1.

D)

Motivation is defined by
psychologists as
an impulse to accomplish
something of significance.
rigidly patterned behavior
characteristic of all people.
a need or desire that energizes
and directs behavior toward a
goal.
the cause of behavior.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Psychologists have used four

perspectives in their efforts to
explain motivation. These include
2.
an emphasis on instincts,
optimum arousal, a hierarchy of
motives, and
drive reduction.
360-degree feedback.
refractory periods.
basal metabolic rate.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Which theory has been accused

3. of simply naming rather than
explaining behaviors?
drive-reduction theory
set point theory
arousal theory
instinct theory

A)
B)
C)
D)

A complex, unlearned, and fixed

pattern of behavior common to
4.
all members of a species is called
a(n)
set point.
drive.
instinct.
incentive.

A)
B)
C)

5.
A)
B)
C)
D)

An instinctive behavior is one

that is
designed to reduce drives.
triggered by a sexual incentive.
similar in all living organisms.
unlearned.

A)
B)
C)
D)

It is characteristic of bears to
6. hibernate. This behavior is an
example of
an instinct.
homeostasis.
an incentive.
a drive.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Mr. Porter believes that

aggression is an unlearned
7. behavior characteristic of all
children. He obviously believes
that aggression is a(n)
incentive.
homeostatic mechanism.
instinct.
drive.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Which theory of motivation most

clearly emphasizes the
8.
importance of genetically
predisposed behaviors?
drive-reduction theory
instinct theory
hierarchy of needs theory
arousal theory

9.
A)
B)

According to drive-reduction
theory, a need refers to
a physiological state that usually
triggers motivational arousal.
anything that is perceived as
having positive or negative value

in motivating behavior.
a desire to perform a behavior in
order to avoid punishment.
a rigidly patterned behavioral
urge characteristic of all people.

C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

An aroused, motivated state that

10. is often triggered by a
physiological need is called a(n)
instinct.
incentive.
drive.
set point.

11.
A)
B)
C)
D)

For a thirsty person, drinking

water serves to reduce
a drive.
an instinct.
the set point.
basal metabolic rate.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Food deprivation is to ________ as

hunger is to ________.
homeostasis; thirst
incentive; instinct
need; drive
pornography; lust

A)
B)
C)
D)

Victims of a famine will often eat

unappetizing and nutritionally
13. poor foods simply to relieve their
constant hunger. Their behavior
is best explained in terms of
arousal theory.
instinct theory.
drive-reduction theory.
incentive theory.

12.

14. Homeostasis, which is the goal of

drive reduction, is defined as

a rigidly patterned behavior
characteristic of an entire
species.
an aroused tension state that is
often triggered by a physiological
need.
the body's tendency to maintain
a constant internal state.
a physical need that usually
triggers motivational arousal.

A)
B)
C)
D)

15.
A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

Positive and negative

16. environmental stimuli that
motivate behavior are called
needs.
incentives.
set points.
drives.

17.
A)
B)
C)
D)

For a hungry person, the

consumption of food serves to
lower the set point.
shorten the refractory period.
maintain homeostasis.
reduce blood glucose levels.

Which of the following is clearly

NOT an example of an incentive?
$1000
threat of punishment
smell of popcorn
dehydration

On some college football teams,

players are rewarded for
outstanding performance with a
18.
gold star on their helmets. This
practice best illustrates the use
of

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

set points.
360-degree feedback.
incentives.
refractory periods.

The role of learning in motivation

19. is most obvious from the
influence of
instincts.
homeostasis.
arousal.
incentives.

20.
A)
B)
C)
D)

Lack of body fluids is to cold

water as ________ is to ________.
need; incentive
need; drive
instinct; set point
homeostasis; refractory period

A)
B)
C)
D)

Which theory would be most

helpful for explaining why people
21.
are motivated to watch horror
movies?
instinct theory
drive-reduction theory
hierarchy of needs theory
arousal theory

A)
B)
C)
D)

Which theory would be most

likely to predict that rats are
motivated to explore precisely
22.
those areas of an experimental
maze where they receive mild
electric shocks?
arousal theory
hierarchy of needs theory
instinct theory
drive-reduction theory

A)
B)
C)
D)

Adventurous people who relish

23. the pursuit of novel and intense
experiences are said to be
sensation-seekers.
self-transcendent.
transformational leaders.
self-actualized.

A)
B)
C)
D)

The arousal theory of motivation

would be most useful for
24.
understanding the aversive
effects of
refractory periods.
set points.
hunger.
boredom.

A)
B)
C)
D)

The most basic or lowest-level

need in Maslow's hierarchy of
25.
human motives includes the
need for
self-esteem.
love and friendship.
religious fulfillment.
food and water.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Maslow referred to the needs for

26. purpose and meaning that lie
beyond the self as
belongingness needs.
self-esteem needs.
self-transcendence needs.
self-actualization needs.

A)

According to Maslow, our need

for ________ must be met before
27.
we are preoccupied with
satisfying our need for ________.
love; food

B)
C)
D)

A)
B)

C)

D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)

adequate clothing; self-esteem

self-actualization; friendship
political freedom; economic
security

On the basis of Maslow's

28. hierarchy of needs, one would be
LEAST likely to predict that a
starving person might sell his or
her child to obtain food.
teacher with high self-esteem
might seek a career change to
use his or her abilities more fully.
successful business executive
might show greater concern for
his or her family relationships
than for becoming president of
his corporation.
prisoner might choose to die
rather than betray his or her
country.

