Grammar Workbook Gr. 4 - Homeschool

McGRAW-HILL READING
Grammar
Grade 4
Practice Book
LEARN
Name
Date
Grammar
Sentences
A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.
A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete
thought.
Every sentence begins with a capital letter.
A statement is a sentence that tells something. It ends with a period.
A question is a sentence that asks something. It ends with a question mark.
Decide if each group of words makes a sentence. If it does, rewrite the
sentence adding a capital letter and a period or a question mark.
1. it was too hot outside
2. dad and Luke left in the morning
3. when they hiked to Lost Lake
4. dad went up the trail
McGraw-Hill School Division
5. a mountain that no one else knew about
6. did they find a new "lost lake"
Book 4 / Unit 1
The Lost Lake
Extension: Have students write two statements and

two questions about an outdoor adventure.
LEARN & PRACTICE
Name
Date
Grammar
Types of Sentences
A statement is a sentence that tells something. It ends with a period.
A question is a sentence that asks something. It ends with a question mark.
A command tells or asks someone to do something. It ends with a period.
An exclamation shows strong feeling. It ends with an exclamation mark.
Write statement if the sentence tells something. Write question if the
sentence asks something. Write command if the sentence tells or asks
someone to do something. Write exclamation if the sentence shows
strong feeling. Then put the correct end mark at the end of each sentence.
1. Dad and Luke hiked to Lost Lake
2. What did they find when they got there
3. Put your pack on and lets go
4. Luke wanted to camp by the creek
5. Look out for bears
6. How did they find their special lake
Extension: Have students think of a special place. Then have

them write a statement, a question, a command, and an
exclamation about it.
Book 4 / Unit 1
The Lost Lake
PRACTICE AND REVIEW
Name
Date
Grammar
Write Sentences
Rewrite each sentence. Correct the sentence capitalization and
punctuation.
1. have you ever hiked in the mountains.
2. try to imagine what it would be like?
3. wouldnt it be great to sleep outdoors.
4. put on your hiking boots?
5. lets hit the trail?
6. we can reach the lake by nightfall
7. shall we make camp on the shore.
8. i love the water.
Book 4 / Unit 1
The Lost Lake
Extension: Have pairs of students choose a subject

and take turns making up sentences about it. After
each sentence, the student who is listening tells
what kind of sentence it is.
MECHANICS
Name
Grammar
Date
Using Capital Letters and End Marks

A statement ends with a period.
A question ends with a question mark.
A command ends with a period.
An exclamation ends with an exclamation mark.
Correct each sentence by changing any incorrect lower case letters to
capital letters and by adding the correct end mark. Use the line provided
for your answers.
1. the lake was high in the mountains
T.
2. how long did it take them to find it
H?
3. it wasnt the lake Dad remembered
4. it was too crowded
I!
D!
5. dad would never stay there
7. why was he different in the mountains
8. recall the things he did
6. they kept hiking until they found a special place

W?
R.
Extension: Have pairs of students look through books

and magazines for examples of statements,
questions, commands, and exclamations and copy an
example of each.
Book 4 / Unit 1
The Lost Lake
TEST
Name
Date
Grammar
Kinds of Sentences
A. Decide if the sentence is a statement, a question, a command, or an
exclamation. Write what type of sentence it is, and add the correct end
mark on the line.
1. Luke was staying with his Dad
2. What did he do all day
3. Think about hiking
4. Where would you like to go
5. That sounds wonderful
B. Add the correct punctuation to each of these sentences.

6. Ill take a hiking trip in the mountains
7. You wake up and discover a lake
8. Do you think that would be exciting
9. Id love to discover a lake

10. Could I name it after myself
10
Book 4 / Unit 1
The Lost Lake
MORE PRACTICE
Name
Date
Grammar
Sentences and Punctuation Marks

A statement is a sentence that tells something.
A question is a sentence that asks something.
A command tells or asks someone to do something.
An exclamation shows strong feeling.
Mechanics
Begin every sentence with a capital letter.
A command ends with a period.
An exclamation ends with an exclamation mark.
Write each sentence correctly.
1. why did we wake up early
2. we are going camping

3. it was a long hike to the lake
4. we found it
5. were there many people
Book 4 / Unit 1
The Lost Lake
LEARN
Name
Date
Grammar
Sentence Subjects
Remind students that the subject of a sentence tells whom or what the
sentence is about.
The complete subject includes all the words in the subject.
The simple subject is the main word in the complete subject. It tells exactly
whom or what the sentence is about.
You can sometimes correct a sentence fragment by adding a subject.
Turn these sentence fragments into complete sentences by adding a
subject.
1. Led to hard work
2. Had to work too hard
3. Wanted a place to come home to
4. Found an accidental road
5. Led through a meadow
6. Stood at the end of the road
7. Gave name tags to everyone
8. Was full of Amelia-things
Book 4 / Unit 1
Amelias Road
Extension: Ask students to write sentences. Then

have them exchange sentences with a partner and
underline all the words that make up the subject.
LEARN AND PRACTICE
Name
Date
Grammar
Sentence Predicates
Remind students that the predicate of a sentence tells what the subject
does or is.
The complete predicate includes all the words in the predicate.
The simple predicate is the main word in the complete predicate. It tells
exactly what the subject does or is.
You can sometimes correct a sentence fragment by adding a predicate.
Turn these fragments into complete sentences by adding a predicate.
1. Everyone in Amelias family
2. All the apples
3. A white house with blue shutters
4. An old shade tree
5. Amelias accidental road
6. All the new children in class
Extension: Ask students to write sentences. Then have

them exchange sentences with a partner and
underline all the words that make up the predicate.
Book 4 / Unit 1
Amelias Road
PRACTICE AND REVIEW
Name
Date
Grammar
Write Complete Sentences

The subject of a sentence tells whom or what the sentence is about.
The predicate of a sentence tells what the subject does or is.
Complete each sentence fragment. Then tell if you added a subject or a
predicate.
1. Amelia and her family
2. Still felt sleepy
3. Drew a picture of a pretty white house
4. Everybody in the class
5. Danced for joy in the quiet meadow
6. A narrow, rocky footpath
Book 4 / Unit 1
Amelias Road
Extension: Have students write the subject of a

sentence and have a partner add a predicate to
complete the sentence.
MECHANICS
Name
Date
Grammar 10
Sentence Punctuation
A sentence begins with a capital letter.
Sentences that make statements end with periods.
Read each group of words. If the words are a complete sentence, write a
capital letter at the beginning and put a period at the end.
1. roads that led to strange places
2. they pick peaches in June
3. a neat white house with blue shutters
4. the family followed the harvest
5. now they picked apples
6. her teacher never learned her name
7. a rocky path through the meadow
8. the old metal box was dented
10
Extension: Have pairs of students take turns writing

groups of words. The other partner must decide if the
words are a sentence or a sentence fragment. If the
words are a sentence fragment, the partner should
add a subject or a predicate to complete the
sentence.
Book 4 / Unit 1
Amelias Road
TEST
Name
Date
Grammar 11
Complete the Sentences

Circle the letter of the words that make each fragment a complete sentence.
1. drew a picture of a white house
a with blue shutters
a had a tree in the yard
b Amelia
b someplace neat and tidy
c with a yard
c anywhere in the world
d in school
d something special
2. Mrs. Ramos
a had to be careful
b her teacher last year
b The ripe fruit
c at school
c grabbed an apple
d welcomed the new children
d was ready to be picked

7. led from the highway to the tree
a Amelias whole family
a was a shortcut
b picking apples
b through the meadow
c before school started
c The narrow path
d still sleepy
d went down a gentle hill
4. The accidental road
6. could be easily bruised
a Amelias teacher
3. got up at dawn
5. Amelias dream house
8. The farm workers
a a sturdy, old tree
a the apple harvest
b was rocky and narrow
b were ready to move on
c through a meadow
c one more trip
d a shortcut to camp
d sun-drenched fields
Book 4 / Unit 1
Amelias Road
11
MORE PRACTICE
Name
Date
Grammar 12
Subjects and Predicates

The subject of a sentence tells whom or what the sentence is about.
The predicate tells what the subject does or is.
Draw a line between the subject and the predicate in the following sentences.
1. Farm workers follow the crops.
2. Maps meant moving on to Amelia.
3. Amelia and her family pick apples.
4. They started working at dawn.
5. Mrs. Ramos gave Amelias picture a red star.
6. Amelias experiences at school made her happy.
7. The accidental road went through a meadow.
8. Amelias special place was at the end of the road.
9. She buried her treasure box under the tree.
10. A hair ribbon, her name tag, and her picture were in the box.
12
Book 4 / Unit 1
Amelias Road
10
LEARN
Name
Date
Grammar 13
Compound Sentences
A conjunction joins words or groups of words. And, but, and or are
conjunctions. Two related sentences can be joined with a comma and and,
but, or or.
A sentence that contains two sentences joined by and, but, or or is called a
compound sentence.
Add a comma and and, but, or or, and combine each pair of sentences into
one compound sentence.
1. The children laughed. The dogs barked.
2. The chickens were not hungry. They still continued to eat.
3. Get the animals in the barn. Theyll be lost in the storm.

Get the animals in the barn, or theyll be lost in the storm.
4. Sarah had never driven a wagon. She was determined to learn.
5. Caleb looked frightened. Anna covered her ears.
6. They were afraid Sarah would leave. She came back.
7. Sarah missed the sea. She would miss the family more.
8. Caleb couldnt be pesky. Sarah would leave.
Grade 4/Unit 1
Sarah, Plain and Tall
Extension: Have students write their own example of

a compound sentence.
13
LEARN AND PRACTICE
Name
Date
Grammar 14
Compound Subjects and Predicates

You can combine two sentences by joining two subjects or two predicates
with and or or.
A compound subject contains two or more simple subjects that have the
same predicate.
A compound predicate contains two or more simple predicates that have
the same subject.
Combine each pair of sentences to form one sentence using a compound
subject or a compound predicate.
1. Papa could teach Sarah to drive the wagon. Caleb could, too.
2. The dogs barked. They ran out to meet the wagon.
3. The storm scattered the roses. It knocked over a tree.
4. Papa plowed the field. Sarah plowed the field.
5. Sarah had lived in Maine. She loved the sea.
6. Seal ignored the storm. Sarahs chickens ignored the storm.
7. Rose had a flower name. Violet had a flower name.
8. Sarah drove to town. Sarah brought back presents.
14
Extension: Have students write two sentences for a

partner to combine into a sentence with a compound
subject or predicate.
Grade 4/Unit 1
PRACTICE AND REVIEW
Name
Date
Grammar 15
Write Sentences
Add and, but, or or to combine each pair of sentences into one sentence
that is a compound sentence or has a compound subject or predicate.
1. Anna wanted Sarah to stay. Caleb wanted Sarah to stay.
2. Sarah kissed everyone good-bye. Sarah drove away.
3. Sarah ran out into the storm. Papa followed her.
4. Thunder pounded. Lightning crackled.
5. Seal curled up in my lap. Seal went to sleep.
6. Sarah was just going shopping. The children did not know that.
7. Nick jumped into the wagon. Nick sat beside Sarah.
8. Papa will drive the wagon. Sarah will drive the wagon.
Grade 4/Unit 1
Extension: Have students write two sentences for a

partner to combine into a sentence with a
compound subject or predicate.
15
MECHANICS
Name
Date
Grammar 16
Punctuating Compound Sentences

Use a comma before and, but, or or when you join two sentences to form a
compound sentence.
The second part of a compound sentence should not begin with a capital
letter.
Correct each sentence. Write commas and capital letters where they are
needed.
1. Papa gave Sarah daisies and she put them in her hair.
2. the neighbors came to help and Maggie brought plants.
3. the women planted flowers and the men plowed the fields.
4. Sarah came by train and we went to meet her.
5. the sky was dark green and the air was still.
6. the work was done and the men came in from the field.
7. Sarah will stay and there will be a wedding.
8. Sarah brought candles and they ate by candlelight.
16
Extension: Have pairs of students look through books

and magazines to find examples of compound
sentences. Have students copy one example and
then rewrite it as two sentences.
Grade 4/Unit 1
TEST
Name
Date
Grammar 17
Sentence Combining
A. Add a comma and and to turn each pair of sentences into a compound
sentence.
1. The wind howled. The dogs started to bark.
2. The rain stopped. The sun came out.
3. The whistle sounded. The train pulled into the station.
4. Nick sat beside Anna. Seal crawled into her lap.
B. Combine each pair of sentences by joining their subjects or predicates

with and.
5. Anna wanted Sarah to stay. Caleb wanted Sarah stay.
6. Sarah took the wagon. Sarah went to town.
7. Old Bess pulled the wagon. Jack pulled the wagon.
8. Caleb sat on the porch. Caleb played with his moon snail shell.
Grade 4/Unit 1
17
MORE PRACTICE
Name
Date
Grammar 18
Combining Sentences
A compound sentence contains two sentences joined by and, but, or or.
A compound subject contains two or more simple subjects that have the
same predicate.
A compound predicate contains two or more simple predicates that have
the same subject.
Mechanics
In a compound sentence, use a comma before and, but, or or when you join
two sentences.
Combine each pair of sentences to write one sentence that tells about the
picture.
1. Amanda went for a walk. Bear went for a walk.
18
2. Bear pulled at the leash. Bear wouldnt heel.
Grade 4/Unit 1
LEARN
Name
Date
Grammar 19
Sentence Combining
A conjunction joins words, groups of words, or sentences.
You can use conjunctions other than and, but, or or to combine sentences.
Some conjunctions tell where, when, why, how, or under what condition.
Here is a list of some conjunctions:
where
when
why
how
although
as
before
because
as if
if
as soon as
after
since
as though
unless
Combine each pair of sentences using the conjunction given.
1. They traveled for hours. They reached the seal colony. (before)
2. They could hear the baby seals. They stepped out on the ice. (as soon as)
3. The mother seal knows her pup. She recognizes its scent. (because)
4. Pups must learn to swim. They will spend their lives in the water. (since)
5. He patted the whitecoat. He walked back to the helicopter. (before)
6. Hunters couldnt sell seal fur. People wanted it. (unless)
7. The hunters would have to stop. Nobody would buy the fur. (if)
8. You could see the seals markings. She nestled with her pup. (as)
Grade 4/Unit 1
Seal Journey
Extension: Have students find four compound

sentences in the selection and identify the
conjunction in each one.
19
LEARN AND PRACTICE
Name
Date
Grammar 20
Complex Sentences
A sentence that contains two related ideas joined by a conjunction other than
and, but, or or is called a complex sentence.
Combine these ideas using the conjunction given to form a complex
sentence.
1. The seals swimming skills improve. They grow. (as)
2. The mother and pup rub noses. The pup nurses. (while)
3. Males keep their distance. Pups are being nursed. (while)

Males keep their distance while pups are being nursed.
4. The seals journey back north. They spend the summer. (where)
The seals journey back north where they spend the summer.
5. They will return to the ice. Autumn comes. (when)
6. Tourists want to see the whitecoats. That is what they came for. (since)
7. The young pups feed on small shrimp. They swim along behind the herd. (as)
8. Only twelve days pass. A seal pup is weaned. (before)
9. The pup was still wet and yellow from its birth. They saw it. (when)
The pup was still wet and yellow from its birth when they saw it.
10.
20
We watched. The mother nudged the pup toward the water. (as)
Extension: Have students write their own complex

sentences using each of these conjunctions: where,
before, and because.
Grade 4/Unit 1
Seal Journey
10
PRACTICE AND REVIEW
Name
Date
Grammar 21
Combining Sentences
Some conjunctions tell where, when, why, how, or under what condition.
Combine these ideas using the conjunction given to form a complex
sentence.
1. The frozen wilderness becomes a nursery. The seal pups are born. (when)
2. The excitement started. The helicopter took off. (as soon as)
3. Seals have to come up for air. They are mammals. (because)
4. Mother and pup rubbed noses. They lay in the sun. (as)
5. A seal pup is only twelve days old. It is weaned. (when)
6. The male seal stays away. The pups are being born and nursed. (while)
7. The male seals return. The pups are weaned. (once)
8. The seal pups are no longer white. They join the herd. (when)
Grade 4/Unit 1
Seal Journey
Extension: Ask students to write three complex

sentences about seals using these conjunctions:
whenever, although, and until.
21
MECHANICS
Name
Date
Grammar 22
Quotations
Use quotation marks at the beginning and end of a persons exact words.
Do not use quotation marks when you do not use the speakers exact words.
Add quotation marks where they are needed in these sentences.
1. He told us that he was going to Canada to photograph seals.
2. A large group of seals gathers there in winter, he explained.
3. He said Charlottetown would be his base camp.
4. He added, I leave for Prince Edward Island next week.
5. He said many people were making the journey these days.
6. He said it was a favorite destination for ecological tourists.
7. I dont consider myself an ecological tourist, he added.
8. He said, My interest is that of a serious scientist.
9. He admitted it would be his first visit to the icy world of the seal colony.
10. I do wonder how cold it actually gets, he said.
22
Extension: Ask students to write a sentence that

includes a persons exact words. Have them give
their sentences to a partner who will rewrite the
sentence so that it tells what the person said but not
in his or her exact words.
Grade 4/Unit 1
Seal Journey
10
TEST
Name
Date
Grammar 23
Complex Sentences
Choose the best conjunction to combine each pair of sentences.
1. There were holes in the ice
a
until
where
unless
before
the seals would dive into the water.
2. They could hear the baby seals

a
unless
as though
until
as soon as
they stepped out onto the ice.
3. Seals must come up for air

a
if
unless
because
although
4. The pup couldnt sink

a
before
although
because
as if
they are mammals.
he had so much fat.
5. A mother must find her own pup

a
if
since
when
unless
Grade 4/Unit 1
Seal Journey
she only has enough milk for one.
23
MORE PRACTICE
Name
Date
Grammar 24
Sentence Combining and Quotations

Mechanics
Do not use quotation marks when you do not use the speakers exact words.
A. Combine each pair of ideas to form a complex sentence.
1. Jordan was sad. She read about hunters killing whitecoats.
2. That horror is over now. People fought to end seal hunting.
B. Look at the drawing above. Write what you think might be the boys
exact words. Write another sentence to tell what he says without using his
exact words.
3.
4.
24
Grade 4/Unit 1
Seal Journey
LEARN
Name
Date
Grammar 25
Run-on Sentences
A run-on sentence joins together two or more sentences that should be
written separately.
You can correct a run-on sentence by separating two complete ideas into
two sentences.
Read the run-on sentences below. Then correct them by separating them
into two sentences.
1. Chimpanzees pull back their lips thats how they smile.
2. Many zoos have dentists the dentists might have human patients, too.
3. Pets need dental care most vets clean cats and dogs teeth regularly.
4. Pet owners can do things to keep their pets teeth clean they brush them.
5. There is special toothpaste for dogs it tastes like beef.
6. There are special biscuits and dog chews they keep teeth clean, too.
7. Cats need to eat kibble it helps prevent tartar buildup.
8. Dogs and cats use their sharp teeth to bite their flat teeth are for grinding.
Grade 4/Unit 1
Open Wide, Dont Bite!
Extension: Have students write their own run-on

sentence and give it to a partner to separate into
two sentences.
25
LEARN AND PRACTICE
Name
Grammar 26
Date
Run-on Sentences
You can correct a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound or a
complex sentence.
Correct these run-on sentences by rewriting them as compound or
complex sentences.
1. The dogs teeth looked scary he was really smiling.
2. An elephant would have a big toothache it has such big teeth.
3. Large animals are good dental patients their mouths are so large.
4. The dentist treats animals he has human patients, too.
5. Carnivores have pointed teeth herbivores have flat teeth.

