UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

GCE Ordinary Level

MARK SCHEME for the October/November 2007 question paper

7100 COMMERCE
7100/02 Paper 2 (Written), maximum raw mark 80

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of
the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not
indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began.

All Examiners are instructed that alternative correct answers and unexpected approaches in
candidates’ scripts must be given marks that fairly reflect the relevant knowledge and skills
demonstrated.

Mark schemes must be read in conjunction with the question papers and the report on the
examination.

• CIE will not enter into discussions or correspondence in connection with these mark schemes.

CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2007 question papers for most IGCSE,
GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllabuses and some Ordinary Level
syllabuses.
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GCE O LEVEL – October/November 2007 7100 02

1 (a) chain of production [1]

(allow chain of distribution/stages of production/production process/description of

production)

(b) primary/extractive [1]

(c) (i) Any two points –

large shed-like building used for storage

and a variety of other operations e.g. bulk breaking, packing
for goods awaiting distribution and any other functions
example of warehouse

any other relevant point [2]

(ii) Any two points –

shopkeeper/buys from wholesaler/sells goods to consumers

and may perform a variety of functions e.g. display, packing, breaking bulk
may be large scale e.g. supermarket owner
or small scale e.g. unit retailer

Any other relevant point [2]

(d) Any six points x 1 mark and up to 3 marks for a well developed point –

timber is felled/and sawn into planks/the planks are left to mature

the planks are made into furniture e.g. chairs/tables
using machines/nails/screws/glue/varnish/fabric/polish (any two x 1 mark)
the completed furniture is transported to either a wholesaler or retailer
either in flat pack form for self assembly/or packaged/for protection
the furniture may have a particular brand which adds value
the furniture may be stored/displayed
the retailer may operate a warehouse-type store or may own a department store so more
value is added to the furniture by the location of the place of sale.

Any other relevant point [6]

NB 0 marks for mention of profit, costs or expenses, price, buying, reselling

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(e) Level 3 (6–8 marks)

Has discussed both the wholesaler and the retailer giving a reasoned recommendation OR
has discussed the advantages of one and the disadvantages of the alternative with a
reasoned recommendation.

E.g. The manufacturer could continue to use a wholesaler because he will be able to clear his
production lines so enabling him to continue manufacturing. He will transfer the risk of non-
sales to the wholesaler and will be saved large storage costs. He will also be saved some
marketing costs i.e. selling to individual retailers and will probably be able to sell bulk
quantities. On the other hand he may not receive so much money for the furniture as he
would by selling direct to the retailer.

By selling direct to the retailer the manufacturer will omit the middleman, so saving costs. He
will probably incur extra costs e.g. transport to retailers and may be selling in smaller
quantities. If he transports the furniture himself it is less likely to be damaged as it would be
under the direct supervision of his own employees. He will also be able to charge higher
prices as he is offering some of the services given by wholesalers e.g. packaging, small
quantities, so he may make more profit. He may, however, have to offer considerable trade
discount if he is selling to large-scale retailers. He can also push the sales of his own
particular furniture.

I would recommend that he sells direct to the retailer but he may incur extra costs such as
making particular items for individual retailers. His furniture is less likely to be damaged and
he will receive regular feedback about customer tastes from the retailer. He could also
consider opening his own retail outlet.

Level 2 (3–5 marks)

Has discussed either the wholesaler or the retailer with no comparison OR has given a
superficial analysis of both the wholesaler and the retailer with a recommendation.

E.g. The manufacturer could continue to use a wholesaler because it would save him work. He
would be delivering to one wholesaler instead of a number of retailers. He may not make as
much money. If he sells direct to retailers his goods may arrive quicker but he will have to
negotiate individual sales with individual retailers. He should continue to use a wholesaler
who will save some of his storage costs.

Level 1 (1–2 marks)

Has listed some points for and/or against using a wholesaler/using a retailer with/without a
recommendation.

E.g. The manufacturer should sell to retailers

It would save him storage
He might have to sell individual pieces of furniture
Furniture is fragile
The wholesaler takes part of the manufacturer’s profit [8]

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2 (a) Any three services x 1 mark each –

selling to customers offering a wide range of goods

displaying goods selling in small quantities
advice/information selling goods that are in good condition
self service/personal service air conditioning
Any other relevant point [3]

(b) Any two differences x 2 marks each but allow different features –

supermarket chain multiple chain

sells food and household goods may sell one particular item
e.g. clothing or a variety
likely to be a large store often with likely to be a small shop
car parking with no parking
aims for quick rate of turnover rate of turnover will depend
on type of goods sold
aims for large turnover at low prices prices depend goods sold
offers self service may offer personal service
depending on type of goods
e.g. shoes

Any other relevant point [4]

(c) Level 3 (5-6 marks)

Has analysed the arguments for using supermarkets rather than small independent shops or
vice versa and expressed a reasoned opinion.

E.g. Many people now use supermarkets rather than small shops for their food and household
goods because it allows them to do one-stop shopping and to buy large quantities of goods
to last for some time. They are able to use self service so that they can examine the goods
and shop at their own pace without pressure from sales staff. They are offered a wide range
of goods at competitive prices and this helps shoppers on tight budgets. Because of the high
turnover, the goods are likely to be fresher and also packaged and branded for easy
recognition. They are also offering many of the services that small shops are known to
provide – delivery of goods, specialist counters within the store e.g. bakery.

(On the other hand many people still prefer to use small independent shops. They value the
personal service and the quality of the goods sold. There may be no supermarket available
in their locality and they prefer to shop daily rather than weekly. They may also be allowed
informal credit whereas the supermarket may accept credit cards.)

It is likely that shoppers will use supermarkets for their bulk shopping if a supermarket is
available but that they will use specialist shops e.g.Sunshine Bakery for bread and also use
One-Stop Stores when the supermarket is closed.

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Level 2 (3-4 marks)

Has given the advantages of using supermarkets instead of small independent shops (or vice
versa) with/without an opinion.

E.g. Many people use supermarkets because they offer self service, they offer lower prices and
they enable shoppers to buy branded goods easily. Supermarkets do not offer informal
credit but many of them accept credit cards. Supermarkets do not offer personal service.
They also do not deliver. I think that many people prefer using supermarkets because they
provide easier shopping but in many parts of the world there are no supermarkets.

Level 1 (1-2 marks)

Has listed points on the use of supermarkets or small shops with/without an opinion.

E.g. Supermarkets offer lower prices

Supermarkets allow shoppers to serve themselves
Supermarkets do not offer credit
Supermarkets do not deliver goods
Many people use both. [6]

(d) Any three points x 1 mark each or up to three marks for a well developed point –

The shop will change it

There is nothing wrong with the dress so she cannot claim it is faulty
If she has the receipt and the wrapping/bag she could return it immediately to the shop and
she is likely to obtain a refund
The shop may have a returns policy e.g. refund if returned within 28 days unworn and so she
should be able to return it
She may receive a credit note rather than cash
If she has bought it in a sale she may not be able to return it
The shop may accept the dress because it wishes to build up customer goodwill
She might sell the dress to a friend/sell on E-bay/internet auction site/give it away/keep it
(1 mark max)
Any other relevant point [3]

(e) Any four points x 1 mark each or two well developed points x 2 marks which may be for or
against accepting credit cards or a mixture of both. No marks for the opinion.

For accepting credit cards –

Increased turnover from people who cannot afford to pay immediately
Casual Clothing likely to be accepting credit cards so needs to keep up with competition from
them
Less cash held on premises
Giving credit cards is a status symbol

Against accepting credit cards –

Commission payable to credit card company
Will not receive payment from the credit card company immediately so this may set up cash
flow problems
Danger of credit card fraud resulting in non-payment/bad debts
Increased paperwork dealing with credit card company

Any other relevant point [4]

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3 (a) Any four points x 1 mark each or 2 well developed points –

advertising is part of sales promotion

advertising is the spreading of information using the most persuasive methods
sales promotion is any attempt to boost sales either during a special occasion or for a limited
period of time
it may be used to launch a new product/counter competition/counter falling sales
worthwhile example of either advertising or sales promotion

Any other relevant point [4]

(b) Level 3 (5-6 marks)

Has discussed the arguments for local newspapers and against using television and has
given a reasoned recommendation.

