ASNT Level III- Visual & Optical Testing

My Pre-exam Preparatory
Self Study Notes Reading 3
2014-August

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Reading 3
On Nondestructive Examination (NDE) Technology and Codes
Student Manual Volume 1
Chapter 4.0
Introduction to Visual Examination ML121461A175
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Regulatory agency for nuclear
power production and other civilian uses of nuclear materials
For my coming ASNT Level III VT Examination

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

At Works

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

VT as an NDT Method:
VT as an NDE Method prevailed, and the recommendation for training and
experience were added to the 1988 edition of SNT-TC-1A.
In the late 1970's, the American Welding Society developed its Certified
Welding Inspector (CWI) program to meet this need.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Certifications- ASNT
*Time in Method **Total time required in NDT

SNT-TC-1A

CP-189
Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

NOTES:
1. Experience is based on the
actual hours worked in the specific
method.
2. A person may be qualified
directly to NDT Level II with no time
as certified Level, providing the
required training and experience
consists of the sum of the hours
required for NDT Level I and NDT
Level II.
3. The required minimum
experience must be documented by
method and by hour with supervisor
or NDT Level III approval.
4. While fulfilling total NDT
experience requirement,
experience may be gained in more
than one (1) method. Minimum
experience hours must be met for
each method.

Certifications ASME XI (Nuclear)

Section XI requires that personnel performing NDE be qualified and certified
using a written practice prepared in accordance with ANSI/ANST CP-189 as
amended by Section XI. IWA 2314 states that the possession of an ASNT
Level III Certificate, which is required by CP-189, is not required by Section XI.
Section XI also states that certifications to SNT-TC-1A or earlier editions of
CP-189 will remain valid until recertification at which time CP-189 (1995
Edition) must be met.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Vision Factors
The focus of the lens system in the eye can be changed like that of a
camera. A diaphragm, the sight hole or iris, regulates the quantity of light
admitted through the pupil. The retina is a light-sensitive plane upon which
the image is formed. Adjustments of the focus are made by changing the
thickness and curvature (i.e., the focusing power, of the lens). Increasing the
lens thickness is called accommodation. This is done by the action of tiny
muscles attached to the lens.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

The Eyes
Working in Tandem: Human eyes normally work in tandem. Shine a light
into one eye and both pupils become smaller. Look to the right and both eyes
will look in that direction.
Fovea: In the center of the retina is a small area called the fovea which is
packed with about six million cone cells. These cone cells are only about 1.5
microns in diameter and each connects directly to a neuron providing
resolution sharpness and color perception provided sufficient illumination
exists.
Retina: Unlike the cone cells, rod cells work in groups to feed impulses to a
neuron. A larger the group of rod cells working together for more sensitivity
when the light is low. These peripheral parts of the retina are nearly one
million times more sensitive to light than the central fovea.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

The Eyes

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Eye Adaptations
When stepping from the bright sunlight into a dark theater, nothing can be
seen at first, as the dark adaption process begins. Initially, there is
a rapid rise in sensitivity for about 30 seconds followed by a slower increase
until, after 5 to 9 minutes, sensitivity increases over 100 times. For the next
20 to 30 minutes, sensitivity continues to increase by a factor of 1,000 to as
much as 10,000 as the pigments in the rod cells regenerate.
In addition to the 10,000 increase in sensitivity by the retinal rod cells, other
changes in the eye, including the dilation of the pupil to allow more light to
enter the eye, add to the effect so that the final result is to make the increase
in light sensitivity equal to 100,000 times.
It is interesting that the adaptation required when coming from the dark into
the light is accomplished within only a few minutes.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Starry Night
Light sensitivity:
10 minutes increase 100x
30 minutes increase 1000x ~ 10000x
30 minutes With pupil dilation increase 100000x

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Drill Rig at Night

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Drill Rig at Bright Sunny Morning

Good Morning Shanghai

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Eye Refractivity
At Relax Accommodation: In the normal eye the length of the eyeball and
the refractive power of the cornea and lens are such that images of objects at
a distance of 20 feet or more are sharply focused on the retina when the
muscles of accommodation are relaxed.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Myopia & Hyperopia:

In a farsighted individual for instance, the situation can be corrected by
glasses made of convex lenses. These bring light from distant objects to a
focus without contracting the accommodation muscles which make the lens
more convex. In the nearsighted person, light rays from distant objects focus
in front of the retina. This causes a blurring of the image of all objects located
beyond a critical distance from the eye. By use of concave lenses, thicker at
the edge than in the center, distant object can be seen clearly.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Myopia- Near Sightedness

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Myopia- Near Sightedness

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Hyperopia - Farsightedness

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Hyperopia - Farsightedness

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Hyperopia - Farsightedness

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Stereoscopic vision
Stereoscopic vision depends, at least in part, upon the fact that each
eye gets a slightly different view of close objects.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

The two kinds of light receptors in the retina, the rods and the cones, differ in
shape as well as in function. At the point where the optic nerve enters the
retina, there are no rods and cones. This portion of the retina, called the blind
spot, is insensitive to light. On the other hand, the maximum visual acuity at
high brightness levels exists only for that small portion of the image formed
upon the center of the retina. This is the fovea centralis, or spot of clear
vision. Here the layer of blood vessels, nerve fibers, and cells above the rods
and cones is far thinner than in peripheral regions of the retina. Daylight
vision, which gives color and detail, is performed by the cones, mainly in the
fovea centralis. These have special nerve paths. At least three different kinds
of cones are present, each of which is in some way activated by one of
the three fundamental colors.
Keywords:
blind spot - optic nerve enters the retina
fovea centralis- Cones, three different kinds, daylight vision
peripheral regions of the retina- Rods, night vision

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Color: Human vision constructs the average colour from the responses of
three types of colour receptors that detect different ranges of colour
(corresponding roughly to the primary colours of light - red, green and blue).

http://www.jpse.co.uk/sensory/colourtheory.shtml

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Pupil, Iris, Sclera

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

The Eye

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

The Eye

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Color Characteristics
Every color has three physical characteristics:
tone or hue,
saturation or purity,
and brightness or luminosity.
Hue is that characteristic of color associated with the color name, such as
green or blue. It may be described by the wavelength of a hue in the
spectrum which visually matches the dominant hue. Purples do not exist in
the spectrum, but the spectrum furnishes a hue complementary to that of any
purple. This is true whether the hue is lavender, magenta, or any other
variation of the family of purple. Although an estimated seven million or
more distinguishable colors exist, only a few main colors are distinguished for
practical reasons. Their wavelengths are as follows, in nanometers (nm):
violet, 380 to 450; indigo, 425 to 455; blue, 450 to 480; green, 510 to 550;
yellow 570 to 590; orange, 590 to 630; red, 630 to 730. Light from a limited
portion of the spectrum is called monochromatic.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Keywords:
Hue / Tone- Color

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Keywords:
Hue / Tone- Color

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Keywords:
Hue / Tone- Color

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Keywords:
Hue / Tone- Color

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Color Characteristics
Saturation: Another color characteristic is saturation. For example, if one
adds more and more pure white paint to a pure blue paint, the dominant hue
may remain fairly constant while a series of tints is produced. Beginning with
100 percent saturation, the blue becomes less and less saturated.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Color Saturation- Hue Saturation

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Brightness (value)

Saturation

Saturation
(Chroma)

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Hue, Saturation & Brightness

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

The Colors: Hue/ Saturation & Brightness

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Glare:
Excessive brightness (or brightness within the field of view varying by more
than 10 to 1) causes an unpleasant sensation called glare. Glare interferes
with the ability of clear vision and critical observation and judgment. Glare
can be avoided by using polarized light or other polarizing devices.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Glare

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Glare can be avoided by using polarized light or other polarizing

devices.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Spectrum Limits of Visibility

The eye perceives all the colors in the solar spectrum between violet (380 nm)
and red (770 nm). Compared with the entire electromagnetic spectrum, only a
rather minute portion is visible

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

The Universe The hidden colors

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

18 percent neutral gray card: The examiner should have adequate

illumination, either natural or artificial, while performing VT. This may be
determined using a fine line, approximately 1/32 inch (0.8 mm) in width,
drawn on a 18 percent neutral gray card. The card should be placed near the
area under examination; if this fine line is distinctly visible, the illumination is
adequate.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

18 percent neutral gray card

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Gray Scale Card

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Lighting: (applicable for NRC only)