Carnivores have pointed teeth, and herbivores have flat teeth.
6. A new tooth grows in an alligator loses a tooth.
A new tooth grows in when an alligator loses a tooth.
7. Beavers teeth stay filed down they chew on wood.
26
Extension: Have students write three run-on sentences

to give to a partner who will rewrite them as
compound or complex sentences.
8. An animal can become sick it has a bad tooth.
Grade 4/Unit 1
PRACTICE AND REVIEW
Name
Date
Grammar 27
Run-on Sentences

written separately.
You can correct a run-on sentence by separating two complete ideas into
two sentences.
You can correct a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound or

complex sentence.
Read each sentence. If it is a run-on sentence, correct it by separating the

two parts or rewrite it by adding a conjunction.
1. Some whales have teeth some have baleen instead.
2. A sore tooth can hurt an animal a sore mouth can make an animal not
want to eat.
3. Its hard to fix an aardvarks teeth their mouths dont open very far.
4. Walruses have tusks tigers have fangs.
5. Humans have teeth called canines they are pointed like dogs teeth.
6. Humans have sharp teeth and flat teeth so do dogs and cats.
Humans have sharp teeth and flat teeth, and so do dogs and cats.
Grade 4/Unit 1
Extension: Ask students to write a compound or complex sentence on

a strip of paper. Then have them cut the words apart and mix them up.
Have them give their words to a partner who will arrange them first into
two sentences and then into the original compound or complex sentence.
27
MECHANICS
Name
Date
Grammar 28
Sentence Punctuation
Use the correct end mark for each sentence.
Add capital letters and punctuation to turn each set of words into a
sentence.
1. a tigers teeth are long and sharp
2. the tiger relies on them for hunting
3. elephants have big, flat teeth
4. they are good for eating grasses and hay
5. plant-eaters have flat teeth for chewing and grinding
6. meat-eaters have long, pointed teeth for biting and tearing
7. animals teeth match their diet
8. what do your teeth tell about your diet

What do your teeth tell about your diet?
9. open wide
Open wide!
10. what big teeth you have

What big teeth you have!
28
Extension: Have pairs of students tape-record a brief

conversation and then write down what they said,
using capital letters and punctuation wherever
needed.
Grade 4/Unit 1
10
TEST
Name
Date
Grammar 29
Run-on Sentences
A. Correct these run-on sentences by separating them into two sentences.
1. A dentist was called to the zoo a tiger had a toothache.
2. The tigers face was swollen it would not eat.
3. The dentist fixed the tooth he did not pull it.
4. The tiger felt better he was hungry again.
5. The dentist went back to his office human patients were waiting.
B. Rewrite the following run-on sentences as compound or complex

sentences.
6. The bear growled it had a toothache.
7. It would grow weak the tooth could be fixed.
8. The dentist went to the zoo he heard about it.
9. The tooth had to come out it was infected.
10.
10
The bear lost a tooth it felt much better.
Grade 4/Unit 1
29
MORE PRACTICE
Name
Date
Grammar 30
Correcting Sentences
written separately.
You can correct a run-on sentence by separating two complete ideas into two
sentences.
You can correct a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound or complex
sentence.
Mechanics
Add capital letters and punctuation marks to turn each group of words into
one or two sentences that tell about the picture above them.
1. mother hippo brought her baby the baby is getting a new tooth
2. the dentist may need a ladder to treat the giraffe it is so tall
3. the lion needs a filling he doesnt want it to show when he roars
4. the crocodile wants braces his replacement teeth are coming in crooked
5. the bear will growl the dentist sees him soon
30
Grade 4/Unit 1
REVIEW
Name
Grammar 31
Date
Sentences
Read each passage and look at the underlined sections. What kind of
sentences are they? Circle your answers.
Luke and his dad set out to find their own lake. Did they ever find it? They
(1)
sure did. One morning they woke up and there it was. What a surprise!
(2)
1.
A
B
C
D
Statement
Question
Command
Exclamation
2.
F
G
H
J
Statement
Question
Command
Exclamation
The road seemed to whisper to Amelia, "Follow me." So she did. She
(3)
discovered that it led to a big old tree. She made that tree her own special
(4)
place, a place to come home to.

3.
A
B
C
D
Statement
Question
Command
Exclamation
4.
F
G
H
J
Statement
Question
Command
Exclamation
When Sarah went to town alone, the children were afraid she was leaving.
They spent the whole day worrying. It was almost dark when they heard the
(5)
wagon. Sarah came back!

(6)
5.
A
B
C
D
Statement
Question
Command
Exclamation
Grade 4/Unit 1
Reflections
6.
F
G
H
J
Statement
Question
Command
Exclamation
31
REVIEW
Name
Grammar 32
Date
Sentences
Read the passage and look at the underlined sentences. Is there a
mistake? If there is, how do you correct it? Circle your answer.
Baby seals used to be hunted for their beautiful white fur. Those sweet baby
(7)
seals with big dark eyes. People thought hunting them was terrible and cruel.
They worked to stop the hunting. They succeeded.
(8)
7.
A
B
C
D
Add a subject.
Add a predicate.
Join two sentences with and.
No mistake.
8.
F
G
H
J
Add a subject.
Add a predicate.
No mistake.
Humans share lots of things with animals. Might share a dentist. There are
(9)
dentists who have human patients. They have animal patients, too.
( 10 )
A
B
C
D
Add a subject.
Add a predicate.
No mistake.
10. F
G
H
J
Add a subject.
Add a predicate.
No mistake.
9.
32
Grade 4/Unit 1
Reflections
10
LEARN
Name
Date
Grammar 33
Common and Proper Nouns
A noun names a person, place, or thing.
A common noun names any person, place, or thing.
A proper noun names a particular person, place, or thing.
A proper noun begins with a capital letter.
Underline the common nouns in each sentence. Then double underline the
proper nouns in each sentence.
1. Justin and Grandpa rode horses across the meadow.
2. Grandpa rode Pal, and Justin rode Black.
3. Justin and Grandpa checked the fence for broken places.
4. Suddenly, the boy saw a fawn caught in the wire.
5. Grandpa mixed dough and cooked delicious biscuits.
6. Justin learned that both men and women can be cooks.
7. The cardinal made a sound like a whistle.
8. Anthony had a dog named Pepper.
Grade 4/Unit 2
Justin and the Best Biscuits in the
World
Extension: Ask students to write two sentences

about the story using both common and proper
nouns. Have partners exchange papers and draw a
line under the nouns in each other's sentences.
33
LEARN AND PRACTICE
Name
Grammar 34
Date
Proper Nouns
Some proper nouns contain more than one word. Each important word
begins with a capital letter.
The name of a day, month, or holiday begins with a capital letter.
Capitalize the proper nouns found in each sentence.

1. The rodeo sport bulldogging was invented by bill pickett.
2. He lived on a ranch in the state of oklahoma.

3. Some states have cold weather in january.
4. People think jessie stahl rode wild horses better than anyone.
5. The comedian will rogers was taught how to rope by a cowboy.
6. This cowboy was known as clay.

7. Another famous cowboy had the nickname deadwood dick.
8. He got his name from the town of deadwood city.
34
Extension: Invite small groups of students to write

sentences describing the Black cowboys mentioned
in the story. Remind students to capitalize proper
nouns.
Grade 4/Unit 2
World
PRACTICE AND REVIEW
Name
Grammar 35
Date
A noun names a person, place, or thing.
Some proper nouns contain more than one word. Each important word
begins with a capital letter.
Write a common noun or proper noun to complete each sentence. For help
you may look back at the story.
1. Grandpa showed
how to fold a shirt.
2. Grandpas
were named Cropper, Pal, and Black.
3. Justins grandpa lived on a
4. Justin thought of Anthony, his

5. The baby
6. Deadwood
deer
Dick
back home.
got caught on the fence.
s real name was Nate Love.
7. Justin told Grandpa that housework was womens

8. Instead of chores, Justin wanted to play ball on Saturday and
Grade 4/Unit 2
World
.
Sunday
Extension: Have students write a paragraph that

describes one of the characters from the story.
After they have finished, ask students to underline
the common nouns and circle the proper nouns in
their writing.
35
MECHANICS
Name
Grammar 36
Date
Abbreviations
An abbreviation is the shortened form of a word.
An abbreviation begins with a capital letter and ends with a period.
Abbreviate titles of people before names.
You can abbreviate days of the week. You can also abbreviate most
months.
Write each abbreviation correctly.

A Rancher's Calendar:
1. July -- Look for picture of mr Pickett.
Mr.
2. aug -- Grandson comes to visit.

3. mon -- Ride fence.
4. wed -- Have dr Jones look at sick cow.
5. thurs -- Buy gift for mrs Friend.
6. sat -- Judge festival.
Sat.
7. nov -- Buy hay for winter.
8. dec -- Drop hay bales for cattle.
36
Extension: Have students look for abbreviations in

newspapers and magazines and circle the ones they
find.
Grade 4/Unit 2
World
TEST
Name
Grammar 37
Date

Find two nouns in each sentence and write them on the lines.
1. The nervous doe watched Grandpa carefully.
2. A few clouds floated over the foothills.
3. Black drank at the stream first.
4. Deadwood City was in the Dakota Territory.
Use the nouns in the box to complete each sentence in a way that makes
sense. Dont forget to capitalize any proper nouns.
justin
plain
5. After racing across the

6. Justin thought a
7. Grandpa told
teddy roosevelt
Black was calm.

might be in the grass.
about Black cowboys.
.
8. One Black cowboy helped
snake
Grade 4/Unit 2
World
37
MORE PRACTICE
Name
Grammar 38
Date
Mechanics:
Begin each important word in a proper noun with a capital letter.
Begin the name of a day, month, or holiday with a capital letter.
Read each sentence. Write the underlined noun correctly on the line.
1. The Rancher is wearing a cowboy hat.
rancher
2. He carved two pumpkins for halloween and put them on posts.
3. The name of the ranch, big tree ranch, is on a sign.

Big Tree Ranch
4. The girl is dropping Hay over the fence.
38
Grade 4/Unit 2
Justin and the Best Biscuits in the World
LEARN
Name
Grammar 39
Date
Singular and Plural Nouns
A singular noun names one person, place, or thing.
A plural noun names more than one person, place, or thing.
Add -s to form the plural of most singular nouns.
Decide whether each underlined word is a singular or plural noun. Then

write an "S" for singular or a "P" for plural on the line.
P
1. There were three trash cans in the garage.

2. One can had only bottles in it.
S
3. Walter traveled to the future in his bed.

4. Walter did not like the dream he had.
5. He put his head under the blankets.

6. Smoke poured from the smokestack by Walter's bed.
7. Trucks honked loudly all around the bed.
8. A woman showed Walter postcards of the Grand Canyon.
9. A duck that could talk landed on Walter's bed.

10. Walter was glad to get back to his room.
10
Grade 4/Unit 2
Just a Dream
Extension: Have students make a list of the

underlined singular nouns. Then ask students to
add -s to each word and write its plural form.
39
LEARN AND PRACTICE
Name
Grammar 40
Date
Forming Plural Nouns
Add -es to form the plural of singular nouns that end in s, sh, ch, or x.
To form the plural of nouns ending in a consonant and y, change y to i and

add -es.
To form the plural of nouns ending in a vowel and y, add -s.
Find the plural noun in the box for each underlined singular noun in the
sentences below. Write the plural noun on the line.
gases
wishes
branches
bakeries
parties
toys
boxes
highways
.
1. Doughnuts and other sweets are made in bakery

of trash in the huge dump.
2. There were box

3. Walter's bed landed on branch
5. The highway
filled the air.

in the future were crowded.
6. Walter's birthday wish
all came true.
7. He got many new toy
and a tree.
8. Of all his birthday party
40
4. Deadly gas
in a tree.
he liked this one best.
Extension: Have students make a Singular and Plural

chart. Ask students to list singular nouns ending in s,
sh, ch, x, and y and then write the plurals of these
words.
Grade 4/Unit 2
Just a Dream
PRACTICE AND REVIEW
Name
Grammar 41
Date
Forming Plural Nouns

add -es.
Write the correct plural form of each noun in parentheses.

1. Walter's street was filled with (boxs)
2. Two (woodcutteries)
and bags of trash.

cut down a tall tree.
3. In the mountains, Walter saw people wearing (snowshoe)

4. All around Walter, cars and (busies)
were honking.
5. The traffic moved slowly, only (inchs)
at a time.
6. Walter thought there would be robots in the (citys)
7. Walter felt peaceful outside next to the trees and (bushs)

from the sun.
8. He enjoyed the blue sky and warm (ray)
Grade 4/Unit 2
Just a Dream
Extension: Have students brainstorm ideas about

the future. Ask them to make a list of singular
nouns that name a person, place, or thing of the
future. Then have students write the plural form of
each singular noun.
41
MECHANICS
Name
Date
Grammar 42
Commas in a Series
A comma tells the reader to pause between the words that it separates.
Use commas to separate three or more words in a series.
Do not use a comma after the last word in a series.
Add commas where they belong in each sentence.

1. An airplane robot and machine were on the TV show Walter watched.
2. There were trash cans for bottles cans and garbage.
3. Trash traffic smoke and dirt were in Walters dream.
4. Walter now wants clean air land and water in his future.
5. A dinosaur yo-yo and tree were Walters birthday presents.
6. Some day squirrels bugs and birds may live in Walter's tree.
42
Extension: Ask pairs of students to write two

sentences, using three or more words in a series,
leaving out the commas. Then have partners
exchange papers and add missing commas to each
other's sentences.
Grade 4/Unit 2
Just A Dream
TEST
Name
Grammar 43
Date

Read each sentence. Find the noun that is singular. Circle your answer.
1. The medicine was to help sore throats and itchy eyes.
a. medicine
b. throats
c. itchy
d. eyes
2. Snowflakes fell as the hikers climbed up to the hotel.

a. snowflakes
b. fell
c. hikers
d. hotel
3. There were stars and ducks in the black sky.

a. stars
b. ducks
c. black
d. sky
4. A gentle breeze blew the leaves on two tall trees.

a. gentle
b. breeze
c. leaves
d. trees
Read each sentence. Find the correct plural form for the noun in
parentheses.
5. The (sky) in Walter's dream were filled with smoke or snow or smog.
a. skys
b. skyes
c. skies
d. skyies
6. Both Walter and Rose planted trees on their (birthday).

a. birthdays
b. birthdayes
c. birthdaies
d. birthdayies
7. Walter's friends had slices of cake and (dish) of ice cream.

a. dishs
b. dishes
c. dishies
d. dishyes
8. Walter never saw so many (pastry) on one plate before.

b. pastres
c. pastrees
d. pastries
a. pastrys
Grade 4/Unit 2
Just a Dream
43
MORE PRACTICE
Name
Date
Grammar 44

add -es.
Mechanics:
Correct each sentence below by changing the underlined singular noun to

a plural, and by adding the missing commas. With a partner, take turns
reading the corrected sentences aloud, pausing when you reach each
comma.
1. Walter saw trash covering house streets and trees.
2. Smoke from factory hurt his eyes nose and throat.
3. The only animal Walter saw were a horse a fish and ducks.
44
4. Now Walter likes to sort can bottles and box.
Grade 4/Unit 2
Just a Dream
LEARN
Name
Grammar 45
Date
Irregular Plural Nouns
Some nouns have special plural forms.
calves
children
feet
geese
gentlemen
lives
men
oxen
teeth
women
Look in the above box for the plural form of each singular noun. Write it on
the line provided.
1. man
men
2. child
3. woman
4. life
5. calf
6. goose
7. ox
8. foot
9. tooth
10. gentleman
10
Grade 4/Unit 2
Leah's Pony
Extension: Have partners take turns using the

singular and plural nouns on this page in oral
sentences.
45
LEARN AND PRACTICE
Name
Date
Grammar 46
A few nouns have the same singular and plural forms.
Read the sentences below. Then decide whether the underlined word is a
singular noun or plural noun and write singular or plural on the line.
1. There was not one sheep on Papa's farm.
2. There was no grass in his dry field for sheep to eat.
3. Some farms have ponds with fish in them.
4. Have you ever seen a fish in a pond?
5. Farmers in Maine may see a moose drink from a pond.
6. Moose are much bigger animals than cows.
7. Moose and deer are not farm animals.
8. A deer could jump over a farmer's fence.
46
Extension: Ask students to draw pictures illustrating

the singular and plural forms of the words sheep, fish,
moose, and deer. Have students write captions for
their pictures.
Grade 4/Unit 2
Leah's Pony
PRACTICE AND REVIEW
Name
Date
Grammar 47
Plural Nouns
Read each sentence. Draw a line under the word in parentheses that is the
correct plural form.
1. Of all the (ponys, ponies) in the county, Leah's pony was the finest.
2. Leah waved to the (childs, children) in the truck.
3. (Boxes, Boxs) full of the family's things were piled into the truck.
4. The (lifes, lives) of farmers were hard in these times.
5. The land was too dry for farm animals like (sheep, sheeps) and cattle.
6. There were no (fishes, fish) because the streams had dried up.
7. Several (men, mans) came to the auction.
8. Sometimes (calfs, calves) were sold at an auction.
9. A man in a big hat called out, "Ladies and (gentlemans, gentlemen)."

10. A farmer gave Papa the (keys, keyes) to the truck.
10
Grade 4/Unit 2
Leah's Pony
Extension: Have students name the two nouns in the

above sentences that have the same singular and
plural forms. Then ask students to name the five
nouns that have special plural forms.
47
MECHANICS
Name
Date
Grammar 48
Capitalization
Capitalize family names if they refer to specific people.
Capitalize titles of people before names.

Read the sentences below. Then correct the capitalization mistakes and
rewrite the sentences on the line provided.
1. When leah went into town, she always rode by the grocery store.
When Leah went into town, she always rode by the grocery store.
2. She knew mr. b. liked to see her pony.
3. Leah's mother always baked coffee cake on saturday.
4. One day, the neighbors moved to oregon.

One day, the neighbors moved to Oregon.
5. Because times were hard, papa had to sell his tractor.
6. Papa's tractor was made by a company named farmall.
7. The family also had to sell mama's prize rooster.
8. The story about leah and her pony was written by elizabeth friedrich.
48
Extension: Ask students to write four sentences that

have words beginning with capital letters. The
sentences must include the following kinds of names:
a month, a holiday, a person's name, and a person's
name with a title.
Grade 4/Unit 2
Leah's Pony
TEST
Name
Date
Grammar 49

A. Write yes if the noun below has the same singular and plural forms.
Write no if the noun does not have the same singular and plural forms.
1. rooster
no
2. deer
3. sheep
4. pony
5. moose
6. calf
B. Complete each sentence with the plural form of the singular noun in
parentheses.
7. Leah's (foot)
were dusty because she walked home.
8. It was hard for (woman)

9. Most (child)
children
on a farm have chores to do.

that lived in the fields had little to eat.
10. Even the (mouse)
to keep the houses clean.
10
Grade 4/Unit 2
Leah's Pony
49
MORE PRACTICE
Name
Date
Grammar 50
Mechanics
Capitalize family names if they refer to specific people.
Capitalize titles of people before names.
Read the sentences and correct any underlined plural noun. Include any
word or words that need to be capitalized on the line provided.
1. The author of storys about leah lives on a farm in new hampshire.
The author of stories about Leah lives on a farm in New Hampshire.
2. She has a horse and six sheeps on her farm.
She has a horse and six sheep on her farm.
3. When she was young, ms. friedrich liked to visit a farm in missouri.
When she was young, Ms. Friedrich liked to visit a farm in Missouri.
4. In a farm family, men, womans, and childs help with the work.
In a farm family, men, women, and children help with the work.
5. Farmers work on weekdays and also on saturday and Sunday.
Farmers work on weekdays and also on Saturday and Sunday.
50
Grade 4/Unit 2
Leah's Pony
LEARN
Name
Grammar 51
Date
Possessive Nouns
A possessive noun is a noun that shows who or what owns or has

something.
A singular possessive noun is a singular noun that shows ownership.
Form a singular possessive noun by adding an apostrophe ()

and an -s to a singular noun.
Write the possessive form of each underlined singular noun.

1. The boy family had to live in a camp.
2. Many of the family things had to be thrown away.
3. A soldier watched everyone from the Camp tower.
4. The older men were surprised at Teddy words.
5. Would Dad idea for a baseball field work?
Dads
6. Each team uniforms were made from mattress covers.
teams
7. In the ninth inning, the game score was 3 to 2. games
8. The boy heard the catcher voice. catchers

9. He saw the gleam of the guard sunglasses.
10. The ball sailed over the left fielder
10
Grade 4/Unit 2
Baseball Saved Us
fielders
head.
Extension: Have students write four sentences,

using four of the singular possessive nouns from
these sentences. The sentences do not have to be
about the story. As students share their sentences,
have them check the placement of apostrophes.
51
LEARN AND PRACTICE
Name
Date
Grammar 52
Plural Possessive Nouns
A plural possessive noun is a plural noun that shows ownership.
To form the possessive of a plural noun that ends in s, add an apostrophe.
To form the possessive of a plural noun that does not end in s, add an
apostrophe and an -s.
Write the possessive form of each underlined plural noun. Add an

apostrophe or an apostrophe and -s.
1. In Camp, the babies cries kept people awake. babies
2. The soldiers job was to watch everyone. soldiers
3. The sound of the women sewing machines filled the room. womens
4. The men work was building the bleachers.
5. Soon the families children helped pack down the dust.
families
6. There were bats, balls, and gloves in the friends sacks.

kids
7. The kids teams played all the time.
8. After his home run, the boy rode on his teammates shoulders.
52
Extension: Ask students to write sentences from the

story. Have them use the possessive forms of these
plural nouns: players, parents, children, teams.
Grade 4/Unit 2
Baseball Saved Us
PRACTICE AND REVIEW
Name
Date
Grammar 53
Singular and Plural Possessive Nouns
A possessive noun is a noun that shows who or what owns or has

something.
Read these sentences. Draw one line under each singular possessive
noun. Draw two lines under each plural possessive noun.
1. One day the boys parents came to his school.
2. Both parents faces were very sad.
3. In Camp, most of the older boys time was spent standing around.
4. Teddys dad asked him to get some water.
5. At first, the fields dirt was dry and cracked.
6. All of the kids sizes were about the same.
7. Did the mans staring bother the boy?
8. At home, the players nickname for the boy was Shorty.
Grade 4/Unit 2
Baseball Saved Us
Extension: As a class, brainstorm for a list of

singular nouns that could show possession. Then
arrange students into two teams. In spelling-bee
format, have teams challenge each other to form
the singular and plural possessive forms of the
nouns.
53
MECHANICS
Name
Grammar 54
Date
Apostrophes
Add an apostrophe and an -s to a singular noun to make it possessive.
Add an apostrophe to make most plural nouns possessive.
Add an apostrophe and an -s to form the possessive of plural nouns that

do not end in s.
Read the first sentence in each pair. Use the possessive form of the
underlined noun to complete the second sentence.
1. The players thought of a name for their baseball team.
The
name is the Mighty Moose.
2. Its easy to tell which kids play for the Moose.