Financial satisfaction is more

strongly predictive of subjective
29. well-being in poor nations than in
wealthy ones. This fact would
most clearly be anticipated by
instinct theory.
arousal theory.
evolutionary theory.
hierarchy of needs theory.

Ancel Keys and his colleagues

30. observed that men on a
semistarvation diet
became apathetic and lost
interest in food.
remained interested in food but
avoided talking or thinking about
it.
lost interest in sex and social

activities.
became increasingly preoccupied
with political and religious issues.

D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

People become obsessed with

water when thirsty and obsessed
31.
with food when hungry. This
illustrates that activated motives
increase basal metabolic rate.
shorten the refractory period.
trigger a state of flow.
dominate consciousness.

Research on the physiological

32. basis of hunger has indicated
that
stomach contractions are
unrelated to feelings of hunger.
hunger continues in humans
whose cancerous stomachs have
been removed.
rats whose stomachs have been
removed must be force-fed to
prevent starvation.
less ghrelin is secreted when the
stomach is empty.

Insulin, a hormone that

33. influences appetite, is secreted
by the
hypothalamus.
pancreas.
stomach.
liver.

34.
A)
B)
C)

Increases in the hormone insulin

lead to
increasing estrogen levels.
decreasing blood glucose levels.
increasing PYY levels.

D)

decreasing orexin levels.

A)
B)
C)
D)

In addition to secreting orexin,

the ________ monitors levels of
35.
the body's other appetite
hormones.
hippocampus
amygdala
cerebellum
hypothalamus

A)
B)
C)
D)

Appetite-stimulating hormones
and appetite-suppressing
36. hormones are secreted by
different neural centers within
the
amygdala.
hippocampus.
frontal lobes.
arcuate nucleus.

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)

Destruction of an appetitesuppressing area within the

37.
hypothalamus of a rat is most
likely to
lower the rat's set point for body
weight.
cause the rat to become
extremely fat.
lower the rat's blood insulin
levels.
increase the rat's basal metabolic
rate.

When people with severe obesity

undergo bypass surgery that
38. seals off part of the stomach, the
remaining stomach then
produces much less
PYY.

B)
C)
D)

orexin.
ghrelin.
insulin.

39.
A)
B)
C)
D)

40.
A)
B)
C)
D)

41.
A)
B)
C)
D)

A)

B)

C)
D)

Orexin is a ________ hormone

secreted by the ________.
hunger-arousing; hypothalamus
hunger-suppressing;
hypothalamus
hunger-arousing; stomach
hunger-suppressing; stomach

Leptin is a hunger-dampening
hormone secreted by
the adrenal gland.
the pancreas.
fat cells.
the hypothalamus.

Feelings of hunger are decreased

by the hormone
ghrelin.
orexin.
serotonin.
PYY.

42. The set point is

the stage of the sexual response
cycle that occurs just before
orgasm.
the body temperature of a
healthy organism, for example,
98.6 degrees Fahrenheit in
humans.
the point at which energy
expenditures from exercise and
from metabolism are equal.
the specific body weight
maintained automatically by
most adults over long periods of

time.

A)
B)
C)
D)

An explanation of motivation in
43. terms of homeostasis is best
illustrated by the concept of
instinct.
set point.
refractory period.
incentive.

44.
A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

Basal metabolic rate is the

body's resting rate of
drive reduction.
insulin secretion.
energy expenditure.
homeostasis.

When an organism's weight rises

45. above its set point, the organism
is likely to experience a(n)
decrease in both hunger and
basal metabolic rate.
increase in hunger and a
decrease in basal metabolic rate.
decrease in hunger and an
increase in basal metabolic rate.
increase in both hunger and
basal metabolic rate.

Our weight thermostats are

somewhat flexible and are
influenced by environmental as
46.
well as biological factors. Some
researchers have therefore
adopted the term
flow.
homeostasis.
refractory period.
settling point.

47.
A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

People's preferences for sweet

tastes are ________, and their
48.
preferences for excessively salty
tastes are ________.
needs; incentives
incentives; needs
universal; learned
learned; universal

49.
A)
B)
C)
D)

50.
A)
B)
C)
D)

A)

The level of serotonin in the brain

is
decreased by a diet high in
sugar.
decreased by a diet high in salt.
increased by a diet high in
protein.
increased by a diet high in
carbohydrates.

People are most likely to dislike

the taste of ________ foods.
salty
starchy
novel
familiar

People's dislike of novel foods

best illustrates
unit bias.
neophobia.
homeostasis.
the refractory period.

The recipes commonly used in

countries with hot climates are
51. more likely to include ________
than those in countries with
colder climates.
spices

B)
C)
D)

carbohydrates
fats
proteins

A)
B)
C)
D)

The tendency to eat more food

52. when eating with others
illustrates a phenomenon called
social facilitation.
self-transcendence.
360-degree feedback.
homeostasis.

A)
B)
C)
D)

When encouraged to eat their fill

of M&M's, people ate more when
53. given a large rather than a small
serving spoon. This most clearly
reflects
neophobia.
halo errors.
social facilitation.
unit bias.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Judy found that her party guests

ate less from a very large plate
54. of cupcakes that were cut in half
rather than whole. This best
illustrates
360-degree feedback.
the settling point.
unit bias.
social facilitation.

A)
B)

When offered as many servings

of ice cream as they would like to
55.
eat, people are likely to eat more
if they
are given small rather than large
serving bowls out of which they
can eat.
are offered servings from a wide

variety rather than a small

variety of ice cream flavors.
are eating the servings of ice
cream with smaller rather than
larger spoons.
are eating the servings of ice
cream alone rather than in the
presence of others.

