NIV Application Commentary Series (NIVAC)
The primary goal of this series is to help with the difficult task of bringing an ancient
message into a modern context so that the series works through the process of moving
from the original meaning of a passage to its contemporary significance. However, the
series is not popular exposition or devotional. Each passage is broken into the format
of Original Meaning, Bridging Contexts, and Contemporary Significance. The section
on Bridging Contexts is meant to analyze what is timeless in the passage and how that
is determined. The Contemporary Significance section helps identify contemporary
situations that are compatible with those faced by the original audience and explores a
variety of contexts in which the passage might be applied today.

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The Old Testament Library Series (OTL)

Many of the older commentators in this series wrote from an historical critical view,
although some of the newer commentators write from a literary standpoint. Volumes vary
widely in their approach and usefulness.
The Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries (TOTC)
The aim of this series is to provide the student with a handy, up-to-date commentary on
each book, with the primary emphasis on exegesis. Major critical questions are discussed
in the introductions and additional notes. The commentary series is based on the RSV.
Word Biblical Commentary (WBC)
The format has several parts: (a) a bibliography section that can be helpful for finding
journal articles for your papers; (b) a translation from the Hebrew with Notes explaining
the translation; (c) a Form/ Structure/Setting section which deals with genre issues and
the views of modern scholarship; (d) a Comment section which gives the exposition of
the text; and (e) an Explanation section which deals with the relevance of the text. Its
aim is to be useful to the scholar, student, and minister.

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COMMENTARIES ON THE PROPHETS

Isaiah - Malachi, 0OT516, 3 hours
Lecturing and Professor of Record:
Dr. Richard P. Belcher, Jr.
Reformed Theological Seminary, Distance Education

Amos
Fyall, Bob, Teaching Amos (TBS; Ross-shire: Christian Focus, 2006)
The primary focus of the books in this series is to facilitate preaching. This book is best
used after the hard work of study has been completed and the major commentaries
have been examined. This book reflects on different ways the book of Amos can be
divided up for a preaching series. There is also reflection on how to deal with the
repetition in the prophets. Most of the book offers a short exposition of the major
sections of the book.
Hubbard, David A. Joel and Amos. Vol. 22b of TOTC. Downers Grove, IL: IVP, 1989.
Amos: a well balanced discussion of the issues, including a review of the literary forms and
devices in the book.
McComiskey, Thomas Edward. Amos, in The Expositors Bible Commentary. Ed. Frank E.
Gaebelein; Vol. 7. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1985, 267-331.
Solid, historic premill, shows how Amos speaks against a perverted doctrine of election
and argues that the exile continues until the coming of the Messiah.
Motyer, J. A. The Message of Amos: The Day of the Lion. BST. Downers Grove, IL: IVP, 1974.
The books in the BST Series are neither full commentaries nor sermons. Their goal is to
expound the biblical text with emphasis on application and readability. Motyer gives a
concise analysis of the society of Amos day and the message of Amos to that society. Good
for preaching.
Niehaus, Jeff. Amos, in The Minor Prophets. Ed. Thomas McComiskey; Vol 1. Grand Rapids:
Baker Book House, 1992.
Extensive discussion of important genres in Amos, including the covenant lawsuit form
and the royal titulary, with examples from the ANE and application to the importance for
Amos. The introduction also covers Amos relationship to the covenant phraseology of the
Pentateuch, as well as discussions concerning the theology and anthropology of Amos.
Smith, Gary. Amos. A Mentor Commentary. Christian Focus, 1998.
This commentary focuses on important textual questions, background studies on literary
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traditions and forms of speech, rhetorical markers that aid in structural analysis, exegetical
issues, and main theological themes. The commentary has helpful introductory comments
of major sections giving an overview of each section, as well as more detailed comments
on translation and verses. Gary Smith also does Amos in the NIVAC series (with Hosea
and Micah); the Mentor commentary is much more detailed in analysis and deals more
with the Hebrew and the NIVAC commentary is good for getting the big picture.
Stuart, Douglas. Hosea-Jonah. Vol. 31 of WBC. Waco, TX: Word Books, 1987.

Excellent commentary with solid discussions of most issues with an emphasis on theology.
Deals extensively with the prophets relationship to the Mosaic covenant (includes a list
of covenant curses in the General Introduction). The best option.
Wolff, Hans Walter. Joel and Amos. Continental Commentary Series. Minneapolis: Augsburg
Fortress, 1977.

This commentary focuses a great deal on the language and composition of the book of
Amos. The book had a long history of literary growth with a good portion of the book
going back to Amos or his disciples. The present format of the book was completed in the
post-exilic period. Each section of the book has a bibliography, comments on the Hebrew
text, and discusses the text around the headings of Form, Setting, Interpretation, and
Aim.
Hosea
Dearman, J. Andrew, The Book of Hosea (NICOT; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2010)
This commentary recognizes the difficult nature of Hosea because it is one of the
most poetic of the prophetic books. The three unique features of the book include the
widespread use of metaphors, wordplays, and allusions to the national history of Israel.
There is a good overview of chapters 4-14 in the introduction. Dearman argues that Hosea
had the major role in the collection of his own oracles and that the book was complete by
the end of the eighth century (some scribal updating may have taken place after this).
The book also speaks to the situation in Judah after the fall of the Northern Kingdom.
The Theology section of the Introduction discusses the themes of Israel as Yahwehs
household and the relationship of marriage and covenant. The author argues that Gomer
was probably involved in appropriate sexual activity before and after the marriage but
since the focus is on Israel, it is hard to nail down the type of sexual activity.
Garrett, Duane A. Hosea, Joel. Vol. 19a of NAC. Nashville: Broadman and Holman, 1997.
A commentary that has an excellent review of most of the issues in Hosea, including the
structure and the abrupt transitions in the book. Offers the best review of the options
concerning the character of Gomer and the relationship of the children to the marriage.
Garrett argues that Gomer was unfaithful at the time of the marriage and that children
of unfaithfulness are children who bear the disgrace of their mother. Contains several
Excursus, including one entitled Feminism and Hosea.
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Hubbard, David A. Hosea. Vol. 22a of TOTC. Downers Grove: IVP, 1989.
An excellent commentary that emphasizes the thematic unity of the book, the variety of
literary forms and stylistic techniques, and the context and purpose of each passage. It
also compares Hosea with Amos at key points. The marriage of Hosea is a literal marriage
with Gomer being chaste at the time of the marriage.
Kidner, Derek. The Message of Hosea. BST. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 1981.
Good exposition, brief.
McComiskey, Thomas. Hosea, in The Minor Prophets. Ed. Thomas McComiskey; Vol 1. Grand
Rapids: Baker Book House, 1992.
In depth discussion of the marriage and character of Gomer, arguing that the command to
take a wife also includes adopting the children, so that there are two groups of children,
the adopted children and the children of Gomer and Hosea. This commentary is short on
introductory issues, but good interaction with the Hebrew.
Stuart, Douglas. Hosea-Jonah. Vol. 31 of WBC. Waco, TX: Word Books, 1987.
Excellent commentary with solid discussions of most issues with an emphasis on theology.
Deals extensively with the prophets relationship to the Mosaic covenant. Hesitates
to draw conclusions about Gomers character since all Israelites at that time could be
labelled with the term harlotry.
Wood, Leon J. Hosea, in The Expositors Bible Commentary. Ed. Frank E. Gaebelein; Vol. 7.
Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1985, 161-228.
Solid but brief. Hoseas marriage is literal with Gomer being chaste at the time of the
marriage based on the parallel between the relationship of God and Israel in history. Premillenial
Jonah
Alexander, Desmond, David W. Baker, & Bruce Waltke. Obadiah, Jonah, Micah. Vol. 23a of
TOTC. Downers Grove: IVP, 1988.
Provides an excellent discussion of the major issues surrounding Jonah, including the
central message, genre, and purpose of the book. Especially good on defending the
historicity of the book.
Allen, Leslie C. The Books of Joel, Obadiah, Jonah, and Micah. NICOT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans,
1976.
Fuller treatment of the recurring motifs and forms are treated in connection with the
commentary on Micah while canonicity and textual criticism is covered under Joel.
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Jonah is understood as a parable with allegorical features and is not meant to be taken
historically. The most likely date is the fifth or fourth century BC.
Nixon, Rosemary. The Message of Jonah: Presence in the Storm (BST; Downers Grove: InterVarsity,
2003)
A scholarly but practical exposition of the book of Jonah with attention given to the
experience of the prophet and the literary characteristics of the book. The book is
stronger on theological insight and application, but weak in that the question of the
historicity of the text is left open because the language of the book is metaphorical.
Ellison, H. L. Jonah. The Expositors Bible Commentary. Ed. Frank E. Gaebelein. Grand Rapids:
Zondervan, 1985. 7: 359-391.
Brief. Argues for the historical view of Jonah against the parabolic view. Good on historical
details but weaker on the purpose of the book.
Stuart, Douglas. Hosea-Jonah. Vol. 31 of WBC. Waco, TX: Word Books, 1987.
Excellent discussion of the issues, including the date and setting of the book as well as
the message and purpose of the book. Argues for the historicity of the prophet and the
events.
Isaiah
Childs, Brevard. Isaiah. OTL. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2001.
Childs argues that a fresh interpretive model that does not get lost in methodological
debates, and that proves to be illuminating in rendering a rich and coherent interpretation
of the text as sacred scripture of both church and synagogue is needed (xi). Although
Childs hesitates to use the term canonical in describing his approach because the term
has caused confusion, he wants to look at the final form of the text. Many times he will
review the older critical approaches, but then note that they are not adequate before he
gives his view. The canonical text is authoritative, not the process of how the text came
together. Childs is strong on emphasizing the role of biblical theology in exegesis, in
affirming a messianic interpretation of key passages, and in stressing NT appropriations.
Childs denies single authorship, but emphasizes the unity of the book and a close
relationship between the sections. While Childs affirms the final form of the text, he still
uses the traditional historical critical terminology of First, Second, and Third Isaiah.
Goldingay, John. Isaiah. NIBC. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 2001.
The author sees four human voices in the book of Isaiah. Isaiah himself is called the
Ambassador. The disciples of Isaiah preserve his teaching and speak about Isaiah in the
third person. Some believe the disciples expound Isaiahs words in 1-39 in the time
of Josiah (the poetic words are Isaiahs and the prose sections are the sermons of his
disciples on Isaiahs texts). The Poet has traditionally been termed Second Isaiah (he
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preached on texts from First Isaiah and edited chaps 1-55). The Preacher has traditionally
been termed Third Isaiah (he preached on passages from First and Second Isaiah and
produced a new edition of their words). The latter part of the book is inspired by Isaiah
but not authored by Isaiah. The Introduction discusses Yahweh in Isaiah, Israel in Isaiah,
the World in Isaiah, and Spirituality in Isaiah. The author also sees different lenses
through which to read Isaiah (Jesus lens, church lens, mission lens, spiritual life lens,
Israel lens, and world lens). The comment sections of the commentary are very brief.
Grogan, Geoffrey W. Isaiah. The Expositors Bible Commentary. Ed. Frank E. Gaebelein. Grand
Rapids: Zondervan, 1986. 6: 3-356.
A conservative commentary with a brief introduction written from a pre-mill, but not
dispensational, perspective.
Harman, Allan, Isaiah (Focus on the Bible; Ross-Shire: Christian Focus, 2005)
The main aim of this commentary is to set out the meaning of the Hebrew text for the
modern reader, not to compare commentaries. He connects the prophetic messages to
the covenant sanctions of blessing and cursing and understands the OT as progressive,
prospective, and preparatory. He understands Isa 7:14 as a direct prediction of Christ
(similar to Motyer, Young, Calvin) and that 40-66 is written from the perspective of
Palestine in the 8th century (redemption from exile is a common theme early in Isaiah).
Solid commentary.
Jackman, David, Teaching Isaiah (TSB; Ross-shire: Christian Focus, 2010)
This book is a preachers guide to Isaiah, not a commentary or a collection of sermons.
The book examines Isaiah in historical context and deals with issues of preaching the
text, including how to divide the text for preaching purposes. With each section there is
reflection, application, and suggestions for leading a Bible study.
Mackay, John L., A Study Commentary on Isaiah (2 vols.; Darlington: Evangelical Press, 2008)
A solid commentary. The Introduction covers the historical background, the Structure of
the book, the unity of the authorship of the book. The author gives his own translation,
which he acknowledges is on the woodenly, literal side. This commentary offers very good
discussion and explanation of the text.
Motyer, J. Alec. The Prophecy of Isaiah. Downers Grove: IVP, 1993.
This commentary, which seems to be from the Tyndale series without being published in
the TOTC format, combines literary analysis and historical interests. He sees five lines
that bind Isaiah together: the Messianic hope, the motif of city, the term Holy One of
Israel, issues of history and faith, and literary features. He argues strongly for the unity of
authorship and majors on explanation. Although the way he divides the book is unusual at
points (1-5, 6-12; and 1-37, 38-60) this is an excellent commentary, the best one volume
option.
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Oswalt, John N. The Book of Isaiah: Chapters 1-66. NICOT; 2 vols.; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans,
1986.
An excellent commentary that shows how the book of Isaiah is not only a unified
composition but how each part speaks to a specific historical setting (1-39 Isaiahs own
life, 40-55 the exile, and 56-66 the return). Shows clearly how issues raised in the first
part need to be dealt with in later sections, and how the theology of the book becomes
false if the unity of the composition is denied since many times the strong theological
statements are united to the ability of God to proclaim something in advance. The author
analyzes the contents of each section showing how they relate to each other. The best
option.
Seitz, Christopher R. Isaiah 1-39. Interpretation. Louisville: Westminster/John Knox, 1995.
The author wants to do justice to both historical roots and literary contexts in
understanding the book of Isaiah. Thus the Introduction has brief sections dealing with
Historical, Literary, and Theological Structure. The unity of the book is stressed, but it
was written by many authors as they tried to present Isaiahs material to later generations.
Before each major section there is an Overview which looks at broader structural
organization.
Smith, Gary V., Isaiah 1-39 (NAC; Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 2007)
This is an excellent commentary that discusses the major issues of Isaiah. There is a
discussion of how Isaiah can be relevant to Gods people today, the place of Isaiah 6, and
the composition of Isaiah. The book of Isaiah is broken down into major sections, which
makes an overall theology of Isaiah difficult. Trust and pride are two key principles. Each
section of the commentary has a discussion of genre, historical setting, and structure.
Each section also looks at the theological implications of the text. Good discussions of the
messianic texts.
Smith, Gary V., Isaiah 40--66 (NAC; Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 2009)
This second volume also has an Introduction because of the length of Isaiah 40-66
and the issues of interpretation are very different from Isaiah 1-39. The Introduction
deals with the various approaches to chapters 40-66 (dramatic, traditional, rhetorical,
redactional, and canonical). The various interpretations of 40-48, 59-55, and 56-66 is also
laid out. The author argues for the unity and integrity of chapters 40-66. The approach in
this commentary is different from the traditional view (identified as Oswalts approach)
because Smith rejects the idea that chapters 40-55 are set in Babylon in the exile and that
chapters 56-66 are post-exilic. Rather, the setting is Palestine and many of the passages
should be understood in an eschatological way.
Watts, John D. W. Isaiah 1-33. Vol. 24 of WBC. Dallas: Word Books, 1985.
A commentary that stresses the literary unity of the book and so avoids excessive use of
form, source, and redaction criticism. The first audience for the book lived in 435, the
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date of the completion of the book, which is consistent with the latest historical setting.
The book is a Vision that takes the form of a drama. The author argues that the fifth
century in which the book was completed is the new age, reflecting Yahwehs change of
strategy from ruling through the Davidic king to ruling through the empires, a change that
Ahaz adapted to but Hezekiah did not.
Micah
McComiskey, Thomas Edward, Micah in The Expositors Bible Commentary vol. 7; ed. Frank E.
Gaebelein (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1985), 395-445.
Solid, historic pre-mill with an emphasis on at times on theology. He argues that Micahs
doctrine of the remnant is a unique contribution because the remnant is not just a residue
of people but is a force that will ultimately conquer the world (4:11-13) through trusting
in God.
Nogalski, James D., The Book of the Twelve Micah-Malachi (Macon: Smyth & Helwys, 2011)
A two volume commentary that seeks to bridge the worlds of church and academy. This
commentary communicates sound and up-to-date academic research in nontechnical
language. It is also visually stimulating and user-friendly. It comes with a CD-ROM. The
first volume opens with an introduction to the Book of the Twelve, including a discussion
of the redactional history of the Twelve. There is also a discussion of the themes of
the Twelve. With each prophetic book there is a discussion of date, literary form and
structure, and the message of the book. There is an overall discussion of each section of
the book and a section that makes helps preaching and teaching by making connections to
the NT
Smith, Gary V. Hosea/Amos/Micah. NIVAC. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2001.
The Micah section focuses on how Micah relates to the reign of the kings of the period
and the failure of the leadership of Israel and Judah.
Waltke, Bruce. Micah. Obadiah, Jonah, Micah. Vol 23a of TOTC. Downers Grove: IVP, 1988:
135-207.
__________. Micah. The Minor Prophets. Ed. Thomas Edward McComiskey. 2 vols. Grand
Rapids: Baker, 1993. 2: 591-764.
Waltke does Micah in both the TOTC and the volume edited by McComiskey. The
commentary in the latter volume is expanded, including a translation by the author, a
section that examines the Hebrew text, and a bibliography.
__________. A Commentary on Micah. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2007.
This commentary aims to interpret the book of Micah using historical grammatical
interpretation and to focus on what Micah means to Gods people today. Both the
historical horizon and the contemporary horizon are important. The Commentary itself
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is a greatly expanded version of the commentary on Micah in the three-volume work on

the Minor Prophets edited by McComiskey. Waltke also did the Tyndale commentary on
Micah. The Commentary itself consists of three parts: translation (notes on the text),
exegesis (historical and philological analysis), and exposition. There is a good overview
of the history of the period and a good analysis of the structure of the book. Strangely,
Waltke translates Yahweh as I am. The best option for Micah in terms of an all-around
commentary.
Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah
Amerding, Carl E., Nahum in The Expositors Bible Commentary vol. 7; ed. Frank E.
Gaebelein (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1985), 448-489.
A solid commentary
Amerding, Carl E., Habakkuk in The Expositors Bible Commentary vol. 7; ed. Frank E.
Gaebelein (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1985), 493-534.
A solid commentary.
Baker, David W. Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah. Vol. 23b of TOTC. Downers Grove, IL: IVP, 1988.
Very brief but orients you to the major issues.
Christensen, Duane L., Nahum (AB; New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2009).
Christensens approach to Deuteronomy (logoprosodic analysis and archaeomusicology)
is now applied to Nahum in over 400 pages of commentary! Much of the justification
for this approach, which looks at the biblical texts as musical compositions, can be found
at www.bibal.net. This approach does not fit the original purpose of the series of being
accessible not only to scholars but to the educated nonspecialist. One wonders if more is
learned about Christensens approach to Nahum than about Nahums prophecy.
Currid, John D. The Expectant Prophet: Habakkuk Simply Explained (Welwym; Darlington,
UK: Evangelical Press, 2009)
Habakkuk is neglected partly because it is part of the minor prophets and it deals with
the dark questions of human existence. The central theme of the book is the sovereignty
of God. The most likely date of the book is early in Jehoiakims reign (609-598)
Longman, Tremper. Nahum. The Minor Prophets. Ed. Thomas Edward McComiskey. 3 vols.
Grand Rapids: Baker, 1993. 2: 765-829.
Good analysis of Nahum with an emphasis on the literary character of the book and God
the divine warrior.