E.g. Mrs Lim owns a small business so television would not be appropriate as it is very expensive
and appeals to a mass audience. Mrs Lim’s business probably operates in a small area and
offers various services. She needs an advertising method that is reasonably priced as she is
likely to be on a limited budget. She wants to be able to give information about the services
she provides so that people can refer to the information when they want to. She may also
consider other advertising media which are also cheap such as leaflets.

Level 2 (3-4 marks)

Has given the advantages/disadvantages of using television and/or local newspapers with a
recommendation. NB Max. L2 if chosen television.

E.g. Television is very expensive. It would give visual display of Mrs Lim’s services. I would
recommend local newspapers. They cover the area where Mrs Lim is located. They are
cheaper than television. She can advertise regularly.

Level 1 (1-2 marks)

Has made some comments on using newspapers/television (no context).

E.g. Television is expensive. The advert would be seen for only a few seconds. Newspaper
adverts give details. They may be grouped on a particular page. [6]

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(c) Any three points x 1 mark each either for or against or both –

Arguments for having a website –

Will help her to become better known
Should have a website as she operates a computer business
Competitors may have websites
Many of the customers use the Internet
Can give details of the services she offers
Increases sales
Email opportunities

Arguments against –
May not have the skills to set it up
May be costly to set up
Customers may not use it
Competitors can access it to see what Mrs Lim is offering
Increases complaints

Any other relevant point [3]

(d) Any one method of communication x 1 mark + two marks for reasons for use –
(NB Speed, ease of use, cheapness, 0 marks unless qualified)

email – computer business, most customers likely to be on-line

fax – may want to send invoices to customers, produces a replica of document
mobile phone – enables her to contact people while she is out of the shop, can send text
messages
telephone - may want to discuss a problem with a customer, immediate contact
letter – provides written evidence, can give detailed information
oral

Any other relevant method of communication [3]

(e) Any four benefits x 1 mark each or two benefits well developed x 2 marks each –

(NB candidates must score at least one mark on cash or trade discount to obtain full marks)

trade discount – enables her to make a profit by selling at an increased price

not reliant on paying promptly
encourages her to make bulk purchases

cash discount – encourages prompt payment from her customers

enables her to improve her cash flow
allows her to take advantage of cash discount offered by her suppliers
may reduce danger of bad debts
may encourage customers to use her business rather than another

Any other relevant point including definitions 1 mark each [4]

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4 (a) (i) Asian countries [1]

(ii) Japan [1]

(b) Exports = $30 000 + $15 000 + $10 000 + $5 000 + $15 000 + $15 000 (1 mark)
= $90 000 (1 mark)
-
Imports = $10 000 + $5 000 + $10 000 + $20 000 + $15 000 + $5 000 (1 mark)
= $65 000 (1 mark)

= $25 000 million (1 mark)

So the country exports more than it imports (1 mark)

OFR applies. If the correct answer is given without working, award 5 marks, i.e. no
conclusion [6]

(c) Any six points x 1 mark each and up to 3 marks for a well developed point –

NB the customs authority may be in the home country or the countries to which the country
exports

keeping statistical records of imports and exports – to help the government calculate its
balance of trade and balance of payments and assess its trade policies and calculate its tax
revenue from import duties
collecting revenue from import duties – may be ad valorem or specific controlling bonded
warehouses – to enforce the payment of duties. Bonded warehouses provide storage for
dutiable goods on which duty is unpaid
supervising the movement of goods across the country’s borders – preventing smuggling,
inspecting cargoes, inspecting documents, enforcing embargoes
enforcing quotas - physical limits on amount of goods allowed to be imported to prevent
dumping
may cover immigration – control of people entering the country
may cover quarantine regulations – for animals
enforcing public health regulations – preventing certain goods being imported e.g. food

Any other relevant point [6]

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(d) Level 3 (5-6 marks)

Has discussed the importance of containerisation in international trade

E.g. Containerisation has become increasingly important in international trade. Many goods are
able to be transported in containers, standard sized metal boxes, that protect goods from
damage and from theft. This means the reduction in insurance costs and packaging costs.
Containers enable goods to be packed at the factory, taken to docks or airports and
transported without unpacking until they reach their destination. Containers act as
warehouses so reducing storage costs. Customs clearance can take place at the factory
again making for quicker processing. Containers can be stacked so saving dock-side space.
They can be transhipped using air, sea, rail or road transport so saving money and
manpower. Special unloading equipment has been devised so loading and unloading is
quicker so making for quicker and cheaper turnaround of transport. Several kinds of goods
can be packed in one container (groupage) again saving transport costs.