C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

An integrated understanding of
rising obesity rates in terms of
set points, culturally learned
56.
taste preferences, and the ready
availability of large food portions
is best illustrated by
homeostasis.
the evolutionary perspective.
human factors psychology.
a biopsychosocial approach.

57.
A)
B)
C)
D)

58.
A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)

A body that can store fat has the

advantage of possessing
low blood pressure.
stored energy.
a low set point.
reduced levels of serotonin.

The World Health Organization

identifies obesity as a high
basal metabolic rate.
body mass index.
set point.
PYY level.

New research has linked

59. women's obesity to their risk of
late-life
muscular dystrophy.
lactose intolerance.
multiple sclerosis.

D)

cognitive decline.

A)
B)
C)
D)

The relative risk of death among

60. healthy nonsmokers is highest
for
overweight men.
overweight women.
underweight men.
underweight women.

A)
B)
C)
D)

When people's images on a video

monitor are widened to make
61.
them look fatter, observers
perceive them as
more sincere and more friendly.
more sincere and less friendly.
less sincere and less friendly.
less sincere and more friendly.

A)
B)
C)
D)

In one experiment, professional

actors played the role of either
normal-weight or overweight job
62.
applicants. Research participants'
willingness to hire the applicants
revealed
no discrimination against either
overweight men or overweight
women.
equal levels of discrimination
against both overweight men and
overweight women.
greater discrimination against
overweight men than against
overweight women.
greater discrimination against
overweight women than against
overweight men.

63.

Research on obesity and weight

control indicates that

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

when an obese person has lost

weight, a diet and exercise
program are no longer necessary
for maintaining the lower weight.
fat tissue is maintained by fewer
calories than is lean tissue.
overweight people typically
suffer from a lack of willpower
and self-discipline.
the settling point for our body
weight increases after people
complete weight-loss diets.

A dieter whose weight falls below

64. his or her set point is likely to
experience a(n)
increase in hunger and an
increase in metabolic rate.
increase in hunger and a
decrease in metabolic rate.
decrease in hunger and a
decrease in metabolic rate.
decrease in hunger and an
increase in metabolic rate.

By dramatically reducing her

daily caloric intake, Marilyn plans
to reduce her normal body
65. weight by 10 to 15 percent.
Research suggests that after
three or four weeks of sustained
dieting, Marilyn will
have increased blood glucose
levels.
experience a decrease in her
feelings of hunger.
have a lower resting metabolic
rate.
have a lower set point for body
weight.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Given an obese parent, boys are

at a(n) ________ risk for obesity
66.
and girls are at a(n) ________ risk
for obesity.
increased; decreased
decreased; increased
increased; increased
decreased; decreased

A)
B)
C)
D)

With sleep deprivation, the levels

67. of leptin ________ and the levels
of ghrelin ________.
rise; rise
fall; fall
rise; fall
fall; rise

A)
B)
C)
D)

If your close friend becomes

obese, the odds of you likewise
68. becoming obese increase. This
best illustrates the impact of
________ on obesity.
unit bias
neophobia
homeostasis
social influence

A)
B)
C)
D)

Evidence that obesity is

69. influenced by factors in addition
to genetics includes the fact that
mice injected with daily doses of
leptin become less active and
gain weight.
people lose a pound of weight for
every reduction of 3500 calories
in their diet.
the weights of adopted people
are highly correlated with the
weights of their adoptive parents.
the average American weighs
more today than did the average

American 50 years ago.

A)
B)
C)
D)

The relentless pursuit of thinness

puts people at ________ risk for
70.
depression and ________ risk for
binge eating.
decreased; increased
increased; decreased
decreased; decreased
increased; increased

A)
B)
C)
D)

Exercising regularly and getting

enough sleep contribute to a(n)
71.
________ in metabolism and a(n)
________ in the settling point.
increase; increase
decrease; decrease
increase; decrease
decrease; increase

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

Which of the following

72. suggestions would be the WORST
advice for a dieter?
Minimize your exposure to
tempting foods.
Accompany your diet with a
sustained exercise program.
Avoid eating during the day so
you can enjoy a big meal in the
evening.
Don't eat your meals with
friends who are not on a diet.

Eating food more ________ leads

73. to eating less food. This is
especially true for ________.
slowly; women
rapidly; women
slowly; men
rapidly; men

74.
A)
B)
C)
D)

75.
A)

B)

C)
D)

The first stage of the sexual

response cycle is
a refractory period.
an excitement stage.
a plateau stage.
orgasm.

Research on the sexual response

cycle indicates that
men and women experience an
equally long refractory period
following orgasm.
women undergo a decrease in
physiological arousal more slowly
if they have experienced orgasm
than if they have not.
enough sperm may be released
prior to male orgasm to enable
conception.
during the resolution phase,
sexual excitement increases in
women but decreases in men.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Masters and Johnson identified

76. orgasm as the ________ phase of
the sexual response cycle.
first
second
third
fourth

A)
B)

The descriptions of orgasm

written by men and women are
________, and the subcortical
77.
brain regions active in men and
women during orgasm are
________.
different; similar
similar; different

C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

different; different
similar; similar

78. The refractory period is the

moment before orgasm during
which sexual arousal is
maintained at a fairly high level.
stage of the sexual response
cycle during which sexual
excitation reaches its climax.
span of the monthly female
reproductive cycle during which
ovulation occurs.
time span after orgasm during
which a man cannot be aroused
to another orgasm.

