Physics: Chapter 2 (F4) Linear Motion

PHYSICS : CHAPTER 2 (F4)
Linear Motion
1.
Movement along a straight line is called linear motion.
2.
Under linear motion, we study the
a.
distance and displacement
b.
speed and velocity
c.
acceleration
Distance (Quantity: Scala)
Definition: The distance traveled by an object is the total length that is traveled by that
object.
Displacement (Quantity: Vector)
Definition: Displacement of an object from a point of reference, O is the shortest distance of
the object from point O in a specific direction.
3.
Changes of acceleration can be: 1) change of speed 2) change of direction
*A ticker tape timer consists of an electrical vibrator which vibrates 50 times per second.
- Analysing motion in labotary
-0.02s per space
-vibrates at a frequency of 50hz
Analysing Motion Graph
1.
There are 3 types of motion graph, namely
a.
the displacement-time graph
b.
the velocity-time graph
c.
the acceleration-time graph.
1) in a displacement-time graph, the gradient represent the velocity of the moving object.
2) in a velocity-time graph, the gradient represent the acceleration of the moving object.
3) The area below the velocity-time graph gives a value of the object's displacement.
Positive or Negative Sign of Velocity

1.
In velocity, the positive/negative sign indicates direction.
Acceleration (vector quantity)

1.
Acceleration is defined as the rate of velocity change. It is a measure of how fast the
velocity change.
2.
An object moving with a velocity that is decreasing is said to be
experiencing deceleration.
Mass and Inertia

Mass ( scalar quantity)
1.
Mass is defined as the amount of matter.
2.
The SI unit of mass is kilogram (kg)
Inertia
Inertia is the property of a body that tends to maintain its state of motion.
Newton's First Law
In the absence of external forces, an object at rest remains at rest and an object in motion
continues in motion with a constant velocity (that is, with a constant speed in a straight line).
Momentum (vector quantity)
1.
Momentum is defined as the product of mass and velocity.
2.
The SI unit of momentum is kgms-1
3.
Formula : P=mv
4.
Principle of Conservation of Momentum
The principle of conservation of momentum states that in a system make out of objects that
react (collide or explode), the total momentum is constant if no external force is acted upon
the system.
Sum of Momentum Before Reaction = Sum of Momentum After Reaction
Applications Of Principle Of Conservation Of Momentum
Rocket
1.
Mixture of hydrogen and oxygen fuels burn in the combustion chamber.
2.
Hot gases are expelled through the exhausts at very high speed .
3.
The high-speed hot gas produce a high momentum backwards.
4.
By conservation of momentum, an equal and opposite momentum is produced and
acted on the rocket, pushing the rocket upwards.
Effects Of Force
Force
1.
A force is push or pull exerted on an object.
2.
Force is a vector quantity that has magnitude and direction.
3.
The unit of force is Newton ( or kgms-2).
Unbalanced Force/ Resultant Force
When the forces acting on an object are not balanced, there must be a net force acting on it.
The net force is known as the unbalanced force or the resultant force.
When a force acts on an object, the effect can change the
1.
size, shape, stationary state, speed and direction of the object.
Newton's Second Law
The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the resultant force
acting on the body and is in the same direction.
Formula of Force : F=ma (IMPORTANT: F Must be the net force)
Types of Forces
Friction
1.
a.
b.
Friction is the force that oppose motion.

Static friction - friction between 2 surfaces that are not moving relative to
each other
sliding friction - friction where an object slides or rubs against another
surface.
Tension
Weight (Gravitational Force)
Normal Reaction (Normal Contact Force)
Newtons Third Law of Motion
Newton's third law of motion states that for every force, there is a reaction force with the
same magnitude but in the opposite direction.
Impulse (vector quantity) (SI unit: Ns)
Impulse is defined as the product of the force (F) acting on an object and the time (t).
1.
Impulse is the product between the force, F with the time of impact, t.
2.
Impulse is also defined as the change in momentum.
3.
An impulse will cause velocity change of an object.
4.
Formula of impulse ( Impulse is the product of force and time.)
Impulse=Ft
Impulse = momentum change , Impulse=mvmu=Ft
Impulsive Force
1.
Impulsive force is defined as the rate of change of momentum in a reaction.
Mathematically, we write F=(mvmu)/t
2.
It is a force which acts on an object for a very short interval during a collision or
explosion.
3.
Gravity
Gravitational Field
A gravitational field as a region in which an object experiences a force due to gravitational
attraction.
Gravitational Field Strength (g)
1.
The gravitational field strength at a point in the gravitational field is the
gravitational force acting on a mass of 1 kg placed at that point.
2.
The unit of gravitational field strength is N/kg..
3.
Formula : g=F/m
Gravitational Acceleration (g)
1.
The gravitational acceleration is the acceleration of an object due to the pull of the
gravitational force.
2.
The unit of gravitational acceleration is ms-2
3.
The magnitude of gravitational acceleration is taken to be 10ms-2.
Gravitational Field Strength vs. Gravitational Acceleration
1.
Both the gravitational field strength and gravitational acceleration have the symbol,
g and the same value (10ms-2) on the surface of the earth.
2.
When considering a body falling freely, the g is the gravitational acceleration.
3.
When considering objects at rest, g is the Earths gravitational field strength acting
on it.
Weight
1.
The weight of an object is defined as the gravitational force acting on the object.
2.
The SI unit of weight is Newton (N)
Free Falling
1.
Free falling is a motion under force of gravity as the only force acting on the
moving object.
2.
Lift
1.
a.
b.
2.
Practically, free falling can only take place in vacuum.

