Stice 18e Ch15 SOL Final

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CHAPTER 15
QUESTIONS
3. A capital lease is accounted for as if the
lease agreement transfers ownership of the
asset from the lessor to the lessee. Capital
leases are generally long term, covering
most of the economic life of the leased asset, and the lease payments are large
enough that they effectively pay for the asset by the end of the lease term. An operating lease, on the other hand, is accounted
for as rental agreement, with no transfer of
effective ownership associated with the
lease.
1. The principal advantages to a lessee in

leasing rather than purchasing property are
as follows:
(a) Frequently, no down payment is required to attain access to property
when it is leased. This frees company
capital to be used for purposes such as
expanding production, reducing longterm debt, or providing for future pension benefits.
(b) A lease avoids the risks of ownership
when a company has many uncertainties as to the length of benefit from various assets. If a company purchases
assets, any obsolescence or reduction
in usefulness of the asset would result
in a loss. A lease leaves these risks of
ownership with the lessor rather than
shifting them to the lessee.
(c) Leases give the lessee flexibility to get
a different asset if market conditions or
technological changes require it.
4. Leases frequently give the lessee the option to purchase the leased asset at some
future date. If the price specified in the purchase option is so low that it is almost certain that the lessee will end up buying the
leased asset, the option is called a bargain
purchase option. Because leases with bargain purchase options are likely to lead to
transfer of ownership from the lessor to the
lessee, they are accounted for as capital
leases.
2. The principal advantages to a lessor in

leasing property rather than selling it are as
follows:
(a) Lease contracts provide another alternative to those businesses needing
property for customers to acquire their
services. This can increase the volume
of sales and thus improve the operating
position of the manufacturer.
(b) Because a lease arrangement results
in an ongoing business relationship,
there may be other business dealings
that could develop between the lessee
and lessor.
(c) The lease arrangement may be negotiated so that any residual value remains
with the lessor. Although expected residual values are usually considered in
arriving at the financial terms of a
lease, these estimates usually are conservative. Thus, lessors may benefit
from a higher residual value at the end
of the lease term than expected when
the lease was negotiated.
5. The lease term begins when leased property is transferred to the lessee and extends to the end of the period for which the
lessee is expected to use the property, including any periods covered by bargain renewal options. If a bargain purchase option
is included in the lease agreement, the
term ends on the date this option is available.
6. (a) A lessee will use the lower of its incremental borrowing rate and the implicit
rate in the lease agreement (if known
by the lessee). If the rate used results
in a capitalized value for the lease that
is greater than the fair value of the
lease property at the beginning of the
lease term, the fair value should be
used as the asset value.
(b) A lessor will use the interest rate implicit in the terms of the lease. This is
the rate that will discount the minimum
lease payments plus any unguaranteed
residual value to the fair value of the
leased asset.
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652
7. For a lease to be properly accounted for as

a capital lease by the lessee, at least one
of the following criteria must be met:
(a) Title transfer. The lease transfers ownership of the property to the lessee by
the end of the lease term.
(b) Bargain purchase option. The lease
contains a bargain purchase option.
(c) Economic life. The lease term is equal
to 75% or more of the estimated economic life of the leased property.
(d) Investment recovery. The present value
of the minimum lease payments, excluding the portion that represents executory costs to be paid by the lessor,
equals or exceeds 90% of the fair value
of the leased property.
8. The two additional criteria for lessors are as
follows:
(a) Collectibility. Collectibility of the minimum lease payments required from the
lessee is reasonably predictable.
(b) Substantial completion. No important
uncertainties surround the amount of
unreimbursable costs yet to be incurred
by the lessor under the lease.
When a greater-than-normal credit risk is
involved and the collectibility of lease payments is questionable, the lease would be
accounted for as an operating lease. Revenue would then be recognized as it is collected.
The second criterion has to do with the
question of whether or not the lessee has
assumed substantially all the risks of ownership or if these have been retained by the
lessor. Thus, if the lessor had made some
unusual guarantees concerning the performance of a leased asset, ownership essentially rests with the lessor, and the lease
should be accounted for as an operating
lease.
9. Operating leases are viewed as simple rental contracts. All rental payments are debited to expense when paid or incurred. If
rent is prepaid, the expense is recognized
as the prepayment expires. No asset or liability value is recognized on the balance
sheet.
Capital leases are viewed as a purchase of
an asset and the incurrence of a liability.
The present value of the future minimum
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lease payments is recorded as an asset

and a liability. The asset is amortized as
though it had been purchased by the lessee. The liability is accounted for in the
same manner as if a mortgage had been
placed on the property. Amortization expense and interest expense are recognized
each year.
10. If rental payments are uneven, the debit to
Rental Expense by the lessee should be
made on a straight-line basis (i.e., total expense over the lease term should be allocated equally to each period) unless another systematic and rational basis better
shows the time pattern in which use benefit
is derived from the leased asset.
11. The amount to be recorded as an asset
and a liability for capital leases on the
books of the lessee should be the present
value of future minimum lease payments,
including total rental payments and any
bargain purchase option or other guarantee
of the residual value made by the lessee.
Executory costs would be excluded from
the minimum rental payments. If the fair
value of the leased asset is less than the
present value, the lower value is recorded.
12. The asset balance is amortized over the
lease term according to the lessees normal
depreciation policy for similar owned assets. The liability balance is reduced as
payments are made after recognizing the
accrual of interest expense on the liability
balance. Only if the depreciation method
and the interest computation produced the
same reduction would the asset and liability
balances remain the same.
13. The time period used for amortization of a
capitalized lease depends on which criterion was used to qualify the lease as a
capital lease. If the lease qualified under
the transfer of ownership or bargain purchase option criteria, the asset life should
be used for amortizing the capitalized
value. If the lease qualified under the economic life or 90% of fair value criteria, the
lease term should be used for amortizing
the capitalized value.
14. Total charges over the term of a lease are
the same whether the lease is accounted
for as an operating or a capital lease. Periodic charges vary, however, because the
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operating lease usually provides for a constant expense each period, while the capital lease method charge varies according to
the following:
(a) The amortization method used to write
off the cost of the leased assets, and
(b) The particular lease period involved.
A greater charge for interest expense is
recognized in the earlier periods, and there
is either a greater charge for amortization in
the early years or a constant amount over
all years. Therefore, it is more likely that the
capital lease method will produce a lower
net income than the operating lease method in the early years of the lease, with the
reverse being true in the later years of the
lease.
15. (a) The interest portion of the lease payments is recorded as an expense and
is included in the computation of net income. The principal portion of the lease
payments is recorded as a financing
cash outflow. The amortization of the
leased asset is added back to net income under the indirect method.
(b) The immediate cash outflow from a
purchase would be reported as an investing outflow of cash. The payments
on the note would be handled exactly
as the lease: the interest portion included in the computation of net income and the principal portion as a financing cash outflow.
16. If a lease meets the classification criteria
for a capital lease, the lessor records it as
either a sales-type lease or a direct financing lease.
Sales-type leases involve manufacturers or
dealers who use leases as a means of facilitating the marketing of their products.
There are two types of revenue generated
by this type of lease. These are as follows:
(a) An immediate profit or loss, which is
the difference between the cost of the
property being leased and its sales
price, or fair value, at the inception of
the lease, and
(b) The interest revenue to compensate for
the deferred payment provisions.
Direct financing leases involve a lessor who
primarily is engaged in financial activities,
such as a bank or finance company. The
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lessor views the lease as an investment,

and the revenue generated by this type of
lease is interest revenue.
17. The present value of the unguaranteed residual value is deducted from both Sales
and Cost of Goods Sold because the
leased asset reverts to the lessor at the
end of the lease term, and the residual
value amount represents the portion that
was not sold.
18. Minimum lease payments include the rental
payments over the lease term plus any
amount to be paid for the residual value
through either a bargain purchase option or
a guarantee of the residual value. If the
lessee is making all of these payments, the
minimum lease payments for the lessee
and lessor will be the same. However, if the
guarantee of residual value is made by a
third party, the guarantee will be included in
the minimum lease payments of the lessor
but not of the lessee. This condition could
result in the lease qualifying as a capital
lease to the lessor under the 90% of market
value criterion but failing to qualify under
this criterion for the lessee.
19. The lessor treats a lease as an investing or
an operating activity. If it is a direct financing lease, the lessor is using the lease as a
way of investing its resources and earning
a return on its investment. If it is a salestype lease, the lessor is using the lease as
an alternative way of selling merchandise.
On the other hand, the lessee is using the
lease as an alternative way of financing a
purchase of an asset. Principal payments
made on the lease by the lessee are thus
financing cash outflows.
20. Lessees are required to disclose information as to asset and liability accounts as follows:
(a) The gross amount of assets recorded
as capital leases and related accumulated amortization.
(b) Future minimum lease payments at the
date of the latest balance sheet, both in
the aggregate and for each of the five
succeeding fiscal years. These payments should be separated between
operating and capital leases. For capital leases, executory costs should be
excluded.
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Chapter 15
(c) Rental expense for each period for

which an income statement is presented. Additional information concerning minimum rentals, contingent rentals, and sublease rentals is required for
the same periods.
(d) A general description of the lease contracts, including information about restrictions on such items as dividends,
additional debt, and further leasing.
(e) For capital leases, the amount of imputed interest necessary to reduce the
lease payments to present value.
21. The following components of the net investment in sales-type and direct financing
leases are required disclosures by lessors
as of the date of each balance sheet presented:
(a) Future minimum lease payments receivable with separate deductions for
amounts representing executory costs
and the accumulated allowance for uncollectible minimum lease payments
receivable.
(b) Unguaranteed residual values accruing
to the benefit of the lessor.
(c) Unearned revenue.
(d) For direct financing leases only, initial
direct costs.
22. The lease classification standard in IAS 17
is that a lease should be accounted for as a
capital lease if it transfers substantially all
of the risk and rewards of ownership. This
broad standard is the same, in principle, as
U.S. GAAP, but differs in that there are not
Relates to Expanded Material.
detailed implementation criteria as contained in FASB ASC Topic 840.

23. The international proposal suggests that
the lease accounting rules be simplified as
follows: All lease contracts are to be accounted for as capital leases. Individual national standard setters (including the FASB)
have circulated this proposal in their countries.
24. The FASB rule is that if the initial sale results in a profit, it should be deferred and
amortized in proportion to the amortization
of the leased asset if it is a sales-type or direct financing lease or in proportion to the
rental payments if it is an operating lease.
If the transaction produces a loss because
the fair value of the asset is less than its
carrying value, an immediate loss should
be recognized.
There are two exceptions to the profit deferral rule. First, if the seller-lessee's remaining ownership rights are "minor" after
the sale-leaseback transaction, then the
sale and lease-back are separate transactions, and any profit on the sale is recognized immediately. Second, if the profit on
the sale is "large," defined as larger than
the present value of the minimum payments on the leaseback, then the "excess"
profit (the amount greater than the present
value of the minimum leaseback payments)
is recognized at the time of the sale with
the remainder of the profit deferred and
recognized according to the normal process.
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PRACTICE EXERCISES
Note: For all PRACTICE EXERCISES involving lessor journal entries, the solutions illustrate both
the gross and the net presentations of lease payments receivable. For the Exercises and Problems, only the net presentation (as shown in the textbook chapter) is illustrated.
PRACTICE 151 PRESENT VALUE OF MINIMUM PAYMENTS

Business calculator keystrokes:
N = 2 years 12 = 24
I = 12/12 = 1.0
PMT = $2,000
FV = $20,000 (guaranteed residual value at the end of 24 months)
PV = $58,238
PRACTICE 152 COMPUTATION OF PAYMENTS
PV = $75,000 (think of this as the outflow by the lessor; the value of this outflow
must be equaled by the value of the inflows from the monthly payments and the
guaranteed residual value)
N = 36 months
I = 12/12 = 1.0
PMT = $2,213
PRACTICE 153 COMPUTATION OF IMPLICIT INTEREST RATE
PV = $35,000 (enter as a negative number)
PMT = $1,000
FV = $10,000
N= 5 years 12 = 60
I = ???; the solution is 2.29% per month, or 27.48% (2.29% 12) compounded
monthly
PRACTICE 154 INCREMENTAL BORROWING RATE AND IMPLICIT INTEREST
RATE
1.

N = 4 years 12 = 48
I = 9/12 = 0.75
PMT = $16,000
PV = $677,887
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PRACTICE 154 (Concluded)

2.

N = 4 years 12 = 48
I = 12/12 = 1.0
PMT = $16,000
PV = $638,596
PRACTICE 155 LEASE CRITERIA

Lease criteria:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Ownership does not transfer at the end of the lease term.