A problem that consistently

interferes with one's ability to
79.
complete the sexual response
cycle is called
an STI.
erotic plasticity
a sexual dysfunction.
a refractory period.

80.
A)
B)
C)
D)

Female orgasmic disorder is one

form of
erotic plasticity.
neophobia.
refractory period.
sexual dysfunction.

Differences among women in

frequency of orgasm via
masturbation are more strongly
81. influenced by ________ than are
differences among women in
frequency of orgasm via
intercourse.

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

estrogen levels
refractory periods
genetics
basal metabolic rates

Kamil, a 33-year-old lawyer,

experiences premature
ejaculation. Through behaviorally
82.
oriented therapy, he would most
likely learn to minimize his
problem by
engaging in sexual activity less
frequently.
eliminating his high level of
sexual guilt.
uncovering the unconscious fears
that underlie his problem.
learning ways to control his urge
to ejaculate.

People with paraphilias do

experience sexual desire, but
83. they direct it in unusual ways.
For example, in necrophilia, the
person
has a sexual attraction to
corpses.
experiences sexual arousal
toward young children.
has a constant urge to ejaculate.
derives pleasure from self
-exposure.

The sex hormone secreted in

84. greater amounts by females than
by males is
estradiol.
orexin.
leptin.
ghrelin.

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)

C)

D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

In most nonhuman mammals,

85. female sexual receptivity is
greatest when
testosterone levels are lowest.
testosterone levels are highest.
estrogen levels are lowest.
estrogen levels are highest.

Research on sex hormones and

86. human sexual behavior indicates
that
sexual desire rises slightly at
ovulation among women with
mates.
adult men who have been
castrated show virtually no
reduction in sex drive.
sexual interests are aroused by
decreased testosterone levels in
women and increased
testosterone levels in men.
imprisoned male sex offenders
typically experience lower-thannormal testosterone levels.

When at peak fertility in their

menstrual cycle, women express
________ preference for masculine
87. faces and ________
apprehensiveness of men
perceived as potentially sexually
coercive.
increased; decreased
decreased; increased
increased; increased
decreased; decreased

88. More than in other mammalian

females, the sexual drive in
human females is responsive to

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

their ________ levels.

estradiol
estrogen
serotonin
testosterone

Studies in both North America

and China find that married
89. fathers tend to have ________
than bachelors or married men
without children.
lower set points
lower testosterone levels
less achievement motivation
shorter refractory periods

Hunger and sex are different

sorts of motivations because
90.
unlike hunger, sexual motivation
is not
dependent on internal
physiological factors.
influenced by imagined stimuli.
a response to a need.
influenced by cultural
expectations.

Professor Langley emphasizes

that premature sexual activity
among high school students
involves the interplay of alcohol
consumption, mass media norms,
91.
and teens' underestimation of
their vulnerability to sexually
transmitted infections. The
professor's emphasis best
illustrates
the evolutionary perspective.
human factors psychology.
a biopsychosocial approach.
the sexual response cycle.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Brain scans of people viewing

erotic material reveal a more
92.
active ________ in men than in
women.
thalamus
medulla
amygdala
cerebellum

A)
B)
C)
D)

With repeated exposure to any

erotic stimulus, our emotional
93.
response often lessens. This
illustrates the process of
social facilitation.
erotic plasticity.
habituation.
narcissism.

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)

Ivan just spent an evening

watching pornographic movies of
attractive women who actually
94.
seemed to enjoy being sexually
coerced. This experience is most
likely to lead him to
perceive himself as unable to
perform sexually.
be more willing to hurt women.
feel unsure about his gender
identity.
view sexual promiscuity as
morally wrong.

After viewing sexually attractive

women on TV, male college
95.
students find an average woman
or their own girlfriend or wife as
more attractive.
more sexually active.
less attractive.

D)

less sexually active.

D)

Men are more likely to

96. experience nocturnal emissions if
they
have a sexually transmitted
infection.
use contraceptives as a means of
preventing pregnancy in their
mates.
have not experienced orgasm
recently.
dream about nonsexual events.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Men experience ________ frequent

97. and ________ romantic fantasies
about sex than do women.
more; more
less; less
more; less
less; more

A)
B)
C)
D)

Compared with European teens,

American teens have ________
98.
rates of pregnancy and ________
rates of abortion.
lower; lower
higher; higher
lower; higher
higher; lower

A)
B)
C)

A)
B)
C)

Many sexually active American

99. adolescents fail to avoid
pregnancy because
low sex guilt inhibits the careful
planning of contraceptive use.
they are uncomfortable
discussing contraception with
their sexual partner.
sex education courses have

actually discouraged
contraceptive use.
of all of these reasons.

D)

100.
A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

Teens who use alcohol prior to

sexual intercourse experience
enhanced self-awareness and are
less likely to use condoms.
reduced self-awareness and are
more likely to use condoms.
enhanced self-awareness and are
more likely to use condoms.
reduced self-awareness and are
less likely to use condoms.

In one survey, 72 percent of

101. sexually active 12- to 17-year-old
American girls said
they never use condoms during
sex.
they abstain from alcohol prior to
sex.
none of their close friends were
sexually active.
they regretted having sex.

The more sexual content

adolescents view on TV and in
102.
movies, the more likely they are
to
perceive their peers are sexually
active.
talk with their parents about
contraception.
view their own sexual partners as
attractive.
avoid premature sexual
intercourse.

103. In the process of portraying

D)

women as sexual objects, the

mass media are most likely to
promote
safe contraceptive use.
erotic plasticity.
narrowly defined beauty
standards.
sexual abstinence.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Teenage girls are especially

104. vulnerable to STIs because of
their
shorter refractory periods.
high estrogen levels.
erotic plasticity.
lower levels of antibodies.

A)
B)
C)

105.
A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)

Condoms are most helpful in

protecting against
herpes infections.
erotic plasticity.
HIV infections.
nocturnal emissions.

Among unmarried American

teens, sexual abstinence is more
106. likely for those with ________
levels of intelligence and ________
levels of religious engagement.
higher; lower
lower; higher
higher; higher
lower; lower

Lower rates of pregnancy have

107. been observed among teens who
have
sexually vivid dreams that lead
to orgasm.
imagined being taken sexually by

C)
D)

someone overwhelmed with

passion.
watched a higher-than-average
amount of prime-time television.
participated in a service learning
program as tutors or teachers'
aides.

D)

One's sexual orientation refers to

108. a(n) ________ members of either
one's own sex or the other sex.
sexual response cycle triggered
by
experience of flow associated
with
enduring sexual attraction
toward
erotic plasticity in response to

A)
B)
C)
D)

Isaac, a 25-year-old law student,

is heterosexual; his brother
109. Chaim, a 21-year-old college
senior, is homosexual. The
brothers obviously differ in their
erotic plasticity.
sexual response cycle.
sexual orientation.
refractory period.

A)
B)
C)
D)

More than a dozen national

surveys in Europe and the United
States indicate that about
110.
________ percent of men are gay
and about ________ percent of
women are lesbian.
3; 1 or 2
3; 3 or 4
10; 5 or 6
10; 10 or 11

A)
B)
C)

A)
B)
C)
D)

111. A homosexual orientation is

equally likely among members of
both sexes.
associated with a lack of clear
gender identity.
very persistent and difficult to
change.
characteristic of over 10 percent
of American males.

112.
A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

The variability of sexual urges

and interests is called
the sexual response cycle.
sexual orientation.
the refractory period.
erotic plasticity.

Gender differences in erotic

113. plasticity are best illustrated by
the fact that women
have longer refractory periods
than do men.
tend to be more changeable than
men in sexual orientation.
are less likely than men to be
equally aroused by male and
female erotic stimuli.
become aware of their sexual
orientation much earlier in life
than do men.

Unlike in men, a high sex drive in

women is likely to be associated
with an increased same-sex
114.
attraction as well as an increased
opposite-sex attraction. This best
illustrates women's greater
erotic plasticity.
refractory period.
orgasmic disorder.
unit bias.

A)

B)
C)
D)

Research on the environmental

115. conditions that influence sexual
orientation indicates that
homosexuals are more likely than
heterosexuals to have been
sexually abused during
childhood.
homosexuals are more likely than
heterosexuals to have been
overprotected by their mothers.
homosexuals are more likely than
heterosexuals to have been
raised in a father-absent home.
the reported backgrounds of
homosexuals and heterosexuals
are similar.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Gay men are ________ likely to

have been smothered by
maternal love than heterosexual
men. Boys growing up in a
116.
father-absent home are ________
likely to be gay than boys
growing up with their father
present in the home.
more; no more
no more; more
more; more
no more; no more

A)
B)
C)
D)

The incidence of male

homosexuality has been found to
117.
be slightly higher than usual
among
physicians.
professional athletes.
residents of small villages.
men who have older brothers.

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)

D)

A)
B)

It has been suggested that the

118. fraternal birth-order effect is a
result of
erotic plasticity.
refractory periods.
a maternal immune response.
mass-media norms.

A birth-order effect seems to play

119. a role in sexual orientation
among
men who are right-handed.
women who are right-handed.
men who are not right-handed.
both men and women who are
not right-handed.

A biological influence on
120. homosexuality is most clearly
seen from evidence of
sexual relations between samesex partners in several hundred
different animal species.
an increase in same-sex
attraction among women who
had fraternal twin brothers.
the increase in homosexual and
bisexual people among males
with domineering mothers.
the link between sexual
orientation and the levels of sex
hormones currently in a person's
blood.

Simon LeVay discovered that a

neural cluster located in the
121. ________ was larger in
heterosexual men than in
homosexual men.
cerebellum
amygdala

C)
D)

hypothalamus
medulla

A)
B)
C)
D)

The hypothalamus lights up in an

area governing sexual arousal
122. when ________ are given a whiff
of scent derived from men's
sweat.
lesbian women and gay men
lesbian women and straight men
straight women and straight men
straight women and gay men

A)
B)
C)
D)

By manipulating a single gene,

123. scientists have been able to
control sexual orientation in
humans.
chimpanzees.
fruit flies.
all of these organisms.

A)
B)
C)
D)

The maternal relatives of

homosexual men produce
________ offspring than the
maternal relatives of
124.
heterosexual men, and male
homosexuality is more likely to
be transmitted by genes from the
________ side of the family.
more; mother's
fewer; father's
fewer; mother's
more; father's

A)
B)

Research has found that an

125. animal's sexual orientation can
be altered by
manipulations of prenatal
hormone conditions.
exposure only to animals of the

D)

same sex.
injections of sex hormones in
early adulthood.
destruction of the hippocampus.

A)
B)
C)
D)

If pregnant sheep are injected

with ________ during a critical
126. period of prenatal development,
their female offspring will show
homosexual behavior.
estrogen
PYY
orexin
testosterone

A)
B)
C)
D)

Data from 20 studies revealed

that homosexual participants had
39 percent greater odds of being
127. non-right-handed than
heterosexual participants.
Researchers have attributed this
to differences in
body mass index.
erotic plasticity.
prenatal hormones.
refractory periods.

A)
B)
C)
D)

In one study, raters viewed clips

of children without being told
their later sexual orientation. The
128.
average pre-gay child was
rated as more ________ than the
average pre-straight child.
happier
more sexually attractive
more narcissistic
more gender nonconforming

C)

129. On mental rotation tasks, gays

and lesbians have been observed

to score ________ than

heterosexual men and ________
than heterosexual women.
higher; higher
lower; lower
higher; lower
lower; higher

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)

B)

C)

D)

With respect to sex research and

130. human values, the text suggests
that
sexual activity is largely a
medical and biological issue, not
a moral issue.
scientific methods prevent sex
researchers from being
influenced by their own personal
values.
researchers should not reveal
their sexual values because
sexual standards are a matter of
personal taste.
sex research and education
should be accompanied by open
consideration of sexual values.

131.
A)
B)
C)
D)

Most humans are genetically

predisposed to
associate the secretion of leptin
with feelings of hunger.
form close enduring relationships
with fellow humans.
avoid eating carbohydrate-laden
foods when feeling depressed.
satisfy their need for political
freedom before seeking
emotional security.

132. When people's need to belong is

fulfilled through close
relationships, they are less likely

A)
B)
C)
D)

to
commit suicide.
contract physical illness.
suffer psychological disorders.
do any of these things.

A)
B)
C)
D)

A deep sense of well-being

results when our need for
133. relatedness is satisfied in
balance with our psychological
need for
autonomy.
homeostasis.
refractory periods.
360-degree feedback.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Foolish conformity to peer

134. pressure is most likely to be
motivated by ________ needs.
safety
belongingness
achievement
self-actualization

A)
B)
C)
D)

To avoid placing individual

refugee families in communities
135. where they are likely to feel
socially isolated, U.S. policies
today encourage
settling points.
catharsis.
chain migration.
360-degree feedback.

A)

When asked to describe personal

episodes that made them feel
136. particularly bad about
themselves, about four times in
five, people describe
a sexual dysfunction.

B)
C)
D)

an academic failure.
a relationship difficulty.
a physical illness.

137.
A)
B)
C)
D)

138.
A)
B)
C)
D)

Our need to belong is most

clearly threatened by
chain migration.
drive reduction.
ostracism.
unit bias.

Which of the following is most

clearly a form of ostracism?
drive reduction
self-transcendence
chain migration
solitary confinement

A)
B)
C)
D)

Researchers have discovered

that cyber-ostracism, even by
139.
strangers, elicits increased
activity in the
anterior commissure.
pancreas.
anterior cingulate cortex.
arcuate nucleus.

A)
B)
C)

In a series of studies, research

participants were informed that
personality test results indicated
they were the type likely to end
up alone later in life. As a result,
140.
they became ________ likely to
underperform on aptitude tests
and ________ likely to become
aggressive toward those who had
excluded them.
more; less
less; more
more; more

D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

less; less

Compared with non-Internet

users, today's online social
networkers are likely to
141. experience ________ relationships
with their existing friends and are
________ likely to know their realworld neighbors.
strengthened; more
weakened; less
strengthened; less
weakened; more

Online social networking tends to

________ self-disclosure and
142.
Facebook profiles appear to be
closer to people's ________.
encourage; actual personalities
than to their ideal personalities
discourage; actual personalities
than to their ideal personalities
encourage; ideal personalities
than to their actual personalities
discourage; ideal personalities
than to their actual personalities

143. Narcissism refers to feeling

happy.
overweight.
ostracized.
self-important.

Some college students were

randomly assigned to edit and
explain their MySpace page
144. rather than to study and explain
a Google Maps routing. These
students subsequently scored
higher on a measure of

A)
B)
C)
D)

empathy.
narcissism.
self-transcendence.
basal metabolic rate.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Howard is preoccupied with

accumulating new Facebook
friends because he loves the
attention it gives him. On his
145. Facebook page he posts daily
photos of himself that are
designed to show off his good
looks and body build. Howard
best illustrates characteristics of
erotic plasticity.
narcissism.
360-degree feedback.
self-transcendence.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Those who engage in excess

Internet socializing during work
hours should be reminded that
146.
electronic message alerts,
Facebook postings, and Internet
pop-ups hijack
ostracism.
unit bias.
attention.
narcissism.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Those who view their work as a

necessary but personally
147.
unfulfilling way to make money
are said to view work as a
contract.
job.
calling.
career.

148. Those who view their work as a

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

career are especially likely to be

concerned about opportunities
for
outsourcing.
creating action plans.
transformational leadership.
increasingly better employment
positions.

Andrea views her work as

primarily an opportunity to climb
the corporate ladder in pursuit of
149.
increasingly better positions.
Andrea apparently views her
work as a
calling.
job.
contract.
career.

Work is most likely to satisfy the

150. higher-level needs in Maslow's
hierarchy for those who
work only part-time.
view their work as a calling.
are strongly motivated by high
wages.
are supervised by managers with
a directive style.

After studying artists who would

spend hour after hour painting or
151. sculpting with enormous
concentration, Csikszentmihalyi
formulated the concept of
transformational leadership.
strengths-based selection.
360-degree feedback.
flow.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Flow is characterized by a
________ awareness of self and a
152.
________ awareness of the
passing of time.
heightened; diminished
diminished; heightened
heightened; heightened
diminished; diminished

A)
B)
C)
D)

Julia is a highly skilled

professional violinist. She often
becomes so focused and
energized by her challenging
153.
practice sessions that they last
hours longer than she had
planned. Her experience best
illustrates the concept of
flow.
homeostasis.
settling points.
a plateau phase.