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Robertson, O. Palmer. The Books of Nahum, Habakkuk, and Zephaniah. NICOT. Grand Rapids:
Eerdmans, 1990.
An engaging commentary that discusses these seventh-century prophets together in
the introduction covering the historical background and their theological perspective
(including an examination as to why there is no trace of messianism in these books)
before dealing with each book separately. The best option.
Sweeney, Marvin A., Zephaniah (Hermeneia; Minneapolis: Fortress, 2003)
A forty-one page introduction covers all the key issues pertaining to Zechariah and
is unique in that half of the introduction is devoted to investigating the origins,
manuscripts, textual features, and sociohistorical setting of each of the text traditions
for Zephaniah (LXX, Qumran, Targums, Peshitta, NT and Rabbinic tradtions). Basically
the whole book is from Zephaniah, with only a few later expansions (1:3, 4; 3:20). The
book was written to support Josiahs reform before the discovery of the book of the law.
Comments are detailed and exhaustive (leaping over the threshold refers to the priests
as the only ones who can enter the temple). The one glaring weakness is that there is no
attempt to deal with the contemporary church and Christian.
Walker, Larry Lee, Zephaniah, in The Expositors Bible Commentary vol. 7; ed. Frank E.
Gaebelein (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1985), 537-565.
Solid
Jeremiah
Bright, John. Jeremiah. AB. New York: Doubleday & Co., 1965.
This commentary follows the format of the older AB commentaries. It is not really a
commentary but presents a fresh translation of the text with notes seeking to justify the
translation. The lengthy Introduction examines the history and nature of the prophetic
movement and discusses extensively the historical background to Jeremiah (the greatest
strength of the book) in light of the topical arrangement of the material of Jeremiah.
Dearman, J. Andrew. Jeremiah/Lamentations. (NIVAC; Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2002).
Jeremiah: This commentary is a good mix of historical, theological, and literary
perspectives to the book of Jeremiah. The author operates with a Trinitarian hermeneutic,
with Christ as the center. Thus Jeremiah should be read ecclesiologically, with the
prophecies of Jeremiah having relevance to the church within an already/not yet focus.
Good NT connections are prominent.