No bargain purchase option.
Lease term is less than 75% of asset life: 10 years/15 years < 75%
PV payments > 90% of fair value; PMT = $35,000, I = 9%, N = 10 $224,618
$224,618/$246,000 = 91.3%
Satisfies criterion 4, so should be accounted for as a capital lease.

PRACTICE 156 JOURNAL ENTRIES FOR AN OPERATING LEASELESSEE
1.
Lease-signing date
No journal entry on the lease-signing date to recognize the leased asset and the
lease liability for an operating lease.
2.
Rent Expense .......................................................................

Cash.................................................................................
3,000
3,000
PRACTICE 157 OPERATING LEASE WITH VARYING PAYMENTSLESSEE

Year 1
Rent Expense .......................................................................
60,000
Rent Payable ...................................................................
40,000
Cash.................................................................................
20,000
Rent Expense = ($20,000 + $80,000 + $80,000)/3 years = $60,000 per year
Year 2
Rent Expense .......................................................................
Rent Payable.........................................................................
Cash.................................................................................
60,000
20,000
Year 3
Rent Expense .......................................................................
Rent Payable.........................................................................
Cash.................................................................................
60,000
20,000
80,000
80,000
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PRACTICE 158 JOURNAL ENTRIES FOR A CAPITAL LEASELESSEE

1.
2.

N = 10 years
I = 10
PMT = $3,000
FV = $0 (no guaranteed residual value)
PV = $18,434
Leased Asset ........................................................................
Lease Liability.................................................................
18,434
Lease Liability ......................................................................

Interest Expense ($18,434 0.10) .......................................
Cash.................................................................................
1,157
1,843
Amortization Expense ($18,434/12 years) .........................

Accumulated Amortization on Leased Asset ..............
1,536
18,434
3,000
1,536
PRACTICE 159 ACCOUNTING FOR A BARGAIN PURCHASE OPTIONLESSEE

1.
2.

N = 6 years
I = 12
PMT = $10,000
FV = $6,000 (bargain purchase option amount)
PV = $44,154
Leased Asset ........................................................................
Lease Liability.................................................................
44,154
Lease Liability ......................................................................

Interest Expense ($44,154 0.12) .......................................
Cash.................................................................................
4,702
5,298
Amortization Expense ($44,154/9 years) ...........................

Accumulated Amortization on Leased Asset ..............
4,906
44,154
10,000
4,906
PRACTICE 1510 PURCHASING A LEASED ASSET DURING THE LEASE TERM

LESSEE
Machinery .............................................................................
Lease Liability ......................................................................
Accumulated Amortization..................................................
Leased Asset ..................................................................
Cash.................................................................................
670,000
650,000
400,000
1,000,000
720,000
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PRACTICE 1511 LEASES ON A STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWSLESSEE

1.
2.
Operating activities:
Net income ...........................................
Adjustments: none..............................
Cash provided by operating activities .
$ 10,000
0
$ 10,000
Investing activities:
None......................................................
Financing activities:
None......................................................
Net change in cash ................................
$
0
$ 10,000
Net income ...........................................
Add: Amortization ...............................
Cash provided by operating activities .
$ 9,621
1,536
$ 11,157
None......................................................
Repayment of lease liability ...............
$ (1,157)
Net change in cash ................................
$ 10,000
Supplemental disclosure of significant noncash transaction: A capital lease in

the amount of $18,434 was signed during the year.
PRACTICE 1512 JOURNAL ENTRIES FOR AN OPERATING LEASELESSOR
1.
Purchase of equipment
Leased Equipment ...............................................................
Cash.................................................................................
2.
24,000
24,000
Lease signing and receipt of first lease payment

With an operating lease, no journal entry is made on the lease-signing date on
the lessors books except to record the receipt of cash.
Receipt of first lease payment
Cash.......................................................................................
Lease Revenue ...............................................................
3.
6,800
6,800
Depreciation of leased equipment

Depreciation Expense on Leased Equipment ...................
Accumulated Depreciation on Leased Equipment......
Depreciation Expense: $24,000/4 years = $6,000
6,000
6,000
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PRACTICE 1513 JOURNAL ENTRIES FOR A DIRECT FINANCING LEASELESSOR

1.
Lease signing
Lease Payments Receivable .........................................
Equipment Purchased for Lease.............................
24,000
24,000
or
Lease Payments Receivable (4 $6,800) .....................
Unearned Interest Revenue .....................................
2.
3.
27,200
3,200
24,000
Receipt of first lease payment on January 1

Cash.................................................................................
Lease Payments Receivable....................................
6,800
Recognition of interest revenue

Interest Revenue .......................................................
1,548
6,800
1,548
or, if Lease Payments Receivable are recorded at their gross amount:

Unearned Interest Revenue ...........................................
1,548
1,548
Interest Revenue: [($27,200 $6,800) $3,200] 0.09 = $1,548

PRACTICE 1514 DIRECT FINANCING LEASE WITH A RESIDUAL VALUE
1.
Lease signing
100,000
100,000
or
Lease Payments Receivable [(10 $15,600) + $3,974]
2.
59,974
100,000
Receipt of first lease payment on January 1

Cash.................................................................................
3.
159,974

15,600
15,600
10,128
10,128

10,128
10,128
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4.

426
426

426
Equipment .......................................................................
3,974
426
3,974
PRACTICE 1515 JOURNAL ENTRIES FOR A SALES-TYPE LEASELESSOR

1.

Sales...........................................................................
10,000

Sales...........................................................................
13,000
Cost of Goods Sold ........................................................

Equipment Inventory ................................................
7,000
Cash.................................................................................
2,600
10,000
or
2.
3,000
10,000
7,000
2,600

1,110
1,110

1,110
1,110
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PRACTICE 1516 SALES-TYPE LEASE WITH A BARGAIN PURCHASE OPTION

1.

Make sure to toggle so that the annual payments are assumed to occur at the
beginning (BEG) of the period.
N = 5 years
I = 12
PMT = $2,500
FV = $500 (bargain purchase option amount)
PV = $10,377
Sales...........................................................................
10,377
Lease Payments Receivable [(5 $2,500) + $500] ......

Sales...........................................................................
13,000

6,000
Cash.................................................................................
2,500
10,377
or
2.
2,623
10,377
6,000
2,500

945
945

Interest Revenue: [($13,000 $2,500) $2,623] 0.12 = $945
945
945
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Chapter 15
PRACTICE 1517 SALES-TYPE LEASE WITH AN UNGUARANTEED RESIDUAL

VALUE
1.

Present Value of the Minimum Payments (the annual payments):
N = 5 years
I = 12
PMT = $2,500
FV = $0 (residual value is not guaranteed)
PV = $10,093
Present Value of the Unguaranteed Residual Value:
N = 5 years
I = 12
PMT = $0
FV = $500
PV = $284
Sales...........................................................................
10,093

Sales...........................................................................
12,500
Cost of Goods Sold ($6,000 $284) .............................

5,716
Cash.................................................................................
2,500

284

500
10,093
or
2,407
10,093
5,716
2,500
284
or
216
284
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2.

945
945

945
945
Interest Revenue:
[($12,500 $2,500) $2,407] 0.12 = $911
($500 $216) 0.12 = $34
$911 + $34 = $945
PRACTICE 1518 THIRD-PARTY GUARANTEES OF RESIDUAL VALUE
1.
Lease signing and receipt of first lease payment for lessor

N = 6 years
I = 11
PMT = $3,000
FV = $4,000 (guaranteed residual value)
PV = $16,226
Test of the four lease criteria:
(a) No title transfer
(b) No bargain purchase option
(c) Lease term less than 75% of asset life: (6/10) < 0.75
(d) Present value of minimum payments > 90% of asset fair value
($16,226/$16,226) = 1.00 > 0.90
Criterion (d) is satisfied, so the lessor should account for this as a sales-type
lease.
Sales...........................................................................
16,226
Lease Payments Receivable [(6 $3,000) + $4,000] ...

Sales...........................................................................
22,000

9,000
Cash.................................................................................
3,000
16,226
or
5,774
16,226
9,000
3,000
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Chapter 15

2.
Lease signing and receipt of first lease payment for lessee

N = 6 years
I = 11
PMT = $3,000
FV = $0 (residual value is not guaranteed by the lessee)
PV = $14,088
Test of the four lease criteria:
(a) No title transfer
(b) No bargain purchase option
(c) Lease term less than 75% of asset life: (6/10) < 0.75
(d) Present value of minimum payments < 90% of asset fair value
($14,088/$16,226) = 0.868 < 0.90
None of the four criteria is satisfied, so the lessee should account for this as an
operating lease.
There is no journal entry on the lease-signing date to recognize the leased asset
and the lease liability for an operating lease. The first lease payment is recorded
as follows:
Lease Expense................................................................
Cash ...........................................................................
3,000
3,000
PRACTICE 1519 SELLING A LEASED ASSET DURING THE LEASE TERMLESSOR

Interest Revenue [($234,000 $40,000) 0.10]......
19,400
19,400

19,400
Interest Revenue [($234,000 $40,000) 0.10]......
Cash.................................................................................
Loss on Sale of Leased Asset.......................................
130,000
83,400
Cash.................................................................................
Unearned Interest Revenue ($40,000 $19,400) .........
Loss on Sale of Leased Asset.......................................
130,000
20,600
83,400
19.400
213,400
or
234,000
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PRACTICE 1520 LEASES ON A STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWSLESSOR

1.
Computation of the present value of the lease paymentsbusiness calculator

keystrokes:
end (END) of the period.
N = 8 years
I = 13
PMT = $5,000
FV = $6,500 (residual value; whether the residual value is guaranteed or not
doesnt matter for this calculation)
PV = $26,439
Annual depreciation: ($26,439 $0)/12 years = $2,203
2.
Net income .............................................
Add depreciation ...................................
Cash provided by operating activities ......
$ 30,000
2,203
$ 32,203
Purchase of leased equipment ............
$(26,439)
None........................................................
Net increase in cash ...................................
$ 5,764
Interest revenue: $26,439 0.13 = $3,437

Net income .............................................
No adjustments......................................
Cash provided by operating activities ......
$ 30,640
0
$ 30,640
Purchase of leased equipment ............
Repayment of lease receivable
principal ($5,000 $3,437) ...............
Cash used in investing activities.........
1,563
$ (24,876)
None........................................................
Net increase in cash ...................................
$ 5,764
$ (26,439)
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PRACTICE 1521 DEBT-TO-EQUITY RATIO ADJUSTED FOR OPERATING LEASES

1.
Equity = Assets Liabilities = $10,000 $4,000 = $6,000

Debt-to-Equity Ratio = $4,000/$6,000 = 0.67
2.
Present value of future minimum lease payments:

end (END) of the period.
N = 15 years
I=8
PMT = $600
FV = $0
PV = $5,136
Debt-to-Equity Ratio = ($4,000 + $5,136)/$6,000 = 1.52
PRACTICE 1522 SALE-LEASEBACK TRANSACTIONSLESSOR AND LESSEE

1.
Seller-Lessee
Jan. 1 Cash ...............................................................................
Accumulated Depreciation ..........................................
Unearned Profit on Sale-Leaseback.......................
Building .....................................................................
200,000
70,000
1 Leased Building ............................................................

Lease Liability...........................................................
200,000
Dec. 31 Lease Liability ...............................................................

Interest Expense ($200,000 0.11) .............................
Cash...........................................................................
1,750
22,000
31 Amortization Expense ($200,000/25 years)................

Accumulated Amortization on Leased Building ...
8,000
31 Unearned Profit on Sale-Leaseback ...........................

Revenue Earned on Sale-Leaseback......................
1,600
40,000
230,000
200,000
Amortization on Sale-Leaseback Gain: $40,000/25 years = $1,600
23,750
8,000
1,600
Chapter 15
667

2.
Buyer-Lessor
Jan. 1 Building .........................................................................
Cash...........................................................................
200,000
Lease Payments Receivable........................................

Building .....................................................................
200,000
Lease Payments Receivable ($23,750 25 years).....

Unearned Interest Revenue.....................................
Building .....................................................................
593,750
Dec. 31 Cash ...............................................................................

Lease Payments Receivable ...................................
23,750
Lease Payments Receivable........................................

Interest Revenue ($200,000 0.11).........................
22,000
200,000
200,000
or
393,750
200,000
23,750

Unearned Interest Revenue .........................................
22,000
Interest Revenue ($200,000 0.11).........................
22,000
22,000
668
Chapter 15
EXERCISES
1523.
(a) Capital lease ................
Contains a bargain purchase option.
(b) Operating lease ...........
$67,000 present value of lease payments divided by $75,000 fair value of equipment =
89%. This is less than the 90% cutoff, so it is
an operating lease.
(c) Capital lease ................
Ownership transfers to lessee at end of lease

term.
(d) Operating lease ...........
An 8-year lease period divided by 12-year

economic life = 67%. This is below the 75%
cutoff for lease term, so it is an operating
lease.
(e) Operating lease ...........
Present value of lease payments is $24,211*;

$24,211/$28,000 = 86.5%. This is less than the
90% cutoff, so it is an operating lease.
*PVn = $9,000 + $9,000(Table IV 2 12% )
PVn = $9,000 + $9,000(1.6901)
PVn = $24,211
or with a business calculator:

First toggle so that the payments are assumed
to occur at the beginning (BEG) of the period.
PMT = $9,000; N = 3; I = 12% PV = $24,210
(f) Capital lease ................
Present value of lease payments: $5,500 +

($5,500 1.7355) = $15,045; $15,045/$16,650 =
90.4%. This is more than the 90% cutoff, so it
is a capital lease.

PMT = $5,500; N = 3; I = 10% PV = $15,045
Chapter 15
669
1524.
1. Doxey Company Books. The lease is an operating lease. None of the

four conditions is met, as shown:
Criterion 1: No title transfer at the end of the lease.
Criterion 2: No bargain purchase option.
Criterion 3: 4-year lease term is less than 75% of 9-year economic life of the asset.
Criterion 4: The present value of the minimum lease payments is $2,041,099, which
is less than 90% of the $2,500,000 purchase price of the asset.
PMT = $600,000; I = 12%; N = 4 years $2,041,099
2013
Jan. 1 Machinery Purchased for Lease .................
Cash (or Notes Payable, etc.)..................
To record purchase of machine to be
leased.
Mar. 1 Cash...............................................................
Rental Revenue ........................................
Unearned Rental Revenue.......................
To record receipt of annual rent for
machine.
*Two months prepaid for 2014.
1 Various Expenses (Maintenance,
Insurance, Property Taxes)........................
Cash...........................................................
To record 2013 expenses relating to
leased machinery.
Dec. 31 Depreciation ExpenseLeased Machinery
Accumulated DepreciationLeased
Machinery ................................................
To record full years depreciation
($2,500,000/9).
2. Mondale Company Books:
Mar. 1 Rental Expense.............................................
Prepaid Rent .................................................
Cash...........................................................
To record payment of annual rent.
2,500,000
2,500,000
600,000
500,000
100,000*
30,000
30,000
277,778
277,778
500,000
100,000
600,000
670
1525.
Chapter 15
The debit to Rent Expense should be equal over the lease term, $460,000/5
years = $92,000 a year.
2013
Jan.
2014
Jan.
2015
Jan.
2016
Jan.
2017
Jan.
1526.
Rent Expense ..............................................

Cash ........................................................
Rent Payable ...........................................
92,000
Rent Expense ..............................................

Cash ........................................................
Rent Payable ...........................................
92,000
Rent Expense ..............................................

Cash ........................................................
Rent Payable ...........................................
92,000
Rent Expense ..............................................

Rent Payable ...............................................
Cash ........................................................
92,000
18,000
Rent Expense ..............................................

Rent Payable ...............................................
Cash ........................................................
92,000
48,000
60,000
32,000
60,000
32,000
90,000
2,000
110,000
140,000
Computation of present value of lease:

PVn = $290,000 + $290,000(PVAF 14 10% )
PVn = $290,000 + $290,000(7.3667)
PVn = $2,426,343
PMT = $290,000; N = 15; I = 10% PV = $2,426,339
2013
Jan.
Leased Equipment ......................................... 2,426,343

Obligations under Capital Leases............
2,426,343
To record lease.
Lease Expense ...............................................

Obligations under Capital Leases................
Cash ........................................................
To record first lease payment.
20,000
290,000
310,000
Chapter 15
671
1526. (Concluded)
Dec. 31
31
1527.
Amortization Expense on Leased

Equipment.................................................
Accumulated Amortization on Leased
Equipment..............................................
To record annual amortization.
*$2,426,343/15 = $161,756 (rounded)
Interest Expense
[($2,426,343 $290,000) 0.10] ..............
Obligations under Capital Leases.............
Prepaid Executory Costs ...........................
Cash ........................................................
To record second lease payment.
161,756*
161,756
213,634
76,366
20,000
310,000
1. Because title passes to Jacques, the lease is a capital lease.

PVn = $600,000 + $600,000(PVAF 9 12% )
PVn = $600,000 + $600,000(5.3282)
PVn = $3,796,920
PMT = $600,000; N = 10; I = 12% PV = $3,796,950
2013
Jan.
2.
2013
Dec. 31
Leased Equipment ......................................

Obligations under Capital Leases.........
To record lease.
Cash ........................................................
3,796,920
3,796,920
600,000
600,000

Equipment ..................................................
379,692*
Equipment..............................................
379,692
*Annual amortization: $3,796,920 0.10 = $379,692
Because title will be transferred to the lessee at the end of the
lease term, the economic life of the asset is used for amortization. 20-year life = 5% straight line; double-declining-balance =
5% 2 = 10%.
672
Chapter 15
1527. (Concluded)
2013
Dec. 31
Interest Expense .........................................

Cash ........................................................
383,630*
216,370
600,000
*[($3,796,920 $600,000) 0.12] = $383,630

2014
Dec. 31

Equipment ..................................................
Equipment..............................................
341,723*
341,723
*[($3,796,920 $379,692) 0.10]

= $341,723 (rounded)
31
Interest Expense .........................................

Cash ........................................................
To record third lease payment.
357,666*
242,334
600,000
*[($3,196,920 $216,370) 0.12] = $357,666

1528.
Stagg Construction Co.

Schedule of Lease Payments
(5-year lease with bargain purchase option)
Lease Payment
Executory
Lease
Description
Amount
Principal Interest
Costs
Obligation
Date
1/01/2013 Initial Balance
$273,726
1/01/2013 Payment
$ 53,000 $ 50,000
$ 3,000
223,726
12/31/2013 Payment
53,000
29,865
$20,135
3,000
193,861
12/31/2014 Payment
53,000
32,553
17,447
3,000
161,308
12/31/2015 Payment
53,000
35,482
14,518
3,000
125,826
12/31/2016 Payment
53,000
38,676
11,324
3,000
87,150
12/31/2017 Payment
95,000
87,150
7,850*
0
$273,726
$71,274
$15,000
$360,000
*Discrepancy due to rounding
Chapter 15
673
1528. (Concluded)
COMPUTATIONS:
Present value of lease payments:
Present value of bargain purchase

option:
PVn = $50,000 + $50,000(PVAF 4 9 % )

PV = $95,000(PVF 5 9 % )
PVn = $50,000 + $50,000(3.2397)
PV = $95,000(0.6499)
PV = $61,741
PVn = $211,985
Total lease obligation: $211,985 + $61,741 = $273,726
PMT = $50,000; N = 5; I = 9% PV = $211,986
Make sure to toggle back so that the payments are assumed
to occur at the end (END) of the period.
FV = $95,000; N = 5; I = 9% PV = $61,743
1529.
Accumulated AmortizationLeased Equipment ........

Obligations under Capital Leases.................................
Equipment .......................................................................
Leased Equipment .....................................................
Cash.............................................................................
*Book value of lease..........................
Additional cash paid over
remaining obligation .....................
Cost of owned equipment ...............
1530.
49,300
26,000
36,700*
80,000
32,000
$30,700 ($80,000 $49,300)

6,000 ($32,000 $26,000)
$36,700
First, Smithston must accrue the interest revenue from the first of the year
through the date of the sale. The interest revenue is calculated as follows:
($151,500 0.12) 1/2 year = $9,090
The journal entry to record the interest revenue, to write the receivable off
the books, and to record the loss on the sale is as follows:
2015
July 1
Cash ................................................................
Loss on Sale of Leased Asset......................
Interest Revenue ......................................
Lease Payments Receivable ...................
116,000
44,590
9,090
151,500
674
Chapter 15
1531. Computation of implicit interest rate:

$527,169
= $60,000 + $60,000(PVAF 14 i )
PVAF 14 i
PVAF 14 i
= 7.7862
($527,169 $60,000)
$60,000
With n = 14, the interest rate associated with a factor of 7.7862 is 9%.
PV = ($527,169); N = 15; PMT = $60,000 I = 9.00%
1532. 1.
2.
3.
The lease is a direct financing lease because title passes to the lessee
at the end of the lease term, and the cost of the press is equal to the fair
value at the date of the lease; therefore, no manufacturers or dealers
profit exists.
Lease Payments Receivable .................................... 1,589,673
Equipment Purchased for Lease.........................
1,589,673
Computation of implicit rate of interest:

$1,589,673 = $190,000 + $190,000(PVAF 14 i )
($1,589,673 $190,000)
PVAF 14 i
PVAF 14 i
= 7.3667
$190,000
= 10%

PV = ($1,589,673); N = 15; PMT = $190,000 I = 10.00%
Lease Payments Receivable ....................................
Interest Revenue...................................................
*($1,589,673 $190,000) 0.10 = $139,967
139,967*
139,967
Chapter 15
1533.
675
1.
$600,000
= [R + R(PVAF 5 12% )] + $40,000(PVF 6 12% )
$600,000
4.6048R
R
= [R + R(3.6048)] + $40,000(0.5066)
= $579,736
= $125,898

Make sure to toggle so that the payments are assumed
FV = $40,000; N = 6; I = 12% PV = $20,265
Payments must make up the remainder of the present value:
$600,000 $20,265 = $579,735
Toggle so that the payments are assumed
PV = $579,735; N = 6; I = 12% PMT = $125,899
2.
2013
Jan. 1
Dec. 31
3.
2018
Dec. 31
Machine Purchased for Lease ................

Cash........................................................
To record purchase of packaging
machine for lease.
600,000
Lease Payments Receivable ...................

Machine Purchased for Lease .............
To record lease contract.
600,000
600,000
600,000
Cash. ......................................................... 125,898

Lease Payments Receivable ................
To record receipt of first lease payment.
Cash ..........................................................
Interest Revenue ...................................
To record second rental receipt.
*$600,000 $125,898 = $474,102
$474,102 0.12 = $56,892
125,898
Cash ..........................................................
Gain on Sale of Machine.......................
To record sale of machine leased for
6 years.
58,000
125,898
69,006
56,892
40,000
18,000
676
Chapter 15
1534.
1.
Date
1/1/2013
1/1/2013
12/31/2013
12/31/2014
12/31/2015
12/31/2016
Description
Initial balance
Receipt
Receipt
Receipt
Receipt
Interest on residual value
Interest
Revenue
Payment
Receipt
$122,668
95,150
65,430
33,336*
$316,584
$ 466,646
466,646
466,646
466,646
450,000
$2,316,584
Lease
Payments
Receivable
$2,000,000
1,533,354
1,189,376
817,880
416,664
0
COMPUTATIONS:
$1,533,354 0.08 = $122,668
$1,189,376 0.08 = $95,150
$ 817,880 0.08 = $65,430
*To eliminate balance in Lease Payments Receivable. (Discrepancy due to rounding
differences in computations of table values.)
2.
There would be no difference in the table if the hospital guaranteed the residual
value to Wenville. If the equipment were sold, $450,000 would be the minimum
proceeds that would be received. No loss on the sale could occur because of the
guarantee of the residual value.
1535.
The lease is a capital lease for the lessee because the lessee knows the
implicit interest rate of 12%, and this is the rate that makes the present
value of the minimum lease payments equal to the cash price. Thus, the
90% of fair value criterion is satisfied.
1.
2013
May 1
2014
Apr. 30
Leased Automobile .......................................

Obligations under Capital Leases ...........
To record lease.
13,251

Cash ...........................................................
4,000

Interest Expense ...........................................
Cash ...........................................................
*$13,251 $4,000 = $9,251
$9,251 0.12 = $1,110
2,890
1,110*
13,251
4,000
4,000
Chapter 15
677
1535. (Concluded)
2014
Apr. 30
2.
3.

Automobile....................................................
Automobile...............................................
*$13,251 $4,200 = $9,051
$9,051/3 = $3,017
Leased automobile ........................................

Accumulated amortization on leased
automobile ....................................................
Net balance.....................................................
Obligations under capital leases
(guaranteed residual value) ........................
3,017*
3,017
$13,251
9,051
$ 4,200
$ 3,500
Cash ....................................................................................
Accumulated Amortization on Leased Automobile .......
Loss on Sale of Leased Automobile................................
Leased Automobile .......................................................
To record sale of leased automobile for
$400 less than expected residual value.
3,800
9,051
400
Obligations under Capital Leases....................................