All the Mooses
caps have antlers on them.
3. What color did the players choose for their uniforms?

The
uniforms are brown.
4. What a good pitcher the team has!

The
fast ball is great.
You will see antlers on some of the
54
Extension: Have students work in pairs. One student

lists five nouns; the other writes their possessive
forms. Have students reverse their tasks.
5. The Mighty Moose have many fans.

heads.
Grade 4/Unit 2
Baseball Saved Us
TEST
Name
Grammar 55
Date

Choose the correct singular possessive form to complete each sentence.
1. The
a. soldier
eyes were watching me play ball.

b. soldiers
2. The
a. fielders
b. fielders
c. fielderss
d. fielder
bat was lying on the ground.

b. boy
4. The
a. Camps
d. soldiers
glove was brown.
3. The
a. boys
c. soldiers
c. boys
d. boyss
baseball field needed to be cleaned up.

b. Camps
c. Campss
d. Camps
Choose the correct plural possessive form to complete each sentence.

5. The
a. brothers
parents were sad about moving.

b. brothers
6. The
a. player
b. players
c. players
d. playerss
games were fun to watch.

b. childrens
8. Our
a. parents
d. brother
bats came from friends back home.
7. The
a. children
c. brothers
c. children
d. childrens
help is needed to make our lives better.

b. parent
Grade 4/Unit 2
Baseball Saved Us
c. parents
d.
parent
55
MORE PRACTICE
Name
Date
Grammar 56
Mechanics:
Add an apostrophe and an -s to form the possessive of plural nouns that

do not end in s.
Work with a partner. Read the sentences aloud. Then make each
underlined noun possessive. Be sure to write the possessive forms
correctly.
1. Dad mark was the beginning of a baseball field.
2. Soon both players baseball equipment arrived.
3. The other team players made jokes.
4. The Camp had a new activity because of many people hard work.
5. Did the boy hit win the game?
56
Grade 4/Unit 2
Baseball Saved Us
LEARN
Name
Date
Grammar 57
Plural and Possessive Nouns
Add -s to most nouns to form the plural. Do not use an apostrophe.
Write the plural form of the noun in parentheses on the line provided.
1. Sealy could not speak to his (classmate)
2. None of the (kid)
knew the Choctaw language.
3. About 12,000 (person)
speak Choctaw.
4. Many (language)
5. Some (book)
are endangered.
books
are now being printed in Choctaw.
6. There are (recording)

7. Native American (child)
in English.
in the Choctaw language.

children
8. Older (relative)
forgot their native languages.
don't know English.
9. Picture writing was used to record family (history) histories .

10. Can you say some (word)
10
Grade 4/Unit 2
Will Her Native Language
Disappear?
in Choctaw?
Extension: Have pairs of students find five other

singular nouns in the story Will Her Native
Language Disappear? Ask partners to list these
nouns and then write the plural form of each one.
57
LEARN AND PRACTICE
Name
Grammar 58
Date
Possessive Nouns
A possessive noun shows who or what owns or has something.
Add an apostrophe and -s to a singular noun to make it possessive.
Write the possessive form of each singular noun in parentheses.

1. A young (boy)
boys
only language was Choctaw.
2. In school, the (teacher) teachers language was English.

3. One group of people start to speak another (group)
4. Many of the (world)
worlds
5. LeRoy (Sealy)
language.
languages could disappear.
goal is to keep Choctaw from disappearing.
6. This Native (American) Americans home is in Oklahoma.

7. Today the (man)
turtles
niece is learning Choctaw.
name in Choctaw is loksi.
8. A (turtle)
mans
58
Extension: Encourage students to write their own

sentences, using the possessive forms of the nouns
in parentheses in sentences 1-4.
Grade 4/Unit 2
Disappear?
PRACTICE AND REVIEW
Name
Grammar 59
Date

Write a plural noun or a possessive noun to complete each sentence. Use
the singular nouns in the box below to help you.
arrow
book
computer
group
1. Two common Choctaw

2. One
kid
5. Sometimes they drew
history.
to record events.
to show directions.
tip might point up or down.
7. Some Native American

8. A group prints
word
meaning is "friend."
4. Native Americans drew
9. This
forgot their native language.

in endangered languages.
name is the Endangered Language Fund.
10. Machines like
10
tribe
are jkana and halito.
3. Pictures on rocks and hides told a
6. An
picture
Grade 4/Unit 2
Disappear?
have spread English around the world.
Extension: Have students work in pairs. Ask each

student to write two sentences, one with any plural
noun and one with any possessive noun. Then
have students trade papers and identify the plural
noun and possessive noun in their partner's
sentences.
59
MECHANICS
Name
Date
Grammar 60
Add an -s or an apostrophe and an -s to the underlined word in each

sentence. Use the line provided for your answer.
1. Can you speak two language? languages
2. Is English your family native language?
3. LeRoy Sealy native language is Choctaw.
4. Years ago, Native American children went to government school.
5. The kid spoke English and not their Native American language.
6. Usually a child parents did not know how to speak English.
7. Sealy teaches Choctaw to student in Oklahoma.
8. The teacher great worry is that the Choctaw language will disappear.
teacher's
60
Extension: Ask each student to write a plural noun and

a possessive noun on separate slips of paper. Put the
slips in a box and invite students to take turns picking
a slip. Have students tell how they know whether the
word they picked is a plural or a possessive.
Grade 4/Unit 2
Disappear?
TEST
Name
Grammar 61
Date
Plurals and Possessives

A. Decide whether each underlined word is a plural noun or a possessive
noun. Then write plural or possessive on the line provided.
1. LeRoy Sealy had some lonely days in school.
plural
2. The boy's problem was that he could not communicate.

3. The man's niece is named Patricia. possessive
4. Sealy uses pictures to teach his niece Choctaw.
plural
B. Choose the plural noun or possessive noun that best completes each
sentence. Write it on the line provided.
5. Picture writing was one way that (tribes, tribe's) communicated.
6. The many (tribes, tribe's) spoke different languages.
tribes
7. Picture writing told a (tribes, tribe's) history.
8. Some pictures told about important (events, event's).
Grade 4/Unit 2
Disappear?
61
MORE PRACTICE
Name
Grammar 62
Date
Mechanics:
Read the sentences about the picture below. Then find the plural and
possessive nouns that are not written correctly. Rewrite the sentences on the
lines below, correcting the plural or possessive nouns.
1. What does this pages picture show you?
2. Where are the two horse going?
3. There is no saddle on either horse' back.
4. This picture shows rain falling on the mountains top.
62
Grade 4/Unit 2
Disappear?
REVIEW
Name
Grammar 63
Date
Nouns
Read each passage. Choose a word or group of words that belong in each
space. Circle your answer.
When Justin visited
grandfather, he learned about some famous

(1)
cowboys. One cowboy was
. Many people thought he rode

(2)
wild horses better than anyone else. Justin said that he had never heard of
Mr. Stahl.
1.
A
B
C
D
him
hes
his
her
2.
F
G
H
J
Mister Jessie stahl

Mr. Jessie Stahl
Mr Jessie Stahl
Mr. jessie stahl
Walter had a dream about the future. In one part of his dream, his bed was
sitting in the
of a tree. Then he was on a factory's smokestack. The

(3)
smoke from the
hurt his eyes, nose, and throat.

(4)
A
B
C
D
branchs
branchs
branches
branchese
4.
F
G
H
J
ace medicine factory

Ace Medicine Factory
Ace medicine factory
Ace Medicine factory
3.
Grade 4/Unit 2
Something In Common
63
REVIEW
Name
Grammar 64
Date
Nouns
Leah's father had to sell his
at an auction. Leah sold her

(5)
pony and bought the tractor. Some farmers at the auction bought the
chickens and truck. Then
gave them back to the family.

(6)
5.
A
B
C
D
chickens, Ford pickup

truck, and tractor
chickens ford pickup truck
and tractor
chickens, Ford pickup
truck, and tractor
chickens Ford pickup
truck, and tractor
6.
F
G
H
J
these Men
the mans
the men
the mens
Dad decided the Camp needed a baseball field. Grown-ups and kids
helped make the field. The
, made of mattress covers, looked good.

(7)
When the boy hit his home run, he looked up and saw the
.
(8)
7.
A
B
C
D
players uniforms
players uniforms
players uniforms
players uniform
Many
8.
F
G
H
J
guards thumbs-up sign

guard thumb-up sign
do not know their native language. They speak only English.

(9)
LeRoy Sealy's native language is Choctaw. He teaches Choctaw to

students at the University of Oklahoma. Sealy worries that the
( 10 )
will disappear.
9.
64
A
B
C
D
Native Americans
Native Americans
native americans
Natives Americans
10. F
G
H
J
worlds languages
worlds languages
world language
world's languages
Grade 4/Unit 2
Something In Common
10
LEARN
Name
Grammar 65
Date
Action Verbs in the Present Tense

An action verb tells what the subject does or did.
A verb in the present tense tells what happens now.
The present tense must have subject-verb agreement. Add -s to most
verbs if the subject is singular. Do not add -s if the subject is plural or I or
you.
Write the correct present tense of each underlined verb on the lines
provided.
1. John Thompson place hats in the window of his shop.
places
stacks
2. He stack hatboxes along a wall.

3. John write some words on parchment.
writes
4. He draw a picture of a hat under the words.
draws
5. John show his idea for a sign to his wife.

6. His wife giggles when she read the words.
7. John make changes in his sign.
8. The hatmaker walk to the sign maker's shop.
walks
9. The hatmaker meet many people on the way.

10. What does the sign maker say to the hat maker?
10
Grade 4/Unit 3
The Hatmaker's Sign
Extension: Have students write three sentences

about the story, using the present tense of these
verbs: grab, rewrite, suggest. Ask students to circle
the verbs in their sentences.
65
LEARN & PRACTICE
Name
Grammar 66
Date
Action Verbs
Add -es to verbs that end in s, ch, sh, x, or z if the subject is singular.
Change y to i and add -es to verbs that end with a consonant and y.
Do not add -es to a present-tense verb when the subject is plural or I or you.
Read each sentence. Write the correct present tense of each underlined
verb on the line provided.
1. Thomas Jefferson is angry, and his face flush red.
2. Benjamin Franklin try to make Jefferson feel better.
3. The hatmaker kiss Lady Manderly's hand.
tries
kisses
4. The lady snatch the parchment away from the hatmaker.
5. John Thompson toss coins to the boys.
tosses
6. He push the parchment under a man's nose.

7. John hurry home to his shop several times.
8. The hatmaker fix the words on his sign.

9. John rush to the sign maker's shop.
10. Do you realize what happens to the hatmaker's sign?
66
Extension: Ask students to write five sentences, using

these verbs: watch, watches; worry, worries.
Grade 4/Unit 3
The Hatmaker's Sign
10
PRACTICE AND REVIEW
Name
Grammar 67
Date
Write Subject-Verb Agreement

The present tense must have subject-verb agreement. Add -s to most
verbs if the subject is singular.
Do not add -s or-es to a present-tense verb when the subject is plural or I or
you.
Correct each sentence for subject-verb agreement or the correct spelling of
a present tense verb. Write your answer on the line provided.
1. Jefferson write for hours.
2. Many men listens to Jefferson read.
3. They argues about Jefferson's words.
4. Jefferson wishs they would stop quibbling.
5. He worrys about his writing.
6. Franklin pat Jefferson on the shoulder.
pats
7. John carrys the parchment to the sign maker's shop.

8. Do you likes the story about the hatmaker?
Grade 4/Unit 3
The Hatmaker's Sign
like
Extension: Have students look in classroom books for

sentences with present-tense verbs. Then have the
students read the sentences aloud, identify the verbs,
and tell whether the subject is singular or plural.
67
MECHANICS
Name
Date
Grammar 68
Commas in a Series
Rewrite the sentences below by adding commas where they belong.
1. A good writer thinks writes and rewrites.
A good writer thinks, writes, and rewrites.
2. The delegates shouted quibbled and argued over sentences.
3. Benjamin Franklin stood smiled and spoke to Jefferson.

Benjamin Franklin stood, smiled, and spoke to Jefferson.
4. Then Benjamin Franklin Jefferson's friend told a story.
Then Benjamin Franklin, Jefferson's friend, told a story.
5. John Thompson a hatmaker wanted a sign for his shop.
6. John's shop was in Boston Massachusetts.
7. John's wife Hannah thought his sign was funny.
8. Under the words on his sign John drew a hat.

Under the words on his sign, John drew a hat.

9. John rewrote rewrote and rewrote his sign.
10.
68
Surprised the sign maker gazed at the blank parchment.
Extension: Ask students to write three sentences,

using commas. Then tell students to rewrite the
sentences without the commas. Have students
exchange papers and put the missing commas in
classmates' sentences.
Grade 4/Unit 3
The Hatmaker's
Sign
10
TEST
Name
Date
Grammar 69
Action Verbs in the Present Tense

A. Read each sentence. Circle the letter of the sentence that has correct
subject-verb agreement.
1. a. Jefferson sit down.
b. He listen carefully.
c. Franklin tells a story.
d. The delegates talks loudly.
2. a. The man draw a hat.
b. His wife giggles.
c. The lady wear gloves.
d. John bow to the magistrate.
B. Read each sentence. Circle the letter before the present-tense verb that
belongs in the sentence. Make sure the spelling is correct.
3. Jefferson ____ the meaning of Franklin's story.
a. know
b. knows
c. knowes
d. knowies
4. The wind ____ the hatmaker's sign from his hand.
a. snatch
b. snatchs
c. snatches
d. snatchies
Grade 4/Unit 3
The Hatmaker's Sign
69
MORE PRACTICE
Name
Grammar 70
Date
Present Tense
The present tense must have subject-verb agreement.
Add -s to most verbs if the subject is singular.
Mechanics
A comma tells the reader to pause between words that it separates.
Rewrite each sentence correctly paying attention to the present tense verb
and comma rules. Then use the information in the sentences to draw the
missing parts of the picture.
1. A hatmaker James hang a sign on his shop's door.
2. George a clerk polishs a round mirror.

George, a clerk, polishes a round mirror.

3. One man sit and try on a top hat.
4. Two ladies likes hats with bows ribbons and feathers.

Two ladies like hats with bows, ribbons, and feathers.
70
Grade 4/Unit 3
The Hatmaker's Sign
LEARN
Name
Date
Grammar 71
Past Tense
A verb in the past tense tells about an action that already happened.
Add -ed to most verbs to show past tense.
If a verb ends with e, drop the e and add -ed.
If a verb ends with a consonant and y, change y to i and add -ed.
If a verb ends with one vowel and one consonant, double the consonant and
add -ed.
Choose a verb for each sentence. Write the verb in the past tense.
1. When she was little, Pat Cummings
on a bus. (hop,
help)
2. The bus
3. Pat
4. Pat's mother
5. She
6. When she was a child, Pat
7. She
8. Then she
at a ballet school. (stop, walk)

with the girls in the class. (dance, shout)
about her little girl. (hurry, worry)
everywhere for Pat. (jump, look)
to draw. (love, talk)
all over a sheet of paper. (play, scribble)
her scribbles many different colors. (color,
carry)
9. Her mother
to guess what the drawings were. (try,
pick)
10. After she grew up, Pat
10
Grade 4 / Unit 3
Pat Cummings: My Story
about art jobs. (like, learn)
Extension: Have students write five sentences using

the past tense of the verbs they didn't choose in the
above sentences.
71
LEARN AND PRACTICE
Name
Date
Grammar 72
Future Tense
A verb in the future tense tells about an action that is going to happen.
To write about the future, use the special verb will.
Underline the action verb in each sentence. Rewrite the sentence so it tells
about the future.
1. Two friends go to art school.
2. They draw every day.
3. The art students use watercolors.
4. The students paint pictures with oil paint.
5. Some artists illustrate books.
6. Other artists create drawings on computers.
7. Many artists teach art.
8. Most artists notice things around them.
72
Extension: Encourage students to think of a job they

might do in the future. Ask students to write four
sentences telling what they will do as part of their job.
Grade 4/Unit 3
PRACTICE AND REVIEW
Name
Date
Grammar 73
Past and Future Tenses

A verb in the past tense tells about an action that already happened.
A verb in the future tense tells about an action that is going to happen.
Read each sentence. Underline the verb that is in the incorrect tense.
Write the correct tense.
1. In a few days, Pat Cummings visit our library.
will visit
2. Yesterday Carla will walk to the library.

3. She borrow a book yesterday with illustrations by Pat Cummings.
borrowed
4. Carla returned the book tomorrow.
5. Last year, Carla will mail a letter to Pat Cummings.
mailed
6. Tomorrow she send a picture to Pat Cummings.

7. Carla already paint the picture.
painted
8. Next month, another artist come to the library.
Grade 4 / Unit 3
Extension: Invite groups of students to look for pasttense verbs in newspapers or magazines. Ask
students to copy the sentences they find and then
rewrite the sentences, using future-tense verbs.
73
MECHANICS
Name
Grammar 74
Date
Letter Punctuation and Capitalization

Begin the greeting and closing in a letter with a capital letter.
Use a comma after the greeting and the closing in a letter.
Use a comma between the names of a city and a state.
Use a comma between the day and year in a date.
Read the letter carefully. Correct two capitalization mistakes. Also add six
missing commas.
June 22 2000
108 Oak Avenue
Audubon IA 50025
Janell Washington
16 Longwood Drive
Chicago IL 60640
dear Janell
In school, I read a story about an artist Named Pat Cummings. I enjoyed it very
much. When she was young, she loved to draw pictures. Sometimes she traded
pictures with kids in her class.
I will go to camp next week in Bear Creek Michigan. I will send you a postcard
from there. Then I will give you my camp address. I hope you will write to me.
your friend
Sam
74
Extension: Ask students to write their own letters.
Grade 4/Unit 3
TEST
Name
Grammar 75
Date

A. Rewrite each underlined verb, using the correct past-tense form.
1. When Pat Cummings was five years old, she disappear for an afternoon.
disappeared
2. Her mother call the army police.
3. The dance teacher pin a note on Pat.
4. As a child, Pat Cummings like to draw ballerinas.
5. When she grew up, Pat Cummings study art.
B. Choose a verb from the box below to complete each sentence. Write
the future-tense form of the verb.
fetch
get
6. Sometimes Pat Cummings
look
remember
work
ideas when she is
swimming.
7. Pat Cummings
8. When she travels, she
9. Pat's cat
at people around her.

when Pat throws a toy.
how Tom Feelings helped her.
10. Pat always
at night if she has an idea.
10
Grade 4 / Unit 3
75
MORE PRACTICE
Name
Grammar 76
Date

If a verb ends with e, drop the e and add -ed.
If a verb ends with a consonant and y, change y to i and add -ed.
If a verb ends with one vowel and one consonant, double the consonant and
add -ed.
Mechanics:
Use a comma between the name of a city and a state.
Change each underlined verb to the correct past or future tense. Also add
any missing commas and correct the capitalization mistakes.
February 5 2000
333 Coronado Court
Modesto CA 95350
Alberto Rivera
789 Prairie Street
Fort Wayne IN 46815
hi Alberto
move
to draw a picture of my dog. At first, he

so much, I couldn't do it. Then I pet
Yesterday, I try
him a lot, and he sat still. When I grow up, I paint

beautiful paintings. Someday, I draw
pictures for children's books, too.
your cousin
Marco
76
Grade 4/Unit 3
10
LEARN
Name
Date
Grammar 77
Main and Helping Verbs

The main verb in a sentence shows what the subject does or is.
A helping verb helps the main verb show an action or make a statement.
Have, has, and had are helping verbs.
Draw one line under each form of has that is a helping verb. Draw two lines
under each main verb that it helps.
1. Basho got his name after he had planted a banana tree.
2. Basho has decided upon a trip across Japan.
3. When he had prepared for his trip, Basho left home.
4. Before leaving, Basho had stitched a string on his hat to keep it from blowing
away.
5. The cherry blossoms have waited for Basho.
6. The poet has scribbled some words on his hat.
7. An old woman has invited Basho to share her noodles.

8. Bashos friends have joined him for part of the trip.
9. They have presented Basho with presents for his trip.
10. Basho left his friends after they had crossed the river.
10
Grade 4/Unit 3
Grass Sandals: The Travels of
Basho
Extension: Ask students to write has, have, and had

on separate index cards. Have them work in small
groups, each choosing a card and constructing an
oral sentence that uses the form chosen as a
helping verb.
77
LEARN AND PRACTICE
Name
Grammar 78
Date
More Main and Helping Verbs

Is, are, am, was, and were can be helping verbs.
They are used with a main verb ending in -ing
Will is a helping verb used to help show an action in the future.
Read each sentence. Study the helping verb. Circle the correct form of the
main verb in parentheses.
1. Basho's friends were ( wave, waving ) as they left in the boat.
2. As he stands under a waterfall, Basho is ( laugh, laughing ).
3. Soon Bashos feet will ( take, taking ) him past an old temple.
4. The beautiful cherry trees are ( bloom, blooming ).
5. During his trip, Basho was ( sleep, sleeping ) in huts, houses, and stalls.
6. Most of the time, the poet
walking. ( is, are ).
7. Tomorrow Basho will ( ride, riding ) on a farmer's horse.
8. Along the way, people are ( give, giving ) Basho food.
78
Extension: Ask students to write three sentences that

begin with "I am" and tell what they are doing right
now.
Grade 4/Unit 3
Basho
PRACTICE AND REVIEW
Name
Grammar 79
Date
Using Main and Helping Verbs to Complete Sentences

Have, has, and had can be helping verbs.
Is, are, am, was, were and will can be helping verbs.
Write a main verb or helping verb to complete each sentence.
1. Basho has
rice and beans into balls.
2. Basho had
rice and beans last night.
3. Now Basho
meeting with some friends.
4. As they drink tea, the friends
looking in their cups.
5. Last night, they were

6. Tomorrow, Basho
7. They
poems together.
leave his friends.
enjoyed their time together.
8. Basho saw many of the animals that

9. One night, Basho heard a frog that
jumping into a pond.

to many places.
10. By the end of his trip, Basho had
living in the fields.
10
Grade 4/Unit 3
Basho
Extension: Have students read a few paragraphs in

a favorite book. Ask them to write down five
combinations of main and helping verbs they find in
the book.
79
MECHANICS
Name
Grammar 80
Date
Contractions
A contraction is a shortened form of two words.
A contraction can be made by combining a verb with the word not.
An apostrophe (') shows the letter o has been left out.
Read each sentence. Write the contraction for each set of underlined
words.
1. Haiku poems are not rhyming poems.
2. Perhaps you have not seen poems like them before.
3. Basho is not the name that the poet was given at birth.
4. Basho did not travel by car.
5. Basho was not a Chinese poet.
6. His friends would not let him leave empty-handed.
wouldnt
7. The poet did not forget his morning tea.

8. Basho had not walked far when he saw a waterfall.
9. Bashos shoelaces were not white.
10. Even though Basho lived long ago, his poems have not been forgotten.
80
Extension: Arrange students in pairs. Give each student twelve index cards.
Have one partner write the underlined words from this page on cards. Have
the other write the contractions on cards. Invite partners to play a game in
which they match the contractions with the longer forms.
Grade 4/Unit 3
Basho
10
TEST
Name
Date
Grammar 81

A. Read each sentence. Draw one line under the helping verb and two
lines under the main verb.
1. After he had laced on a new pair of sandals, Basho took another walk.
2. Basho wrote a poem about flowers that were blooming.
3. Today people are visiting the places that Basho knew.
4. Long after Basho lived, people are reading his poems.
5. Throughout history, poets like Basho have helped us to appreciate nature.
B. Choose the correct helping verb to complete each sentence. Write it on

the line.
6. I
writing a haiku poem.
a. am
b. are
c. will
7. Our teacher
will
put our poems on a bulletin board tomorrow.
a. have
b. was
c. will
have
8. We
painted pictures to go with our poems.
a. are
b. have
c. were
Grade 4/Unit 3
Basho
81
MORE PRACTICE
Name
Grammar 82
Date

Have, has, and had can be helping verbs.
Is, are, am, was, were, and will can be helping verbs.
Mechanics:
A contraction can be made by combining a verb with the word not.
An apostrophe (') shows the letter o has been left out.
Look at the picture. Proofread the paragraph. Correct mistakes in main
verbs and helping verbs. Change the underlined words to contractions.
Rewrite the paragraph on the lines.
In many poems, Basho was write about animals. In one of his poems, a
crab are tickling his leg. In another poem, a horse have chewed a flower. Was
not there a poem in this story about a frog? Basho is not alive today, but you
can read his poems.
Basho isnt alive today, but you can read his poems.
82
Grade 4/Unit 3
Basho
LEARN
Name
Grammar 83
Date
Linking Verbs
A linking verb does not show action. It connects the subject to the rest of the
sentence.
Is, are, am, was, and were are often used as linking verbs.
Read each sentence. Study the linking verbs in parentheses. Write the
form of the linking verb that correctly completes each sentence.
is
1. The Big Dipper
a group of stars. (is, are)
2. The children's names
James and Lettie. (was, were)
3. Papa's new name

4. Indiana
Starman. (was, were)
is
the state where the family made their home. (is, are)
5. Barns and beds
things that Papa can build. (is, are)
6. James thought Mama's cooking

7. Mama and the children
just wonderful. (was, were)

worried when Papa was away.
(was, were)
8. The children certainly

were
9. Papa's relatives
10. You
10
happy when Papa returns. (is, are)

eager to leave the plantation. (was, were)
older than James and Lettie. (am, are)
Grade 4/Unit 3
A Place Called Freedom
Extension: Ask students to write a paragraph

describing the town of Freedom. Urge them to use
linking verbs in their description. Invite students to
share their descriptions.
83
LEARN AND PRACTICE
Name
Date
Grammar 84
Linking Verbs
Some linking verbs link the subject to a noun in the predicate.
Some linking verbs link the subject to an adjective in the predicate.
Read each sentence. Circle the linking verb that links the subject to a noun
or adjective in the predicate. Underline the noun or adjective.
1. Lettie was wriggly as a child.
2. Lettie's older brother, James, was tall.
3. Some people leaving Tennessee were runaways from plantations.
4. The travelers were weary from their long walk.
5. The face of the old fisherman is wrinkled.
6. How many of the new settlers are farmers?
7. Mama was the teacher in the village school.
8. A few people in the village were carpenters.
9. The vegetables that the boy raises are beans.

10. The name of the village is Freedom.
84
Extension: Have students identify whether each linking

verb that they underlined in these sentences is in the
present tense or the past tense.
Grade 4/Unit 3
10
PRACTICE AND REVIEW
Name
Grammar 85
Date
Writing Linking Verbs to Complete Sentences

sentence.
Complete each sentence by writing the correct linking verb on the line.
Then underline the complete subject of the sentence.
is
1. Scott Russell Sanders
are
2. Writing, nature, and towns

3. Mr. Sanders
4. His birthplace
a big city in Tennessee.
6. Thomas B. Allen
people who get along.

nine years old when he went to an art class.
his way of getting to class back then.
8. The other people in the class
the author's favorite things.
a college teacher these days as well as an author.
5. His favorite subjects for writing
7. Streetcars
an author.
adults.
9. As an adult, Allen
eager to look for ideas in libraries.
10. The countryside
another good place for finding ideas.
10
Grade 4/Unit 3
Extension: Arrange students in small groups. Have

students write is, are, am, was, and were on index
cards and turn the cards facedown. Then invite
students to take turns picking a card and using the
linking verb in an oral sentence.
85
MECHANICS
Name
Date
Grammar 86
Titles
Capitalize the first and last words and all important words in the titles of
books and newspapers.
Underline titles of books, newspapers, magazines, and TV series.
Put quotation marks around the titles of short stories, articles, songs, poems,
and book chapters.
Rewrite each sentence making sure the titles are written correctly.
1. A newspaper in Freedom might be called the freedom times.
A newspaper in Freedom might be called The Freedom Times.
2. James could have written a book called my life in freedom, indiana.
3. The song amazing grace is about slavery.

The song "Amazing Grace" is about slavery.
4. Have you seen the TV series the end of slavery?
Have you seen the TV series The End of Slavery?
5. Did you read the magazine article the freedom train?
6. walking to freedom is a poem that my friend Dara wrote.

"Walking to Freedom" is a poem that my friend Dara wrote.
86
Extension: Have students work in pairs. One student

writes four titles without capital letters, underlining, or
quotation marks. The other student writes the titles
correctly. Then students reverse roles and repeat the
activity.
Grade 4/Unit 3
TEST
Name
Date
Grammar 87
Linking Verbs
A. Find the linking verb in each sentence. Write it on the line.
1. The year 1832 was the year the family left the plantation.
2., Papa, Mama, and James were the family members who walked.
3. I am amazed that they traveled so far on foot.
4. When the family reaches Indiana, the hills are white with flowers.
B. Find the noun or adjective in the predicate that is linked to the subject
by a linking verb. Write it on the line.
5. A Quaker family was kind to the travelers from Tennessee.
6. The Starman family is glad to help with their farm work.
7. Papa was a farmer and planted corn and wheat the first year.
8. Potatoes and beans were the vegetables that James planted.
Grade 4/Unit 3
87
MORE PRACTICE
Name
Date
Grammar 88
Linking Verbs
sentence.
Mechanics:
Capitalize the first and last words and all important words in the titles of
books and newspapers.
Underline titles of books, newspapers, magazines, and TV series.
Put quotation marks around the titles of short stories, articles, songs, poems,
and book chapters.
Work with a partner. Take turns reading the following paragraph aloud.
Listen for mistakes in linking verbs. Think about which words are titles.
Decide together what corrections need to be made and rewrite the
paragraph correctly.
to give a report today. I wrote a poem about slavery that I call "Freedom."
88
Grade 4/Unit 3
Our social studies book is social studies today. The books is

new. The title of yesterdays chapter were slavery in the south. I are
ready to give a report today. I wrote a poem about slavery that I call
freedom.
LEARN
Name
Grammar 89
Date
Irregular Verbs
An irregular verb is a verb that does not add -ed to form the past tense.
Write the correct past-tense form of the underlined verb on the line
provided.
began
1. Adrian Fisher begin

2. Fisher make
made
3. This maze break
to make mazes more than 20 years ago.
a huge maze in 1996.
broke
the record for the largest maze.

their way through it in one day.
4. About 2,000 people find

5. Adults as well as children come
6. Children go
7. Fisher do
to try the maze.
through the maze faster than their parents.

a special maze to honor a Beatles song.
over Adrian Fisher's mazes.
8. A plane fly
9. An artist draw
came
drew
pictures of the mazes.

saw
10. The drawings show what the pilot see
10
Grade 4/Unit 3
Twisted Trails
Extension: Have students work with partners to find

examples of irregular past-tense verbs in
newspaper articles. Ask students to make and
share a list of the verbs they find.
89
LEARN AND PRACTICE
Name
Date
Grammar 90
Irregular Verbs
Some irregular verbs have special spellings when used with the helping
verb have, has, or had.
Read each sentence and the verb choices in parentheses. Underline the
verb choice that correctly completes the sentence.
1. Adrian Fisher has (built, builded) more than 135 mazes.
2. He has (did, done) mazes in England and the United States.
3. Fisher had (make, made) the maze in Michigan in the shape of a car.
4. The cornstalks in his corn maze have (grew, grown) high.
5. He had (lay, laid) out the Beatles maze in the shape of a submarine.
6. This maze master has (put, putted) roadblocks in his mazes.
7. Sometimes there have (were, been) live crocodiles in his mazes, too.
8. Thousands of people have (seen, saw) Fisher's mazes.
9. He has (taken, took) a lot of care with his designs.
10. People have (begun, began) to take maze design seriously.
90
Extension: Ask students to rewrite the above

sentences using past-tense verbs without using have,
has, or had.
Grade 4/Unit 3
Twisted Trails
10
PRACTICE AND REVIEW
Name
Date
Grammar 91
Irregular Verbs
Some irregular verbs have special spellings when used with the helping
verb have, has, or had.
Rewrite each sentence with the correct form of the underlined verb. For
each sentence, use the form that makes better sensethe past-tense form
or the past with the helping verb have, has, or had.
1. One time I go through a maze.
2. I wonder if you have ever go through a maze.
3. I know there was a rule for going through a maze.
4. I followed the rule and find that it worked!
5. The left wall had lead me back to the path.

The left wall had led me back to the path.
6. Finally I see the way out of the maze.
7. The maze had keep me busy for quite a while.
8. Did you know that Adrian Fisher has break the rule of maze making?
Grade 4/Unit 3
Twisted Trails
Extension: Arrange students in groups. Ask each

group to make a chart with three columns labeled
Present Tense, Past Tense, and Past with Have,
Has, or Had. Have students fill in the columns with
forms for the verbs in parentheses.
91
MECHANICS
Name
Date
Grammar 92
Abbreviations
An abbreviation is the shortened form of a word.
An abbreviation begins with a capital letter and ends with a period.
Abbreviate titles of people before names. You can abbreviate days of the
week.
You can also abbreviate most months.
Rewrite this invitation by writing each underlined abbreviation correctly.

Dear Jesse,
Would you like to go through mr Fisher's maze with us? My
mother says that we will go on sat, nov 10. Derek and mrs Long are
coming. I went to see dr Ortega on thurs, and he showed me how to
brush my teeth better. I'll call you tomorrow afternoon.
Sam
92
Extension: Have pairs of students quiz each other on

abbreviations. Have one partner write a word and the
other write the abbreviation.
Grade 4/Unit 3
Twisted Trails
TEST
Name
Date
Grammar 93
Irregular Verbs
A. Circle the letter before the irregular verb that correctly completes each
sentence.
1. Our class ___ reading about mazes yesterday.
a. begin
b. began
c. begun
d. beginned
2. We ___ some mazes on paper.
a. draw
b. drawed
c. drew
d. drawn
B. Circle the letter before the correct irregular verb and helping verb that
completes each sentence.
3. The maze master ___ a maze with three miles of paths in it.
a. has made
b. has make
c. had make
d. have made
4. Adults ___ lost in Adrian Fisher's mazes.
a. has became
b. has become
c. have became
d. have become
Grade 4/Unit 3
Twisted Trails
93
MORE PRACTICE
Name
Date
Grammar 94
Irregular Verbs
Some irregular verbs have special spellings when used with the helping verb
have, has, or had.
Mechanics
An abbreviation is the shortened form of a word. An abbreviation begins with
a capital letter and ends with a period.
Abbreviate titles of people before names. You can abbreviate days of the
week and most months.
Read the sentences about the picture below. Change the verbs that are
not written correctly. Put capital letters and periods where they belong in
the abbreviations. Rewrite the sentences on the lines below.
1. The students in ms Ming's class have drew a circular maze.
2. Last week they taked their maze to mr Johnson's class.
3. This morning mrs Green's class come to see the maze.
4. Later they gived the maze to the principal, dr Miller.
5. Now everyone in the school has see the maze.
Grade 4/Unit 3
Twisted Trails
94
REVIEW
Name
Grammar 95
Date
Verbs
Read each passage and look at the underlined parts. Is there a better way
to write and say each part? If there is, which is the better way? Circle your
answer.
The hatmaker sit write, and draws. He creates a sign for his shop. He
(1)
shows the sign to several people. They tells him to make changes.
(2)
The hatmaker rushes back to his shop and makes a new sign.
1.
The hatmaker sat, writes,

and draws.
The hatmaker sits, wrote,
and draws.
The hatmaker sits, writes,
and draws.
No mistake
B
C
D
2.
F
G
H
J
Them told him to make

changes.
They told he to make
changes.
They tell him to make
changes.
No mistake
December 1, 2000
777 Forest Street
Orange, MA 01364
Chris Little
129 Blueberry Circle
York, ME 03909
Dear Chris,
I looked at some books with drawings by Pat Cummings. She liked to draw
when she was young. Then she study art and became an artist. I think I
(3)
will study art, too.
yours friend,
(4)
Lucas
3.
A
B
C
D
Then her study art and

became an artist.
Then she studyed art and
become an artist.
Then she studied art and
became an artist.
No mistake
Grade 4/Unit 3
Our Voices
4.
F
G
H
J
Your friend,
Youre friend,
Yours friend,
No mistake
95
REVIEW
Name
Grammar 96
Date
Verbs
Basho is preparing to walk across Japan. He isnt taken much with him.
(5)
Basho is a poet, and he will write poems during his journey. His friends
has given him a pair of sandals paper, and ink.
(6)
5.
A
B
C
D
He isnt taking much with him.

He isnt taken much with he.
He isnt taking much with him.
No mistake
6.
F
G
H
J
His friends have gave him a

pair of sandals, paper, and ink.
His friends have given him a
His friend have given him a
No mistake
Each group in my class wrote a song about the town of Freedom. My group's
(7)
song is called "A Place to Be Free." All the groups sang their songs to the
class. Ms. Brady said our songs was wonderful.
(8)
7.
A
B
C
D
my group's song is called

"a place to be free."
My group song is called A
Place to Be Free.
My groups song is called
"A Place to Be Free."
No mistake
8.
F
G
H
J
Ms Brady said our songs is

wonderful.
Ms. brady says our songs
was wonderful.
Ms. Brady said our songs
were wonderful.
No mistake
Dee write a list of things to do for the week. heres her list: 1. Mon.Read
(9)
( 10 )
article about mazes. 2. Tues.Visit magazine's Web site. 3. Wed.Get book

of mazes from library. 4. Thurs.Draw my own maze. 5. Fri.Show my maze
to Cathy.
A
B
C
D
96
Dee has wrote a list of things 10. F

to do for the week.
G
dee has written a list of things
H
to do for the week
J
Dee has written a list of things
to do for the week.
No mistake
Heres her list:

Hears her list:
Heres her list:
No mistake
Grade 4/Unit 3
Our Voices
9.
10
LEARN
Name
Grammar 97
Date
Adjectives
An adjective is a word that describes a noun.
An adjective tells what kind or how many.
Choose an adjective from the box below that correctly fits in the sentence.
Then write your answer on the line provided.
all
1.
cold
most
several
silly
Scruffy lives in a very
two
4.
All
5.
Most
two
white
several
wolves of different ages.
leaders of Scruffy's wolf pack.
male wolves leave their parents when they grow up.

Scruffy has trouble getting food to eat.
7. In the summer,
six
wolf pups are born.
8. With Scruffy's help, the pups become

9. To the pups, Scruffy is a
superior
alpha wolves get to eat first after a hunt.
6. A
10. Wolves with
10
strong
place.
2. A wolf pack is a family of

3. There are
six
Grade 4 / Unit 4
Scruffy
white
wolves.
wolf.
fur are hard to see in the snow.
Extension: Ask students to choose their favorite wild

animal and write a description of it. Have students
use adjectives that tell what kind or how many.
97
LEARN & PRACTICE
Name
Date
Grammar 98
Adjectives and Linking Verbs

An adjective can come after the noun it describes.
The noun and adjective are connected by a linking verb.
Read each sentence. Underline each linking verb, and then write the
adjective that comes after the noun on the line provided.
1. Scruffy is timid.
2. The other wolves were bold and good hunters.
3. Alpha wolves are strong and attack first.
4. Soon the pups were big and running around.
5. Scruffy was perky when he was with the pups.
6. Arctic wolves are gray during the summer.
7. Their fur is white during the winter.
8. The pups' mother was gentle.
9. This female wolf is good-natured. good-natured
10. The baby pups were tiny.
98
Extension: Have students write four sentences about

members of their family, using linking verbs and adjectives
after the nouns.
Grade 4/ Unit 4
Scruffy
10
PRACTICE AND REVIEW
Name
Date
Grammar 99
Adjectives
Underline the adjective in each sentence. Decide if the adjective tells what
kind or how many, and then write what kind or how many on the line
provided.
1. The weather on Ellesmere Island is snowy.
what kind
2. Huge icebergs surround the island.
3. Some wolves in a wolf pack are brothers and sisters.
how many
what kind
4. Sometimes Scruffy was a confused wolf.
how many
5. Most wolves in the pack hunted.
6. One wolf usually did not go on the hunt.

7. Watchful Scruffy was the pups' baby-sitter.
8. With Scruffy, the pups were playful.
9. There were four pups in the litter.