Level 2 (3-4 marks)

Has given advantages of containerisation in international trade

E.g. (advantages of containerisation see Level 3)

Containerisation has many advantages. It protects goods against damage and theft. It
enables goods to be transferred from one kind of transport to another. It enables goods to be
packed at the factory and several kinds of goods can be transported together.

Level 1 (1-2 marks)

Has listed some points about containerisation

E.g. Containerisation is important.

It prevents damage to goods.
It reduces theft.
It enables goods to be transported more quickly. [6]

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5 (a) Level 3 (5-6 marks)

Has considered the main features of loans and overdrafts in context and has given a
reasoned recommendation.

A loan is a formal method of borrowing from a bank. It is taken for a fixed amount at a fixed
interest. A loan account is opened which credited with the amount borrowed and instalments
are debited from the current account. Interest rates are usually lower than for an overdraft.

An overdraft is usually used to pay unexpected bills or to help with cash flow. The business
must have a current account and interest is charged daily on the amount overdrawn. The
overdraft is payable at 24 hours notice.

E.g. Mr Wong will need a loan to build new premises as he will require a large amount of money
and he has a definite purpose. He will also need an overdraft because he is likely to be
buying on credit for the stock and equipment and will need instant finance to pay his bills and
take advantage of cash discounts. I would recommend that he apply for both forms of
finance.
NB if reasoned recommendation of loans only 5 max.

Level 2 (3-4 marks)

Has mentioned features of loans and/or overdrafts and with/without a recommendation.

E.g. Features mentioned as listed in Level 3. I would recommend that Mr Wong should have a
loan because he needs a large sum of money and the bank will not lend so much with an
overdraft.

Level 1 (1-2 marks)

Has listed features of loans and/or overdrafts with/without a recommendation.

E.g. A few features as in Level 3 listed e.g. Mr Wong needs a current account for an overdraft.
He pays interest on the daily balance overdrawn. I recommend an overdraft. [6]

(b) (i) Any two means of payment x 1 mark each + 1 mark each for description –

cheque – order to pay any amount

credit transfer – payment of multiple bills using one cheque
standing order – to pay fixed amounts at fixed intervals
direct debit – to pay variable amounts at varying times
bank draft – when the trader is unknown to the seller

any other relevant method of payment [4]

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(ii) Any two means of payment x 1 mark each + 1 mark each for description -

electronic/telegraphic/cable transfer – computerised transfer of funds

documentary credits – letters of undertaking to pay an overseas exporter on the
production of shipping and other documents
bills of exchange – IOUs to pay on demand at a certain future date
bank drafts – drawn on the bank so payment guaranteed
cashier’s order/bankers’ cheque – bank’s cheque so payment is guaranteed
foreign exchange/travellers’ cheques

NB Allow credit card once for either home or overseas trade

Any other relevant method of payment [4]

(c) Any six points x 1 mark each and up to 3 marks for well developed points –
(List of services = 3 max.)

use of credit cards – postponed payment, payment settled monthly, can be paid using the
Internet or by telephone
use of standing orders and more particularly direct debit – (count as two services)
preferred by creditors as they request payment and can avoid bad
debts, enables them to computerise their billing and collect money
electronically
use of debit cards – immediate payment at point of sale, trader assured of payment, no
cash or cheques involved
Internet banking – can transfer funds between accounts, pay bills without using cash,
available 24 hours a day
telephone banking – can transfer funds between accounts, pay bills without using cash, pay
credit card bills
use of bank giro – to pay wages, safer than paying by cheque or with cash
use of ATM – for other services besides cash

Any other relevant development [6]

ATM + cash = 0

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6 (a) Any four of the points shown below x 1 mark –

50% of $3m (1 mark) i.e. $1.5m (1 mark)

because the firm has overinsured (1 mark)
the insurance company will indemnify the firm (1 mark)
and not allow it to make a profit from a loss (1 mark) [4]

(b) Level 3 (5–6 marks)

Has explained both terms, discussed the statement and given a reasoned opinion.
Pooling of risk enables people to share risk - the fortunate helping the unfortunate. In return
for an insurance premium – a payment for insurance cover, insurance underwriters offer to
cover a wide variety of risks. Many people pay premiums into a pool of funds from which
those who make claims are compensated. The pool also pays for the expenses of the
insurance company and provides profits to their shareholders. Any surplus funds are
invested in shares in industrial companies or lent to government.

Insurance companies manage the pool. There must be sufficient funds to cover costs and
claims. The insurance premium is small compared with the amount insured, but if the risk is
great, the insurance premium will be high. If not many people want to cover a risk, the
premium may also be high. The value of what is to be insured also affects the level of the
premium. So the statement is in part correct, the central pool from which claims are made
does affect the level of the insurance premium because financial loss is shared
among a large number of people. It is also affected by the degree of risk involved.

Level 2 (3–4 marks)

Has explained one or both terms and may have given an opinion.

Pooling of risk is the level of funds from which compensation is paid. Insurance premiums
are payments for insurance cover. The amount of premium paid is affected by the amount of
risk involved. Financial loss is shared among a large number of people who help to pay the
claims. I agree with the statement because this enables premiums to be kept low.

Level 1 (1–2 marks)

Has explained one term in a simplistic way and may/may not have given an opinion.

Explanation of terms – see Level 2 + I agree with the statement. [6]

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(c) (i) Any three points x 1 mark –

insurable interest (1) – anyone insuring must incur financial liability

if a loss is incurred
you can insure your own property and life
you cannot insure other people’s property
so you cannot insure property that you rent [3]

(ii) Any three points x 1 mark –

risk is calculated from past records so that the insurance premium can be set
the higher the risk, the greater the premium
some risks are uninsurable
e.g. bad management
because there are no past records
and the risk in incapable of being measured
OR utmost good faith when completing proposal form from which insurance company
calculates risk [3]

(iii) Any four points x 1 mark –

indemnity (1) – means to restore a person to the position that he was in before the event
concerned took place
no one is allowed to make a profit out of a loss
life assurance and personal accident are not contracts of indemnity because
the claimant cannot be restored to the former position
no one is allowed to insure the same risk with two insurance companies in
order to make a profit (contribution)
no one can be compensated and then retain rights to the property
compensated for (subrogation)
example

Any other relevant point [4]

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7 (a) Level 3 (7–9 marks)

Has considered the advantages and disadvantages of both sites, has given a reasoned
choice, either Site A or Site B and has/has not mentioned further information needed. (7
mark max if no mention of further information needed)

E.g. Site A is close to a large town and on the road to a highway so there should be plenty of
customers. Site A is an existing garage so it may not need so much alteration as Site B. It
is, however, more expensive than Site B but we do not know the purchase price or why the
owner is selling. There are two other garages within a short distance from this site and they
may be competitors.

Site B is on a road between two large centres of population. It is at the junction of two roads
so there may be passing traffic for fuel sales. It is cheaper than Site A but we do not know
the purchase price. As it was an old factory site, it likely to be in a rundown condition and
may have to be demolished and rebuilt. This is likely to take some time and so there will be
no profits made from the garage for some time. It could, however, be purpose built. There is
also another garage within 3 km of the site.

I would recommend buying Site A as it may not need too much refurbishment.
I would need to know the size of the site and whether or not it is suitable for selling fuel
before I could make a final decision.
I would need to know the price of each site.

Level 2 (4–6 marks)

Has made a comparison between the sites
OR has commented on the advantages of one site
OR has given the advantages of one site and the disadvantages of the other
OR has stated the advantages and/or disadvantages of both sites
AND may have given a recommendation
AND may have given additional information

Site A is on a busy road leading to a highway. It is close to a large town.

It is more expensive to buy than Site B. Site A is already a garage. It could be used for
business quite quickly. There are two garages quite close to the site.

Site B is cheaper but the purchase price is unknown. It will need a great deal of
redevelopment as it was an old factory site. It is on the corner of two roads and close to two
towns. It should attract passing trade. There is another garage close by.

I would buy Site B because it is cheaper.

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Level 1 (1–3 marks)

Has listed some advantages and/or disadvantages of one site and may have given a choice.

Site A is on a road leading to a highway.

