We can find the permissions of a given file by making use of the ls program.
Notes
Example: Here, we will use the command ls l in order to display a long version of the file information: $ ls l /usr/bin/top rxrxrx
root
root
56406 Sep 1215:50 /usr/bin/top
We can represent the read, write, and executable permissions by making use of the characters r, w, and x respectively. The first part (for example, the expression rxrxrx, as shown in the above example) signifies the file permissions. The first character signifies the file type. This sequence comprises of three sets of three characters, that is, one set each to depict permissions of the owner, the group, and the others. Example: The sequence rx signifies that only the read and execution permissions are set. No write permission is available. Thus, this file permission specifies that every possible user can just read and execute the file content but not modify the contents of the file. In order to modify the permissions of files and directories, we can make use of the CLI tools such as chmod, chown, and chgrp.
2.7.3 Concept of Managing Users
By means of the Red Hat user configuration tool, that is, redhatconfigusers, we can accomplish the task of adding, removing, and modifying user accounts on the system in a GUI. This tool can be launched by selecting Main Menu System Settings Users and Groups. In Figure 2.26, we have shown the primary interface of this tool. Figure 2.26: Managing Users
It is required to provide the root password in order to use this utility. We can add, edit, or modify users and groups by making use of this interface. We can perform the same operations in the CLI also. The different tools used are given below:
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Notes
Table 2.3: Different Tools
Self Assessment Fill in the blanks: 14.
A ................................... should use system as a less privileged user.
15.
The first character signifies the ...................................
2.8 Summary zz
Red Hat Linux now makes use of the CUPS (Common UNIX Printing System) as the default printing system. It also includes the Native POSIX Thread Library, which provides improvements in performance with Pentium Pro processors or better.
zz
Applications that we can run from the Desktop are to be found either from the Main Menu (and sub-menus therein), or as icons on the Panel and the Desktop itself.
zz
A file system is an organization of data and metadata on a storage device. With a vague definition like that, you know that the code required to support this will be interesting.
zz
We can navigate the file system by means of either a GUI file explorer (for example, Nautilus) or the terminal.
zz
The installation process of Red Hat Linux automatically attempts to identify the existing hardware and configure it so as to use in the desktop.
zz
GNOME is a powerful but simple desktop environment with a strong focus on usability, accessibility, and internationalization.
zz
The GNOME Control Center allows you to configure various parts of your GNOME system with different tools called capplets.
zz
A process is defined as an independent program entity which executes and makes use of computer resources like CPU time and memory.
2.9 Keywords File system: A file system is an organization of data and metadata on a storage device. GNOME Control Center: The GNOME Control Center allows you to configure various parts of your GNOME system with different tools called capplets. GNOME: GNOME is a powerful but simple desktop environment with a strong focus on usability, accessibility, and internationalization. Panel: This sub-option configures the behavior of the panel in the desktop. You can opt to disable the animation of panels in the desktop or to change their animation speed.
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Process: A process is defined as an independent program entity which executes and makes use of computer resources like CPU time and memory.
Notes
Run level: A run level is a state of the machine, which determines the processes to be run. Sessions: This sub-option allows you to configure the behavior of the GNOME desktop for maintaining states between successive log-in sessions.
2.10 Review Questions
1.
Discuss the Red Hat Linux desktop menus in details.
2.
Explain the working of workspace switcher and how to use it.
3.
Discuss the process of running program in Red Hat Linux.
4.
How to use the panel in Linux? Discuss.
5.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of CLI?
6.
Explain the using process of the file system hierarchy.
7.
What do you understand by navigating in the file system?
8.
How to change the current directory in Linux?
9.
Find the information of any existing hardware device in Red hat.
10.
Explain the process of configuring the desktop.
Answers: Self Assessment
1. sub-menu.
2. Panel
3. Applets
4. Launchers
5. Links
6. /sbin
7. hardware browser
8. Superuser
9. GConf
10. Caplets
11. Desktop
12. Process
13.
kill signal
14.
15.
file type
system administrator
2.11 Further Readings
Books Books Christopher Negus, Linux Bible, Wiley.
Ellen Siever, Aaron Weber, Stephen Figgins, Robert Love and Arnold Robbins, Linux in a Nutshell, OReilly Media.
Wale Soyinka, Linux Administration: A Beginners Guide, McGraw-Hill Osborne
Media.
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Notes
Dee-Ann LeBlan and Richard K. Blum, Linux for Dummies.
Outbound Traffic Using Multiple Connections to the Internet
3.2.2
Inbound Traffic Using Multiple Connections to the Internet
Software and Configuration
3.3.1
The Mozilla Web Browser
3.3.2
gFTP Client
3.4
Summary
3.5
Keywords
3.6
Review Questions
3.7
Further Readings
Objectives After studying this unit, you will be able to: Describe the concept of using Red Hat Linux to connect to the Internet Discuss managing multiple ISPs and connections Explain the concept of software and configuration
Introduction In this unit, we will discuss how to use Red Hat Linux to connect to the Internet via a telephone dialup, ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network), DSL (Digital Subscriber Line), Ethernet, or wireless connection. We will give an overview of networking and discuss how to use the Network Administration Tool. Network Administration Tool is an X-based program that makes it easy to connect to the Internet via an Internet Service Provider (ISP). Also, we will discuss several popular network client applications available under Linux, including the Mozilla web browser, the email client, and a graphical FTP client.
3.1 Connecting to the Internet
In this section, we will discuss how to use Red Hat Linux to connect to the Internet.
3.1.1 Networking Overview
Nowadays, most computers handle network traffic much like the post office handles mail.
