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    This document contains solutions to problems about group theory. It begins by showing that all groups of order 5 or less are abelian. It then shows there are two non-isomorphic groups of order 4: the cyclic group and the direct product of two cyclic groups of order 2. Later it proves that the group of inner automorphisms of a group G is normal in the full automorphism group of G. It also proves that if the automorphism group of G is cyclic, then G must be abelian. Finally, it shows that conjugation by elements of a subgroup H induces a homomorphism from H to the automorphism group of a normal subgroup N.

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    1 Section 1

    Uploaded by

    Anonymous 8EV0kT
    22 views2 pages
    This document contains solutions to problems about group theory. It begins by showing that all groups of order 5 or less are abelian. It then shows there are two non-isomorphic groups of order 4: the cyclic group and the direct product of two cyclic groups of order 2. Later it proves that the group of inner automorphisms of a group G is normal in the full automorphism group of G. It also proves that if the automorphism group of G is cyclic, then G must be abelian. Finally, it shows that conjugation by elements of a subgroup H induces a homomorphism from H to the automorphism group of a normal subgroup N.

    Original Description:

    Partial solutions to Lang's Algebra

    Original Title

    Algebra

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    This document contains solutions to problems about group theory. It begins by showing that all groups of order 5 or less are abelian. It then shows there are two non-isomorphic groups of order 4: the cyclic group and the direct product of two cyclic groups of order 2. Later it proves that the group of inner automorphisms of a group G is normal in the full automorphism group of G. It also proves that if the automorphism group of G is cyclic, then G must be abelian. Finally, it shows that conjugation by elements of a subgroup H induces a homomorphism from H to the automorphism group of a normal subgroup N.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    22 views2 pages

    1 Section 1

    Uploaded by

    Anonymous 8EV0kT
    This document contains solutions to problems about group theory. It begins by showing that all groups of order 5 or less are abelian. It then shows there are two non-isomorphic groups of order 4: the cyclic group and the direct product of two cyclic groups of order 2. Later it proves that the group of inner automorphisms of a group G is normal in the full automorphism group of G. It also proves that if the automorphism group of G is cyclic, then G must be abelian. Finally, it shows that conjugation by elements of a subgroup H induces a homomorphism from H to the automorphism group of a normal subgroup N.

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    1

    Section 1

    1. Show that every group of order 5 is abelian.


    Clearly, the trivial group 1 is abelian. Moreover, every group of prime order
    is cyclic, hence abelian. The only groups left to check are those of order 4.
    Let G be a group of order 4. To prove that G is abelian, it suffices to show
    that the center of G is all of G. By way of contradiction, suppoze Z(G) 6= G.
    Then, since Z(G) is a sub-group of G, it must have order 1 or order 2. But
    G is a finite p-group and hence by Theorem 6.5 has a non-trivial center. So,
    Z(G) 6= 1.
    2. Show that there are two non-isomorphic groups of order 4, namely the
    cyclic one, and the product of two cyclic groups of order 2.
    Clearly, there exists a cyclic group with 4 elements.
    6. Prove that the group of inner automorphisms of a group G is normal
    in Aut(G).
    Solution:
    Let inn(G) denote the group of inner automorphisms of G. Then
    inn(G) = {a |a G}

    (1)

    a : G G by a (g) = a1 ga

    (2)

    where
    Let Aut(G) and compute
    (a ( 1 (g))) = (a1 1 (g)a)
    = (a1 ) ( 1 (g)) (a)
    = 1 (a)g (a)
    = (a) (g) inn(G).
    Hence, inn(G) C Aut(G).
    7. Let G be a group such that Aut(G) is cyclic. Prove that G is abelian.
    Solution:
    Lemma: G/Z(G)
    = inn(G).

    (3)

    Proof: Let : G inn(G) by (g) = g . Clearly, is surjective. Moreover,


    Ker() = {g G|g = } where  is the identity mapping. Hence, g
    Ker() = g 1 ag = a a G = ag = ga a G = g Z(G).
    Hence Ker() = Z(G). By the 1st Isomorphism Theorem for Groups,
    G/Z(G)
    = inn(G).
    Lemma: Let H be a subgroup of a group G such that H Z(G). Then if
    G/H is cyclic, then G is abelian.
    12. Let G be a group and let H, N be subgroups with N normal. Let
    x be conjugation by an element x G.
    (a) Show that x 7 x induces a homomorphism f : H 7 Aut(N ).
    Solution: Define a collection of automorphisms h : N 7 N .
    h (n) = h n = hnh1

    (4)

    Clearly h Aut(G) for all h H. Now define f : H 7 Aut(G) by


    f (h) = h

    (5)

    To see that f is indeed a homomorphism we compute


    f (h1 h2 ) = h1 h2 ,

    (6)

    where
    1
    h1 h2 (n) = h1 h2 n = (h1 h2 )n(h1 h2 )1 = h1 h2 nh1
    2 h1 = h1 (h2 n) = h1 (h2 (n))
    (7)
    Therefore
    f (h1 h2 ) = h1 h2 = h1 h2
    (8)

    which proves that f is a homomorphism from H to Aut(G) induced by x .

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