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Power Delivery Systems Tutorial
University of California, Berkeley

September 15, 2006
Dr. Alexandra von Meier

Sonoma State University
This Workshop is sponsored by the PIER

Program of the California Energy Commission
in conjunction with the California Institute of
Energy Efficiency, University of California,
Office of the President
CEC Contract Number 500-01-043
Questions about power systems in

general
Power distribution systems
Human factors and other complexities
associated with technological
innovation, especially human factors
Questions about power systems

How to visualize the grid?
Why are grids large and interconnected?
Why transmit power at high voltages?
Why use alternating current?
Why use three phases?
What is reactive power?
How to predict power flow?
How to balance supply and demand?
How to assess performance?

Rendition of a power system from PG&Es website

www.pge.com
My PG&E
service
entrance
Transmission lines (230 kV)
Busbars, transformers and circuit breakers at Cotati

substation
Lakeville Transmission Substation
Californias electric
transmission system
by utility
www.energy.ca.gov
Path 15 (500 kV line): Californias Backbone
California within the synchronous a.c. grid of the

Western Systems Coordinating Council (WSCC)
www.energy.ca.gov
Rough Overview of California Energy Use
Electricity
Transportation
Natural Gas
CA Electricity Consumption: 288 billion kWh in 2005

Source: California Energy Commission
www.energy.ca.gov

Why are grids large and

interconnected?
Economies of scale
Load factor
Pooled resources
Load factor = average demand

peak demand
Coincident demand = combined demand that actually

occurs at a given time
Non-coincident demand = total connected demand that
doesnt usually occur all at once

(Casual) Definition of Terms
Three voltage levels:

Subtransmission (60-115kV)
Primary distribution (12-21kV)
Secondary distribution
(120/240V)

Basic Transformer
The turns ratio determines the voltage: V2 / V1 = n2 / n1

To satisfy energy conservation, current varies inversely with voltage:
P1 = P2 and P = IV, thus I1V1 = I2V2 (neglecting losses)
The most basic generator

Three-phase, synchronous generator

Reactive Power
The bad cholesterol
of power lines

Power flow analysis for a 5-bus system

Power generated = Power demanded

The Law of Energy Conservation is strictly
enforced.
Real power imbalance:

Loss of frequency control
Reactive power imbalance:
Loss of voltage control
How to balance supply & demand?

Successive approximations on different
time scales:
1. Scheduling
2. Generator control
3. Stability
Generator control: operating on the governor
Generator Voltage Angle

Power System Performance

Measures
Power quality: voltage
a.c. frequency
waveform
Reliability:
outage frequency & duration

probabilistic measures
Security:
contingency analysis
The a.c. sine wave and power quality:

voltage magnitude, frequency, and waveform
www.niagaramohawk.com
Measures of reliability:
Outage frequency
Outage duration
Loss-of-load probability (LOLP)
Loss-of-load expectation (LOLE)
Expected unserved energy (EUE)
Security:
The width of the operating
envelope
Contingency Analysis and the
N-1 Criterion
A contingency
Security
and the
N-1 Criterion
What is reliability worth?

Key concepts:
Obligation to serve
One-day-in-ten-years criterion
Gold-plating
Value of Service (VOS)
Human Factors
Distribution Engineers and Operators:
Different responsibilities,
different cultures
Different Responsibilities
Sample engineering tasks:
Planning, equipment selection & sizing, innovation.
Engineers responsibility:
Make system perform optimally under design
conditions.
Sample operation tasks:
Switching, maintenance, service restoration.
Operators responsibility:
Make system perform safely and minimize harm
under any conceivable condition; avert calamity.
Different Cultures:
Cognitive representations of distribution
systems
Engineering representation:
Abstract
Analytical
Formal
Deterministic
Operator representation:
Physical
Holistic
Empirical
Fuzzy
Both are functional adaptations to work context;

both are correct.
Desirable system properties...

for Engineers:
Efficiency
Speed
Information
Precision
Control
for Operators:
Safety
Robustness
Transparency
Veracity
Stability
Example: Efficiency vs. Robustness

How best to prevent an overload?
Approach I
Shift loads to utilize equipment capacity
evenly.
Approach II
Have ample spare capacity to
accommodate load peaks.
Example: Information vs. Transparency

Which is more useful?
Option 1
Real-time data from 100 sensor points
Option 2
Data from 5 key points with changes highlighted
Example: Precision vs. Veracity

Measurement A 100 10%
Absolutely reliable source; if it failed, youd know.
Measurement B 100 1%
Very small chance the measurement has nothing to
do with reality and youd have no idea.
Q:
A:
Which is better information?