10. The opening into the den was narrow.
10
Grade 4 / Unit 4
Scruffy
what kind
Extension: Ask students to listen as you read a few

paragraphs about the Arctic. Have students write
down five or more adjectives that they hear.
99
MECHANICS
Name
Date
Grammar 100
Proper Adjectives
Proper adjectives are formed from proper nouns.
A proper adjective begins with a capital letter.
Rewrite each sentence. Write each proper adjective correctly.
1. Jim Brandenburg filmed wolves for a national geographic television show.
2. To some native american people, the wolf is a special animal.
3. Brandenburg has taken many photographs of arctic animals.
4. The atlantic walrus lives in the Arctic.
5. The iceland tern is another animal that lives in this region.
6. Various eskimo tribes have lived in this part of the world.
7. Jim Brandenburg and his family live in the minnesota woods.
8. Part of this state is on the canadian border.
100
Extension: Have students work in pairs to look through

science or social studies books and list any proper
adjectives they find.
Grade 4/Unit 4
Scruffy
TEST
Name
Date
Grammar 101
Adjectives
A. Write yes if the underlined word in the sentence is an adjective. Write no
if it is not an adjective.
1. Arctic wolves live where there are fields of snow.
no
2. The wolf was named Scruffy because he was messy.
yes
3. Scruffy and the pups played with a piece of fur.
4. Scruffy wanted the eggs of some Arctic birds.

yes
B. Find the adjective in each sentence. Then write your answer on the line.
5. Sometimes Scruffy was mean and bullied the pups.
6. Scruffy often took the frisky pups on walks.
7. The six pups happily followed Scruffy.
8. The climate of Ellesmere Island is harsh.
Grade 4/Unit 4
Scruffy
101
MORE PRACTICE
Name
Grammar 102
Date
Adjectives
An adjective is a word that describes a noun.
The noun and adjective are connected by a linking verb.
A proper adjective begins with a capital letter.
Use the adjectives in the box to complete the sentences.
Arctic
1. The
gray
long
Arctic
Two
six
six
tall
region has
2. The color of the

3.
sharp
tall
two
icebergs.
pups Scruffy cared for was
pups like to hold a
stick in their mouths.

sharp
teeth.
4. Scruffy growls at the pups and shows his
102
Grade 4/Unit 4
Scruffy
LEARN
Name
Grammar 103
Date
Articles
The words a, an, and the are special adjectives called articles.
Use a and an with singular nouns.
Use a if the next word starts with a consonant sound.
Use an if the next word starts with a vowel sound.
Complete each sentence by writing the correct article, a or an.
a
1. Gluskabe was
good giant.
an
2. Long ago, Skunk was
animal with white fur.

a
3. Gluskabe and Skunk went on
difficult journey.
a
4. Some people were in trouble because of

an
5. Skunk became
angry creature during the trip.

a
6. Gluskabe spoke to
large bird with white feathers.

an
7. On the way home, Skunk saw

8. Skunk tied Day Eagle's wings with
9. Today the skunk has
an
10. He also has

11. He is
12. If you see
12
an
deep snowfall.
eagle.
a
piece of twine.
black coat with white stripes.
odor that nobody likes.

animal that people try to avoid.
Grade 4 / Unit 4
Gluskabe and the Snow Bird
skunk, dont scare him!
Extension: Have students write and share at least

one riddle about animals, using a and an in their
clues.
103
LEARN AND PRACTICE
Name
Grammar 104
Date
More Articles
Use the with singular nouns that name a particular person, place, or thing.
Use the before all plural nouns.
Read each sentence. Then underline each article once and underline the
noun that each article points out twice.
1. Skunk and Gluskabe walked north to see the Snow Bird.
2. They went to solve the problem of too much snow.
3. The snowbird lived on a hilltop.
4. When snow melts, it fills the rivers.
5. Snow protects the plants in winter.
6. Too much snow was causing an impossible problem for hunters.
7. Skunk wanted to be an important person.
8. Skunk tied the Day Eagles wings.
9. Gluskabe gave Skunk a harsh punishment.
10. Gluskabe drew the white stripes that skunks have today.
104
Extension: Have each student write a paragraph telling

what they know or have heard about skunks. Then
have students exchange papers and circle the articles
a, an, and the in the paragraphs they receive.
Grade 4/Unit 4
10
PRACTICE AND REVIEW
Name
Date
Grammar 105
Articles
Use a and an with singular nouns.
Use a if the next word starts with a consonant sound.
Use an if the next word starts with a vowel sound.
Each sentence is missing two articles. Add the articles and then write the
sentences correctly.
1. Skunk was excellent cook so he prepared meals.
Skunk was an excellent cook so he prepared the meals.
2. In the old days, all of animals admired Skunk because he had beautiful coat.
3. One day messenger came to see Great One.
4. Gluskabe made enormous footprint in snow.
5. Skunk thought giant Snow Bird was amazing creature.
6. Another bird was standing at top of hill.
7. Skunk did evil thing to bird called Day Eagle.
8. During night, Skunk tied wings of this great bird.
Grade 4/Unit 4
Extension: Ask students to write a few sentences

explaining what Gluskabe did to punish Skunk.
Remind students to use articles correctly.
105
MECHANICS
Name
Grammar 106
Date
Quotations
Use quotation marks at the beginning and end of a person's exact words.
Begin a quotation with a capital letter.
Do not use quotation marks when you do not use the speaker's exact words.
Rewrite each sentence correctly by putting capital letters and quotation
marks where they belong.
1. Mr. Peterson asked, did you like the story about Gluskabe?
Mr. Peterson asked, Did you like the story about Gluskabe?
2. we liked it very much, the students answered.
3. then let's put on a play about it, the teacher said.

Then let's put on a play about it, the teacher said.
4. Mr. Peterson looked around and said, James, you can play Skunk.
5. that's great! James replied with a grin.
6. Grace raised her hand and asked, could I be the Snow Bird?
7. Mr. Peterson said, sure, if it's O.K. with the rest of the class.
8. The other students said that it was a great idea.

The other students said that it was a great idea
106
Extension: Have students write three more sentences

about Mr. Peterson and the play. Tell students to put
quotations in each sentence. Students can exchange
sentences and proofread a partners work for correct
quotation style.
Grade 4/Unit 4
TEST
Name
Date
Grammar 107
Articles
A. Circle the letter before the sentence that uses articles correctly.
1.
a.
b.
c.
Gluskabe was an giant.

Gluskabe was a good giant.
Gluskabe untied a knots.
2.
a.
b.
c.
Skunk was the giant's cook.

Skunk once was an white animal.
Skunk sank in a footprints.
3.
a.
b.
c.
Skunk saw an big bird.

The Day Eagle closed his wings.
People could not see in a dark.
4.
a.
b.
c.
Gluskabe used an ashes from the fire.

Skunk sleeps in a winter.
People did not like the smell.
B. Circle the letter before the article that correctly completes each
sentence.
5. Skunk watched snowflakes fall from ___ birds wings.
a.
a
b.
an
c.
the
6.
Skunk wanted to do ___ awesome thing.

a.
a
b.
an
c.
the
7.
Skunk cooked ___ delicious meal for Gluskabe.

a.
a
b.
an
c.
the
8.
Now skunks have ___very bad smell.

a.
the
b.
an
c.
a
Grade 4/Unit 4
107
MORE PRACTICE
Name
Date
Grammar 108
Articles and Quotations

The words a, an, and the are special adjectives called articles.
Use a and an with singular nouns. Use a if the next word starts with a
consonant sound. Use an if the next word starts with a vowel sound.
Mechanics
Use quotation marks at the beginning and end of a person's exact words.
Read each sentence aloud and decide which underlined word is correct.
Then rewrite the sentence, putting quotation marks and capital letters where they
belong.
1.
Roy asked, do you know what color Skunk was in the, an old days?
2. Tia said, he had a, an pretty white coat.
3. later Gluskabe turned the, a skunk's coat black, Tia explained.
4. then Gluskabe gave him a, an ugly smell, Roy said.
108
Grade 4/Unit 4
LEARN
Name
Date
Grammar 109
Adjectives That Compare

Add -er to most adjectives to compare two people, places, or things.
Add -est to most adjectives to compare more than two.
Read each sentence. Underline the adjective in parentheses that correctly
completes the sentence.
1. Sylvia Earle hopes to dive to the (deeper, deepest) part of the ocean.
2. The water at the surface is (brighter, brightest) than the water down below.
3. The bottom is the (darker, darkest) part of the ocean.
4. The water past the waves is (deeper, deepest) than the water by the shore.
5. The Florida waters were (cleaner, cleanest) in the past than they are today.
6. Sharks are (faster, fastest) swimmers than people.
7. The Jim Suit is a (newer, newest) invention than scuba gear.
8. People wearing Jim Suits are (slower, slowest) swimmers than dolphins.
9. Of all work, Sylvia believes exploring the ocean is the (greater, greatest).
10. She thinks sea creatures are some of the (grander, grandest) animals in the
world.
10
Grade 4/Unit 4
Meet an Underwater Explorer
Extension: Write each adjective in parentheses on

an index card. Have students take turns drawing a
card from a hat or bowl, and then use the adjective
in a sentence of their own.
109
LEARN AND PRACTICE
Name
Grammar 110
Date

For adjectives ending in e, drop the e before adding -er or -est.
For adjectives ending in a consonant and y, change the y to i before adding
-er or -est.
For adjectives that have a single vowel before a final consonant, double the
final consonant before adding -er or -est.
Complete each sentence by writing the correct form of the adjective in
parentheses.
1. As a child, Sylvia's (happy)
times were spent under water.
2. Of the many sea creatures, some of the (strange)
ones live on
the bottom of the ocean.

3. The poisonous lionfish is one of the (deadly)
5. Humpback whales are (big)
than sharks.
than sharks.
6. The blue whale is the (large)

7. A scorpionfish is (scary)
8. Scuba gear is (clumsy)
9. Even the (tiny)
10. Pollution is one of the (sad)
living animal.
than a dolphin.
than a one-person sub.
4. Dolphins are (friendly)
animals in the sea.
plants in the ocean make oxygen.

things people have done to the
sea.
110
Extension: Have students choose three sea creatures

to compare in sentences, using adjectives to make
the comparisons. Tell students to write four
sentences.
Grade 4/Unit 4
10
PRACTICE AND REVIEW
Name
Date
Grammar 111

-er or -est.
Rewrite the sentences below, correcting the form or spelling of the
underlined adjective.
1. There is no light in the deeppest part of the sea.
2. At the bottom of the sea, food is scarcest than at the top.
3. The great white shark is smallier than a whale shark.
4. The whale shark is the bigger of all sharks.
5. The teeth of some sharks are sharpest than razor blades.
6. One of the flatter animals in the sea is the ray.
Grade 4/Unit 4
Extension: Ask students to make a chart of five

different adjectives to compare by adding -er and
-est. Have students write the three forms of each
adjective, such as hot, hotter, hottest.
111
MECHANICS
Name
Grammar 112
Date
Proper Adjectives
A proper adjective or proper noun begins with a capital letter.
Rewrite each sentence using each proper adjective and proper noun
correctly.
1. The diving suit sylvia earle wore was named for a british diver.
2. His name was jim jarrett, and the suit was called a jim suit.
3. It was in hawaiian waters that Sylvia walked on the bottom of the pacific
ocean.
4. Sylvia is an american diver who lived in florida as a child.
112
Extension: Have students, working in groups, list

proper adjectives and proper nouns that they find in
newspapers and magazines. Encourage groups to
find as many as they can within a set period of time.
Grade 4/Unit 4
5. Sylvia has worked for the united states government as a scientist.
TEST
Name
Grammar 113
Date

A. Read each sentence. Write yes if the underlined adjective is the correct
form or correct spelling. Write no if it is not the correct form or correct
spelling.
1. Of all the fish, Luis thought the lantern fish was the funnyest.
2. Sara Ann thinks the sea horse is the cutest sea animal.
3. Some starfish have shorter arms than others.
4. A jellyfish has a thiner body than an octopus.
B. Read each sentence. Use the correct form of the adjective in

parentheses. Write it on the line.
5. Scuba gear is (heavy)
heavier
than snorkeling equipment.
6. Sylvia's practice dive was in (shallow)
water than her real dive.
7. Underwater divers get to see the (rare)
creatures of the sea.

of all starfish.
8. The red starfish is the (red)
Grade 4/Unit 4
113
MORE PRACTICE
Name
Grammar 114
Date

-er or -est.
Mechanics
A proper adjective or proper noun begins with a capital letter.
Proofread the paragraph below. Then rewrite the paragraph on the lines
provided.
Some of the clearer water in the world is around the cayman islands. The
water in the cayman area is blueer than the water in the gulf of mexico. These
islands in the caribbean sea were settled by british people. Divers see some of
the ocean's prettyest fish in the caribbean region.
114
fish in the Caribbean region.
Grade 4/Unit 4
LEARN
Name
Grammar 115
Date
Comparing with More and Most

For long adjectives, use more and most to compare people, places, or things.
Use more to compare two people, places, or things.
Use most to compare more than two.
Write more or most to complete each sentence correctly.
1. To Joanna Cole, science is the
2. Joanna does the
most
3. Her dummy is
most
interesting of all subjects.
careful research that she can do.

organized at the beginning than at the end of her
research.
4. The scientist was
experienced with snakes than Joanna.
5. A snakeskin is one of the
transparent of all animal skins.
6. Joanna's cat thought a snakeskin was

7. The snakeskin was probably the
most
more
exciting than a nap.
fascinating thing Taffy had ever
seen.
8. Joanna was
more
worried than the scientist about the snakeskin.
9. Joanna learned that the workers are the

10. Joanna wondered if a tornado is
10
Grade 4/Unit 4
On the Bus with Joanna Cole
most
hard-working of all bees.
dangerous than a hurricane.
Extension: Ask students to write four sentences of

their own, using adjectives from the above
sentences. Tell students to use more and most in
their sentences.
115
LEARN AND PRACTICE
Name
Grammar 116
Date

When you use more or most, do not use the ending -er or -est.
Read each sentence. Write the underlined form of each adjective correctly.
1. Sometimes for research, magazine articles are more usefuler
more useful
than science books.
2. Often experts are the most helpfulest
most helpful
people when
Joanna has questions.

3. She may find more recenter
information in a computer
than in an encyclopedia.
4. Maybe a video will give the most currentest
most current
news about a
science topic.
5. Joanna may find more scientificer
more scientific
books in a library than
in a bookstore.
6. The most importantest most important
thing Joanna does before writing
is read.
116
Extension: Have students make up oral sentences,

using more and most with the following adjectives:
helpful, recent, important, valuable.
Grade 4/Unit 4
PRACTICE AND REVIEW
Name
Date
Grammar 117

Rewrite each sentence. Use the correct form for the adjective.
1. Hoy thinks bees would be a most difficult subject to study than snakes.
2. Elena thinks a snakebite would be dangerouser than a bee sting.
3. Lita feels that tornadoes are more harmfuler to people than snakes.
Lita feels that tornadoes are more harmful to people than snakes.
4. Kara believes that a storm would be the most challengingest topic of all.
5. Of the three subjects, David feels bees would be the more interesting.
6. Last year, the science fair was the popularest event at school.
Grade 4/Unit 4
Extension: Encourage students to recall times when

the weather was especially extreme. Invite students
to describe the conditions in oral sentences, using er, -est, more, and most.
117
MECHANICS
Name
Date
Grammar 118
Using More and Most

Never add -er and more to the same adjective.
Never add -est and most to the same adjective.
Read each sentence. Write the correct form of the adjective in
parentheses.
1. Maple leaves are (flat)
2. I think maple leaves are the (beautiful)
than pine needles.
of all tree leaves.
3. In the wintertime, maple trees are (bare)
than evergreens.
4. Most encyclopedia articles are (serious)

articles.
than magazine
5. Joanna's books are the (entertaining)

have ever read.
than my latest report.
6. My first science report was (boring)
science books I
118
Extension: Have students make a chart, listing the six

adjectives from the above sentences, then writing
their comparative and superlative forms.
Grade 4/Unit 4
TEST
Name
Date
Grammar 119

A. In each sentence, find the adjective that compares. Circle your answer.
1. Snakes are more common in the warmer parts of the world than in the colder
parts.
a snakes
b more common
c warmer parts
d colder parts
2. The most likely place to find a diamondback rattlesnake in the United States is in
the southeastern states.
a most likely
b place
c rattlesnake
d southeastern states
3. The black Indian cobra is one of the most poisonous of all snakes.
a black
b cobra
c most poisonous
d all snakes
B. Choose the correct adjective to complete each sentence. Circle your

answer.
4. The ribbon snake is a ___ snake than the common garter snake.
a colorfuler
b colorfulest
c more colorful
d most colorful
5. Of the many reptiles, the snake has the ___ way of moving.
a unusual
b unusualer
c more unusual
d most unusual
6. One of the ___ things a snake does is shed its skin.
a amazingest
b amazingiest
c more amazing
d most amazing
Grade 4/Unit 4
119
MORE PRACTICE
Name
Grammar 120
Date

Mechanics
Never add -er and more to the same adjective.
Never add -est and most to the same adjective.
Work with a partner. Listen as your partner reads the sentences aloud.
Look for mistakes in adjectives that compare. Write the sentences
correctly. Then read them aloud.
1. Studying in bed is more unusualer than working at a desk.
2. A big dog would cause most crumpled papers than a little dog.
3. After reading several things, Joanna chooses the more interesting facts.
4. I think the most amusingest part of Joanna's story is what her cat did.
120
Grade 4/Unit 4
LEARN
Name
Grammar 121
Date
Comparing with Good
Use better to compare two people, places, or things.
Use best to compare more than two.
Write better or best to complete each sentence correctly.

1. Tom says The Earliest Animals is the
2. Rosa thinks Troubled Tongues is a
best
article he has ever read.

story than The Earliest
Animals.
3. To Kim, the article about mazes is the
4. Tom thinks Wiwaxia is the
5. Rosa says that Ottoia is a
creature of all the Cambrian animals.

better
6. Kim believes the five-eyed creature is a

7. Tom thinks sharp spines give
animal than Wiwaxia.

creature than Wiwaxia.
protection than five eyes.
better
than a nose like a hose.
8. Rosa says that a snout is
article of the three.
Grade 4/Unit 4
Earth's First Creatures
Extension: Have students read an article in a

newspaper or magazine and circle each use of
better or best.
121
LEARN AND PRACTICE
Name
Grammar 122
Date
Comparing with Bad
Use worse to compare two people, places, or things.
Use worst to compare more than two.
Write worse or worst to complete each sentence correctly.

1. Kim thinks a meteor is a
worse
disaster than an earthquake.
2. Rosa thinks an ice age would have caused
worse
changes than an
earthquake.
3. What is the
thing that happens during an earthquake?
4. Would a change in Earth's atmosphere be
5. Tom thinks a meteor crash would have been
worse
worse
than an earthquake?
than cold weather.
6. Which of the three events do you think would have been the
7. The time before the Cambrian Period was a
worst
one?
time for animals to
develop than the Cambrian Period.
122
way of eating than sucking food.
Extension: Arrange students in pairs. Ask each student

to write two sentences, one with worse and one with
worst. Then have students read the sentences to their
partner, saying blank in place of worse and worst.
Partners fill in the blanks.
Grade 4/Unit 4
8. Crushing food is not a
PRACTICE AND REVIEW
Name
Date
Grammar 123
Comparing with Good and Bad
Rewrite each sentence with the correct adjective from the parentheses.
1. Fossils are one of the (best, goodest) ways to learn about early animals.
Fossils are one of the best ways to learn about early animals.
2. The earlier animals had (worse, worser) body systems than the Cambrian
animals.
3. Changes in atmosphere might have been a (worse, worst) event than weather
changes.
4. The (best, better) result of all the changes in environment was the Cambrian
explosion.
5. One of the (worst, worsest) problems in studying early animals is their
microscopic size.
6. Which do you think is a (gooder, better) way of moving, floating or crawling?
Grade 4/Unit 4
Extension: Arrange students in small groups. Have

each group write better, best, worse, worst on cards
and turn the cards facedown. Ask students to take
turns drawing a card and using the adjective on the
card in an oral sentence.
123
MECHANICS
Name
Grammar 124
Date
Using Commas
Use a comma to set off a person's name when the person is spoken to
directly.
Use a comma after introductory words such as yes, no, and well.
Insert commas where they belong in each sentence.

1. Akiko do you know what Wiwaxia used to defend itself?
2. Yes it used the sharp spines that covered its body.
3. Was Wiwaxia the creature Jeff that hid at the bottom of the sea?
4. No the animal that hid was Ottoia.
5. Were the earliest animals visible Derrick?
6. Well they were not visible without a microscope.
7. Do you think Olga a period of 5 million to 10 million years is a long time?
8. Well it's not long if you're talking about the history of Earth.
124
Extension: Ask partners to work together to write

questions and answers about the earliest creatures.
Tell students to use their partner's name in their
questions and yes, no, and well in their answers.
Grade 4/Unit 4
TEST
Name
Grammar 125
Date

A. Read each sentence. Write yes if the underlined adjective is the correct
form of good. Write no if it is not correct.
1. I think a scientist is the better job a person could have.
2. Which of the two drawings of creatures is the best one?
3. Legs are better body parts to walk on than spikes.
4. Of all the explanations for the Cambrian Period, which is the best one?
B. Read each sentence. Decide if the missing adjective is worse or worst.

Write it on the line.
5. My drawing of Anomalocaris was the
6. I had a worse
worst
picture I ever drew.
time drawing Hallucigenia than Ottoia.
7. I thought my drawings of Cambrian animals were the
worst
ones in the
class.
than mine.
8. Then my teacher said that his drawings were
Grade 4/Unit 4
125
MORE PRACTICE
Name
Grammar 126
Date

Mechanics:
Use a comma to set off a person's name when the person is spoken to
directly.
Read the sentences about the picture. Correct the adjectives that are not
written correctly. Insert commas where they belong.
1. Jen did Hallucigenia or Ottoia have the best jaw?
2. Len which of the early animals had the better legs?
3. Which of the animals Harry do you think had the worse spines?
4. Mary is hot weather worst than cold weather for animals?
126
Grade 4/Unit 4
REVIEW
Name
Date
Grammar 127
Adjectives
Read each passage and look at the underlined sentences. Is there a
mistake? If there is, how do you correct it? Circle your answer.
The photographer Jim Brandenburg thinks arctic animals are magnificent.
(1)
On one of his trips, he met Scruffy. Scruffy was a wolf that took charge of
several playful pups. The pups thought Scruffy was nice. They made Scruffy
(2)
feel important.
1. A Add capitalization.
2.
F Add capitalization.
B Add punctuation.
G Add punctuation.
C Use a better adjective.
H Use a better adjective.
D No mistake.
J No mistake.
My teacher asked, why did gluskabe go to see the Snow Bird? I said that
(3)
he went to see him because he made snow. Gluskabe wanted the Snow Bird
to sometimes make the snow light. Skunk thought the Snow Bird was an
(4)
beautiful bird.
4.
B Add punctuation.
G Add punctuation.
C Change the article.
H Change the article.
D No mistake.
J No mistake.
Sylvia Earle has dived in a Jim Suit and in a small sub. Her dive in the Jim
Suit was the deepest dive ever done when not connected to a boat. The suit,
(5)
invented by a british diver, provided another way to explore the sea.
(6)
6.
B Add punctuation.
G Add punctuation.
C Use correct form of adjective.
H Use correct form of adjective.
D No mistake.
J No mistake.
Grade 4/Unit 4
Just Curious
127
REVIEW
Name
Date
Grammar 128
Adjectives
Joanna Cole writes science books. When she does research, she finds
(7)
that a dummy is useful than index cards. I read her book about snakes. I think
it is the interesting book I've ever read.
(8)
7. A Adjective needs an ending.
8. F Adjective needs an ending.
B Adjective needs more.
G Adjective needs more.
C Adjective needs most.
H Adjective needs most.
D No mistake.
J No mistake.
There are several reasons why Cambrian creatures may have developed.
My friend asked, Is hot weather the better explanation? I answered, No hot
(9)
weather would cause worse conditions than cold weather. Cold weather,
( 10 )
however, might have made it happen.

9. A Punctuation
10. F Punctuation
G Incorrect use of better or best
C Incorrect use of worse or worst
H Incorrect use of worse or worst
D No mistake
J No mistake
B Incorrect use of better or best
128
Grade 4/Unit 4
Just Curious
10
LEARN
Name
Grammar 129
Date
Pronouns
A pronoun is a word that takes the place of one or more nouns.
A pronoun must match the noun it refers to.
Singular pronouns are I, you, he, she, it, me, him, her.
Plural pronouns are we, you, they, us, them.
Underline the incorrect pronoun in each sentence. Then write the correct
pronoun on the line provided.
1. The plants were dug up, and something had nibbled it.
2. Don Emicho built a trap, and then it went to bed.
him
3. Don Emicho was asleep, but screeching woke them up.

4. When he went to the trap, they found a guinea pig.
he
5. The fox asked guinea pig why she was tied up.
6. The guinea pig tied up the fox as tightly as I could.
7. The fox told the story the guinea pig told you.
8. The fox knew the guinea pig had tricked us.
he
he
him
him
9. The fox caught the guinea pig while she was resting.
10. The fox was so frightened that they jumped in the hole.
10
Grade 4/Unit 5
The Fox and the Guinea Pig
he
he
Extension: Have students find three sentences from

the story that use pronouns. Have them write the
sentences down and then circle the pronoun and its
referent.
129
LEARN & PRACTICE
Name
Grammar 130
Date
Pronouns
Write the pronoun that correctly replaces the underlined noun in each
sentence.
it
1. Don Emicho built a trap and put the trap in the field.
2. A beast dug up the plants and nibbled the plants.
them
3. Don Emicho got up when Don Emicho heard screeching.

4. The trap worked! The trap caught the guinea pig.
it
5. The fox asked the guinea pig how the guinea pig got caught.
6. Don Emicho was mad when Don Emicho found the fox.
he
him
8. The fox looked for the guinea pig and found the guinea pig asleep.
9. The fox realized how the guinea pig had tricked the fox.
him
10. The fox was so easy to trick, the guinea pig tricked the fox again.
130
Extension: Have students write their own sentences

using no pronouns. Then have them exchange
sentences with a partner who will rewrite the
sentences, replacing some or all of the nouns with
pronouns.
him
7. The fox told the story the guinea pig had told the fox.
him
Grade 4/Unit 5
10
PRACTICE AND REVIEW
Name
Grammar 131
Date
Pronouns
Write the pronoun that correctly completes each sentence.
1. Don Emicho was mad when
he
found the alfalfa patch a mess.
2.
He
decided to catch the intruder who did
3.
He
built a big trap and put
4. When the big trap didnt work,

5. The smaller trap worked.
it
he
it
in the field.
built a smaller one.
caught a guinea pig.
6. Don Emicho grabbed the guinea pig and tied
him
7. The fox came along and asked the guinea pig why
8. The guinea pig was able to trick
to a tree.
he
was tied up.
because the fox loved fowl.
9. The next two times, the guinea pig tricked him because
he
was easily
scared.
10. Foxes are considered sly and clever, but there are many folk tales in which
get tricked.
they
10
Grade 4/Unit 5
Extension: Ask students to think of another story in

which a fox is tricked by its victim. Have them write
a few sentences to tell about it. Then ask them to
identify all the pronouns in their sentences.
131
MECHANICS
Name
Grammar 132
Date
Contractions
am
I
is
Im
are
have
has
Ive
had
will
Id
Ill
he
hes
hes
hed
hell
she
shes
shes
shed
shell
it
its
its
itd
itll
we
were weve
wed
well
you
youre youve
youd
youll
they
theyre theyve
theyd
theyll
Write the contraction for the underlined words in each sentence.

1. Dom Emicho was mad at the guinea pig because he had eaten his alfalfa.
hed
2. When Don Emicho saw the guinea pig, he thought, you will be sorry.
3. "I am going to make guinea pig stew with you!"
Im
4. Don Emicho said, "I will be back," and went back to bed.
5. The guinea pig thought, "I have got to get out of here."
Ill
Ive
6. When the fox came by, he thought, "Maybe he will fall for a story."
hell
7. The fox listened and then asked, "So is that why you are all tied up?"
8. So the fox took the guinea pigs place, and now he is tied to the tree.
132
Extension: Have students write three sentences about

the fox in the story. Ask them to include a contraction
in each sentence.
Grade 4/Unit 5
TEST
Name
Grammar 133
Date
Pronouns
A. Write the pronoun that can replace the underlined word or words in each
sentence.
1. The guinea pig tricked the fox.
him
2. The guinea pig told the fox about Don Emichos daughter.
He
3. Whoever marries Don Emichos daughter will eat lots of chicken.

4. The fox thought that marriage would be good for the fox.
her
him
5. The fox said, The fox will marry Florinda!
B. Write the correct pronouns to complete these sentences.

6. The fox stood against the tree, and the guinea pig tied
7. Don Emicho was surprised when
8. Now
9. But
tricked
He
he
saw the fox.
wouldnt be getting guinea pig stew.

laughed when the fox told
him
up.
him
how the guinea pig had
thought
it
was funny, but the fox didnt.
10.
he
he
him
10
Grade 4/Unit 5
133
MORE PRACTICE
Name
Grammar 134
Date
Pronouns and Contractions

Mechanics
A contraction may be formed by combining a pronoun and a verb.
An apostrophe () shows where one or more letters have been left out.
Write what you think each character is saying. Use the contraction given in
your sentence.
1. GUINEA PIG: (Im)
2. FOX: (youre)
3. GUINEA PIG: (itll)
4. FOX: (Ill)
134
Grade 4/Unit 5
LEARN
Name
Date
Grammar 135
Subject and Object Pronouns

Use a subject pronoun as the subject of a sentence.
I, you, he, she, it, we, and they are subject pronouns.
Underline the incorrect pronouns and write the correct pronoun on the line
provided.
1. The family loved Marit, and them all missed her when she died.
2. When Mom came home, her and the new dog walked every day.
3. Leslie was afraid that them wouldnt love the new dog.
4. As soon as Joel met Ursula, him and her were crazy about each other.
5. The new dog and me liked each other, too.
6. Ursula made mistakes, but Mom said them were normal.
7. Once in a while, her and the dog got lost.
8. It was weeks before Joel and me got to play with Ursula.
9. People who pet guide dogs dont realize them are working.
10. When Ursula is out of harness, its all right if us pet her.
10
Grade 4/Unit 5
Moms Best Friend
Extension: Have students choose three sentences

from the selection that have nouns as the subjects
and rewrite them, replacing the nouns with subject
pronouns.
135
LEARN AND PRACTICE
Name
Date
Grammar 136
Object Pronouns
Use an object pronoun after an action verb or after a word such as for, at,
of, with, or to.
Me, you, him, her, it, us, and them are object pronouns.
Underline the incorrect pronouns and write the correct pronouns on the
lines provided.
1. Some blind people find a cane helps they get around alone.
2. The Seeing Eye trains dogs and then teaches people to work with it.
3. When Leslie met Ursula, she was crazy about she.
4. Ursula jumped up on he.
5. Smelly garbage cans were a problem for Mom and she.
6. When dogs pass a garbage can, they want to sniff them.
7. Guide dogs cant stop. Its important for they to stay focused.
8. Mom told my brother and I about walking on trash day.
9. Guide dogs are not pets, and strangers should not try to pet him.
10. Mom allowed we to pet Ursula only when she was out of harness.
136
Extension: Have students find and write five examples

of sentences with object pronouns from the story
Moms Best Friend.
Grade 4/Unit 5
Moms Best Friend
10
PRACTICE AND REVIEW
Name
Grammar 137
Date

of, with, or to.
Read the sentences below. Then write the correct pronouns in the lines
provided to complete each sentence.
1. My sister and
2.
met a woman on the bus.
had a guide dog with
3. My brother wanted to pet the dog, but I told

4. The woman heard
5.
not to.
and said that
was right.
said that her guide dog was doing his work.
6. If we petted the dog,

7. Petting
would have to scold
could make
forget to do his job.
8. She and her dog trained for a month before

9. Guide dogs are chosen for their jobs when
10. Their training begins when
they
became a team.
are puppies.
are old enough to learn how to be a
dependable guide.
10
Grade 4/Unit 5
Moms Best Friend
Extension: Ask students to write three sentences

about training a dog. Have them include at least
one pronoun in each sentence.
137
MECHANICS
Name
Date
Grammar 138
Using I and Me
Always write the pronoun I with a capital letter.
Use I or me last when talking about yourself and another person.
Read each sentence below. Then rewrite the sentence on the line below
using I and me properly.
1. Me and my family have a new dog.
2. My mom and dad got the dog for my brother and I.

My mom and dad got the dog for my brother and me.
3. Its up to I and my brother to take care of him.
4. Its our job to train him, but Mom said her and Dad would help.
Its our job to train him, but Mom said Dad and she would help.
5. Dad is teaching my brother and I how to housebreak the dog.
6. Me and Mom will take the dog to obedience classes.
7. Training a dog will be a good experience for my brother and I.
8. Mom says it will teach he and I responsibility.
138

telling about something they did with a sibling or a
friend. Have them use the pronoun I or me in each
sentence.
Grade 4/Unit 5
Moms Best Friend
TEST
Name
Grammar 139
Date

A. Circle the bold faced pronoun or pronouns that correctly complete the
sentences.
1. My dog and I, me go everywhere together.
2. There is a real strong bond between he, him and I, me.
3. He, Him always comes when I call he, him.
4. After school, he, him is waiting by the front door for I, me.
5. Then he, him and I, me go for a walk.
B. Write the pronoun that completes each sentence.
6. I like it when my dog greets
7. I put his leash on
at the door.
, and
8. The walk is fun for both of

9. It gives
the exercise
go for a walk.
.
needs every day.
.
10. A dog is a big responsibility for a kid, but not too big for
10
Grade 4/Unit 5
Moms Best Friend
139
MORE PRACTICE
Name
Grammar 140
Date

I, you, he, she, it, we, and they are subject pronouns.
of, with, or to.
Me, you, him, her, it, us, and them are object pronouns.
Mechanics
Always write the pronoun I with a capital letter.
Use I or me last when talking about yourself and another person.
Read each of the sentences below. Then fill in the blanks with the
pronouns that complete each of the sentences.
He
1. Bruno is a dog.
3. If
I
I
5. Aurora is a cat.
6. Aurora is small, but
in the face.
at the window when I leave to go to school.
look really carefully, I can see
4. Bruno and
140
him
can see
me
him
wag his tail.
go walking every day.

She
likes to sit with

she
me
on the couch.
2.
likes to lick
pushes Bruno around.
Grade 4/Unit 5
Moms Best Friend
LEARN
Name
Grammar 141
Date
Pronoun-Verb Agreement
A present-tense verb must agree with its subject pronoun.
Add -s to most action verbs when you use the pronouns he, she, and it.
Do not add -s to an action verb in the present tense when you use the
pronouns I, we, you, and they.
Write the correct form of the underlined action verb to complete each
sentence.
bathes
1. Chandra bathe
the Rajahs elephants.
2. On rent collection day, the Rajah take
takes
3. The people need more rice than he leave

4. The next bath day, Chandra walk
5. There is a guard at the gate. He tell
6. Chandra feel
7. She wait
feels
waits
leaves
walks
tells
10.She find
10
Grade 4/Unit 5
The Rajahs Rice
to the palace.
her the elephants are sick.
by the gate.
asks
finds
for them.
sad for her beloved elephants.
8. Doctors come to cure, but they sit and feasts

9. Chandra ask
rice from the people.
feast
instead.
the Rajah to let her see the elephants.
that they all have ear infections.
Extension: Have students write three sentences to

tell three ways that they use math every day.
141
LEARN AND PRACTICE
Name
Grammar 142
Date
The verbs have and be have special forms in the present tense.
Have
Be
I have
We have
I am
We are
You have
You have
You are
You are
He / She / It has
They have
He / She / It is
They are
Write the correct form of the verb underlined to complete each sentence.
five quarters, nine dimes, and two nickels.
1. I has
2. He have
three quarters, twelve dimes, and ten nickels.
3. Together we has
four dollars and seventy cents.

sick.
4. You cant bathe the elephants because they be

5. They have
6. I be
infections in their ears.

here to help the elephants.
red and sore.
8. The Rajahs elephants are better, and he be

9. Chandra cured them, and now she be
10. She have
142
happy.
7. I will clean their ears, because they be
a hero.
the chance to choose her reward.
Extension: Ask students to find three sentences with

present-tense forms of be or have in the selection.
Have them rewrite the sentences replacing the noun
that names the subject with a pronoun.
Grade 4/Unit 5
The Rajahs Rice
10
PRACTICE AND REVIEW
Name
Date
Grammar 143
Regular Verbs
Have
Be
I tell
We tell
I have
We have
I am
We are
You tell
You tell
You have
You have
You are
You are
He / She / It tells
They tell
He / She / It has
They have
He / She / It is
They are
Read the sentences below. Then write the correct form of the underlined
verb or verbs on the lines provided.
1. Chandra is worried about the elephants because they is sick.
2. She ask the Rajah if she can help them.
3. He tell her she can go ahead and try.
4. She look at the first elephants feet, tusks, and teeth.
5. Then she look in his ear and see that it is infected.
6. She bathe the elephants ears and sing to them.
7. They gets better and greets her when she comes back.
8. The Rajah be happy, and he promise her a reward.
9. She are clever and figure out a way to get all the Rajahs rice.
10.She want to give the rice back to the hungry people.
10
Grade 4/Unit 5
The Rajahs Rice
Extension: Have students select a paragraph from

the selection and change all of the past tense verbs
to the present tense.
143
MECHANICS
Name
Date
Grammar 144
Punctuation in Dialogue
Begin a new paragraph each time a new person speaks.
Rewrite this passage correctly. Add quotation marks and capital letters
where needed. Begin new paragraphs whenever necessary.
what are you doing here? the zoo keeper asked Sari. I am here because I am
worried about the ducks, Sari answered. I am worried about them, too, said the
zoo keeper. I need them to add beauty to my pond. please let me see them.
maybe I can help, said Sari. Go ahead, said the zoo keeper. if you cure them,
you will be a hero.
144
Extension: Ask students to work in pairs to create and

write a short dialogue. Have them write the dialogue
using quotation marks and proper punctuation. Have
students begin a new paragraph each time the
speaker changes.
Grade 4/Unit 5
The Rajahs Rice
TEST
Name
Grammar 145
Date
A. Write the correct form of the underlined action verb or verbs in each
sentence.
numbers and math.
1. She love
2. When she climb
climbs
stairs, she count
3. He like
words and word games.
4. He use
ink when he work

make
5. They maked
works
up puzzles and solves
the steps.
crossword puzzles.
solve
them.
B. Write the correct form of have or be to complete each sentence.

6. I
have
a story to tell you.
7. I will tell you the story now if you

8. It
is
ready to listen.
about elephants long ago.
9. It happens at a time when they
have
noses instead of long trunks.

are
now.
10.It tells how elephants trunks became the way they
10
Grade 4/Unit 5
The Rajahs Rice
145
MORE PRACTICE
Name
Date
Grammar 146
Mechanics
Begin a new paragraph each time a new person speaks.
Rewrite the following sentences in dialogue form correcting the
pronounverb agreement and adding quotation marks where they belong.
1. I has a new pet said Jane.
"I have a new pet," said Jane.
2. You has an elephant said Roy.
3. She said she have a cute nose.

She said, "She has a cute nose."
4. It are not a nose. She have a trunk! he said.
"It is not a nose. She has a trunk!" he said.
5. I walks her every day said Jane. She like to walk.
6. What does people think when they sees her? he asked.
146
Grade 4/Unit 5
The Rajahs Rice
LEARN
Name
Date
Grammar 147
Possessive Pronouns
A possessive pronoun takes the place of a possessive noun. It shows who
or what owns something.
Some possessive pronouns are used before nouns (my, your, his, her, its,
our, your, their).
Rewrite the underlined parts of the sentences using possessive pronouns.
1. First Yeh-Shens mother died, and then the father of Yeh-Shen died also.
2. Yeh-Shen had to live with Yeh-Shens stepmother and stepmothers daughter

in the home that belonged to them.
3. The only friend Yeh-Shen had was Yeh-Shens fish.
4. Yeh-Shens stepmother found out about the fish and caught it.
5. She cooked the fish for dinner and threw the fishs bones on the dung heap.
6. An old man told Yeh-Shen that Yeh-Shens fishs bones had power.
7. Yeh-Shen spoke to the bones of the fish that had belonged to her. her fish
8. Yeh-Shen told the bones of Yeh-Shens desire to go to the festival.
9. Soon she was dressed in an azure gown with gold slippers on Yeh-Shens
feet.
10. The spirit warned her, "Do not lose the golden shoes that belong to you."
10
Grade 4/Unit 5
Yeh-Shen: A Cinderella Story
from China
Extension: Have students identify three sentences

from the story Yeh-Shen that contain possessive
pronouns. Have them identify the person or thing to
which the pronoun refers.
147
LEARN AND PRACTICE
Name
Grammar 148
Date
Possessive Pronouns
Some possessive pronouns can stand alone (mine, yours, his, hers, its,
ours, yours, theirs).
Replace the underlined incorrect possessive pronoun in each sentence
with the correct one on the line provided.
1. Yeh-Shen had nothing that was hers except the fish.
2. When the stepmother found out, she thought, "That fish will be mys."
3. The old man said, "The fish bones can help you. Their is a powerful spirit."
Theirs
4. "I need clothes to wear to the festival," said Yeh-Shen. "My will not do."
5. Stepsister thought Yeh-Shens face was familiar, but she knew the clothes
werent her.
6. Yeh-Shens fine clothes turned back to the rags that were hers before.
7. A villager who found Yeh-Shens golden shoe pretended it was hes and sold
it to a merchant.
8. The king expected the woman from the festival to come and claim it as her.
9. Many women tried, but Yeh-Shens feet were much smaller than theres.
10. The king was Yeh-Shens beloved, and she was hes.
Extension: Have students write three sentences using
the possessive pronouns: mine, yours, ours.
148
Grade 4/Unit 5
from China
10
PRACTICE AND REVIEW
Name
Grammar 149
Date
Possessive Pronouns
A possessive pronoun takes the place of a possessive noun. It shows who
or what owns something.
our, your, their).
Some possessive pronouns can stand alone (mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours,
yours, theirs).
Read the sentences below and write the correct possessive pronoun to
complete each sentence.
1. Yeh-Shen and Cinderella both had trouble with
2. Yeh-Shens stepmother cooked
fish.
her
3. Cinderellas stepmother made

Her
4.
do all of the chores.
only clothes were rags.

her
5. Magic fish bones gave Yeh-Shen

6. A fairy godmother gave Cinderella
hers
8. Yeh-Shens King put

9. Cinderellas Prince tried
10. Which character is
Grade 4/Unit 5
from China
your
beautiful clothes.
.
7. Yeh-Shen and Cinderella both lost
10
stepmothers.
slippers.
in a pavilion.
on every woman in the kingdom.
favorite--Yeh-Shen or Cinderella?
Extension: Have students write two more sentences

comparing Yeh-Shen and Cinderella. Make sure
that they practice using pronouns to replace proper
nouns.
149
MECHANICS
Name
Grammar 150
Date
Possessive Nouns and Pronouns