Cash................................................................................
To record payment to lessor of guaranteed
residual value.
3,500
13,251
3,500
1536.
1.
Lease Payments Receivable.............................................2,053,800

Sales ..............................................................................
2,053,800
Cost of Goods Sold ...........................................................1,880,000
Inventory ........................................................................
1,880,000
678
Chapter 15
1536. (Concluded)
2.

$2,053,800
$350,000 + $350,000(PVAF 7 i )
PVAF 7 i
PVAF 7 i
4.8680
10%
($2,053,800 -
$350,000)
$350,000

PV = ($2,053,800); N = 8; PMT = $350,000 I = 10.00%
Interest revenue recognized:

[($2,053,800 $350,000) 0.10] 9/12 = $127,785
1537.
1. Lease Payments Receivable ....................................

Sales.......................................................................
100,000
Cost of Goods Sold ..................................................

Equipment Purchased for Lease.........................
86,000
2. Initial profit: Fair value......................

Cost...............................
Initial profit ...................
100,000
$100,000
86,000
$ 14,000
3. Computation of implicit interest rate:

$100,000
= $15,000 + $15,000(PVAF 9 i )
PVAF 9 i
PVAF 9 i
= 5.6667
($100,000 $15,000)
$15,000
10.5%

PV = ($100,000); N = 10; PMT = $15,000 I = 10.41%
Interest revenue recognized:
($100,000 $15,000) 0.1041= $8,849
86,000
Chapter 15
1538.
679
1. Rental expense ($34,000 10 months) .................
$340,000
2. Rental revenue ($34,000 10 months)..................

Deduct:
Depreciation ($2,100,000/12 10/12).................
Amortization of commission for
negotiating lease ($72,000 10/60)..................
Income from operating lease .................................
$340,000
$145,833
12,000
157,833
$182,167
Lease does not meet any of the capital lease criteria; therefore, it is an
operating lease.
Criterion 1: No title transfer at the end of the lease.
Criterion 2: No bargain purchase option.
Criterion 3: 5-year lease term is less than 75% of 12-year economic life of
the asset.
Criterion 4: The present value of the minimum lease payments is
$1,563,763, which is less than 90% of the $2,100,000 purchase
price of the asset.
PMT = $34,000; I = (11/12)%; N = 60 months $1,563,763
1539.
Add back amortization of the leased asset, $15,000 ($150,000/10 years)
No adjustment is necessary for the $12,781 of interest expense included in net income:
January 1 payment.......................................................
December 31 payment [($150,000 $22,193) 0.10]
0
12,781
None
Repayment of lease liability ........................................
$ (31,605)
January 1 payment: $22,193

December 31 payment: $9,412 ($22,193 $12,781)
Supplemental disclosure of significant noncash transaction: A capital lease in the
amount of $150,000 was signed during the year.
680
Chapter 15
1540.
1.
Annual depreciation: ($64,768 $0)/8 years = $8,096
Net income.....................................................
Add depreciation...........................................
Cash provided by operating activities..............
$ 70,000
8,096
$ 78,096
Purchase of leased equipment ....................
$ (64,768)
None ...............................................................
Net increase in cash...........................................
$ 13,328
2.
Net income.....................................................
No adjustments .............................................
Cash provided by operating activities..............
Purchase of leased equipment ....................
Repayment of lease receivable principal
($14,000 $5,829).......................................
Cash used in investing activities ......................
$ 69,925
0
$ 69,925
$ (64,768)
8,171
$ (56,597)
None
Net increase in cash...........................................
$ 13,328
Chapter 15
681
1540. (Concluded)
3.
Sales revenue: $64,768
Cost of goods sold: $64,768; inventory did not change during the year since the
leased equipment was both purchased and sold during 2013.
Net income..............................................................
Less: Increase in lease payments receivable
($64,768 + $5,829 interest $14,000 payment)
Cash provided by operating activities.......................
$ 69,925
(56,597)
$ 13,328
None
None
Net increase in cash....................................................
$ 13,328
1541.
Asset Balance at
December 31
2013
2012
Leased building .............................................................................
Less: Accumulated amortization .................................................
$343,269
114,423
$228,846
$343,269
91,538*
$251,731
2013
2012
$ 16,228*
$ 14,489
223,542
239,770
*$114,423 $22,885 = $91,538
Current liabilities:
Obligations under capital leases, current portion .............
Noncurrent liabilities:
Obligations under capital leases, exclusive
of current portion ...............................................................
682
Chapter 15
1541. (Concluded)
COMPUTATIONS:
*$239,770 0.12 = $28,772; $45,000 $28,772 = $16,228
$254,259 0.12 = $30,511; $45,000 $30,511 = $14,489

The following is a schedule by years of future lease payments under capital leases
together with the present value of the minimum lease payments as of December 31,
2013:
Year ending December 31:
2014......................................................................................
2015......................................................................................
2016......................................................................................
2017......................................................................................
2018......................................................................................
Later years ..........................................................................
Total lease payments...............................................................
Less: Amount representing executory costs........................
Minimum lease payments .......................................................
Less: Amount representing interest ......................................
Present value of minimum lease payments at
December 31, 2013 .............................................................
$ 47,000
47,000
47,000
47,000
47,000
188,000
$ 423,000
18,000
$ 405,000
165,230
$ 239,770
1542.
1.
Acme Enterprises
Schedule of Lease Payments
(5-year lease)
Date
1/01/2013
1/01/2013
12/31/2013
12/31/2014
12/31/2015
12/31/2016
*PVn
Description
Initial balance
Payment
Payment
Payment
Payment
Payment
Amount
Principal
Interest
$20,000
20,000
20,000
20,000
20,000
$20,000
12,710
14,236
15,944
17,856
$7,290
5,764
4,056
2,144
= $20,000 + $20,000(PVAF 4 12% )

= $20,000 + $20,000(3.0373)
= $80,746

PMT = $20,000; N = 5; I = 12% PV = $80,747
Rounded.
Lease
Obligation
$80,746*
60,746
48,036
33,800
17,856
0
Chapter 15
683
1542. (Concluded)
2.
Acme Enterprises
Lease Amortization Schedule
Date
Jan. 1, 2013
Dec. 31, 2013
Dec. 31, 2014
Dec. 31, 2015
Dec. 31, 2016
Dec. 31, 2017
*Rounded.
3.
Date
Jan. 1, 2013
Dec. 31, 2013
Dec. 31, 2014
Dec. 31, 2015
Dec. 31, 2016
Dec. 31, 2017
Amortization Factor
Amortization
5/15
4/15
3/15
2/15
1/15
$26,915
21,532
16,149
10,766
5,384*
Book Value of
Leased Asset
$80,746
53,831
32,299
16,150
5,384
0
Book Value
$80,746
53,831
32,299
16,150
5,384
0
Book Value of
Lease Obligation
$60,746
48,036
33,800
17,856
0
0
Note that in the first two years of the lease, the book value of the leased asset
exceeds the book value of the lease obligation. The amounts for the leased
asset and the lease obligation differ because of the differing assumptions
used in computing the two amounts. The lease obligation is being amortized
using the effective-interest method with interest being paid for only four years,
while the asset is being amortized using the sum-of-the-years-digits method
over a 5-year life.
1543.
1.
2.
3.
Debt-to-equity (total liabilities/total equity): $250,000/$110,000 = 2.27

Debt ratio (total liabilities/total assets): $250,000/$360,000 = 69.4%
Estimated present value of future operating lease payments:
= $30,000(PVAF
)
16 10%
= $30,000(7.8237)
= $234,711
PMT = $30,000; N = 16; I = 10% PV = $234,711
4.
Debt-to-equity ratio: ($250,000 + $234,711)/$110,000 = 4.41

Debt ratio: ($250,000 + $234,711)/($360,000 + $234,711) = 81.5%
684
Chapter 15
1544.
2013
July
Cash ..................................................................
Equipment ....................................................
Unearned Profit on Sale-Leaseback ..........
To record the initial sale.
480,000
Leased Equipment ...........................................

Obligations under Capital Leases..............
To record leaseback of equipment.
446,111*
446,111
390,000
90,000
*PVn = $95,000 + $95,000(PVAF 5 11 % )

PVn = $95,000 + $95,000(3.6959)
PVn = $446,111
PMT = $95,000; N = 6; I = 11% PV = $446,110
(Note: The lease satisfies the 90% of fair value criterion.)
2013
July 1
Obligations under Capital Leases..................
95,000
Cash ..............................................................
95,000
2014
June 30
Amortization Expense on Leased Equipment 148,704*
Accumulated Amortization of Leased
Equipment...................................................
148,704
*$446,111 1/3 = $148,704 (Straight-line rate for 6 years is 100%
6 or 16.67%.)
30
Unearned Profit on Sale-Leaseback ..............

30,000*
Earned Profit on Sale-Leaseback...............
30,000
To record first year share of profit.
*$90,000 0.3333 = $30,000. The unearned profit is amortized in
proportion to the amortization of the leased asset.
30
Interest Expense ..............................................

Obligations under Capital Leases..................
Cash ..............................................................
*($446,111 $95,000) 0.11 = $38,622
38,622*
56,378
95,000
Chapter 15
1545.
685
The entry to record the purchase of the building on the books of United
Grocers, Inc., would be as follows:
Building........................................................................... 813,487
Cash..............................................................................
813,487
The entry to record the lease of the building requires the computation of
the present value of the future lease payments:
PVn = $96,000 + $96,000(PVAF 19 12% )
PVn = $96,000 + $96,000(7.3658)
PVn = $803,117
PMT = $96,000; N = 20; I = 12% PV = $803,115
Add to this the present value of the bargain purchase option:
PVn = $100,000 (PVF 20 12% )
PVn = $100,000 (0.1037)
PVn = $10,370
FV = $100,000; N = 20; I = 12% PV = $10,367
And the resulting journal entry is as follows:
Building ........................................................................
813,487
813,487
The entry to record the receipt of the first payment would be recorded as
follows:
Cash ................................................................................
96,000
Lease Payments Receivable ......................................
96,000
When the second payment is made one year later, the following journal entry would be made:
Cash ................................................................................
96,000
Lease Payments Receivable ......................................
9,902
Interest Revenue .........................................................
86,098*
*Interest revenue is computed by multiplying the implicit interest rate by
the book value of the receivable:
0.12 ($813,487 $96,000) = $86,098
686
Chapter 15
PROBLEMS
1546.
1. 2013
July 1 Leased Equipment ..................................................... 1,315,098*
Obligations under Capital Leases .......................
1,315,098
To record lease.
*PV = $188,000 + $188,000(PVAF
)
9 9%
PV = $188,000 + $188,000(5.9952)
PV = $1,315,098
PMT = $188,000; N = 10; I = 9% PV = $1,315,106
1 Lease Expense............................................................
Obligations under Capital Leases ............................
Cash.........................................................................
6,000
188,000
194,000
Dec. 31 Interest Expense.........................................................

50,719*
Interest Payable on Obligations under
Capital Leases.......................................................
50,719
*Interest expense: ($1,315,098 $188,000) 0.09 6/12 = $50,719
31 Amortization Expense on Leased Equipment .........
43,837*
Accumulated Amortization on
Leased Equipment................................................
43,837
*Amortization expense: $1,315,098/15 = $87,673 6/12 = $43,837
31 Prepaid Lease Expense ($6,000 6/12)....................
Lease Expense .......................................................
3,000
3,000
2. The lease meets the 90% of fair value criterion.
Present value of lease payments

90%
Fair market value of property
$1,315,098
= 92.61%; therefore, the condition is met.
$1,420,000
Because the lease qualifies under the 90% of fair value criterion and it does not
meet the other three criteria, the amortization period should be the life of the
lease, or 10 years. Amortization for the period: $1,315,098/10 = $131,510; $131,510
6/12 = $65,755.
Chapter 15
687
1547.
1. York Books:
2013
Jan. 1 Deferred Initial Direct Costs ......................................
Cash.........................................................................
To record initial direct costs.
18,000
18,000
1 Cash............................................................................. 354,000*
Rent Revenue .........................................................
Unearned Rent Revenue........................................
To record receipt of first annual rental payment.
*($1,400,000 0.24) + $18,000 = $354,000
($1,400,000/5) + $18,000 = $298,000

(Note: The $18,000 received by York to reimburse
executory costs is included as part of revenue. It could
also have been recorded as a reduction in executory
costs.)
Dec. 31 Amortization of Initial Direct Costs ..........................
Deferred Initial Direct Costs..................................
To amortize initial direct costs over 5 years.
31 Depreciation Expense on Leased Equipment .........
Accumulated Depreciation on Leased
Equipment .............................................................
To depreciate leased equipment.
*($1,900,000 $120,000)/8 = $222,500
298,000
56,000
3,600
3,600
222,500*
222,500
2017
Jan. 1 Cash............................................................................. 186,000*
Unearned Rent Revenue............................................ 112,000
Rent Revenue .........................................................
To record receipt of final annual rental payment.
*($1,400,000 0.12) + $18,000 = $186,000
See Jan. 1, 2013

Dec. 31 Amortization of Initial Direct Costs ..........................
Deferred Initial Direct Costs..................................
To amortize initial direct costs.
3,600
31 Depreciation Expense on Leased Equipment .........