Depends on what you want to use it for.
(If the information is wrong, will it kill anyone?)
Example: Control vs. Stability

Scenario (i)
Operators are able to measure and influence a
parameter so as to keep it within a narrow range.
Scenario (ii)
The parameter tends to stay within a safe range by
itself. Nobody expects operators to intervene
constantly.
Which is preferable?
Distribution Systems
My PG&E
service
entrance
My meter & circuit

breaker panel
(Note general
funkiness.)
The familiar 120V a.c. outlet
Single-phase
120/240 service is
obtained by
tapping the same
transformer in
different places.
120/208 service is
obtained with a
phase-to-ground
and a phase-tophase connection.
Types of Loads
Purely resistive loads
Incandescent lamps
Heaters: range, toaster, iron, space heater
Motors (inductive loads)

Pumps: air conditioner, refrigerator, well
Power tools
Household appliances: washer/dryer, mixer
Electronics with transformers (inductive loads)

Power supply for computer
Battery chargers, adaptor plugs
Microwave oven
Fluorescent ballast
Distribution system
design & components
Distribution transformers
Primary & secondary distribution
lines
Radial, loop & network systems
Protection
Voltage regulation
My neighbors
transformer
Upper lines: Primary
distribution (12 kV)
Going out & underground:
Secondary distribution
(120/240V)
Lower lines: cable, phone
SinglePhase
Transformer
Three-phase primary
distribution circuit
and single-phase
lateral
Three-phase distribution
circuit from substation,
going underground
Distribution System Topology:

Radial, Loop and Network
Designs
115kV Switch
(S&C)
Air Switch
ScadaMate Switch (S&C)
Overhead
Switch
Recloser
Underground
Switch
Substation
circuit breaker
(S&C)
Curve Coordination Sheet

100
Seconds
10
1
1
10
100
0.1
0.01
Am ps (__kV Ba se )
1000
10000
Five Devices Coordinated
Voltage drop
along a distribution feeder
VDROP is a function of current (load),
line resistance, and
voltage control equipment settings
(transformers, capacitors)
Feeder Voltage Profile
Voltage
Regulator
Capacitors
Capacitor
and switch
Distribution Operator (DO) Desk
Wall Map at the DO Office
SCADA Screen
The End

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Power Delivery Systems Tutorial

University of California, Berkeley

Dr. Alexandra von Meier

This Workshop is sponsored by the PIER

Questions about power systems in

Questions about power systems

Questions about power systems

Rendition of a power system from PG&Es website

Transmission lines (230 kV)

Busbars, transformers and circuit breakers at Cotati

Lakeville Transmission Substation

Path 15 (500 kV line): Californias Backbone

California within the synchronous a.c. grid of the

Rough Overview of California Energy Use

CA Electricity Consumption: 288 billion kWh in 2005

Questions about power systems

Why are grids large and

Load factor = average demand

Coincident demand = combined demand that actually

Questions about power systems

(Casual) Definition of Terms

Three voltage levels:

Questions about power systems

The turns ratio determines the voltage: V2 / V1 = n2 / n1

The most basic generator

Questions about power systems

Three-phase, synchronous generator

Questions about power systems

Questions about power systems

Power flow analysis for a 5-bus system

Questions about power systems

Power generated = Power demanded

Real power imbalance:

How to balance supply & demand?

Generator control: operating on the governor

Generator Voltage Angle

Questions about power systems

Power System Performance

outage frequency & duration

The a.c. sine wave and power quality:

What is reliability worth?

Both are functional adaptations to work context;

Desirable system properties...

Example: Efficiency vs. Robustness

Example: Information vs. Transparency

Example: Precision vs. Veracity

Which is better information?

Example: Control vs. Stability

My meter & circuit

The familiar 120V a.c. outlet

Motors (inductive loads)

Electronics with transformers (inductive loads)

Distribution System Topology:

ScadaMate Switch (S&C)

Curve Coordination Sheet

Five Devices Coordinated

Feeder Voltage Profile

Distribution Operator (DO) Desk

Wall Map at the DO Office