When a man standing inside an elevator, there are two forces acting on him.
His weight, (W) which acting downward.
Normal reaction (R), acting in the opposite direction of weight.
The reading of the balance is equal to the normal reaction
Work (scalar quantity)

1.
Work done by a constant force is given by the product of the force and the distance
moved in the direction of the force.
2.
The unit of Nm(Newton metre) or J(Joule).
Formula (When the direction of force and motion are same, = 0o, therefore cos = 1
Work done )
Finding Work from Force-Displacement Graph

In a Force-Displacement graph, work done is equal to the area in between the graph and the
horizontal axis.
Energy
1.
Energy is defined as the capacity to do work.
2.
Work is done when energy is converted from one form to another.
3.
The unit of work is Nm or Joule(J)
Gravitational Potential Energy (Ep)
Gravitational potential energy is the energy stored in an object as the result of its vertical
position (i.e., height).
Formula: E=mgh
Elastic Potential Energy (Ep)
Elastic potential energy is the energy stored in elastic materials as the result of their
stretching or compressing. (Spring)
Formula: E=1/2Fx (x=extension of spring)
Kinetic Energy (Ek)
Kinetic energy is the energy of motion.
Formula : E=1/2mv^2
Equation of Kinetic Energy
Power
Power is the rate at which work is done, which means how fast a work is done.
Formula : P=W/t
Efficiency
The efficiency of a device is defined as the percentage of the energy input that is transformed
into useful energy.
Elasticity
Elasticity is the ability of a sub-stance to recover its original shape and size after distortion.
-Forces Between Atoms (The intermolecular forces consist of an attractive force and a
repulsive force.)
Work Done Against the Force of Gravity
At the equilibrium distance d, the attractive force equal to the repulsive force.
If the 2 atoms are brought closer, the repulsive force will dominate, produces a net
repulsive force between the atoms.
If the 2 atoms are brought furhter, the attractive force will dominate, produces a net
attractive force between the atoms.
Hooke's Law
Hooke's Law states that if a spring is not stretched beyond its elastic limit, the force that acts
on it is directly proportional to the extension of the spring.
Elastic Limit
The elastic limit of a spring is defined as the maximum force that can be applied to a spring
such that the spring will be able to be restored to its original length when the force is
removed.
Formula : F=kx
-Spring constant is defined as the ratio of the force applied on a spring to the extension of the
spring.
It is a measure of the stiffness of a spring or elastic object.
Arrangement in series:
Arrangement in parallel:
Extension = x number of spring
Extension = x number of spring
Stiffness decreases
Stiffness increases
Spring constant = k/number of spring
Spring constant = k number of spring
Factors Affecting the Stiffness of Spring
Stiffer
Material type of spring

(A steel spring is stiffer than a copper spring)
Diameter of wire of spring

(The greater the diameter of the wire, the stiffer the spring)
Diameter of the spring

(The smaller the diameter of spring, the stiffer the spring)
Less stiff
Length of the string

(Shorter spring is stiffer)

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PHYSICS : CHAPTER 2 (F4)

Changes of acceleration can be: 1) change of speed 2) change of direction

Positive or Negative Sign of Velocity

Acceleration (vector quantity)

Mass and Inertia

Friction is the force that oppose motion.

Practically, free falling can only take place in vacuum.

Work (scalar quantity)

Finding Work from Force-Displacement Graph

Work Done Against the Force of Gravity

Material type of spring

Diameter of wire of spring

Diameter of the spring

Length of the string

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