Accumulated Depreciation on Leased
Equipment .............................................................
To depreciate leased equipment.
222,500
298,000
3,600
222,500
688
Chapter 15
1547. (Concluded)
2. Echo Books:
2013
Jan. 1 Rent Expense ............................................................
Prepaid Rent ..............................................................
Cash .......................................................................
To record first rental payment including
executory costs.
2017
Jan. 1
Rent Expense ............................................................

Prepaid Rent..........................................................
Cash .......................................................................
To record final rent payment.
*See (1).
298,000
56,000
354,000
298,000
1548.
1.

Annual rental:
PVn = $55,000 + $55,000(PVAF 4 10% )
PVn = $55,000 + $55,000(3.1699)
PVn = $229,345
PMT = $55,000; N = 5; I = 10% PV = $229,343
Present value of estimated bargain purchase option:
PV = $25,000(PVF 5 10% )
PV = $25,000(0.6209)
PV = $15,523
FV = $25,000; N = 5; I = 10% PV = $15,523
Present (capitalized) value of lease:
$229,345 + $15,523 = $244,868
112,000
186,000*
Chapter 15
689
1548. (Continued)
2.
Schedule of lease payments and interest accruals:

Lease Payment
Interest
Date
Description
Amount
Expense
Principal
1/01/2013 Initial balance
1/01/2013
Payment
$ 55,000
$ 55,000
12/31/2013
Payment
55,000
$18,987
36,013
12/31/2014
Payment
55,000
15,386
39,614
12/31/2015
Payment
55,000
11,424
43,576
12/31/2016
Payment
55,000
7,067
47,933
12/31/2017
Purchase
25,000
2,268*
22,732
$ 300,000
$55,132
$244,868
*Rounded.
3. 2013
Jan. 1
Dec. 31
31
2014
Dec. 31
31
Leased Equipment ....................................................

Obligations under Capital Leases.......................
To record lease.
244,868
Obligations under Capital Leases ...........................

Cash .......................................................................
55,000

Interest Expense .......................................................
Cash .......................................................................
36,013
18,987
Amortization Expense on Leased Equipment........

Equipment............................................................
*$244,868/12 = $20,406. Because of the bargain
purchase option, the amortization period is the
economic life of the asset.
20,406*

Cash .......................................................................
39,614
15,386

Equipment............................................................
20,406
Lease
Obligation
$244,868
189,868
153,855
114,241
70,665
22,732
0
244,868
55,000
55,000
20,406
55,000
20,406
690
Chapter 15
1548. (Concluded)
4. 2017
Dec. 31
31
Equipment.................................................................. 142,838
Equipment ................................................................ 102,030*
Leased Equipment................................................
*$20,406 5 = $102,030, assuming 2017 amortization
entry already made.
Impairment Loss on Equipment ..............................
Equipment ($142,838 $95,000)..........................
244,868
47,838
47,838
The machine is impaired because the carrying value of $142,838 is higher than the
undiscounted sum of future cash flows of $125,000. The impairment loss is the difference between the carrying value and the fair value.
31

Cash .......................................................................
To record purchase of milling machine.
22,732
2,268
1549.
1.

Annual rental:
PVn = $61,800 + $61,800(PVAF
5 10%
PVn = $61,800 + $61,800(3.7908)

PVn = $296,071
PMT = $61,800; N = 6; I = 10% PV = $296,071
Present value of guaranteed residual value:
PV = $33,535(PVF
)
6 10%
PV = $33,535(0.5645)
PV = $18,930
FV = $33,535; N = 6; I = 10% PV = $18,930
25,000
Chapter 15
691
1549. (Continued)
Present (capitalized) value of lease:
$296,071 + $18,930 = $315,001
2.
Schedule of lease payments and interest accruals:

Lease Payment
Interest
Amount
Expense
Principal
Date
Description
1/01/2013
Initial balance
1/01/2013
Payment
$ 61,800
12/31/2013
Payment
61,800
12/31/2014
Payment
61,800
12/31/2015
Payment
61,800
12/31/2016
Payment
61,800
12/31/2017
Payment
61,800
12/31/2018 Guaranteed payment
33,535
$ 404,335
*Rounded.
3. 2013
Jan. 1
Dec. 31
31
2014
Dec. 31
31
$25,320
21,672
17,659
13,245
8,390
3,048*
$89,334
$ 61,800
36,480
40,128
44,141
48,555
53,410
30,487
$315,001
Leased Equipment ....................................................

Obligations under Capital Leases ........................
To record capital lease.
315,001

Cash.........................................................................
61,800

Cash.........................................................................
36,480
25,320
Lease
Obligation
$315,001
253,201
216,721
176,593
132,452
83,897
30,487
0
315,001
61,800
61,800
Amortization Expense on Leased Equipment ......

46,911*
Equipment .............................................................
*($315,001 $33,535)/6 = $46,911. Because neither
the title transfer nor bargain purchase option criteria
is satisfied, the amortization period is the lease term.
Cash.........................................................................
40,128
21,672

Equipment .............................................................
46,911
46,911
61,800
46,911
692
Chapter 15
1549. (Concluded)
4. 2018
Dec. 31
Accumulated Amortization of Leased Equipment. 281,466*

30,487
3,048
Loss on Leased Equipment .....................................
9,535
Cash.........................................................................
Leased Equipment .................................................
To record final payment under capital lease,
close out remaining obligation, and close out
leased equipment accounts.
*$46,911 6 = $281,466 (rounded).
9,535
315,001
1550.
1. Trost Leasing books:
2012
Oct. 1 Lease Payments Receivable ....................................
Equipment Purchased for Leasing.......................
1
Cash ...........................................................................
Lease Payments Receivable .................................
Executory Costs.....................................................
Shumway Shoe books:

2012
Oct. 1 Leased Equipment under Capital Leases...............
*Present value of lease at 10%:
PVn
= $60,000 + $60,000(PVAF 9 10% )
PVn
PVn
392,220
392,220
66,000
60,000
6,000
392,220*
392,220
= $60,000 + $60,000(5.7590)
= $405,540

PMT = $60,000; N = 10; I = 10% PV = $405,541
This is greater than the fair value of $392,220, so the lower value is used.
Chapter 15
693
1550. (Continued)
Oct.
Lease Expense ..........................................................

Cash.........................................................................
6,000
60,000
66,000
2. Computation of implicit interest rate of lessor:

$392,220 = $60,000 + $60,000(PVAF 9 i )
$392,220 $60,000
PVAF 9 i =
$60,000
PVAF 9 i = 5.5370
i = 11%
PV = ($392,220); N = 10; PMT = $60,000 I = 11.00%
3. Trost Leasing books:
2013
Sept. 30 Cash ...........................................................................
Interest Revenue ....................................................
Deferred Executory Costs .....................................
To record receipt of second lease payment.
*$392,220 $60,000 = $332,220
$332,220 0.11 = $36,544
2014
Sept. 30 Cash ...........................................................................
Executory Costs.....................................................
To record receipt of third lease payment. (No
adjustment necessary to Deferred Executory
Costs.)
*$332,220 $60,000 + $36,544 = $308,764
$308,764 0.11 = $33,964
66,000
36,544*
23,456
6,000
66,000
33,964*
26,036
6,000
694
Chapter 15
1550. (Continued)
2015
Sept. 30 Cash ...........................................................................
Executory Costs.....................................................
To record receipt of fourth lease payment.
*$308,764 $60,000 + $33,964 = $282,728
$282,728 0.11 = $31,100
66,000
31,100*
28,900
6,000
Shumway Shoe Books:

2013
Sept. 30 Prepaid Lease Expense............................................
6,000
23,456
36,544*
Cash.........................................................................
*Interest expense: $392,220 $60,000 = $332,220
$332,220 0.11 = $36,544
The discount rate implicit in the lease is used, even though
Shumways incremental borrowing rate is lower. This is so
because fair value is less than the present value of minimum
lease payments using the incremental borrowing rate.
30 Amortization Expense on Leased Equipment........
Equipment .............................................................
To record first years amortization.
*Amortization: $392,220/10 = $39,222
39,222*
39,222
2014
Sept. 30 Lease Expense ..........................................................
6,000
26,036
33,964*
Cash.........................................................................
To record third lease payment. (No adjustment
necessary to Prepaid Lease Expense.)
$308,764 0.11 = $33,964
30 Amortization Expense on Leased Equipment........
Equipment .............................................................
To record second years amortization.
66,000
66,000
39,222
39,222
Chapter 15
695
1550. (Concluded)
2015
Sept. 30 Lease Expense ..........................................................
Cash.........................................................................
To record fourth lease payment.
$282,728 0.11 = $31,100
30

Equipment .............................................................
To record third years amortization.
6,000
28,900
31,100*
66,000
39,222
1551.
1. Computation of annual lease payment:
Cost of leased system: $840,000
Present value of estimated residual value:
PV = $60,000(PVF
)
6 12%
PV = $60,000(0.5066)
PV = $30,396
Net investment to be recovered:
$840,000 $30,396 = $809,604
Annual lease payment:
$809,604 = R + R(PVAF
)
5 12%
$809,604 = R + R(3.6048)
$809,604
=R
4.6048
$175,817 = R

FV = $60,000; N = 6; I = 12% PV = $30,398
Payments must make up the remainder of the present value:
$840,000 $30,398 = $809,602
Toggle so that the payments are assumed
PV = $809,602; N = 6; I = 12% PMT = $175,818
39,222
696
Chapter 15
1551. (Concluded)
2.
Computation of lease payments receivable:

Lease payments receivable:
Annual rental ......................................................................
Total periods.......................................................................
Lease payments receivable ...................................................
Residual valuegross ...........................................................
Gross lease payments receivable.........................................
Less: Adjustment for present value .....................................
Net lease payments receivable .............................................
3.
$ 175,817
6
$1,054,902
60,000
$ 994,902
154,902
$ 840,000
Computation of total lease expense for December 31, 2014:

Depreciation expense for year:
$809,604/6 periods = $134,934
Interest:
($809,604 $175,817) 0.12 = $76,054
Total lease expense:
$134,934 + $76,054 = $210,988
(Note: The residual value is not guaranteed, so it is not included in the computation of the lessees present value of minimum lease payments.)
1552.
1.
Computation of financial revenue:

Minimum lease payments ($225,000 20).......................
Fair value of ferry ..............................................................
Financial revenue ..............................................................
$4,500,000
2,107,102
$2,392,898
Manufacturers profit:
Fair value of ferry ..............................................................
Cost of the ferry.................................................................
Manufacturers profit.........................................................
$2,107,102
1,500,000
$ 607,102
(Note: Because lessee retains any residual value, no adjustment for residual value is required on lessors books.)
2.
2013
Apr. 1 Lease Payments Receivable ..............................
Sales ..................................................................
Cost of Goods Sold .............................................
Inventory............................................................
To record lease.
2,107,102
2,107,102
1,500,000
1,500,000
Chapter 15
697
1552. (Continued)
$2,107,102 = $225,000 + $225,000(PVAF 19 i )
PVAF 19 i =
$2,107,102 $225,000
$225,000
PVAF 19 i = 8.3649
i = 10%
PV = ($2,107,102); N = 20; PMT = $225,000 I = 10.00%
3. 2013
Apr. 1 Cash.............................................................................
Dec. 31 Lease Payments Receivable .....................................
To record interest revenue for 9 months.
2014
Apr. 1 Cash.............................................................................
To record receipt of second lease payment
and interest revenue for 3 months.
2015
Apr. 1 Cash.............................................................................
To record receipt of third lease payment and
interest revenue for 3 months.
225,000
225,000
141,158*
141,158
225,000
47,053
177,947
138,398
138,398
225,000
46,133
178,867
135,363#
135,363
698
Chapter 15
1552. (Concluded)
COMPUTATIONS:
2014
2015
$1,882,102
10%
0.25
$ 47,053
$1,845,313
10%
0.25
$ 46,133
$1,882,102
141,158
47,053
(225,000)
$1,882,102 $1,845,313
10%
10%
0.75
0.75
$ 141,158* $ 138,398
$1,845,313
138,398
46,133
(225,000)
$1,804,844
10%
0.75
$ 135,363#
2013
January 1 to March 31:
Net lease receivable prior to April 1............
Interest rate ...................................................
Portion of year...............................................
Earned interest 3 months ..................................
April 1 to December 31:
Net lease receivable prior to April 1............
Interest9 months .......................................
Interest3 months .......................................
Lease payment ..............................................
Net lease receivable April 1 .........................
Interest rate ...................................................
Portion of year...............................................
Earned interest 9 months ..................................
$1,882,102
4.
Initial entry ............................................................................