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

Which profession is most directly

involved in the application of
154.
psychology's principles to the
workplace?
social psychology
personality psychology
developmental psychology
industrial-organizational
psychology

Developing assessment tools for

155. selecting and placing employees
is of most direct relevance to
clinical psychology.
organizational psychology.
human factors psychology.
personnel psychology.

156.
A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

Human factors psychologists are

most likely to be involved in
designing training programs to
prepare unemployed persons for
existing jobs.
exploring how machines can be
optimally designed to fit human
abilities.
assessing the impact of
supervisors' management styles
on business productivity.
matching people's strengths with
specific job assignments.

Hiring job applicants who have

the qualities best suited for
157.
success in the job for which they
are applying illustrates
social facilitation.
360-degree feedback.
strengths-based selection.
employee engagement.

After discovering that their

company's best software
developers are highly analytical,
personnel psychologists focused
their employment ads for
158. additional software developers
less on applicants' experience
and more on their ability to
engage in logical problem
solving. This best illustrates their
commitment to
360-degree feedback.
social leadership.
structured interviews.
a strengths-based selection
system.

159. Work activities that are

A)
B)
C)
D)

specifically suited to your

strengths are most likely to be
those associated with the
experience of
flow.
360-degree feedback.
implementation intentions.
external rewards.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Unstructured interviews provide

a ________ predictor of on-the-job
performance than aptitude tests
160.
and a ________ predictor of onthe-job performance than job
knowledge tests.
better; worse
worse; better
better; better
worse; worse

A)
B)
C)
D)

Mr. Walters has many years of

experience as a personnel officer
for a large corporation. He does
not review most job applicants'
reference files because he is
161. confident of his ability to predict
their future work performance
based on his direct face-to-face
conversations with them. Mr.
Walters' confidence best
illustrates
360-degree feedback.
the halo error.
transformational leadership.
the interviewer illusion.

162. When meeting job applicants,

employers often discount the
influence of varying situations on
applicants' behaviors and
presume that what they observe

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

applicants do and say reflects the

applicants' enduring personality
traits. This most clearly
contributes to
360-degree feedback.
the interviewer illusion.
strengths-based selection
systems.
the experience of flow.

If interviewers instantly like a job

applicant because of his or her
good looks, they may judge the
person's complimentary remarks
as indicating polite manners
163.
rather than manipulative
flattery. This best illustrates the
impact of ________ on the
interpretation of interviewees'
responses.
transformational leadership
interviewers' preconceptions
360-degree feedback
a strengths-based selection
system

To predict effectively the job

success of various applicants for
164. a specific work position,
psychologists would recommend
the development of
set points.
task leadership.
structured interviews.
human factors psychology.

165. Dr. Thompson is involved in

scripting interview questions that
will effectively predict job
applicants' success in specific
work positions. Her work best

A)
B)
C)
D)

illustrates that of a(n) ________

psychologist.
personnel
organizational
human factors
clinical

A)
B)
C)
D)

Scales and checklists on which

supervisors indicate the extent to
which a worker is productive,
166. follows correct procedures, and
attends to customers' needs are
designed primarily for the
purpose of improving
unstructured interviews.
social leadership.
performance appraisal.
a directive style of management.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Full and clear communication

regarding Kelsey's effectiveness
as a customer service manager is
enhanced by the performance
167. appraisals she periodically
receives from fellow managers,
subordinates, customers, and her
supervisor. This best illustrates
the value of
experiencing flow.
structured interviews.
360-degree feedback.
task leadership.

A)
B)
C)
D)

The practice of 360-degree

168. feedback is especially likely to
involve
unit bias.
the experience of flow.
behavior checklists and rating
scales.
transformational leadership.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Carlos is so friendly and likable

that his job supervisors and coworkers often appraise his work
169. skills and performance more
positively than is actually
warranted. This best illustrates
evaluators' vulnerability to
unit bias.
the interviewer illusion.
the experience of flow.
halo errors.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Jeff, who is 14, engages in

rigorous tennis drills or
competitive play at least four
hours every day because he
170. wants to master the sport and
play on one of the best university
teams in the country. His goal
and behavior best illustrate the
concept of
set point.
360-degree feedback.
human factors psychology.
achievement motivation.

A)
B)
C)
D)

When researchers monitored the

professional accomplishments of
more than 1500 highly intelligent
individuals, they found that the
171.
most successful were more
ambitious, energetic, and
persistent. This best illustrates
the importance of
social leadership.
360-degree feedback.
achievement motivation.
leniency errors.

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

In studies of both secondary

school and university students,
________ has been a better
172.
predictor of school performance
than intelligence scores have
been.
social leadership
self-discipline
360-degree feedback
family birth order

173. Grit can best be described as

transformational leadership.
optimizing person-machine
interactions.
a lowered awareness of self and
time.
passionate dedication to an
ambitious goal.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Those who demonstrate grit are

174. especially likely to have a high
level of
charisma.
social leadership.
achievement motivation.
management training.

A)
B)
C)
D)

A business setting in which

workers have regular
opportunities to do what they do
175.
best and perceive that they are
part of something significant is
one that promotes
360-degree feedback.
implementation intentions.
employee engagement.
unstructured interviews.

