BAB 8 MOMENTUM LINEAR DAN

PERLANGGANRAN
SOALAN-SOALAN
Q9.3
If two particles have equal kinetic
energies, are their momenta necessarily equal?
Explain.
Solution
The momenta of two particles will only be the
same if the masses of the particles of the same.
Q9.7
Explain how linear momentum is
conserved when a ball bounces from a floor.
Solution
Interestingly, mutual gravitation brings the ball
and the Earth together. As the ball moves
downward, the Earth moves upward, although
with an acceleration 10 25 times smaller than that
of the ball. The two objects meet, rebound, and
separate. Momentum of the ball-Earth system is
conserved.
Q9.13 A sharpshooter fires a rifle while standing
with the butt of the gun against his boulder. If the
forward momentum of a bullet is the same as the
backward momentum of the gun, why isn't it as
dangerous to be hit by the gun as by the bullet?
Solution
The rifle has a much lower speed than the bullet
and much less kinetic energy. The butt distributes
the recoil force over an area much larger than that
of the bullet.

MASALAH-MASALAH
7.
An estimated force-time curve for a
baseball struck by a bat is shown in Figure P9.7.
From this curve, determine (a) the impulse
delivered to the ball, (b) the average force exerted
on the ball, and (c) the peak force exerted on the
ball.

Figure P9.7

Solution
(a)

I Fdt area under curve

1
1.50 10 3 s 18 000 N 13.5 N s
2
13.5 N s
F
9.00 kN
(b)
1.50 10 3 s
(c)
From the graph, we see that
Fmax 18.0 kN
I

9.
A 3.00-kg steel ball strikes a wall with a
speed of 10.0 m/s at an angle of 60.0 with the
surface. It bounces off with the same speed and
angle (Fig. P9.9). If the ball is in contact with the
wall for 0.200 s, what is the average force exerted
on the ball by the wall?

Figure P9.9

Solution
p Ft

py m v fy viy m v cos 60.0 mv cos 60.0 0

px m v sin 60.0 v sin 60.0 2mv sin 60.0
2 3.00 kg 10.0 m s 0.866
52.0 kg m s
Fave

px 52.0 kg m s

260 N
t
0.200 s

17.
A 10.0-g bullet is fired into a stationary
block of wood (m = 5.00 kg). The relative motion
of the bullet stops inside the block. The speed of
the bullet-plus-wood combination immediately
after the collision is 0.600 m/s. What was the
original speed of the bullet?
Solution
m is conserved

10.0 10

kg v 5.01 kg 0.600 m s

nucleus after the collision. (The mass of the

carbon nucleus is nearly 12.0 times the mass of the
neutron.)
Solution
(a) According to the Example in the chapter text,
the fraction of total kinetic energy transferred to
the moderator is
4m1 m2
f2
m1 m2 2
where m2 is the moderator nucleus and in this
case, m2 12m1

v 301 m s

f2
21.
A 45.0-kg girl is standing on a plank that
has a mass of 150 kg. The plank, originally at rest,
is free to slide on a frozen lake, which is a flat,
frictionless supporting surface. The girl begins to
walk along the plank at a constant speed of 1.50
m/s relative to the plank. (a) What is her speed
relative to the ice surface? (b) What is the speed of
the plank relative to the ice surface?
Solution
(a), (b) Let v g and vp be the velocity of the girl
and the plank relative to the ice surface. Then we
may say that v g v p is the velocity of the girl
relative to the plank, so that
v g vp 1.50

(1)

4 m1 12m1

13m1

48
0.284 or 28.4%
169

of the neutron energy is transferred to the carbon

nucleus.

13
J 4.54 10 14 J
(b) KC 0.284 1.6 10

K n 0.716 1.6 10 13 J 1.15 10 13 J

25.
A 12.0-g wad of sticky clay is hurled
horizontally at a 100-g wooden block initially at
rest on a horizontal surface. The clay sticks to the
block. After impact, the block slides 7.50 m before
coming to rest. If the coefficient of friction
between the block and the surface is 0.650, what
was the speed of the clay immediately before
impact?

But also we must have m g v g mp v p 0 , since

total momentum of the girl-plank system is zero
relative to the ice surface. Therefore
45.0v g 150v p 0 , or v g 3.33vp
Putting this into the equation (1) above gives
3.33vp v p 1.50 or vp 0.346 m s
Then v g 3.33 0.346 1.15 m s

23.
A neutron in a nuclear reactor makes an
elastic head-on collision with the nucleus of a
carbon atom initially at rest. (a) What fraction of
the neutron's kinetic energy is transferred to the
carbon nucleus? (b) If the initial kinetic energy of
the neutron is 1.60 1013 J, find its final kinetic
energy and the kinetic energy of the carbon

Solution
At impact, momentum of the clay-block system is
conserved, so:
mv1 m1 m2 v2
After impact, the change in kinetic energy of the
clay-block-surface system is equal to the increase
in internal energy:
1
m1 m2 v22 f f d m1 m2 gd
2
1
0.112 kg v22 0.650 0.112 kg 9.80 m s 2 7.50 m
2
v2 9.77 m s
v22 95.6 m 2 s 2

12.0 10

kg v1 0.112 kg 9.77 m s

v1 91.2 m s

33.
A billiard ball moving at 5.00 m/s strikes
a stationary ball of the same mass. After the
collision, the first ball moves at 4.33 m/s, at an
angle of 30.0 with respect to the original line of
motion. Assuming an elastic collision (and
ignoring friction and rotational motion), find the
struck ball's velocity after the collision.
Solution
By conservation of momentum for the system of
the two billiard balls (with all masses equal),
5.00 m s 0 4.33 m s cos 30.0 v2 fx
v2 fx 1.25 m s

0 4.33 m s sin 30.0 v2 fy

Note that we did not need to use the fact that the
collision is perfectly elastic.
An object of mass 3.00 kg, with an initial

velocity of 5.00i m / s , collides with and

sticks to an object of mass 2.00 kg, with an initial

3.00j m / s .

Solution
m1v1i m2 v 2i m1 m2 v f :
3.00 5.00 i 6.00 j 5.00 v

3.00i 1.20j

m2 8.40 10 27 kg
v 4.00 106 i m s
2

m1 v1 m2 v 2 m3 v 3 0
(a)
where
m3 m0 m1 m2 3.60 10 27 kg

5.00 10 6.00 10 j 8.40 10 4.00 10 i

3.60 10 v 0
v 9.33 10 i 8.33 10 j m s
27

27

1
1
1
m1v12 m2 v22 m3 v32
2
2
2
2
5.00 1027 6.00 106
2
8.40 1027 4.00 106

2
27
6
3.60 10
12.5 10

27

E 4.39 1013 J

Find the final

velocity of the composite object.

(b)

v 2 f 2.50 m s at 60.0

velocity of

m1 5.00 10 27 kg
v 6.00 106 j m s

v2 fy 2.16 m s

35.

v i 0 (the parent nucleus)

41.
A uniform piece of sheet steel is shaped as
in Figure P9.41. Compute the x and y coordinates
of the center of mass of the piece.

ms

37.
An unstable atomic nucleus of mass 17.0
1027 kg initially at rest disintegrates into three
particles. One of the particles, of mass 5.00 1027
kg, moves along the y axis with a speed of
6.00 106 m/s. Another particle, of mass 8.40
1027 kg, moves along the x axis with a speed of
4.00 106 m/s. Find (a) the velocity of the third
particle and (b) the total kinetic energy increase in
the process.
Solution
m0 17.0 10 27 kg

Figure P9.41
Solution
Let A1 represent the area of the bottom row of
squares, A2 the middle square, and A3 the top
pair.

A A1 A2 A3
M M1 M2 M3
M1 M

A1
A

A1 300 cm 2 , A2 100 cm 2 , A3 200 cm 2 ,

A 600 cm 2
300 cm 2
M
A
M1 M 1
M
2
A
2
600 cm
100 cm 2
M
A2

2
A
6
600 cm

M2 M

200 cm 2
M
A
M3 M 3
M
A
3
600 cm 2
xM x M x M
xCM 1 1 2 2 3 3
M

15.0 cm

12 M 5.00 cm 16 M 10.0 cm 13 M
M

xCM 11.7 cm
yCM

M 5.00 cm 16 M 15.0 cm

1
2

13 M 25.0 cm

A 2.00-kg particle has a velocity

2.00 i 3.00 j m / s , and a 3.00-kg

particle has a velocity 1.00i 6.00 j m / s

. Find (a) the velocity of the center of mass and (b)

the total momentum of the system.