2013 .......................................................................................
2014 .......................................................................................
2015 .......................................................................................
Balance at year-end .............................................................
Lease
Payments
Receivable
$2,107,102
(225,000)
141,158
(177,947)
138,398
(178,867)
135,363
$1,940,207
1553.
1.
Total financial revenue:

Lease payments ($985,630 15) ................................
Fair value of jet ............................................................
Financial revenue ........................................................
Manufacturers profit:
Fair value of jet ............................................................
Cost of the jet (including initial direct costs) ...........
Manufacturers profit...................................................
$14,784,450
7,867,200
$ 6,917,250
$ 7,867,200
6,556,239
$ 1,310,961
(Note: Because lessee retains any residual value, no adjustment for residual
value is required on lessors books.)
Chapter 15
699
1553. (Continued)
2.
2013
Oct. 1 Lease Payments Receivable ...............................
Sales ..................................................................
Cost of Leased Jet Recorded as Sale ...............
Inventory ...........................................................
Deferred Initial Direct Costs............................
To record lease.
3.
7,867,200
7,867,200
6,556,239
6,456,239
100,000

$7,867,200
= $985,630 + $985,630(PVAF 14 i )
PVAF 14 i
PVAF 14 i
= 6.9819
$7,867,200 $985,630
$985,630
= 11%

PV = ($7,867,200); N = 15; PMT = $985,630 I = 11.00%
2013
Oct. 1 Cash .....................................................................
Lease Payments Receivable ...........................
Dec. 31 Lease Payments Receivable ..............................
Interest Revenue ..............................................
*($7,867,200 $985,630) = $6,881,570
$6,881,570 0.11 3/12 = $189,243
2014
Oct. 1 Cash .....................................................................
*$6,881,570 0.11 9/12 = $567,730
*$6,881,570 $417,900 + $189,243 = $6,652,913
$6,652,913 0.11 3/12 = $182,955
985,630
985,630
189,243*
189,243
985,630
567,730*
417,900
182,955*
182,955
700
Chapter 15
1553. (Concluded)
2015
Oct. 1 Cash .....................................................................
*$6,652,913 0.11 9/12 = $548,865
*$6,652,913 $436,765 + $182,955 = $6,399,103
$6,399,103 0.11 3/12 = $175,975
4.
Manufacturers profit........................
Interest revenue................................
2013
$1,310,961
189,243
Total revenue .................................
$1,500,204
985,630
548,865*
436,765
175,975*
175,975
2014
2015
$ 567,730
182,955
$ 750,685
$ 548,865
175,975
$ 724,840
1554.
1.
Alta Corporation Books (Lessee):

2013
Oct. 1 Leased Equipment ..............................................
Obligations under Capital Leases ..................
To record lease.
1 Obligations under Capital Leases .....................
Cash...................................................................
Dec. 31 Interest Expense .................................................
To record accrual of interest for 3 months.
31 Amortization Expense of Leased Equipment...
Equipment .......................................................
To record amortization for 3 months.
COMPUTATIONS:
*Present value of lease:
PVn = $710,000 + $710,000(PVAF 7 10% )
PVn = $710,000 + $710,000(4.8684)
PVn = $4,166,564
4,166,564*
4,166,564
710,000
710,000
86,414**
86,414
130,205
130,205
Chapter 15
701
1554. (Continued)
PMT = $710,000; N = 8; I = 10% PV = $4,166,577
**Interest for 3 months, Oct. 1Dec. 31, 2013:
($4,166,564 $710,000) 0.10 3/12 = $86,414
Amortization for 3 months, Oct. 1Dec. 31, 2013:

$4,166,564/8 = $520,821 (annual amortization);
$520,821 3/12 = $130,205
Snowfire Company Books (Lessor):

2013
Oct. 1 Lease Payments Receivable .................................
Sales .....................................................................
2.
4,166,564
4,166,564
Cost of Goods Sold ...............................................

Inventory ..............................................................
To record lease.
3,700,000
1 Cash ........................................................................
Lease Payments Receivable ..............................
710,000
Dec. 31 Lease Payments Receivable .................................

Interest Revenue .................................................
86,414

2014
Oct. 1 Obligations under Capital Leases ........................
Interest Expense ....................................................
Cash......................................................................
Dec. 31 Interest Expense ....................................................
Obligations under Capital Leases .....................
31 Amortization Expense on Leased Equipment.....
Equipment.........................................................
To record amortization for 1 year.
3,700,000
710,000
86,414
450,758
259,242*
710,000
77,306**
77,306
520,821
520,821
702
Chapter 15
1554. (Continued)
COMPUTATIONS:
*lnterest for 9 months, Jan. 1Sept. 30, 2014:
($4,166,564 $710,000) 0.10 9/12 = $259,242
**Interest for 3 months, Oct. 1Dec. 31, 2014:
$4,166,564 $710,000 + $86,414 $450,758 = $3,092,220
$3,092,220 0.10 3/12 = $77,306
Amortization computed previouslysee (1).

2014
Oct. 1 Cash ........................................................................
To record receipt of second lease payment
and interest revenue for 9 months.
Dec. 31 Lease Payments Receivable .................................
3.

2016
Oct. 1 Amortization Expense on Leased Equipment.....
Equipment ..........................................................
To record amortization for 9 months.
710,000
450,758
259,242
77,306
77,306
390,616*
390,616
1 Interest Expense ....................................................

201,858
1 Equipment...............................................................
Equipment .............................................................
Leased Equipment ..............................................
Cash......................................................................
To record purchase of leased equipment.
2,893,515
2,960,586**
201,858
1,562,463
4,166,564
3,250,000
Chapter 15
703
1554. (Concluded)
COMPUTATIONS:
*Amortization: $520,821 9/12 = $390,616
**Table of lease payments:
Date
Oct. 1, 2013
Oct. 1, 2013
Oct. 1, 2014
Oct. 1, 2015
Oct. 1, 2016
(1)
Payment
$710,000
710,000
710,000
(2)
Interest at 10%
(3)
Reduction of
Principal
(1) (2)
$345,656
309,222
269,144
$ 710,000
364,344
400,778
(269,144)
(4)
Principal
Balance
$4,166,564
3,456,564
3,092,220
2,691,442
2,960,586
$269,144 9/12 = $201,858

Amortization: $520,821 3 = $1,562,463

2016
Oct. 1 Lease Payments Receivable .................................
1 Cash ........................................................................
Gain on Sale of Leased Equipment ...................
To record sale of leased equipment.
201,858
201,858
3,250,000
2,960,586
289,414
1555.
1.
Walton Tool Co. Books:

2013
Jan. 2 Leased Equipment .................................................
458,689*
To record capital lease (present value of
lease computed using implicit interest rate
of 10%, because it is known and is lower than
incremental borrowing rate).
*PVn = $110,000 + $110,000(PVAF 4 10% )
PVn = $110,000 + $110,000(3.1699)
PVn = $458,689
458,689
704
Chapter 15
1555. (Continued)
PMT = $110,000; N = 5; I = 10% PV = $458,685
Jan. 2 Obligations under Capital Leases ........................
Cash......................................................................
2.
110,000
110,000
Dec. 31 Obligations under Capital Leases ........................

Interest Expense ....................................................
Cash......................................................................
*Interest expense: $348,689 0.10 = $34,869
75,131
34,869*
31 Amortization Expense on Leased Equipment.....

Equipment ..........................................................
*Amortization expense: $458,689/5 = $91,738
91,738*
110,000
91,738
Mullen Equipment Company Books:

2013
Jan. 2 Deferred Initial Direct Costs..................................
Cash......................................................................
To record payment of initial direct costs to
obtain lease.
20,000
20,000
2 Lease Payments Receivable .................................

Sales .....................................................................
458,689
Cost of Goods Sold ...............................................

Inventory ..............................................................
Deferred Initial Direct Costs...............................
To record lease.
300,000
2 Cash ........................................................................
110,000
Dec. 31 Cash ........................................................................

Interest Revenue [($458,689 $110,000) 0.10]
458,689
280,000
20,000
110,000
110,000
34,869
75,131
Chapter 15
705
1555. (Concluded)
3.
Walton Tool Co.

Balance Sheet (Partial)
December 31, 2013
Assets
Land, buildings, and
equipment:
Leased equipment under
capital leases ................... $458,689
Less: Accumulated
amortization on leased
equipment under capital
leases ...............................
91,738
Net value ................................ $366,951
Liabilities
Current liabilities:
Obligations under capital
leasescurrent portion .. $ 82,644*
Long-term liabilities:
Obligations under capital
leases, exclusive of
$82,644 included in
current liabilities ..............
190,914
*Total obligations under capital leases, Dec. 31, 2013

$348,689 $110,000 + $34,869 = $273,558
Interest for 2014: $273,558 0.10 = $27,356
Current obligations at Dec. 31, 2013: $110,000 $27,356 = $82,644
Mullen Equipment Company
December 31, 2013
Current assets:
Lease payments receivablecurrent portion ..............................
Noncurrent assets:
Lease payments receivable, exclusive of
$82,644 included in current assets................................................
4.
$ 82,644
190,914
Walton Tool Co. expenses for 2013leases:

Interest expense ..............................................................................
Amortization expense .....................................................................
Total ......................................................................................................
$ 34,869
91,738
$126,607
Mullen Equipment Company revenue for 2013leases:

Gross profit from lease:
Sales ...............................................................
$458,689
Cost of goods sold ........................................
300,000
Interest revenue...................................................
Total ..........................................................................
$158,689
34,869
$193,558
706
Chapter 15
1556.
1.
The first step in solving this problem is to determine whether the lease qualifies
as a capital or operating lease for both the lessor and the lessee. Calculating the
present value of the minimum lease payments results in the following:
Annual payments:
PVn = $63,161 + $63,161(PVAF 4 12% )
PVn = $63,161 + $63,161(3.0373)
PVn = $255,000
PMT = $63,161; N = 5; I = 12% PV = $255,003
Guaranteed residual value:
PV = $65,000(PVF 5 12% )
PV = $65,000(0.5674)
PV = $36,881
FV = $65,000; N = 5; I = 12% PV = $36,883
For Atwater, the lessor, the present value of the minimum lease payments,
$291,881, equals the fair value of the asset. Thus, the lease qualifies as a capital
lease for the lessor under the 90% of fair value criterion.
Because the guaranteed residual value is not guaranteed by England, that
amount is not included in its calculation of the present value of the minimum
lease payments. Thus, the present value of the lease arrangement to England is
$255,000, which is 87.4% of the fair value of the asset. The lease meets none of
the criteria for a capital lease from the point of view of the lessee and therefore
would be accounted for as an operating lease.
Atwater Equipment Co. Books:
2013
July 1 Lease Payments Receivable .....................................
Sales .........................................................................
Cost of Goods Sold ....................................................
Inventory...................................................................
1 Cash.............................................................................
Lease Payments Receivable...................................
291,881
291,881
252,000
252,000
63,161
63,161
Chapter 15
707
1556. (Concluded)
England Construction Company Books:
2013
July 1 Rent Expense..............................................................
Cash ..........................................................................
2.
63,161
63,161
On July 1, 2014, Atwater would make the following journal entries to record the
receipt of the second lease payment:
Cash ...........................................................................................
63,161
Lease Payments Receivable ...............................................
35,715
Interest Revenue ..................................................................
27,446*
*($291,881 $63,161) 0.12 = $27,446
England Construction would make the following entry to record the lease
payment:
Rent Expense............................................................................
63,161
Cash.......................................................................................
63,161
(Note: In this example, neither company is depreciating the equipment.)
3.
Weathertop would treat its guarantee of the residual value as a contingent liability. The type of disclosure required would depend on the likelihood of Weathertops having to pay an amount related to the guaranteed residual value. See the
discussion in Chapter 19 on contingent liabilities to review Weathertops disclosure alternatives.
1557.
1.
Gryphon Manufacturing Company Books (Lessor):

2013
Jan. 2 Lease Payments Receivable ....................................
Sales.......................................................................
Cost of Goods Sold ..................................................
Inventory................................................................
To record lease.
250,274
250,274*
180,000
COMPUTATIONS:
*Sales (present value of annual lease payments + Present value of
guaranteed residual amount):
Present value of annual lease payments:
PVn = $41,000 + $41,000(PVAF 6
PVn = $41,000 + $41,000(4.1114)
PVn = $209,567
12%)
180,000
708
Chapter 15
1557. (Continued)
PMT = $41,000; N = 7; I = 12% PV = $209,568
Present value of guaranteed residual amount:
PV = $90,000(PVF 7 12% )
PV = $90,000(0.4523)
PV = $40,707
FV = $90,000; N = 7; I = 12% PV = $40,711
Total present value: $209,567 + $40,707 = $250,274
[Note: The lease is a capital lease (sales-type) for the lessor because the sum of
the present value of lease payments and the guaranteed residual value is equal to
the fair value of the asset ($250,274).]
Jan.
2 Cash ...........................................................................
Lease Payments Receivable................................
Executory Costs ...................................................
Received first lease payment.
43,500
Dec. 31 Cash ...........................................................................

Interest Revenue...................................................
Lease Payments Receivable................................
Deferred Executory Costs....................................
Received second lease payment.
*$250,274 $41,000 = $209,274
$209,274 0.12 = $25,113
43,500
Scissor Industries Co. Books (Lessee):

2013
Jan. 2 Rent Expense ............................................................
Cash .......................................................................
Paid lease payment for 2013.
Dec. 31 Prepaid Rent ..............................................................
Cash .......................................................................
Paid lease payment for 2014.
41,000
2,500
25,113*
15,887
2,500
43,500
43,500
43,500
43,500
Chapter 15
709
1557. (Concluded)
[Note: The lease is treated as an operating lease by the lessee because none of
the four classification criteria are met. Title does not pass, there is no bargain
purchase option, the lease term (7 years) is 58.33% of the economic life (12
years), and the present value of the lease payments is 83.74%
($209,567/$250,274) of the fair value of the equipment. The lessee does not consider the third-party guaranteed residual value in determining the present value.]
2.
Gryphon Manufacturing Company

December 31, 2013
Assets
Current assets:
Lease payments receivablecurrent portion.......................
Noncurrent assets:
Lease payments receivable, exclusive of $17,794
included in current assets ...................................................
$ 17,794
175,593
$193,387 0.12 = $23,206

$41,000 $23,206 = $17,794 which is the principal portion of the next payment.
(Note: Neither the leased asset nor the obligation would appear on the balance
sheet of Scissor Industries Co. because it was treated as an operating lease.
Prepaid Rent of $43,500 would appear as a current asset. A description of the
lease will be included in the notes to the financial statements.)
3.
If all lease entries are properly made, the only amount left on Gryphon Manufacturing Companys books at the end of the 7-year period would be the guaranteed
residual balance of $90,000 in Lease Payments Receivable. The following entry
would be made to record the sale:
Cash ................................................................................................
Lease Payments Receivable...................................................
Gain on Sale of Leased Asset ................................................
110,000
90,000
20,000
(Note: Because the guaranteed residual value was realized on the sale of the asset,
no payment is required from the third-party guarantor.)
710
Chapter 15
1558.
1.
Indirect Method:
Widstoe Manufacturing Inc.
Partial Statement of Cash Flows
For the Year Ended December 31, 2013
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income ...........................................................................................
Increase in lease payments receivable .............................................
Decrease in inventory .........................................................................
Net cash provided by operating activities ........................................
*$88,000 $11,132 $11,132 + $6,242 = $71,978
2.
$ 148,504
(71,978)*
64,000
$ 140,526
Direct Method:
Widstoe Manufacturing Inc.
Partial Statement of Cash Flows
For the Year Ended December 31, 2013
Cash flows from operating activities:
Cash flow from operations other than lease transactions..............
Lease principal payments ..................................................................
Lease interest revenue .......................................................................
Initial direct costs................................................................................
Net cash provided by operating activities ........................................
*$11,132 + ($11,132 $6,242) = $16,022
$124,262
16,022*
6,242
(6,000)
$140,526
1559.
As of December 31, 2013, Jaquar Mining and Manufacturing Company had the following obligations under leases:
Future minimum rental payments:
Rental payments: 2014 .............
2015 .............
2016 .............
2017 .............
2018 .............
Thereafter....
$426,500*
$ 60,500
60,500
60,500
42,500
42,500
160,000
The company had no subleases outstanding as of December 31, 2013. The rental
expense for the period ended December 31, 2013, was $60,500. There were no restrictions of any kind imposed on the company by the terms of the leases.
Chapter 15
711
1559. (Concluded)
COMPUTATIONS:
*Machine 1 lease: $18,000 3 payments remaining ....
Machine 2 lease: $30,000 7 payments remaining ....
Machine 3 lease: $12,500 13 payments remaining ..
Future minimum rental payments ................................
Yearly rental payments:

2014, 2015, 2016: $18,000 + $30,000 + $12,500............
2017, 2018: $30,000 + $12,500.......................................
$ 54,000
210,000
162,500
$ 426,500
$ 60,500
42,500
1560.
1.
(a)
Debt ratio: $300,000/$520,000 = 57.7%
(b) Debt ratio: ($300,000 + $323,906*)/($520,000 + $323,906) = 73.9%
*Estimated present value of future operating lease payments:
= $55,000(PVAF
)
10 11%
= $55,000(5.8892)
= $323,906
PMT = $55,000; N = 10; I = 11% PV = $323,908
(c)
(d)
2.
Asset turnover: $1,400,000/$520,000 = 2.69

Asset turnover: $1,400,000/($520,000 + $323,906) = 1.66
The accounting for assets used under operating leases results in an understatement of the economic value of the assets used in the business and in an understatement of the economic obligations of the business. In this problem, it can be
seen that the debt ratio is understated and the asset turnover ratio is overstated
when operating lease accounting is used.
712
Chapter 15
1561.
1.
Wayside Inc. Books:

2013
Jan. 3 Cash .....................................................................
1,735,500
Loss on Sale-Leaseback of Building ................
64,500
Building (net) ....................................................
1,800,000
(Note: Because the sale-leaseback of the building resulted in a loss, the loss is
recognized immediately.)
3 Leased Building ..................................................
1,735,500
3 Obligations under Capital Leases .....................

Cash...................................................................
320,049
Birchman Industries Books:

2013
Jan. 3 Building................................................................
Cash...................................................................
1,735,500
320,049
1,735,500
1,735,500
3 Lease Payments Receivable ..............................

Building .............................................................
1,735,500
3 Cash .....................................................................
320,049
2. Wayside Inc. Books:

2013
Dec. 31 Amortization Expense on Leased Building ......
Building............................................................
*$1,735,500/8 years = $216,938
1,735,500
320,049
216,938*
216,938
31 Interest Expense .................................................

184,009*
Interest Payable................................................
*($1,735,500 $320,049) = $1,415,451 0.13 = $184,009
Birchman Industries Books:
2013
184,009
184,009
184,009
Chapter 15
713
1562
1. The correct answer is b. In a sale-leaseback transaction when the seller-lessee
retains the right to substantially all of the remaining use of the property, precodification requires the gain, which results from a sale, to be deferred and amortized in proportion to the amortization of the leased asset.
2. The correct answer is a. The minimum lease payments include the periodic
amount required to be paid, excluding executory costs, along with any guaranteed residual value. The present value of the minimum lease payments is calculated to determine the cost of the asset and the lease obligation.
714
Chapter 15
CASES
Discussion Case 1563
1. (a) Because the present value of the minimum lease payments is greater than 90% of the fair value
of the asset at the inception of the lease, Louise should record this as a capital lease.
(b) The given facts state that Louise (lessee) does not have access to information that would enable
determination of Wilders (lessor) implicit rate for this lease; therefore, Louise should determine
the present value of the minimum lease payments using the incremental borrowing rate of 10%
that Louise would have to pay for a like amount of debt obtained through normal third-party
sources, such as a bank or other lending institution.
(c) The amount recorded as an asset on Louises book should be shown in the Fixed Assets section
of the balance sheet as Leased Equipment under Capital Leases or a similar title. Of course, at
the same time the asset is recorded, a corresponding liability, Obligations under Capital Leases,
is recognized in the same amount. This liability is classified as both current and noncurrent, with
the current portion being that amount that will be paid on the principal amount during the next
year. The machine acquired by the lease is matched with revenue through amortization over the
life of the lease because ownership of the machine is not expressly conveyed to Louise in the
terms of the lease at its inception. The minimum lease payments represent a payment of principal
and interest at each payment date. Interest expense is computed at the rate at which the minimum lease payments were discounted and represents a fixed interest rate applied to the declining balance of the debt. Executory costs (such as insurance, maintenance, and taxes) paid by
Louise are charged to an appropriate expense account as incurred or paid.
(d) For this lease, Louise must disclose the future minimum lease payments in the aggregate and for
each of the succeeding fiscal years, with a separate deduction for the total amount of imputed interest necessary to reduce the net minimum lease payments to the present value of the liability
(as shown on the balance sheet).
2. (a) Based on the given facts, Wilder has entered into a direct financing lease. There is no dealer or
manufacturer profit included in the transaction; the discounted present value of the minimum
lease payments is in excess of 90% of the fair value of the asset at the inception of the lease
agreement; collectibility of minimum lease payments is reasonably assured; and there are no important uncertainties surrounding unreimbursable costs to be paid by the lessor.
(b) Wilder should record the present value of the minimum lease payments and the unguaranteed
residual value of the machine at the end of the lease as lease payments receivable and remove
the machine from the books by a credit to the applicable asset account.
(c) During the life of the lease, Wilder will record payments received as a combination of reduction in
the receivable and interest revenue. Interest revenue is computed by applying the implicit interest
rate to the declining balance of Lease Payments Receivable. The implicit rate is the rate of interest, which when applied to the gross minimum lease payments (net of executory costs and any
profit thereon) and the unguaranteed residual value of the machine at the end of the lease, will
discount the sum of the payments and unguaranteed residual value to the fair value of the machine at the date of the lease agreement.
(d) Wilder must make the following disclosures with respect to this lease:
(1) The components of the net investment in direct financing leases, which are the future minimum lease payments to be received; any unguaranteed residual values accruing to the
benefit of the lessor; and the amounts of unearned revenue (the difference between the
gross lease payments receivable and the present value of the lease payments receivable).
(2) Future minimum lease payments to be received for each of the remaining fiscal years (not to
exceed five) as of the date of the balance sheet presented.
Chapter 15
715

There are many factors included in the case that seem to indicate that the machine should be leased.
These include the uncertain economic life of the machine due to improving technology, the negative impact that buying the machine will have on the debt-to-equity ratio, and the down payment that will be required in a purchase. Offsetting these factors are the lower monthly payments under a purchase agreement as compared with a lease.
There are other factors that should be considered that are not specifically mentioned in the case. These
factors include the lease term, existence of a bargain purchase option, renewal option, residual value,
executory costs, and income tax benefits. Discussion of the case should stress that a final decision to
lease or buy would require detailed cash flow information about all the preceding factors. This text is not
designed to provide the model for a lease or buy decision, but accounting for leases can be understood
better if the factors that lead to a lease decision are at least identifiable to students.

This case is designed to allow students to establish lease terms to accomplish different objectives. If the
lessee and lessor are to record the lease differently, either a third-party guarantor of the residual value is
needed or different discount rates need to be used for the two parties. The first three lease classification
criteria are designed to apply identically to the lessee and the lessor. Thus, if the lease terms provide for
transfer of title, have a bargain purchase provision, or cover more than 75% of the economic life of the
leased asset, the lease will be treated as a capital lease for both the lessee and the lessor. The fourth
criterion, however, can be structured to allow the lessor to record the lease as a sale while the lessee
handles it as an operating lease. If a third party guarantees the residual value of the property, the lessor
will include the present value of the guarantee in the application of the 90% test, but the lessee will exclude the guarantee. Thus, the present value can be higher than 90% to the lessor but less than 90% to
the lessee.
Similarly, the lessee may use an incremental borrowing rate that is higher than the implicit rate used by
the lessor. This could cause the present value of the lease payments computed by the lessee to be less
than 90% of the present value of the lease while the lessors computation using lower interest rates could
exceed 90%. This could occur only if the lessee was unaware of the lessors lower implicit interest rate.

Recall that from the lessees perspective, there are four criteria that qualify a lease as a capital lease. If
the lease qualifies as a capital lease, recognition of that lease commitment as a liability is appropriate.
Johnson Pharmaceuticals must use care to structure its lease agreement so as not to meet any of the
four criteria. It must make sure that the following items are not a part of the lease agreement:
(a)
(b)
Title to the plant facilities does not transfer to Johnson at the end of the lease.
The lease contains no bargain purchase option. Note that a bargain purchase option differs from a
purchase option. A bargain purchase option gives the lessee the right to purchase the leased item at
below market value. A purchase option gives the lessee the right to purchase the leased item at
market value.
716
Chapter 15

(c)
(d)
(Concluded)
The length of the lease term does not equal or exceed 75% of the estimated life of the leased asset.
The present value of the minimum lease payments must not equal or exceed 90% of the fair value of
the property. Note that if a guaranteed residual value is involved in the lease agreement, Johnson
may be able to get a third party to guarantee that residual value, thereby reducing the present value
of the minimum lease payments to Johnson.
A proposed lease agreement that avoids qualifying as a capital lease might read as follows:
Suppose the plant facilities have an estimated useful life of 20 years and a fair value of $10,000,000.
Johnson could negotiate a 10-year lease with the option to purchase the plant facilities at the end of five
years at their fair value. The present value of the lease payments must be less than $9,000,000, including
any guaranteed residual value. However, if that guarantee is provided by a third party, its present value
would not be included in calculating the present value of the minimum lease payments.