176. Organizational psychologists are

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

most likely to be involved in

matching people's strengths with
specific job assignments.
modifying work environments to
improve employee engagement.
contributing to the design of
user-friendly industrial machines.
designing training programs to
prepare unemployed persons for
existing jobs.

177. Engaged employees are likely to

practice human factors
psychology.
view their work as a job rather
than a calling.
prefer working for managers with
a directive management style.
know what is expected of them
at their workplace.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Employees who put in work time

178. but invest little passion or energy
into their work are described as
resilient.
outsourced.
not engaged.
actively disengaged.

A)
B)
C)
D)

In the process of generating

humanitarian reforms in a cotton
179.
mill in Scotland, Robert Owen
demonstrated
flow.
outsourcing.
the bell-shaped curve.
transformational leadership.

180. Expecting every full-time

university professor to teach the

A)
B)
C)
D)

same number of courses and

engage in the same amount of
research would
interfere with the practice of 360degree feedback.
help to promote social
leadership.
fail to adequately develop the
unique strengths of each
professor.
facilitate the professors'
experience of flow.

A)
B)
C)
D)

By praising their employees'

positive behaviors, managers
181. often encourage their workers to
continue laboring productively.
This best illustrates the value of
reinforcement.
360-degree feedback.
a democratic management style.
experiencing flow.

A)
B)
C)
D)

As a business manager, Julie

often calls her employees'
attention to their occasional
182. mistakes while withholding praise
for their many accomplishments.
Julie fails to take full advantage
of a basic principle of
360-degree feedback.
operant conditioning.
task leadership.
set points.

A)
B)
C)

The on-time completion of major

183. work projects is most clearly
facilitated by
reducing flow.
scripting structured interviews.
receiving 360-degree feedback.

stating implementation
intentions.

D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

A specification of when, where,

and how to achieve the subgoals
184.
necessary for completion of a
major task is called a(n)
psychological contact.
state of flow.
action plan.
engagement.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Leaders who set target dates for

185. the completion of specific
measurable goals best illustrate
transformational leadership.
managing by objectives.
360-degree feedback.
the experience of flow.

186.
A)
B)
C)
D)

187.
A)
B)
C)
D)

Managers who excel at task

leadership typically
demonstrate charisma.
use a directive style.
discourage performance
appraisals.
use a democratic style.

Managers with a task-leadership

style would be most likely to
mediate a conflict between two
argumentative employees.
give employees a high degree of
freedom to develop their own
work procedures.
remind employees of the exact
deadlines for the completion of
work projects.
avoid closely monitoring the
productivity of individual

employees.

A)
B)
C)
D)

The great person theory of

188. leadership suggested that all
great leaders
demonstrate a directive style.
prefer task leadership.
use action plans.
share certain traits.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Leaders with a vision for goals

that they clearly communicate in
189. a way that inspires their group to
follow them are said to
demonstrate
grit.
charisma.
performance appraisal.
human factors psychology.

B)
C)
D)

Motivating workers to identify

190. with and commit themselves to a
group mission best illustrates
a strengths-based selection
system.
360-degree feedback.
a directive management style.
transformational leadership.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Women are more likely than men

191. to exhibit the qualities associated
with
unit bias.
recency errors.
transformational leadership.
a directive management style.

A)

192. Effective managers often

demonstrate ________ levels of

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

task leadership and ________

levels of social leadership.
high; low
low; high
low; low
high; high

If given a chance to express their

own opinions during a decision193. making process, people will
respond more positively to the
decision. This illustrates
unit bias.
a voice effect.
360-degree feedback.
a strengths-based selection
system.

Effectively designing physical

environmentssuch as the
layout of a kitchen in a way that
194.
maximizes safe and efficient
meal preparationis of special
interest to
personnel psychologists.
organizational psychologists.
clinical psychologists.
human factors psychologists.

Human factors psychologists

195. would be most likely to aid in the
design of
computer keyboards.
weight-reduction programs.
protective clothing.
classroom management
techniques.

196. An engineer who understands

how to design and use a home

A)
B)
C)
D)

theater system may find it hard

to mentally simulate what its like
not to know how to operate the
system. The engineer's difficulty
illustrates
a voice effect.
360-degree feedback.
the curse of knowledge.
the interviewer illusion.

Answer Key
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.

C
A
D
C
D
A
C
B
A
C
A
C
C
C
C
B
D
C
D
A
D
A
A
D
D
C
B
D
D
C
D
B
B
B
D
D
B
C
A
C
D

42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.

D
B
C
C
D
D
C
C
B
A
A
D
C
B
D
B
B
D
A
C
D
B
B
C
C
D
D
D
D
C
C
C
B
C
C
D
D
C
D
C
D
A
A

85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.

D
A
C
D
B
C
C
C
C
B
C
C
C
B
B
D
D
A
C
D
C
C
D
C
C
A
C
D
B
A
D
D
D
C
A
A
C
D
C
A
A
D
C

128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
157.
158.
159.
160.
161.
162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
170.

D
D
D
B
D
A
B
C
C
C
D
C
C
C
A
D
C
B
C
B
D
D
B
D
D
B
D
D
B
D
D
A
D
D
B
B
C
A
C
C
C
D
D

171.
172.
173.
174.
175.
176.
177.
178.
179.
180.
181.
182.
183.
184.
185.
186.
187.
188.
189.
190.
191.
192.
193.
194.
195.
196.

C
B
D
C
C
B
D
C
D
C
A
B
D
C
B
B
C
D
B
D
C
D
B
C
A
C