Add an apostrophe and -s to form the possessive of plural nouns that do not
end in -s.
Possessive pronouns do not have apostrophes.
Read the sentences below. Then replace the underlined incorrectly formed
possessive nouns and pronouns with the correctly formed word on the line
provided.
1. Yeh-Shens only friend was a fish.
2. Cinderellas friends were the barnyard animals.
3. The powerful spirit of the fishes bones gave Yeh-Shen her lovely gown.
4. Yeh-Shen and Cinderella both lost theirs shoes leaving the party.
5. Cinderella had won the princes heart at the ball.
6. He knew the glass slipper was hers when he began hiss search.
7. The king had the golden slipper, but he had never seen its owner.
8. The tiny size and marvelous beauty sparked the kings curiosity.
9. When Yeh-Shen took her slipper, the kings men followed her home.
10. In both stories, the main characters fate is the same.
150
Extension: Ask students to write about two more

similarities in the story of Yeh-Shen and the story of
Cinderella. Ask them to use possessive nouns and
pronouns in their sentences.
Grade 4/Unit 5
from China
10
TEST
Name
Grammar 151
Date
Possessive Pronouns
Circle the letter before the possessive pronoun that correctly completes
each sentence.
1. Yeh-Shen loved the fish. She shared
a
his
our
hers
her
food with it every day.
2. The stepmother ate the fish and threw

a
their
its
its
your
bones on the dung heap.
3. An old man told Yeh-Shen about the bones and

a
its
theirs
their
theys
4. The stepsister asked, "Mother, doesnt she look like

a
hers
our
its
her
5. The king knew that Yeh-Shen was

a
his
hes
their
your
Grade 4/Unit 5
from China
magic powers.
Yeh-Shen?"
true love.
151
MORE PRACTICE
Name
Grammar 152
Date
Possessive Pronouns
our, your, their).
Some possessive pronouns can stand alone (mine, yours, his, hers, its,
ours, yours, theirs).
Mechanics
Add an apostrophe and -s to form the possessive of plural nouns that do not
end in -s.
Possessive pronouns to not have apostrophes.
Read the sentences below about a fairy-tale fisherman with a magicallooking spotted fish in his fishing net. Then rewrite each sentence replacing
the underlined possessive pronouns with possessive nouns.
1. His eyes opened wide with surprise.
2. Its tremendous size made it almost too big for the net.
3. Its mouth opened, and the sound that came out was music to his ears.
Read the sentences below about a fairy godmother waving her wand over
an old female dog in Cinderellas back yard. Then rewrite each sentence
replacing the underlined possessive pronouns with possessive nouns.
4. After one wave of her wand, her eyes started to sparkle.
5. Then a sprinkle of her magic dust made her coat lustrous and silky.
152
Grade 4/Unit 5
from China
LEARN
Name
Date
Grammar 153
Pronouns and Homophones
Its, their, and your are possessive pronouns.
Its, theyre, and youre are contractions meaning it is, they are, and you
are.
Do not confuse possessive pronouns with contractions that sound the

same.
Read each sentence below. Then choose and circle the correct bold faced
word to complete each sentence.
1. People should know how their theyre activities affect coral reefs.
2. If you live near a coral reef, your youre actions could damage the reef.
3. If your youre aware of how delicate a reef is, you can help save them.
4. Too much fishing around a reef can affect its its condition.
5. Reefs have a function; their theyre not just beautiful.
6. A reef is safety. Its Its a place for small fish to hide.
7. Its Its also a barrier that protects the shoreline from storms.
8. Your Youre familiar with the famous reef in Australia.
9. Its Its name is Great Barrier.
10. Coral reefs need plants. Plants are their theyre food supply.
11. When reefs get outgrown with plants, their theyre smothered.
12. Did this article add to your youre knowledge of coral reefs?
12
Grade 4/Unit 5
Can We Rescue the Reefs?

using a homophone in each one--for example,
Theyre their own worst critics.
153
LEARN AND PRACTICE
Name
Grammar 154
Date
Homophones
The word there means "in that place."
It is easy to confuse the words there, their, and theyre because they
sound alike.
Read each sentence below. Then replace the incorrect underlined

homophones in the sentences and write the correct ones on the lines
provided.
1. I have never been to Australia, but I would love to go theyre.
there
2. The Great Barrier Reef is located their.

3. Koala bears live there, too, and their my favorite animal.
4. I love theyre furry ears and there shiny black noses.
5. Theyre are kangaroos in Australia, too.
There
6. There animals I like a lot, too. Theyre

7. Their are kangaroos all over Australia.
There
8. There as prevalent their as deer are in some parts of the U.S.

9. Some people think their a real nuisance.
theyre
10. Suppose youre looking in your backyard and you see a kangaroo theyre.
there
154
Extension: Challenge students to write a sentence that

includes the three homophones there, their, and
theyre.
Grade 4/Unit 5
10
PRACTICE AND REVIEW
Name
Grammar 155
Date
Pronoun and Contraction Homophones
Its, theyre, and youre are contractions meaning it is, they are, and you
are.
The word there means "in that place." It sounds just like their and theyre.
Write the homophone that correctly completes each sentence.
1. their
theyre
there
Coral reefs are smothered if

2. Its
covered by seaweed.
Its
hard to imagine that chopping down a tree can harm a reef.
3. its
its
When a tree is cut, the soil around

4. Its
roots is loosened.
Its
washed into rivers and ends up in the sea.
5. their
theyre
there
The soil in the sea harms corals by blocking

6. your
youre
Do you think about how

7. your
actions affect the environment?
youre
When
8. its
running down a sand dune, what are you harming?

its
If you take a wildflower from

9. their
theyre
If you take over

10. their
theyre
natural spot, what could happen?
there
habitat, what will happen to wild animals?
there
People must think about the consequences of what
10
sunlight.
Grade 4/Unit 5
doing.
Extension: Have students work with partners and

take turns dictating and writing sentences that
include the homophones its, its, your, youre, their,
theyre, there.
155
MECHANICS
Name
Grammar 156
Date
Contractions and Possessives
An apostrophe takes the place of letters left out of a contraction.
Do not confuse possessive nouns with contractions.
A. Read the sentences below. Then replace the underlined incorrect

contraction or possessive pronouns and write them correctly on the line
provided.
1. People should share the world with animals because its theres, too.
2. Their all around, and you can observe them if your interested.
3. Next time your in a park or the woods, look for theyre signs.
4. If your very still, its easy to keep an animal from noticing you.
youre; its
5. But stay downwind, or its keen sense of smell will catch youre scent.
B. Read each sentence below. Then decide if the underlined word in each
sentence is a possessive noun or a contraction. Write your answer on the
line provided.
6. The worlds coral reefs are in danger of dying.
possessive noun
7. The worlds more interesting because of coral reefs.

8. Corals an amazing creature.

9. The jellyfish is the corals cousin.
10. A coral reefs made up of colonies of these creatures.
156
Extension: Have students choose a singular noun and

use it as both a possessive and as part of a
contraction.
Grade 4/Unit 5
10
TEST
Name
Grammar 157
Date
Possessive Pronouns and Contractions

A. Read the sentences below. Then write either the bold faced possessive
pronoun or contraction above the paragraph that correctly completes the
sentences on the line provided.
its
its
its
This coral is interesting. The most interesting thing about it is

shape. Theres a coral that looks like a whip.
its
do you think it got
Its
called whip coral. How
name?
your youre
Pretend that youre
diving on a coral reef. Youre
fish you see. Fish of every color and shape are right before
their theyre
There
amazed by all the

your
eyes.
there
are about 2,500 different kinds of coral. Theyre all different
shapes, and
names sometimes come from
is brain coral and whip coral.
shapes.
is also sea pansy, sea pen,
and organpipe coral.
12
Grade 4/Unit 5
157
MORE PRACTICE
Name
Date
Grammar 158
Possessives and Contractions

Its, theyre, and youre are contractions meaning it is, they are, and you are.
The word there means "in that place." It sounds just like their and theyre.
Mechanics
An apostrophe takes the place of letters left out of a contraction.
Use the bold faced words above each paragraph to complete the sentences.
its its
Its
I like angelfish.
its
body is flat, and

its
a fish that might live in a coral reef.
Its
almost round. It has an eye on each side of
head.
their theyre
There
there
are lots of fish that live in coral reefs. Sometimes theyre
enemies. Little fish hide from
their
enemies in the coral.
There
are
lots of hiding places in a coral reef.

your youre
Pretend
your
dive.
might see on
exploring a coral reef. Draw a picture to show what you
158
Grade 4/Unit 5
10
REVIEW
Name
Date
Grammar 159
Pronouns
Read each passage. Then choose the pronoun or pronouns that belong in
each space. Circle your answer.
( 1 ) is not clever in this
The fox has a reputation for being sly and clever, but ____
( 2 ) several times. This story is part of a tradition
story. The guinea pig tricks ____
of stories in which the animal that is often the victim becomes a trickster.
1. A he
2.
F me
B they
G you
C you
H him
D I
J them
( 3 ) takes rice from the people

The Rajah has more rice than he needs. ____
( 4 ) dont have enough to feed themselves.
and leaves them with too little. ____
When Chandra has the chance, she chooses a reward that will solve this
problem.
3. A He
4.
F He
G She
C They
H They
D We
J We
B She
Grade 4/Unit 5
Make a Plan
159
REVIEW
Name
Date
Grammar 160
Pronouns
A fairy godmother grants Cinderellas wish, but Yeh-Shens is granted by
( 5 ) fish. The old man who tells Yeh-Shen what happened to
the bones of ____
( 6 ) wish-granting powers.
her fish also tells her about its bones and ____
5. A her
6.
F her
B hers
G hers
C theirs
H theirs
D theyre
J their
( 7 ) clear that some human activity can have a harmful effect on nature.
____
( 8 ) own actions will have on the
It is important to think about the impact ____
world around you.
7. A Its
8.
F youre
B Its
G their
C Theyre
H theyre
D Their
J your
( 9 ) own
Rivers, streams, sand dunes, and coral reefs are all delicate in ____
( 10 ) going to
way. We must all care about the future of these natural places if ____
survive.
160
10. F theyre
B their
G their
C there
H there
D theirs
J theirs
9. A theyre
Grade 4/Unit 5
Make a Plan
10
LEARN
Name
Date
Grammar 161
Adverbs That Tell How

An adverb is a word that tells more about a verb.
Some adverbs tell how an action takes place.
Most adverbs that tell how end in -ly. They are formed by adding -ly to an
adjective.
A. Underline the adverb in each sentence.
1. In the 1940s, few Americans openly opposed racial segregation.
2. People were generally willing to let things stay as they were.
3. Many people believed that everyone should be treated equally.
4. They might have acted on their belief without stating it publicly.
5. There were groups that reacted violently to the idea of equality.
B. Add -ly to the bold faced word before each sentence to form an adverb
that completes the sentence.
6. significant
Branch Rickey changed baseball significantly .
7. strong
He felt
that his team should have the best
players, regardless of color.

8. careful
He looked carefully
9. exact
He found
exactly
for just the right player.

the man he was looking for in Jackie
Robinson.
10. successful
He believed Jackie would
break the color
barrier.
10
Grade 4/Unit 6
Teammates
EXTENSION: Ask students to write three sentences

that include -ly adverbs.
161
LEARN & PRACTICE
Name
Date
Grammar 162
Adverbs That Tell When or Where

Some adverbs tell when or where an action takes place.
Adverbs that tell when include first, always, next, after, tomorrow, soon,
early, today, then, yesterday.
Adverbs that tell where include there, outside, up, here, nearby, ahead,
around, far, away, everywhere.
A. Rewrite each sentence by adding an adverb that tells when, and then
underline the adverb you include.
1. Jackie Robinson played with the Dodgers farm team, the Montreal Royals.
2. He was moved up to play with the Brooklyn Dodgers.
3. No matter what happened, Jackie Robinson remained calm.
4. He earned the respect of his fellow players.
B. Rewrite each sentence by adding an adverb that tells where, and then
underline the adverb you include.
5. Negro League teams traveled in their own cars and buses.
6. Their fans were loyal and would travel to see a game.
7. Hotels would tell them they couldnt stay.
8. At restaurants they would hear, You cant eat.
162
Extension: Ask students to identify and write three

sentences from the selection that include adverbs.
Have them decide if each adverb tells how, when, or
where.
Grade 4/Unit 6
Teammates
PRACTICE AND REVIEW
Name
Grammar 163
Date
Adverbs
An adverb is a word that tells more about a verb
Some adverbs tell when an action takes place.
Some adverbs tell where an action takes place.
Underline the adverb in each sentence. Then tell if the adverb tells how,
when, or where the action takes place.
1. Jackie Robinson ran out onto the field.
where
2. What happened next hurt him deeply.
how
3. Some fans were enthusiastically cheering for him.

4. Some fans were booing at him loudly.
how
how
when
5. Soon the players on the other team started calling him names.
6. His teammates stood by and said nothing in his defense.
7. Jackie Robinson calmly took it all without getting angry.
how
8. His dignity quickly earned him his teammates respect.

9. Pee Wee Reese bravely set the example.
10. He walked over and put his arm around Jackies shoulders.
11. Then the jeering crowd was silent.
when
12. Afterward the Dodgers became a team in the true sense.
12
Grade 4/Unit 6
Teammates
where
when
Extension: Have students write three sentences:

one with an adverb that tells how, one with an
adverb that tells when, and another with an adverb
that tells where.
163
MECHANICS
Name
Grammar 164
Date
Using Good and Well

Good is an adjective and is used to describe nouns.
Well is an adverb that tells how about a verb.
Do not confuse the adjective good with the adverb well.
A. Read each sentence below and find the word good or well used
incorrectly. Then write what the correct word is on the line provided.
1. Pee Wee Reese proved himself a courageous man and a well friend.
good
well
2. Jackie Robinson played good in spite of the abuses he suffered.
3. Pee Wee Reese was a well man who believed in doing the right thing.
good
4. Reeses action is a well example of fairness and sportsmanship.
good
5. He said if Jackie played good enough to take his job, he deserved it.
well
B. Complete each sentence by writing the word good or well on the line
provided.
7. If a man played
well
good
players on the Dodgers.
, the color of his skin didnt matter.
8. He thought Jackie Robinson would handle himself
well
9. Reacting to the insults or fighting back would not be a

10. For Jackie, behaving
164
well
on the field.
good
6. Branch Rickey wanted
thing.
was the best revenge.
Extension: Have students write two sentences using

the adjective good and two sentences using the
adverb well.
Grade 4/Unit 6
Teammates
10
TEST
Name
Date
Grammar 165
Adverbs
Read each sentence. Then using the clue in the parentheses, circle the
letter before the adverb that completes each sentence.
1. The Dodgers played ___ . (when?)
a.
here
b.
yesterday
c.
enthusiastically
d.
the Reds
2. Jackie Robinson changed the game of baseball ___. (how?)
a.
then
b.
there
c.
permanently
d.
everywhere
3. His success was a victory for black athletes ___. (where?)
a.
today
b.
forever
c.
then
d.
everywhere
4. He gave black athletes the opportunity to compete ___. (how?)
a.
equally
b.
today
c.
anywhere
d.
nearby
5. There are African American heroes in all sports ___. (when?)
a.
today
b.
everywhere
c.
internationally
d.
successfully
6. Some of the fans treated Jackie Robinson ___. (how?)
a.
next
b.
later
c.
cruelly
d.
before
Grade 4/Unit 6
Teammates
165
MORE PRACTICE
Name
Grammar 166
Date
Adverbs
An adverb is a word that tells more about a verb.
Most adverbs that tell how end in -ly. They are formed by adding -ly to an
adjective.
Mechanics
Good is an adjective and is used to describe nouns.
Well is an adverb that tells how about a verb.
Do not confuse the adjective good with the adverb well.
Read each sentence below. Then write the correct form of the underlined
word on the line provided.
1. The pitcher wound up and threw the ball powerful.
swiftly
2. The ball went flying swift toward the batter.

3. The batter brief felt a moment of panic.
4. Then he held the bat tight and swung as hard as he could.
tightly
5. The ball rose high into the air and arched graceful over the left field wall.
166
Grade 4/Unit 6
Teammates
LEARN
Name
Grammar 167
Date
Adverbs That Compare

An adverb can compare two or more actions.
Add -er to short adverbs to compare two actions.
Add -est to short adverbs to compare more than two actions.
Add -er or -est to each boldfaced adverb to complete the sentences below.
Remember to drop the final e or change y to i when necessary before
adding -er and -est.
1. near
She walked
2. close
The
nearer
closer
to look into the silver cage.
she came, the sadder the yellow bird appeared
to be.
earlier
3. early
The princess rose
than the rest of the household.
4. low
The lady-in-waiting bowed low, but the governess bowed

.
5. high
Of all the birds in flight, the little yellow one flew
6. loud
When it sang, it sang
7. straight
The princess stood
8. deep
She breathed
9. fast
Sliding over the snow, the princess went
loudest
and best.
after she defied the queen.
deeper
and laughed more.

fastest
and
farthest.
10. soon
The
sooner
people learn to enjoy simple things, the better
they will be.
10
Grade 4/Unit 6
The Malachite Palace
Extension: Have students work with a partner to find

examples of adverbs with -er or -est in this
selection and others.
167
LEARN AND PRACTICE
Name
Grammar 168
Date

Use more or most to form comparisons with adverbs that end in ly or with
longer adverbs.
Use more to compare two actions.
Use most to compare more than two actions.
Use more or most with the underlined adverb in each first sentence, to
complete the two sentences that follow.
1. A lark sings sweetly in the morning.
Some think a nightingale sings
in the evening.
But the princesss little yellow bird sang
2. The children laughed joyfully as they played in the snow.

They laughed
when they saw the yellow bird.
However, they cheered and laughed
when the princess
came out to play with them.

3. The lady-in-waiting spoke harshly about the other children.
The governess spoke
about them.
The queen spoke of them
of all.
4. The princess told the lady-in-waiting firmly, Thats not true.
She told the queen
, Thats not true.

, Thats not true.
She told the governess
5. The iron fence effectively separated the princess from other children.
Vines
shut her off from the children.
They isolated her
168
after they had grown tall and thick.
Extension: Have students look in stories and magazine

articles to find examples of comparative adverbs
formed with more or most.
Grade 4/Unit 6
PRACTICE AND REVIEW
Name
Grammar 169
Date
An adverb can compare two or more actions.

Use more or most to form comparisons with adverbs that end in ly or with
longer adverbs.
Use most to compare more than two actions
Write the comparative form of the adjective given to complete each
sentence.
1. sadly
On the balcony the bird sang again, but more sadly than it had before.
2. brightly
Whenever the children laughed, the bird would sing more brightly than before.
3. beautifully
The bird sang
than other birds.
4. thickly
When summer came, the vines covered the iron fence more thickly than in
the winter.
5. loud
The more the children laughed, the
the yellow bird sang.
6. loud
The bird sang
when the princess laughed.
7. clumsily
At first the princess worked most clumsily with the tools.
8. confidently
But after a while, she began to work
Grade 4/Unit 6
.
Extension: Have students write three sentences that
include examples of adverbs that compare.
169
MECHANICS
Name
Grammar 170
Date
Using More and Most

Never add -er and more to the same adverb.
Never add -est and most to the same adverb.
Write the correct adverbs on the lines provided.
1. Children live more happilier in the company of others.
happily
2. The princess spoke most confidentliest when she said, Thats not true!
3. At the end, the yellow bird sang more louder than before.
4. She opened the window more wider, and the yellow bird flew in.
5. When the children laughed, the bird sang more brightlier. brightly
6. Nobody worked with tools more clumsilier than the princess. clumsily
7. She developed her skills more sooner than most.
8. She removed the door so that the bird could come and go more freelier.
10. The yellow bird returned most willingliest and brought his friends. willingly
170
Extension: Have students write examples of

comparative adverbs formed with more and most in
the story The Malachite Palace.
Grade 4/Unit 6
10
9. Now the cage more closelier resembled an archway.
TEST
Name
Date
Grammar 171

A. For each of the adverbs below, write the form you would use to
compare two things. Then choose one of the adverbs you formed and use
it in a sentence.
1. carefully
more carefully
2. soon
3. clumsily
more clumsily
4. patiently
more patiently
5. fast
6.
B. For each of the following adverbs, write the form you would use to
compare more than two things. Then choose one of the adverbs you
formed and use it in a sentence.
7. loud
8. actively
9. soon
10. early
11. happily
12.
12
Grade 4/Unit 6
171
MORE PRACTICE
Name
Date
Grammar 172

Use most to compare more than two actions.
Mechanics
Never add -er and more to the same adverb.
Never add -est and most to the same adverb.
Add comparative adverbs to complete the sentences below.
2. The songbird sang

3. The lady-in-waiting waited
4. The governess behaved
5. The princess worked
6. The prince worked
172
than the songbird.

than the crow.
than the governess.
than the lady-in-waiting.
1. The crow sang
than the prince.

than the princess.
Grade 4/Unit 6
LEARN
Name
Date
Grammar 173
Negatives
A negative is a word that means no, such as not, never, nobody, nowhere,
and contractions with nt.
Do not use two negatives in the same sentence.
You can fix a sentence with two negatives by removing one.
Correct each sentence by removing one of the negatives. Then rewrite the
sentence.
1. I wouldnt never pay a dollar and eighty-nine cents for toothpaste.
2. Toothpaste isnt made of no expensive ingredients.
3. Rufus wasnt trying to make no money.
4. He thought people shouldnt never have to pay a lot for toothpaste.
5. He didnt use no secret ingredients.