1. N = 36, FV = $30,652, PV = ($46,000), PMT = $695 I = 0.69
0.69 12 = 8.3% compounded monthly
2. N = 36, FV = $25,000, PV = ($46,000), PMT = $695 I = 0.31
0.31 12 = 3.7% compounded monthly
3. $25,020 ($695 per month 36 months) $15,348 (expected value reduction, $46,000 $30,652) =
$9,672 in profit spread over 3 years.
Loss on residual: $30,652 $25,000 = $5,652, recognized all in the third year.
4. The financing aspect may yield only 3.7%. However, if leasing is a way to move a vehicle out the
door, and the spread between dealer cost and retail price is large enough (the Business Week article
says the difference between sales price and cost of goods sold is $10,000 per vehicle), then maybe it
is better to take the low return on the leasing aspect just to be able to get some of the profit stemming
from the large markup.
This case requires students to consider the economic reality of a transaction over its legal form. The
FASB has addressed the issue of sale-leaseback transactions and determined that the sale-leaseback is,
in effect, one complex transaction rather than two separate transactions. While Mr. Carson argues that
the profit on the transaction should be recognized immediately, the FASB reasons that the earnings process will be completed over the life of the lease and has determined that profits should be recognized over
the lease term.
Chapter 15
717
Case 1569
1.
With the leasing and subleasing, the Disneyland Paris theme park assets will be used by Euro Disney.
2.
It does not appear that the lease between the asset owner and Disney SCA includes a bargain purchase option. Evidence for this is seen in the fact that, at the end of the 12-year lease term, Disney
SCA can sell the theme park assets but must use the proceeds to repay 75% of the owners outstanding debt related to the assets. The amount of the outstanding debt at that time is estimated to
be $1.4 billion.
3.
Euro Disney didnt just lease the theme park assets directly from the owner because Euro Disney
was viewed as a bad credit risk. Euro Disneys losses for the period 19931995 totaled over $235
million (excluding the cumulative effect of an accounting change). By including Disney SCA in the
middle of the lease deal, the lessor of the theme park assets is more certain of being able to collect
the full amount of the lease payments.
Case 1570
1.
The amount of minimum future lease payments to be received as of the end of 2009 was $171.549
million. This represented an increase of $6.046 million ($171.549 $165.503) over 2008. In addition,
lease payments of around $40 million were probably received in 2009, judging from the future
amounts expected to be received after 2009. Thus, the total amount of new lease business generated in 2009 looks to be about $46 million.
2.
Estimated residual values of leased flight equipment
Total lease payments to be received ........................
Ratio..........................................................................
2009
$138,665
$171,549
80.8%
2008
$195,737
$165,503
118.3%
It appears that International Lease Finance assumed a higher residual value for its leased flight
equipment at the end of 2008 compared to the end of 2009. This may have been because the average lease term was shorter at the end of 2008.
Case 1571
The present value of the operating lease payments can be estimated by approximating the future lease
payment stream with an annuity.
Payments of $1,461 million per year for 10 years. With various discount rate assumptions, the estimate is
as follows:
Percent
8%
10
12
Present Value
$9,803
8,977
8,255
The $8,977 million estimate is used in the ratio calculations.

1.
Debt ratio.
$10,618/$24,244 = 43.8%
2.
Debt ratio assuming that FedExs operating leases are accounted for as capital leases.
($10,618 + $8,977)/($24,244 + $8,977) = 59.0%
718
Chapter 15
Case 1571 (Concluded)

3.
Asset turnover.
$35,497/$24,244 = 1.464
4.
Asset turnover assuming that FedExs operating leases are accounted for as capital leases.
$35,497/($24,244 + $8,977) = 1.069
Case 1572
1.
In 2010 the Company expects to receive a minimum amount of $2,294.1 million. In 2009 the Company received $7,286.2 million from franchised and affiliated restaurants. That ratio indicates the
company can expect to receive over 3 times ($7,286.2/$2,294.1) its minimum rent payments from
franchised and affiliated restaurants.
2.
The future minimum rent payments due to McDonalds in association with leased restaurant sites
exceed the future minimum payments required for those restaurant operating leases as follows:
(In millions of dollars)

2010.............................................................
2011.............................................................
2012.............................................................
2013.............................................................
2014.............................................................
Minimum
Receipts
$1,076.0
1,042.9
1,011.5
972.4
924.8
Minimum
Payments
$1,064.7
1,002.4
928.1
859.8
783.9
Initial
Surplus
(Deficiency)
$ 11.3
40.5
83.4
112.6
140.9
In order for McDonalds to lose money on these leased sites, several things would have to happen.
First, sales in the restaurants would have to decline substantially to eliminate the additional percentage rentals discussed in part (1). Remember, the minimum receipts shown in the table represent
less than half of the amount McDonalds can reasonably be expected to collect. Second, sales would
have to be bad enough that the franchisees would abandon their franchise and lease agreements.
Third, the McDonalds reputation would have to deteriorate to the point that no new franchisees
would want to take over the abandoned restaurant sites. As you can see, it is very unlikely that
McDonalds will ever lose money on these lease arrangements.
Chapter 15
719
Case 1573
To:
President, Clear Water Bay Company
From: Accountant
Subject: Proper Accounting for Leases
Our current accounting practice regarding leases is in conformity with U.S. GAAP. In most cases, GAAP
requires that leases accounted for as operating leases by the lessee must also be accounted for as operating leases by the lessor. Discussed below are two exceptions that allow the lessor to account for the
lease as a sales-type capital lease and the lessee to account for the same lease as an operating lease.
Use of different discount rates. An important test to determine whether a lease must be treated
as a capital lease is the 90% of fair value test. The present value of the future minimum lease
payments is computed and compared to the fair value of the leased asset on the lease-signing
date. If the present value of the payments exceeds 90% of the fair value, then the lease is a capital lease. A difference between lessor and lessee can arise because the lessee is not required to
use the same discount rate as the lessor. If the lessee cannot find out the discount rate used by
the lessor in computing the lease payments, then the lessee uses its own incremental borrowing
rate as the discount rate. The lessees incremental borrowing rate is usually higher than the rate
implicit in the lease. A higher discount rate leads to a lower computed present value. So if the lessee does not know the discount rate implicit in the lease, it is likely that the present value computed by the lessee will be lower than the present value computed by the lessor. Thus, the lessor
can meet the 90% test and account for the lease as a capital lease, and at the same time the lessee can fail to meet the 90% test and thus account for the lease as an operating lease.
Third-party guarantee of residual value. The present value calculation described above is done
using the minimum lease payments. From the lessors standpoint, any guaranteed residual value is
considered part of the minimum lease payments and raises the computed present value. However, if
the lessee can purchase an insurance policy that pays the guaranteed residual value whenever necessary, the guaranteed residual value is not considered part of the minimum payments of the lessee.
This will result in the computed present value of minimum lease payments being lower for the lessee
than for the lessor. Again, the lessor can meet the 90% test at the same time the lessee fails the
test.
In order for us to classify our leases as sales-type, capital leases at the same time our customers classify
the leases as operating leases, we must do the following:
Stop revealing our implicit lease discount rate and encourage our customers to use a higher value
for their calculations.
Ask our customers to arrange insurance policies to cover guaranteed residual values included in
their lease agreements. This, of course, will increase the cost of the leases to our customers and
may lower the price they are willing to pay us.
Please let me know if you need further information on the accounting for leases.
720
Chapter 15
Case 1574
The first thing that should be realized is that the bank should take care of itself. Leases are a very common business transaction, and the bank has no excuse for failing to anticipate that an operating lease
could be used to circumvent the interest coverage ratio constraint. In fact, the bank could have written the
loan covenant in such a way as to prevent this very thinginstead of an interest coverage ratio, the bank
could have defined the constraint in terms of a fixed charge coverage ratio [(Operating income + Lease
expense)/(Interest expense + Lease expense)]. So, dont feel too sorry for the bankit had its chance to
prevent RAM from using operating leases to bypass the loan covenant.
On the other hand, the use of this accounting trick to get around the loan covenant could potentially harm
RAMs relationship with the bank. Even though the bank could have written the covenant in such a way
as to protect itself, that doesnt mean that it wont be upset when it finds out about the operating leases.
Rightly or wrongly, the bank will feel that RAM has acted in an underhanded way to circumvent the intent
of the loan covenant.
If analysis shows that the operating leases make economic sense, go ahead and do them. This seems
like an excellent way to avoid the costly loan renegotiation that would result from a violation of the Commercial Security Bank loan covenant. At the same time, in order to preserve your relationship with the
bank, you should give it advance notice of what you plan to do. As part of this notice, you should include
the most current forecasts of your operating cash flow for the next few years, hopefully demonstrating that
you will have the cash to repay the Commercial Security loan on time, even with the additional lease
payment obligations.
Case 1575
Solutions to this problem can be found on the Instructors Resource CD-ROM or downloaded from the
Web at www.cengage.com/accounting/stice.

Stice 18e Ch15 SOL Final

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1. The principal advantages to a lessee in

2. The principal advantages to a lessor in

7. For a lease to be properly accounted for as

lease payments is recorded as an asset

lessor views the lease as an investment,

(c) Rental expense for each period for

Relates to Expanded Material.

detailed implementation criteria as contained in FASB ASC Topic 840.

PRACTICE 151 PRESENT VALUE OF MINIMUM PAYMENTS

Business calculator keystrokes:

PRACTICE 154 (Concluded)

Business calculator keystrokes:

PRACTICE 155 LEASE CRITERIA

Ownership does not transfer at the end of the lease term.

Satisfies criterion 4, so should be accounted for as a capital lease.

Rent Expense .......................................................................

PRACTICE 157 OPERATING LEASE WITH VARYING PAYMENTSLESSEE

PRACTICE 158 JOURNAL ENTRIES FOR A CAPITAL LEASELESSEE

Business calculator keystrokes:

Lease Liability ......................................................................

Amortization Expense ($18,434/12 years) .........................

PRACTICE 159 ACCOUNTING FOR A BARGAIN PURCHASE OPTIONLESSEE

Business calculator keystrokes:

Lease Liability ......................................................................

Amortization Expense ($44,154/9 years) ...........................

PRACTICE 1510 PURCHASING A LEASED ASSET DURING THE LEASE TERM

PRACTICE 1511 LEASES ON A STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWSLESSEE

Net change in cash ................................

Supplemental disclosure of significant noncash transaction: A capital lease in

Lease signing and receipt of first lease payment

Depreciation of leased equipment

PRACTICE 1513 JOURNAL ENTRIES FOR A DIRECT FINANCING LEASELESSOR

Receipt of first lease payment on January 1

Recognition of interest revenue

or, if Lease Payments Receivable are recorded at their gross amount:

Interest Revenue: [($27,200 $6,800) $3,200] 0.09 = $1,548

Receipt of first lease payment on January 1

Recognition of interest revenue

or, if Lease Payments Receivable are recorded at their gross amount:

Interest Revenue: [($159,974 $15,600) $59,974] 0.12 = $10,128

PRACTICE 1514 (Concluded)

Recognition of interest revenue

or, if Lease Payments Receivable are recorded at their gross amount:

PRACTICE 1515 JOURNAL ENTRIES FOR A SALES-TYPE LEASELESSOR

Lease signing and receipt of first lease payment

Lease Payments Receivable (5 $2,600) .....................

Cost of Goods Sold ........................................................

Recognition of interest revenue

or, if Lease Payments Receivable are recorded at their gross amount:

PRACTICE 1516 SALES-TYPE LEASE WITH A BARGAIN PURCHASE OPTION

Lease signing and receipt of first lease payment

Lease Payments Receivable [(5 $2,500) + $500] ......

Cost of Goods Sold ........................................................

Recognition of interest revenue

or, if Lease Payments Receivable are recorded at their gross amount:

PRACTICE 1517 SALES-TYPE LEASE WITH AN UNGUARANTEED RESIDUAL

Lease signing and receipt of first lease payment

Lease Payments Receivable (5 $2,500) .....................