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Feinberg, Charles L. Jeremiah, in The Expositors Bible Commentary (Grand Rapids: Zondervan,
1986)
Solid exposition with the dispensational, premillenial approach apparent in certain places,
but not over-bearing.
Harrison, R. K. Jeremiah and Lamentations. Vol. 19 of TOTC. Downers Grove, IL: IVP, 1973.
A commentary that emphasizes the historical background with some emphasis given
to archaeological matters and the nature of the first and second century covenants. It
also deals briefly with literary types and the problems relating to the composition of the
book. The author seems to draw to much of a dichotomy between the individual and the
communal in the discussion of the new covenant.
Longman III, Tremper, Jeremiah, Lamentations (Peabody, Mass: Hendriksen Publishers, 2008)
Longman views the covenant as a major theme of the book of Jeremiah, which is a solid
way to approach the book. He could be a little stronger on issues of authorship and
text. The commentary section is rather brief, which is probably due to the format of the
commentary series, which means it would be good for devotional purposes or that it will
need to be supplemented by other commentaries. Each section also has additional notes
which comments on more specific issues related to each passage.
Mackay, John L., Jeremiah (2 vols.; Mentor; Ross-shire: Christian Focus, 2004)
This is an excellent commentary with a substantial introduction which gives an overview
of each section of Jeremiah and a substantial look at the historical background to the
book. He also discusses the composition of the book and accepts that the book comes
from Jeremiah himself. He also discusses Jeremiahs response to his ministry and an
explanation of how prophets received revelation.
Stulman, Louis, Jeremiah. Abingdon OT Commentary. Nashville: Abingdon, 2005
An up-to-date critical and theological reading of the book of Jeremiah. Jeremiah the
prophet and the book are considered one, that is, Jeremiah is not primarily the author
of the book but is a part of its message (yet on the historical level Jeremiah the prophet
should be distinguished from Jeremiah the book, which is later). Disaster studies can
help understand Jeremiah because the message of Jeremiah was presented in the chaotic
and formative world of postdisaster early Judaism. The book is supposed to heal the
wounds of the battered people through identification with its prophetic main character
Thompson, J. A. The Book of Jeremiah. NICOT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1980.
This commentary includes extensive discussions of the major issues related to the
book of Jeremiah, including the composition of the book, the historical background, the
confessions of Jeremiah, the life of Jeremiah, the relation of the oracles to his life, and
the message of the book. The author leans toward the view that the prose sections of
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Jeremiah represent free reconstructions of Jeremiahs sayings by editors who transmitted