Solution
(a)
vCM

mi vi

m1v1 m2 v 2
M

M
1

[ 2.00 kg 2.00i m s 3.00j m s

5.00 kg
3.00 kg 1.00i m s 6.00j m s ]

v CM

(b)

1.40 i 2.40 j m s

p Mv CM

After:

yCM 13.3 cm

Solution
x distance from shore to center of boat
Let
l length of boat
x distance boat moves as Juliet moves
toward Romeo
The center of mass stays fixed.
Before:
Mb x M J x 2l MR x 2l

xCM
MB M J M R

kg m s

l
55.0 77.0
l

x 80.0 55.0 77.0 55.0 77.0

2
2
2
55.0l 55.0 2.70
x

0.700 m
212
212
49.
The first stage of a Saturn V space vehicle
consumed fuel and oxidizer at the rate of 1.50
104 kg/s, with an exhaust speed of 2.60 103 m/s.
(a) Calculate the thrust produced by these
engines. (b) Find the acceleration of the vehicle
just as it lifted off the launch pad on the Earth if
the vehicles initial mass was 3.00 106 kg. Note:
You must include the gravitational force to solve
part (b).
Solution
(a)Thrust ve

5.00 kg 1.40i 2.40j m s

7.00i 12.0j

MB x x M J x 2l x MR x l2 x

xCM
MB M J M R

13.3 cm

45.

47.
Romeo (77.0 kg) entertains Juliet (55.0 kg)
by playing his guitar from the rear of their boat at
rest in still water, 2.70 m away from Juliet who is
in the front of the boat. After the serenade, Juliet
carefully moves to the rear of the boat (away from
shore) to plant a kiss on Romeo's cheek. How far
does the 80.0-kg boat move toward the shore it is
facing?

Thrust

dM
dt

2.60 10 3 m s 1.50 10 4 kg s 3.90 10 7 N

(b)

Fy Thrust Mg Ma :

3.90 107 3.00 10 6 9.80 3.00 10 6 a

a 3.20 m s 2
*
57.
An 80.0-kg astronaut is working on the
engines of his ship, which is drifting through
space with a constant velocity. The astronaut,
wishing to get a better view of the Universe,
pushes against the ship and much later finds
himself 30.0 m behind the ship. Without a
thruster, the only way to return to the ship is to
throw his 0.500-kg wrench directly away from the
ship. If he throws the wrench with a speed of 20.0
m/s relative to the ship, how long does it take the
astronaut to reach the ship?

were a real-life situation, the astronaut would

have to throw the wrench hard enough to
overcome his momentum caused by his original
push away from the ship.

67.
A 5.00-g bullet moving with an initial
speed of 400 m/s is fired into and passes through
a 1.00-kg block, as in Figure P9.67. The block,
initially at rest on a frictionless, horizontal surface,
is connected to a spring of force constant 900
N/m. If the block moves 5.00 cm to the right after
impact, find (a) the speed at which the bullet
emerges from the block and (b) the mechanical
energy converted into internal energy in the
collision.

Solution
We hope the momentum of the wrench provides
enough recoil so that the astronaut can reach the
ship before he loses life support! We might
expect the elapsed time to be on the order of
several minutes based on the description of the
situation.
No external force acts on the system (astronaut
plus wrench), so the total momentum is constant.
Since the final momentum (wrench plus
astronaut) must be zero, we have final
momentum initial momentum 0.

mwrench vwrench mastronaut vastronaut 0

Thus

vastronaut

0.500 kg 20.0 m s
mwrench vwrench

mastronaut
80.0 kg

0.125 m s
At this speed, the time to travel to the
ship is
t

30.0 m
240 s 4.00 minutes
0.125 m s

The astronaut is fortunate that the wrench gave

him sufficient momentum to return to the ship in
a reasonable amount of time! In this problem, we
were told that the astronaut was not drifting
away from the ship when he threw the wrench.
However, this is not quite possible since he did
not encounter an external force that would
reduce his velocity away from the ship (there is
no air friction beyond earths atmosphere). If this

Figure P9.67
Solution
(a)
Find the speed when the bullet emerges
from the block by using momentum conservation:
mvi MVi mv
The block moves a distance of 5.00 cm. Assume
for an approximation that the block quickly
reaches its maximum velocity, Vi , and the bullet
kept going with a constant velocity, v. The block

then compresses the spring and stops.

1
1
MVi 2 kx 2
2
2
Vi
v

900

N m 5.00 102 m

1.00 kg

mvi MVi
m

5.00 10

1.50 m s

kg 400 m s 1.00 kg 1.50 m s

5.00 103 kg

v 100 m s
E K U

(b)

1
2
5.00 103 kg 100 m s
2

1
2
5.00 103 kg 400 m s
2
2
1
900 N m 5.00 10 2 m
2
E 374 J , or there is an energy loss of

374 J .