He didnt use secret ingredients.
6. His toothpaste didnt have no special name.
7. He didnt put no printing on the box.
8. I dont have no profits to pay you yet.
Grade 4/Unit 6
The Toothpaste Millionaire
Extension: Have students work with a partner to

write and correct sentences with two negatives.
173
LEARN AND PRACTICE
Name
Grammar 174
Date
Negatives
You can correct a sentence with two negatives by changing one negative
to a positive word.
no
any
nothing
anything
no one
anyone
never
ever
nobody
anybody
nowhere
anywhere
Correct these sentences by changing one negative word to a positive

word.
1. I dont think nobody should pay a lot for toothpaste.
2. The main ingredient isnt nothing but baking soda.
3. No one would never think three cents was too much for toothpaste.
4. You cant find cheaper toothpaste nowhere.
5. No one never turned down a chance to be a stockholder.
6. Kate had never seen nothing more beautiful than that machine.
7. We dont exactly lend money to just nobody, said Mr. Perkell.
8. Our toothpaste doesnt have nothing like a fancy name or a fancy box.
174
Extension: Ask students to work with partners to write

sentences including the negatives no, never, nothing,
nobody, no one, and nowhere. Have them exchange their
sentences with a partner, who will correct the sentence by
changing the negative to a corresponding positive word:
any, ever, anything, anybody, anyone, and anywhere.
Grade 4/Unit 6
PRACTICE AND REVIEW
Name
Date
Grammar 175
Negatives
You can correct a sentence with two negatives by changing one negative to a
positive word.
Rewrite each sentence below by dropping a negative or changing one
negative to a positive word.
1. There isnt no profit yet.
There isnt any profit yet.
2. Toothpaste doesnt make no fancy claims.
Toothpaste doesnt make fancy claims.
3. It doesnt do nothing but clean your teeth.
It does nothing but clean your teeth.
4. They never waste no money making it.
They never waste money making it.
5. Rufus doesnt have no new ideas yet.
Rufus doesnt have any new ideas yet.
6. Rufus never had to pay his classmates nothing.
Rufus never had to pay his classmates anything.
7. They never worked for nothing but stock.

They never worked for anything but stock.
8. There couldnt have been no better deal.
There couldnt have been a better deal.
Grade 4/Unit 6
Extension: Have students review the strategies they

used to correct the sentences on this page. Then
have students try to correct each sentence by using
the other possible strategy.
175
MECHANICS
Name
Date
Grammar 176
Contractions
A contraction can be formed by combining a verb with the word not.
cant = cannot
didnt = did not
arent = are not
dont = do not
havent = have not
couldnt = could not
doesnt = does not
wasnt = was not
wouldnt = would not
Fix the following sentences with two negatives by removing the contraction
of the word not.
1. He cant see no reason for it.
2. He wouldnt never spend a lot for toothpaste.

He would never spend a lot for toothpaste.
3. Doesnt he have no more good ideas?
4. You arent going nowhere.

You are going nowhere.
5. We couldnt do nothing to stop him.
We could do nothing to stop him.
6. Compared with the usual price, three cents wasnt nothing.
Compared with the usual price, three cents was nothing.

7. You havent finished none of your work.
You have finished none of your work.
8. She didnt nothing of the kind.
176
Extension: Have students identify and list the

contractions formed with not found in the selection,
The Toothpaste Millionaire.
Grade 4/Unit 6
TEST
Name
Date
Grammar 177
Negatives
A. Circle the letter next to the sentence that best revises each sentence
with two negatives.
1. Rufus wasnt trying to make no money.
a
Rufus was trying to make money.
b
Rufus wasnt trying to make money.
c
Rufus was not trying to not make money.
d
Rufus was trying not to make money.
We dont have no profits to pay anybody yet.
a
We have profits for pay people yet.
b
We have no profits yet to pay nobody.
c
We dont have profits to pay nobody yet.
d
We have no profits to pay anybody yet.
3.
Toothpaste doesnt make no fancy claims.

a
Toothpaste doesnt make any fancy claims.
b
Toothpaste makes any fancy claims.
c
Toothpaste never makes no fancy claims.
d
Toothpaste doesnt make any claims.
4.
We didnt have no other kids working with us.

a
We didnt have any other kids working with us.
b
We did have other kids working with us.
c
We had other kids working with us.
d
We never worked with other kids.
5.
Isnt this not the most beautiful machine ever?

a
Is this the most beautiful machine never?
b
This isnt the most beautiful machine, is it?
c
Isnt this the most beautiful machine ever?
d
Is this a beautiful machine?
6.
They dont use no expensive ingredients.

a
They use not expensive ingredients.
b
They use expensive ingredients.
c
They dont use any ingredients.
d
They dont use expensive ingredients.
2.
Grade 4/Unit 6
177
MORE PRACTICE
Name
Date
Grammar 178
Negatives
You can correct a sentence with two negatives by changing one negative to
a positive word.
Mechanics
A contraction can be formed by combining a verb with the word not.
Correct the sentences, remembering the rules above, to make them
describe the pictures.
1. James didnt never want to have all these peanuts.

2. But he couldnt never make ten pounds of peanut butter with fewer.
3. He didnt know nobody who didnt like peanut butter and jelly sandwiches.
4. Kate wasnt glad when she didnt have to use baby jars anymore.
5. Kate didnt think this machine could never fill toothpaste tubes.
Kate didnt think this machine could fill toothpaste tubes.
178
Grade 4/Unit 6
LEARN
Name
Grammar 179
Date
Prepositions
A preposition comes before a noun or pronoun and relates that noun or
pronoun to another word in a sentence.
Common prepositions are about, above, across, after, around, at, behind,
down, for, from, in, near, of, on, over, to, under, and with.
Complete each sentence by adding a preposition.
1. The selection gives information
whales.
2. There are many different kinds
whales.
3. The sperm whale can stay underwater

4. Narwhals live
the Arctic.
5. Orcas are found all
the world.
6. Baleen plates hang
the whales upper jaw.
7. Every year, gray whales migrate

8. Gray whales feed
warm Mexican waters.
the bottom of the ocean floor.
9. They fill their mouths, and then they rise

10. Fin whales often work
more than an hour.
the surface.
partners to round up fish.
11. A humpback whales song can be heard
far away.
12. When humpback whales feed, they send out clouds of bubbles
school of small fish to trap them.
12
Grade 4/Unit 6
Whales
Extension: Have students select a paragraph in the

selection Whales and list the prepositions.
179
LEARN AND PRACTICE
Name
Date
Grammar 180
Prepositional Phrases
A prepositional phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition
and ends with a noun or pronoun.
Underline the prepositional phrases in the following sentences.

1. Every year, gray whales travel about ten thousand miles.
2. Blue whales strain krill through their baleen plates.
3. Toothed whales are closely related to dolphins and porpoises.
4. A narwhal has a tooth that sticks through its upper lip.
5. Orcas, or killer whales, perform in marine parks around the country.
6. Orcas eat fish and other sea mammals, but they are gentle in captivity.
7. Orcas are found in all the worlds oceans.
8. Right whales used to be common in the North Atlantic Ocean.
9. In the summer, gray whales feed in cold Arctic waters.
10. In the winter, they travel ten thousand miles to warmer waters.
11. The journey of the gray whales is the longest migration of any mammal.
12. The International Whaling Commission was established in 1946.
180
Extension: Have students write five sentences,

including at least one prepositional phrase in each
sentence, about the selection Whales.
Grade 4/Unit 6
Whales
12
PRACTICE AND REVIEW
Name
Date
Grammar 181
Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases

Circle the preposition and then underline the prepositional phrase in each
sentence.
1. There used to be many whales in the worlds oceans.
2. Some whales have been hunted almost to extinction.
3. The right whale used to be common in the North Atlantic Ocean.
4. It got its name from early whalers.
5. For them, it was the right whale to hunt.
6. It swam slowly, and it had lots of baleen and blubber.
7. Now it is hard to find a right whale anywhere in the world.
8. A right whale has strange bumps, called callosities, on its head.
9. Each whale has its own unique pattern of bumps.

10. Scientists can identify a particular whale by its callosity pattern.
10
Grade 4/Unit 6
Whales
Extension: Ask students to write three facts about

whales and have them include a prepositional
phrase in each sentence.
181
MECHANICS
Name
Date
Grammar 182
Letter Punctuation
Add capital letters and commas where they are needed in these letters.
12 Nightingale Lane
Portland ME 04000
August 26 2001
dear Robert
I cant wait to see you next week. I am really looking forward to our trip on
the whale-watching boat. Do you really think well see whales?
your friend
Fred
8 Prospect Street
Portsmouth NH 03000
September 2 2001
Im looking forward to our trip, too. I hope we see some whales. Theres a
good chance we will. Its really exciting when it happens. See you soon.
your friend
Robert
182
Extension: Have students pretend that they visited a

marine park and saw an orca. Have them write a
short letter to a friend telling about what they saw.
Grade 4/Unit 6
Whales
dear Fred
TEST
Name
Grammar 183
Date

A. Complete each sentence below by writing the missing preposition.
1. Orcas are familiar
to
most people.
2. Many people have seen them

3. They live and perform
in
at
marine parks.
huge tanks of water.
4. They are real crowd-pleasers and are loved

5. People are amazed
by
audiences.
the things an orca can do.
B. Underline the prepositional phrase in each of the sentences below.

6. Baleen whales feed on small fish and krill.
7. The baleen in the whales mouth acts like a filter.
8. Baleen whales open their mouths and skim through the water.
9. As they swim, krill is trapped by the baleen.
10. The water passes through the gaps in the baleen.
10
Grade 4/Unit 6
Whales
183
MORE PRACTICE
Name
Grammar 184
Date

Mechanics
Add capital letters, commas, and prepositions to correct and complete this
letter.
356 Lakeside Road
Orlando Florida 32899
March 30 2001
dear Grandma
Remember the baby orca we saw when you were here last year? We went
the marine park and saw it again. It performed
in
a special show. It was terrific! I wish you had been
by
itself this time

with
us.
to
Love,
Andrea
184
Grade 4/Unit 6
Whales
LEARN
Name
Date
Grammar 185
Combining Sentences with Adjectives and Adverbs
Two sentences can be combined by adding an adjective or adverb to one

sentence.
Rewrite the sentences below, using the adjective or adverb to combine

them into one sentence.
1. The Everglades is in trouble. Its serious.
2. Farmers use chemicals. The chemicals are dangerous.
3. Everglades animals eat plants. They are native plants.
4. Some plants are invasive. They are pushing out native plants.
5. The Everglades is very beautiful. It is swamplike.
6. Before us is a field of tall grass. It is flat and soggy.
7. An egret stands at the waters edge. It is motionless.
8. Tree frogs croak. They croak noisily.
9. You can tell an alligator from a crocodile. You can easily do it.
10. A crocodile has a tooth that sticks out. It is long.
10
Grade 4/Unit 6
Saving the Everglades
Extension: Ask students to write two sentences and

have a partner combine them into one sentence by
adding an adjective or an adverb.
185
LEARN AND PRACTICE
Name
Date
Grammar 186
Combining Sentences with Prepositional Phrases
Two sentences can be combined by adding a prepositional phrase to

one sentence.
Rewrite the sentences below, using the prepositional phrase to combine

them into one sentence.
1. Large numbers of people moved. They moved to Florida.
2. Engineers tried to stop flooding. They did this in the 1920s.
3. Their efforts had a negative effect. The effect was on the Everglades.
4. Engineers are returning the rivers. They are returning the rivers to their
original courses.
5. The Everglades has been called a river of grass. It is in Florida.
6. The Everglades has been damaged. Its been damaged by people.
7. People saw the Everglades just as swampland. This was true for almost a
century.
8. Peoples thinking has changed. This has happened in recent years.
186
Extension: Ask students to write two sentences for a

partner to combine by joining the two sentences with
a prepositional phrase.
Grade 4/Unit 6
PRACTICE AND REVIEW
Name
Date
Grammar 187
Combining Sentences
Two sentences can be combined by:

adding an adjective or an adverb to one sentence.
adding a prepositional phrase to one sentence.
Combine the pair of sentences below by adding an adjective, adverb, or

prepositional phrase. Then underline what you added to join the two
sentences.
1. We spent the day observing nature. We were at Everglades National Park.
2. We spotted a tree frog. It was lime-green.
3. The ibis glided over the water. It glided soundlessly.
4. A splash attracted our attention. It happened suddenly.
5. A reptile slipped into the water. It was large and greenish-brown.
6. It disappeared before we could get a good look. It disappeared underwater.
7. Then we noticed a tooth sticking out. It was a long tooth.
Then we noticed a long tooth sticking out.

8. It was a crocodile we saw. We saw it in the water.
Grade 4/Unit 6
Extension: Ask students to write four more sentences

telling about something they think they might see on
a visit to the Everglades. Then have them combine
two of them using an adjective, adverb, or
prepositional phrase.
187
MECHANICS
Name
Date
Grammar 188
Using Punctuation Marks
Use a comma to set off a persons name when the person is spoken to
directly.
Make corrections to this dialogue between Max and Carrie, who are visiting
Everglades National Park, by adding correct punctuation and capitalization.
Carrie:
will we see wildlife if we take this trail
Max:
yes I think we will thats what the map shows
Carrie:
Max look its a snowy egret isnt it beautiful
Max:
thats pretty amazing
Carrie:
look at all of those flamingoes have you ever seen a real one
Max:
no Ive only seen plastic ones in peoples front yards
Carrie:
well youre seeing the real ones now they look really different from
the plastic ones
Well, youre seeing the real ones now. They look really different from the plastic ones.
Max:
yes I have to agree with you about that Carrie
Yes, I have to agree with you about that, Carrie.
188
Extension: Have students continue writing the dialogue

between the two characters visiting Everglades
National Park, being sure to use the correct
punctuation.
Grade 4/Unit 6
Will we see wildlife if we take this trail?
TEST
Name
Date
Grammar 189
Combining Sentences
Study the sentences below. Then circle the correct choice of what was
added to combine the two sentences into one.
1. We stood on the boardwalk. It was wet.
We stood on the wet boardwalk.
a.
adjective
b.
adverb
c.
prepositional phrase
2.
We stared into the water. We stared for a while.

We stared into the water for a while.
a.
adjective
b.
adverb
c.
3.
I was certain I could see an alligator lurking. It was below the surface.
I was certain I could see an alligator lurking below the surface.
a.
adjective
b.
adverb
c.
4.
Then we spotted another alligator. It was on the bank.

Then we spotted another alligator on the bank.
a.
adjective
b.
adverb
c.
5.
The alligator winked an eye. It did it sleepily.

The alligator winked an eye sleepily.
a.
adjective
b.
adverb
c.
6.
Then the alligator slithered down the bank. It moved silently.

Then the alligator slithered silently down the bank.
a.
adjective
b.
adverb
c.
Grade 4/Unit 6
189
MORE PRACTICE
Name
Date
Grammar 190
Correcting Sentences
Two sentences can be combined by:
adding an adjective or an adverb to one sentence.
adding a prepositional phrase to one sentence.
Mechanics
Use a comma to set off a persons name when the person is spoken to directly.
Combine the groups of words below to form one sentence. Then add the
correct sentence punctuation and capitalization.
1. do you see that crocodile
it is on the bank
2. yes I see that crocodile
it is sleepy-looking
3. the grass almost hides him
the grass is tall
4. his snout is almost in the water
5. do you think he sees us up here
6. well my friend I dont think so
it is pointy
we are on this walk
I really dont
Well, my friend, I really dont think so.
190
Grade 4/Unit 6
REVIEW
Name
Date
Grammar 191
Adverbs
Read each passage and look at the underlined sentences. Is there a better
way to write or say each sentence? If there is, which is the better way?
Circle your answer.
The most remarkable thing about Jackie Robinson was his ability to take
insults without fighting back. Crowds attacked him wordly. Players on the other
(1)
team might try to hurt him with cleats. Through it all, he never let anger get the
(2)
better of him.
1. A Crowds attacked him words.
2. F Players on the other team

might try to hurt him physical.
B Crowds attacked him verbally.
G Players on the other team

might try to hurt him physically.
C Crowds attacked him verbal.
H Players on the other team

might try to hurt him bad.
D No mistake.
J No mistake.
The yellow bird sat sadly in its cage, never singing. Then one day, for no
reason, the princess let it out. Free again, the bird sang most sweetly than
(3)
before. But it sang even more joyfully when the princess came out to play with
(4)
the other children.
3. A Free again, the bird sang

most sweet.
4. F But it sang joyfully of all when

the princess came out to play
with the other children.
B Free again, the bird sang

more sweeter.
G But it sang even more joyful

when the princess came out to
play with the other children.
C Free again, the bird sang more

sweetly than before.
H But it sang even most joyfully

when the princess came out to
play with the other children.
D No mistake.
J No mistake.
Grade 4/Unit 6
Sorting It Out
191
REVIEW
Name
Date
Grammar 192
Adverbs
Toothpaste didnt have no fancy name. Its basic ingredient was baking
(5)
soda, and it was flavored with a little peppermint oil. People loved it. It didnt do
nothing but clean your teeth.
(6)
5. A Toothpaste didnt have no

kind of fancy name.
B Toothpaste didnt have any
fancy name.
C Toothpaste did have no
fancy name.
D No mistake.
6. F It didnt do but clean your teeth.

G It didnt do anything but clean
your teeth.
H It did do nothing but clean your
teeth.
J No mistake.
Orcas are also called killer whales. They can be found over most of the
(7)
worlds oceans. Many people have seen orcas, but not in the ocean. They have
(8)
seen them around marine parks.
7. A They can be found in most
of the worlds oceans.
B They can be found most of
the worlds oceans.
C They can be found over most
in the worlds oceans.
D No mistake.
8. F They have seen them about

marine parks.
G They have seen them at marine
parks.
H They have seen them from
marine parks.
J No mistake.
We spent the day observing nature at Everglades National Park. We

spotted a tree toad. It was lime-green. We saw a white egret. We saw an
(9)
alligator sunning itself on the bank. When it heard us, it slipped into the water.
9. A We spotted a tree toad and
10. F We saw an alligator sunning
it was lime-green.
itself and it was on the bank.
B We spotted a smartly dressed
G We saw an alligator lazily sunning
tree toad. It was lime-green.
itself. It was at the bank.
C We spotted a lime-green
H We saw an alligator sunning
tree toad.
itself. It was on the bank.
D No mistake.
J No mistake.
192
Grade 4/Unit 6
Sorting It Out
10
( 10 )
McGRAW-HILL READING
Spelling
Grade 4
Practice Book

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McGRAW-HILL READING

3. when they hiked to Lost Lake

4. dad went up the trail

McGraw-Hill School Division

5. a mountain that no one else knew about

6. did they find a new "lost lake"

Extension: Have students write two statements and

LEARN & PRACTICE

2. What did they find when they got there

3. Put your pack on and lets go

4. Luke wanted to camp by the creek

McGraw-Hill School Division

5. Look out for bears

6. How did they find their special lake

Extension: Have students think of a special place. Then have

PRACTICE AND REVIEW

2. try to imagine what it would be like?

3. wouldnt it be great to sleep outdoors.

4. put on your hiking boots?

5. lets hit the trail?

6. we can reach the lake by nightfall

7. shall we make camp on the shore.

McGraw-Hill School Division

8. i love the water.

Extension: Have pairs of students choose a subject

Using Capital Letters and End Marks

2. how long did it take them to find it

3. it wasnt the lake Dad remembered

4. it was too crowded

5. dad would never stay there

7. why was he different in the mountains

8. recall the things he did

McGraw-Hill School Division

6. they kept hiking until they found a special place

Extension: Have pairs of students look through books

B. Add the correct punctuation to each of these sentences.

McGraw-Hill School Division

9. Id love to discover a lake

Sentences and Punctuation Marks

2. we are going camping

McGraw-Hill School Division

2. Had to work too hard

3. Wanted a place to come home to

4. Found an accidental road

5. Led through a meadow

McGraw-Hill School Division

6. Stood at the end of the road

7. Gave name tags to everyone

8. Was full of Amelia-things

Extension: Ask students to write sentences. Then

LEARN AND PRACTICE

1. Everyone in Amelias family

2. All the apples

3. A white house with blue shutters

4. An old shade tree

McGraw-Hill School Division

5. Amelias accidental road

6. All the new children in class

Extension: Ask students to write sentences. Then have