his teaching to the next generation, which means that the final composition of the
book is much later than the ministry of Jeremiah. The commentary is very helpful in
understanding the oracles in the context of Jeremiahs life.
Obadiah
Allen, Leslie C. The Books of Joel, Obadiah, Jonah, and Micah. NICOT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans,
1976.
Fuller treatment of the recurring motifs and forms are treated in connection with the
commentary on Micah while canonicity and textual criticism is covered under Joel.
Obadiah commentary helpful in relating Obadiah to the other minor prophets and in
setting forth the message of Obadiah.
Baker, David W. Obadiah. Obadiah, Jonah, and Micah. TOTC. Downers Grove, Ill: IVP, 1988.
19-46.
A very brief look at a brief prophecy, understanding the context of the book to be the fall
of Jerusalem. Believes the book is a unity, partly found in the principle of lex talionis.
Niehaus, Jeffrey J. Obadiah. The Minor Prophets. Ed. Thomas Edward McComiskey. 3 vols.
Grand Rapids: Baker, 1993. 2: 495-541.
Niehaus argues for a pre-exilic Jehoram date of Joel based on Obad 10-14 as injunctions
against future conduct and the relationship of Obadiah to other prophets. He entertains
the idea that Obadiah is the Obadiah of Elijah and comments on the poetic devices used
by Obadiah.
Stuart, Douglas. Hosea-Jonah. Vol. 31 of WBC. Waco, TX: Word Books, 1987.
Excellent commentary with solid discussions of most issues. Deals extensively with the
prophets relationship to the Mosaic covenant (includes a list of covenant curses in the
General Introduction). The is the best option for Obadiah. It is good on the discussion of
the historical situation and the relationship of Edom with Israel, including Edom being a
paradigm for Israels enemies.
Joel
Allen, Leslie C. The Books of Joel, Obadiah, Jonah, and Micah. NICOT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans,
1976.
Fuller treatment of the recurring motifs and forms are treated in connection with the
commentary on Micah while canonicity and textual criticism is covered under Joel. A good
reveiw of the issues relating to the date of Joel, favoring the period around 520 (Haggai
and Zechariah). A good discussion of the composition of the book (he favors unity) and
the issue of the locusts (he sees the locust plague as literal).
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Dillard, Raymond B. Joel. The Minor Prophets. Ed. Thomas Edward McComiskey. 3 vols. Grand
Rapids: Baker, 1992. 1: 239-313.
Dillard deals concisely with the difficult issue of the date of Joel examining all the
external evidence that needs to be weighed and concludes that the evidence tilts toward
a post-exilic date. He suggests that the date is such a difficult issue in Joel because it was
a liturgical text to be repeated at national laments over a disaster or military threat and so
became general to fit any number of occasions.
Hubbard, David A. Joel and Amos. Vol. 22b of TOTC. Downers Grove, IL: IVP, 1989.
Hubbard places Joel in the context of the other prophets, not only discussing the
canonical order but also the Day of Yahweh. Emphasizes how the message of Joel relates
to the cult, both in its destruction and its restoration. Although he thinks Joel is to
be dated anywhere from 630-500, he prefers a date of 515, after the return from exile,
making Joel contemporary with Haggai and Zechariah.
Stuart, Douglas. Hosea-Jonah. Vol. 31 of WBC. Waco, TX: Word Books, 1987.
Excellent commentary with solid discussions of most issues. Deals extensively with the
prophets relationship to the Mosaic covenant (includes a list of covenant curses in the
General Introduction). The best option. The occasion of the book of Joel is an invasion of
Jerusalem, either in 701 or 587, although Stuart does not consider the locusts to be literal
but a metaphorical description of the invading army. A good discussion of Joels message.
Wolff, Hans Walter. Joel and Amos. Continental Commentary Series. Minneapolis: Augsburg
Fortress, 1977.
The time of the composition of the book best fits the time of 445-343, which fits a
period where the temple is in operation, Jerusalems internal affairs are in the hands of
priests and elders, and the mood reflects the smoothly functioning Persian period. There
is also an interesting discussion on the position of Joel in the canon, which is often to
date the book early, but the author believes its position relates to content. The rest of
the prophets were to be read in light of Joel, who has a comprehensive view of prophecy.
The author understands Chap 1 to be looking back at a locust plague, which brought
temporary economic disaster, and Chap 2 to look forward to a final catastrophe that will
come to Jerusalem. The prior event is an omen that Jerusalems eschatological destruction
is at hand. On this basis the author argues for the unity of the book (while at the same
time not precluding later literary additions). There is also discussion concerning the
language of Joel (lamentation liturgy) and the message of Joel (the day of Yahweh), but
the author draws a dichotomy between the priestly word of the post-exilic community
(Ezra/Nehemiah) and the prophetic word (the word of Torah).

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Ezekiel
Alexander, Ralph H., Ezekiel in The Expositors Bible Commentary (Grand Rapids:
Zondervan, 1986)
A solid commentary that combines an emphasis on covenant and a premillennial view
with a focus on the resatoration of the nation of Israel and a literal temple in Ezekiel
40-48. There is a valiant attempt to argue for literal sacrifices in a literal temple in the
millennium.
Allen, Leslie C. Ezekiel 20-48. Vol. 29 of WBC. Dallas: Word, 1990.
___________. Ezekiel 1-19. Vol. 28 of WBC. Dallas: Word, 1994.
Since Allen wrote chapters 20-48 first, each volume has a separate introduction which
covers different material. Volume 1 includes an overview of the three major sections of
the book (1-24, 25-32, and 33-48) while volume 2 discusses Ezekiel the prophet and the
composition of the book. Allen takes a mediating position between literary and redaction
approaches.
Block, Daniel I. The Book of Ezekiel: Chapters 1-48. 2 vols.; NICOT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans,
1997.
An excellent commentary that seeks to make the book of Ezekiel understandable
and meaningful to the contemporary reader. Besides offering his own translation and
commenting on specific verses, the commentary includes for each section Nature and
Design (which deals with style and structure) and Theological Implications (which is a
summary of theological lessons to guide pastors and teachers).
Feinberg, Charles L. The Prophecy of Ezekiel: The Glory of the Lord (Chicago: Moody, 1969), a
dispensational approach to Ezekiel.
Stuart, Douglas. Ezekiel. Vol. 18 of The Communicators Commentary. Dallas: Word, 1988.
As part of the Communicators Commentary Series (also called Mastering the OT) the
goal is to help pastors and Bible Study leaders to understand Scripture in order to better
communicate its message. The Introduction is short and the expositions of the passages
are not long. Stuart seems to avoid any specific eschatological pronouncements in dealing
with chapters 40-48.
Taylor, John B. Ezekiel. Vol. 20 of TOTC. Downers Grove: IVP, 1969.
A commentary that avoids undue technicalities and tries to help the reader understand
Ezekiel, especially parts that are easy to ignore. Solid on unity of authorship, historical
background, and issues relating to the person of Ezekiel.

