PT.

ARMINDO JAYA MANDIRI

Electro Mechanical Workshop

BALANCING PROCEDURE
The measuring units have to be switched on some time before starting the machine
so that they reach working temperature (approx 15-30 min)
BEARINGS
The pedestals have to be fixed to the bed at correct distance from each other as well
as from the drive. If necessary lubricate the sliding surfaces with oil before
displacing the pedestal. Height adjustment of the roller bearing has to be performed
in accordance with the journal diameter of the rotor.
DRIVE
Place rotor on to the bearings.
Close counter support
Adjust roll or hold-down so that the journals just dont touch the rotor.
ELECTRONIC UNIT
Set electronic unit in accordance with rotor dimensions, balancing speed and mode
of compensation.
Apply black and white marking to the rotor.
Set photo scanning head.
Switch on driving motor.
OBSERVE SAFETY PRECAUTION
Before starting the drive make sure that the pedestals are correctly fix to the bed,
the counter support are closed, the cover of the drive shaft-if available is set up, the
protection cover if available is placed over the rotor, nobody is in the danger field
MEASURING AND BALANCING
Start the drive
Run the rotor up to balancing speed
Take and retain the reading
Switch off drive and brake
Compensate

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BALANCE ACCURACY, BALANCE QUALITY

(ISO Standards 1940 BALANCE QUALITY GRADES)
1. Determine the Quality Grade of the Rotor
(ISO 1940 Balance Quality Grade)
Quality Grades
G 16
G 6.3
G 2.5
G1
(Precision Balancing)
G 0.4
(HighPrecision Balancing)

Individual Components of Engines (Gasoline or

Diesel) for cars
Normal Electrical armatures
Medium and Large Electrical armatures with special
requirements, small electrical armatures
Phonograph drives, Grinding machines drives
Armatures of Precision grinders, gyroscopes

2. Determine The Permissible Residual Unbalance Of The Rotor

Example : G = 6.3; Service speed 1500 rpm results in 40 gmm/kg of residual
unbalance (rotor mass)
From this result that permissible residual unbalance of the rotor of e.g. 1.2 kg
amounts to 48 gmm. This means the permissible residual static unbalance. With a
symmetrical rotor this unbalance is distributed among two planes, i.e 24 gmm in
each plane.
Note : The mass of unbalance to be compensated on the rotor to be balanced is
determined in the same way as the rotor mass : by weighing it. In relation to our
example this means : the rotor has a weight of 1.2 kg, the residual unbalance
amounts to 24 gmm per plane, with a correction radius of e.g. 24 mm the residual
mass of unbalance weights 1 g.
For reference see next table.

Table reference for maximum residual unbalance

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Electro Mechanical Workshop

BALANCING ON AUXILIARY ATTACHMENTS (SHAFT, FLANGES ETC) BY

RIGHTABOUT INDEXING
Should auxiliary Attachments such as shaft, flanges or similar additional implements be
necessarily added to the rotor in order to carry out the balancing procedure, the question
would inevitably arise, to what extent the indicated total unbalance could actually be
ascribed to the rotor itself and what part is due to the auxiliary attachment. Or in other

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Electro Mechanical Workshop

terms, how to resolve the total unbalance in to two components, one of which would
correspond to the unbalance of the rotor sought for.
Two measurements are necessary as a rule in order to determine two unknown values ( in
the case considered both the unbalance components). For solving the problem, the
successive measurements would have to be carried out under different condition.
This necessary variation generally applied in practical balancing is achieved by right
about indexing. Which can be illustrated by the following supposed example :
a) Setup consisting of an exactly balanced auxiliary shaft with an eccentric fitted seat
carrying an accurately balanced rotor.
Because of the eccentricity of the shaft, the indicator
head would show an unbalance reading corresponding
to the product of the mass of the rotor m multiplied
together with the eccentricity e, therefore E = m . e.
If the rotor is turned on the shaft, it becomes evident,
that the unbalance condition expressed by the value E, does not depend upon the
rotor angular position of the rotor with respect to the axis of the fitted seat is equal
to zero as mentioned above.
b) On the other hand should the rotor, considered in subdivision a, be affected itself
with the unbalance U, this unbalance superposed the initial
unbalance E would produce a different reading corresponding
to the vectorial resultant both the component unbalance. It is
evident, that the compensation for the unbalance of the rotor U
should be done not with respect to the conventional zero, but
with respect to the displaced center E. The trouble is, that the
location of the center E is not known, and therefore should be
determined ( see fig b2 ). It is however, independent to the only
known and visible value, the vector A. Further measurements are required.
c) The rotor with the unbalance U is supposed to be turned by the angle about the
center E invariable with respect to the phase generator or the contrasted marking
for the photoelectric head.
The new unbalance reading would still correspond to the vectorial resultant of the
same components E and U, the magnitudes of which are kept unchanged,
whereas the angle is modified by the amount. Or in other term the vector terms the
vector U would describe a circle about the center E when the rotor turn about
the fitted seat.
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d)

Electro Mechanical Workshop

This

would

open

way

for

practical

determination of the center E by carrying out

successive runs with the rotor displaced
angularly step by step (indexing) with respect to
the fitted seat of the shaft, until the reading
plotted on to the dial of the instrument (or on to
a special diagram on graph paper) would
sufficiently outline the shape of the circle
described by the vector U :
The radius of this circle corresponds to the unbalance of the rotor; the center of the
circle is the reference spot, with respect to which this unbalance should be
compensated for.
Two measurement with respective reading A1 and A2 (see fig d1 and d2) are as a
rule sufficient to answer the question correctly. The arbitrarily chosen amount of
angular displacement should be exactly known. An angle of 180 o is often used for
practical reasons.