Site A is close to Urbon
Site A is expensive
Site A is already a garage

Site B is close to towns

Site B is cheaper
Site B will need to be rebuilt

I would choose Site A or Site B. [9]

(b) Any four points x 1 mark each and up to four marks for a well developed point – (max 2
sources of finance)

forming a private limited company – so that he can have shareholders who will invest in the
business
taking a bank loan – fixed interest, providing collateral in the form of the garages he already
owns
taking a partner – who will invest in the business. May be a sleeping partner who invests but
takes no part in the business
selling fixed/personal assets
mortgaging existing garages

Any other relevant point [4]

(c) Any three relevant questions – (purpose/amount = 0 mark as already known)

Have you a guarantor?

What security/collateral can you provide?
How do you expect to pay back the money?
What other commitments do you have?
How successful has your business been up to now?
How do you intend to develop the site you are buying?
How long do you wish to borrow the money for?
What say in the business might I have, if I were to lend you the money?
Why do you want to buy another garage?

Any other relevant question [3]

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(d) Any two advantages x 1 mark each and two disadvantages x 1 mark each –
Advantages – own boss easy to set up
Flexibility quick decision making
lower tax burden accounts private
personal incentive to succeed
personal supervision of employees
Disadvantages – limited capital unlimited liability
lack of continuity difficult to take time off
problems of cover at work when ill
have to be skilled at all aspects of the business
Any other relevant point [4]

8 (a) Any four points x 1 mark each or two well explained points x 2 marks –
office machinery is valuable and so is able to bear the cost of air transport
it needs to be handled with care and air transport provides speedy transport
sand and timber are bulk cargoes with low value
air transport would be too expensive
but sea transport can carry them in bulk
there is probably no urgency for delivery
Any other relevant point [4]

(b) Any two points x 1 mark for each –

(i) one-off flights that are specially booked or hired
to carry freight or passengers
at particular time/for particular journey
Any other relevant point [2]
(ii) documents which accompany goods sent by air
gives information about the consignment
acts as an advice note
evidence of a contract of carriage
may be used as a receipt
it is not a document of title

Any other relevant point [2]

(c) Any four points x 1 mark each or two well developed points x 2 marks –
provides storage such as bonded warehouses
provides office space from which Rahman Enterprises Ltd could operate
provides waterways to enable ships to dock e.g. pilot services
provides unloading facilities for Rahman Enterprises Ltd’s goods e.g. wharves, quays
provides facilities for handling containers
by providing an efficient service, it speeds the movement of imported/ exported goods
by offering ship repairs

Any other relevant point [4]

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(d) Level 3 (6–8 marks)

Has discussed the arguments for and against buying a cargo plane, has recommended a
suitable course of action and may/may not have given any additional information needed. (6
mark max if no additional information given as only one side of the argument is given.)

E.g. There are several reasons why Rahman Enterprises Ltd should own its own cargo plane. It
might be cheaper in the long run, although the cost of purchase may be prohibitive. It will
give the company greater flexibility to operate when it wants to, go wherever it has business
and handle cargo more safely. It can be used as an advertising tool – its own logo on the
side of the plane. The company would not be restricted by unavailability of planes and
so may be able to undertake more business.

On the other hand, the cost of purchasing and maintaining a cargo plane will be enormous.
The company may have more business than can be handled by one plane or may have
insufficient business at certain times. The company will also have to pay pilots and ground
staff, pay landing charges and have a home airport.

To make a more informed decision, I would need to know what volume of goods is carried by
air, to what destination, what other airlines charge and what difficulties have been
encountered in the past. I would recommend that the company does not purchase a cargo
plane. A better option might be to lease one plane and see what difficulties are encountered.

Level 2 (3–5 marks)

Has given some arguments for and/or against buying a cargo plane and has made a
recommendation for a course of action.

E.g. The company may find that owning a cargo plane has some benefits such as being able to
operate when you want to and giving more personal service to customers. They may be able
to cut charges to customers. This will bring more business. The disadvantages are the high
cost of buying a plane, the running costs and having to organise when and where it flies. I
would recommend that the company buys a cargo plane to carry its goods.

Level 1 (1–2 marks)

E.g. Has listed some points for and against buying a cargo plane and may/may not have made a
recommendation.

May be cheaper to have your own plane

May be able to advertise
May breakdown
May not be available when you want it [8]

© UCLES 2007