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Daniel
Archer, Gleason L., Jr., Daniel, Expositors Bible Commentary (12 vols.; Grand Rapids:
Zondervan, 1985), 7:3-157.
This commentary is a solid, conservative commentary with a good discussion of the issues
related to Daniel, including most of the critical questions. There is also some discussion
of the theology of Daniel. The author takes a pre-millennial view of the 70 weeks.
Baldwin, Joyce G. Daniel. Vol. 21 of TOTC. Downers Grove, IL: IVP, 1978.
An excellent commentary, long on introductory issues (one-third of the book), especially
questions related to issues of history and the date of the book. Contains additional notes
on the son of man and the seventy weeks.
Goldingay, John E. Daniel. Vol. 30 of WBC. Dallas: Word, 1989.
The Introduction to this commentary deals extensively with the history of the
interpretation of Daniel, concluding that it is hazardous to claim that the book directly
refers to the events of ones own day (i.e., today). Daniel brings a message meaningful
to people in the post-exilic period. The author accepts predictive prophecy, but believes
that the book was produced in the second century and is a mixture of fact and fiction. A
Conclusion to the commentary deals eith the structure, origin, and theology of the book.
The visions of the book culminate in the events of Antiochus Epiphanes in the second
century BC.
Harman, Allan, Daniel (EP Study Commentary; Darlington: Evangelical Press, 2007)
This commentary takes a conservative approach to the major issues of Daniel but does
not take positions on the identity of the kingdoms in chapters 2 and 7. He also identifies
the fourth figure in the furnace in chapter 3 as a divine being but only comments on
the identity of that being from Nebuchadnezzars perspective. He also argues that the
70 weeks of Daniel culminate in the Antichrist. Although the author is indebted to EJ
Young, his positions are different from Young, which make Youngs commentary the best
commentary on Daniel even today.
Miller, Stephen. Daniel. Vol. 18 of NAC. Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 1994.
A solid commentary written from a premill perspective. The introduction deals
extensively with the date of the book, arguing in great detail for a sixth century date.
Walvoord, John F. Daniel: The Key to Prophetic Revelation. Chicago: Moody Press, 1971.
This commentary is written from a dispensational perspective, which emphasizes the
separation of Israel and the church in Gods purposes. Although the author never makes
this distinction explicitly, it is evident in the way he interprets Daniel. For example, in
commenting on the dream in chap. 2 he notes that the latter days for Israel are not the
same as the last days for the church. The last days for the church culminate in the rapture
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and are not related to the time of the end for Israel. The author is at his best in laying out
various responses to the critical historical questions related to Daniel and answering them
from a position of belief in the trustworthiness of Scripture.
Young, Edward J. Daniel. Geneva Series. Carlisle, PA: Banner of Truth Trust, 1949.
An older commentary that is short on introductory issues, but excellent on the meaning
of the prophecies of Daniel. Interacts with different eschatological viewpoints but argues
the amil position. Has extensive appendices covering historical issues, including the
identity of the empires. Still the best option, if supplemented by Baldwin for introductory
issues.
Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi
Baldwin, Joyce G. Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi. Vol. 24 of TOTC. Downers Grove: IVP, 1972.
A good commentary that has a beginning section dealing with the background to the period
of restoration, the importance of the temple, and Messianic hopes. There are also individual
introductions to each of the prophets; exceptionally good on Zechariah and the meaning of
9-14.
Boda, Mark J., Haggai, Zechariah (NIVAC; Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2004)
The author takes a three-fold approach stressing the historical, literary, and theological
dimensions. He shows how these books relate to their historical context, especially
Zechariah 9-14. The author is balanced hermeneutically in emphasizing both the RH
angle of how the text relates to Christ and the ethical angle of meaning for the church
(exemplary). By situating the message of the prophets in their own time a foundation is
laid for the message of the prophets for today, with Pentecost the fulfillment of the hope
of restoration and the church as the promised, restoration community. The best option.
Duguid, Ian M., Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi (EP Study Commentary; Darlington, EP Books,
2010)
This commentary focuses on the meaning of the text with appropriate connections to
the NT and Christ. At the end of each section there is a section of Application. The
introductions are very brief.
Meyers, Carol L. and Eric M. Myers. Haggai, Zechariah 1-8. Vol. 25b of AB. New York:
Doubleday, 1987.
This commentary sets Haggai and Zechariah solidly in the context of the rebuilding of
the temple. The authors argue that Haggai-Zechariah 1-8 is a composite work completed
for the dedication of the temple in 515. Haggai focuses on the reluctance of the people
to build the temple and Zechariah 1-8 wrestles with Yahwehism without an independent
territorial state. The Introduction has good discussions of the structure of the text, the
Hebrew as prose or poetry, and recent studies on Haggai-Zechariah (as of 1984). The
commentary contains a translation, notes on the Hebrew text, and then Comments on the
passage.
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Meyers, Carol L. and Eric Meyers. Zechariah 9-14: A New Translation with Introduction and
Commentary. Vol. 25c of AB. New York: Doubleday, 1993.
The authors place Zechariah 9-14 in the context of the first half of the fifth century which
reflects a situation that was not as hopeful as Haggai and Zechariah 1-8. This changed
situation explains the heightened eschatological thrust of Zechariah 9-14. Although they
recognize that Zechariah 9-14 exhibits an inner canonical logic and even elaborates
on many of the themes of Zechariah 1-8, they agree with the consensus view that
Zechariah 1-8 and 9-14 have different authors. The authors show clearly the connections
of Zechariah 9-14 with 1-8 as well as the numerous references in Zechariah 9-14 to other
prophetic material (intertextuality). The authors are very cautious in their conclusions.
Moore, T. V. Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi. Geneva Series. Carlisle, PA: Banner of Truth Trust, 1993.
This commentary was originally composed in the 1850s by a pastor for thinking laymen
and pastors. Moore offers his own translation. There is an interesting introduction to
prophecy and the prophetic office leading to a discussion of the Restoration period. There
are also several pages of comments on the important commentaries on these prophets in
the authors day. Each prophetic book has its own introduction, and each chapter ends
with Practical Inferences, which seek to draw out principles and application for the text.
Phillips, Richard D., Zechariah (REC; Phillipsburg, NJ: P & R, 2007)
This is a confessional, Christ-centered reading of the text. He understands Zech 9:1-8
to be about the march of Alexander the Great, Zech 9:12-17 about the Maccabean wars,
and 11:1-2 about the fall of Jerusalem in AD 70. He does not discuss how to interpret
apocalyptic literature or go into detail on the basis of his approach. Thus it is not as
helpful for understanding the original meaning because it lacks specifics, no doubt due to
the fact that it is a sermon on the text.
Smith, Ralph L. Micah-Malachi. Vol. 32 of WBC. Dallas: Word, 1984.
This commentary covers 6 books in about 350 pages, which means it is a little briefer than
other commentaries on these books. Interesting discussion in Zechariah concerning the
scope of the Messianic prophecies.
Verhoef, Pieter A. The Books of Haggai and Malachi. NICOT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1987.
This commentary deals extensively with introductory issues to each book and has helpful
summaries dealing with the message and application of each section.

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THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY

REFORMED

SYSTEM

Course Objectives Related to MAR Student Learning Outcomes

Course:
Professor:

Isaiah Through Malachi

Richard Belcher, Jr.

MAR Student Learning Outcomes

In order to measure the success of the MAR curriculum, RTS has defined the
following as the intended outcomes of the student learning process. Each course
contributes to these overall outcomes. This rubric shows the contribution of this
course to the MAR outcomes.

Articulation
(oral & written)

Rubric

Strong
Moderate
Minimal
None

Broadly understands and articulates knowledge, both oral

and written, of essential biblical, theological, historical, and
cultural/global information, including details, concepts, and
frameworks.

Moderate

Significant knowledge of the original meaning of Scripture.

Also, the concepts for and skill to research further into the
original meaning of Scripture and to apply Scripture to a
variety of modern circumstances. (Includes appropriate use
of original languages and hermeneutics; and integrates
theological, historical, and cultural/global perspectives.)

Strong

Scripture

Reformed
Theology

Moderate
Significant knowledge of Reformed theology and practice,
with emphasis on the Westminster Standards.

Sanctification

Desire for
Worldview
Winsomely
Reformed
Teach
Church/World
MAR Specific
SLO

Demonstrates a love for the Triune God that aids the

students sanctification.
Burning desire to conform all of life to the Word of God.
Embraces a winsomely Reformed ethos. (Includes an
appropriate ecumenical spirit with other Christians,
especially Evangelicals; a concern to present the Gospel in
a God-honoring manner to non-Christians; and a truth-inlove attitude in disagreements.)

Minimal

None

Mini-Justification

Articulation of essential
biblical, theological, and
historical information
is covered, but mostly
written, not oral
The original meaning of
the Prophets is covered
with an emphasis on
research in a paper and
substantial time spent on
meaning for today
A few theological
issues are covered
(openness view of God,
prophecy and historical
contingency, eschatology
views, covenant)
Learning about the
character of God in the
prophets aids this

Implicit not explicit

None

Ability to teach the meaning of Scripture to both heart and

mind with clarity and enthusiasm.

Moderate

Ability to interact within a denominational context, within

the broader worldwide church, and with significant public
issues.

None

An ability to integrate such knowledge and understanding

into ones own calling in society

None

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Isaiah through Malachi - Dr. Richard P. Belcher, Jr.

2015- Reformed Theological Seminary, Distance Education

We talk about how to

preach and teach the
prophets