AUXILIARY SHAFTS
Rotor without own shaft are either placed on an auxiliary shaft or connected to
intermediate flanges unless balancing on a vertical machine is preferred.
In order to keep in actual operation the fine condition of balance achieved on the balancing
machine, the accuracy of the auxiliary shaft has to be frequently ascertained. The closed fit
with respect to the mating portion of the rotor of the cylindrical seat or the centering
shoulder of the auxiliary shaft, as well as therate of eccentricity of the same shown by the
amount of radial beat, have to be checked at regular intervals. Notwithstanding an accurate
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Electro Mechanical Workshop

balancing on the machine, an excessive radial beat could cause the rotor to display in
actual operation an unbalance, the magnitude of which depends upon the rate of
eccentricity of the mating surfaces of the auxiliary shaft.
Should for instance the cylindrical seat of the auxiliary shaft be affected with a radial beat
of 12 (0.00047 in) measured by means of a dial-gauge, a rotor balanced up to zero on
such a shaft would still display with respect to its geometrical axis an unbalance by
eccentricity of the center of gravity of 6 (0.00024 in). The accuracy achieved on the
machine was merely seeming!
For this reason the auxiliary shaft have to be handled with care and kept from shocks,
concussion and falls.
The accuracy of balancing depends also upon the tolerances of the fit between the mating
portion of the auxiliary shaft and the rotor. The corresponding allowance has to be
considered in the expected magnitude of the accumulative unbalance limit along with the
similar tolerances originating from the eventual assembly of the finished mechanical unit.
Should for instance the maximum permissible variation of the center of gravity amount to
5 (0.0002 in) the sum of the following partial tolerances would still be acceptable \
Tolerances due to

Beat Ba = 1 = (0.00004 in)

the auxiliary shaft

Fitting allowance Fa = 2 = (0.00008 in)

Tolerances due to the eventual

Beat Be = 3= (0.00012 in)

assembly

Fitting allowance Fe = 4= (0.00016 in)

The total unbalance U=

Ba Fa Be Fe
+ + +
2
2 2
2

= 0.5 + 1 + 1.5 + 2 = 0.00002 in +

0.00004 + 0.00006 + 0.00008 in < 5 (0.0002 in)

This Relationship doesnt take into consideration a residual unbalance of the rotor still
present after balancing process; hence the rotor has to be balanced accurately up to zero.
Auxiliary shafts with tapered seats have not allowance for the fit, between the shaft and the
rotor, which is and advantage over the shafts provided with cylindrical seats.
Should the radial beat of a carefully ground tapered seat amount for instance to 6
(0.00024 in) a rotor balanced up to zero by means of this shaft would still be affected
with an eccentricity of the center of gravity with respect to the geometrical axis amounting
to 3 (0.00012 in). Increased by the residual unbalance of 2 (0.00008 in) which might
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have been allowed in order to speed up the balancing procedure, this would result in
accumulative limit value of 5 (0.0002 in). This amount has to be increased by the
tolerance due to the eventual assembly. Should the total value lie above the unbalance still
permissible for the rotor involved, it would have to be reduced, cutting down the
component values which would allow for a convenient improvement.
Furthermore for disk like rotor fastened to a flange of the auxiliary shaft a possible uneven
position of the rotor causing a wobbling motion has to be considered. The effect would
increase in direct proportion to the ratio of the rotor diameter to the size of the flange. A
rotor accurately balanced on such an auxiliary shaft would subject the bearings the
bearings to an additional dynamic unbalance.
GENERAL RULES FOR BALANCING
In order to achieve a correct functioning of the machine and an exact compensation
for the unbalance, following general rules have to be observed:
1) For rotor driven by means of universal joint shaft the weight of the shaft with
respect to the weight of the rotor to be balanced has to be kept as small as possible.
The magnitude of the motive torque as well as the braking torque should not
exceed the nominal value of the admissible torque for the chosen drive shaft. The
drive shaft should have no backlash and has to be exactly centered. Discrepancies
in the position of the joints are conducive to erroneous measurements. The mating
faces of flanges have to be parallel to each other and free from foreign matter. A
misaligned drive shaft would introduce errors in the measurements.
2) No foreign objects have to be wedged in the cross-spring hinges of the pickup
leverage system, as well as in the guides of the connection rods and between the
multiplying levers and the fixed structure of the pedestals. Additional friction in the
oscillating bridges and the reciprocating coils would induce angular discrepancies
in the indication and cut down the sensitivity.
3) The distance between the correction planes and the length of the radius to the
location of the correction have to be chosen as large as possible. This would allow
to utilize the full sensitivity of the indication system by reducing the reciprocal
influence of the correction planes. Moreover large radii would increase the
accuracy in determination of angular positions, and allow a compensation by
means of smaller correction weights or drilled holes.
4) Should the compensation for the unbalance be done by drilling, too deep holes
have to be avoided. For holes in radial direction the shift of the center of gravity
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Electro Mechanical Workshop

towards the axis of rotation reduces the effect of the compensation. For holes in
axial direction a displacement of the center of gravity off the correction planes
disturbs the setting of correction planes, hence causes the reciprocal influence of
the correction planes to reappear at least to some extent. For these reasons it is
advisable to compensate for heavy unbalances by means of two holes located to
either side of the theoretical position.
5) With rotor composed of distinctly heterogeneous parts, care has to be exercised to
avoid displacements which would be likely to influence the readings of the
instruments (as for instance the centrifugal setting of coiling of electrical armatures
or axial displacements of fan wheels on their shafts).
6) The balancing procedure has not to be continued beyond the condition required

(average tolerance values have been established by the Association of German

Engineers). A balancing up to zero is not advisable as a rule because it increase
unnecessarily the production costs.

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