15 foot candles (fc) for general examination, and
a minimum of 50 foot candles for the detection of small discontinuities.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Magnifying Power = 10 / Focal Length

http://www.mystd.de/album/calculator/magnification.html

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Magnification

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Magnification

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Visual Examination Code Requirements

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

ASME-Section V
A brief summary of the requirements for VT examination as contained in
Article 9 follows:
A report of the demonstration that the procedure was adequate is required.
An annual vision test is required (J-1 letters).
Direct Visual Examination is defined as a VT where the eye can be placed
within the 24" of the surface to be examined and at an angle not less than
30 to the surface.
Minimum light intensity of 100 foot candles at the examination surface.
Remote Visual Examination is an acceptable substitute for Direct Visual
Examination where accessibility is a problem.
Translucent Visual Examination is a supplement of Direct Visual
Examination and uses artificial lighting as an illumination to view a
translucent object or material.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

The Jaeger eye chart is used for

reading up close and for determining
your near vision. When reviewing the
chart, you will see the notation (1) next
to the paragraph with the smallest text.
Each progressive paragraph of larger
text is noted with an increase in the
number. As you progress to larger
lettered paragraphs, the lettering size
increases for lesser visual acuity.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Jaeger J1

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

ASME BPVC-XI-2010
2010 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC), Section XI: Rules for
Inservice Inspection of Nuclear Power Plant Components

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

ASME Section XI
A summary of ASME IWA-2211 VT-1 requirements follows:
The VT-1 visual examination is conducted to detect discontinuities and
imperfections on the surfaces of components, including such conditions as
cracks, wear, corrosion, or erosion.
Direct VT-1 visual examination may be conducted when access is
sufficient to place the eye within 24 inches of the surface to be examined
and at an angle not less than 30 to the surface. Mirrors may be used to
improve the angle of vision. Lighting, natural or artificial, shall be a
minimum of 50 foot-candles (fc) and / or the ability to resolve a character
of 0.044.
Remote VT-1 visual examination may be substituted for direct examination.
Remote examination may use aids, such as telescopes, borescopes, fiber
optics, cameras, or other suitable instruments, provided such systems
have a resolution capability at least equivalent to that attainable by direct
visual examination.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

A summary of ASME IWA-2212 VT-2 requirements follows:

The VT-2 visual examination is conducted to detect evidence of leakage
from pressure retaining components, with or without leakage collection
systems, as required during the conduct of system pressure test.
VT-2 visual examinations are conducted in accordance with IWA-5000,
System Pressure Tests.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

A summary of ASME IWA-2213 VT-3 requirements follows:

The VT-3 visual examination shall be conducted to determine the general
mechanical and structural condition of components and their supports, by
verifying parameters of clearances, settings, physical displacements, and
to detect discontinuities and imperfections such as loss of integrity at
bolted or welded connections, loose or missing parts, debris, corrosion,
wear, or erosion.
VT-3 examinations also include examinations for conditions that could
affect operability or functional adequacy of snubbers, and constant load
and spring type supports. Lighting shall be a minimum of 50 fc and / or the
ability to resolve a character of 0.105

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

AWS Certified Welding Inspector

American Welding Society (AWS) created its Certified Welding Inspector
(CWI) program in 1976. The program consists of:

Basic Body of Knowledge:

- The Welding Inspector,
- Documents Governing Welding Inspection and Control of Materials,
- Weld Joint Geometry and Welding Terminology,
- Welding and Nondestructive Testing Symbols,
- Mechanical and Chemical Properties of Metals,
- Destructive Testing,
- Welding Metallurgy for the Welding Inspector,
- Welding Procedure and Welder Qualification,
- Welding, Brazing and Cutting Processes,
- Weld and Base Metal Discontinuities,
- Nondestructive Testing, and
- Visual Inspection as an Effective Quality Control Tool.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

 Minimum of five (5) years relevant work experience,

Three part test covering fundamentals, practical on-the-job situations and
a specific code (selected by the examinee). The test is administered at test
sites around the country, and
Vision Test.
Once the potential candidate meets the above requirements, he will be issued
a certification from AWS. The certification is valid for three years. To renew
the certification, the CWI must submit documentation showing continued work
in the welding discipline or be re-examined.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Direction of View (DOV)

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Halitation

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang