The document summarizes key topics from Lecture 04:
1) It discusses the speed of sound in gases, liquids, and solids, noting that sound travels faster in denser mediums. Formulas are provided to calculate speed of sound based on temperature, molecular properties in gases, and stiffness and density in solids.
2) Properties of waves like reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference are introduced. Reflection, refraction, and interference are highlighted as most important for musical sound.
3) The Doppler effect is explained, where frequency shifts up if the source or detector is moving towards each other, and down if moving apart. However, the effect is minimal for musical sounds.
The document summarizes key topics from Lecture 04:
1) It discusses the speed of sound in gases, liquids, and solids, noting that sound travels faster in denser mediums. Formulas are provided to calculate speed of sound based on temperature, molecular properties in gases, and stiffness and density in solids.
2) Properties of waves like reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference are introduced. Reflection, refraction, and interference are highlighted as most important for musical sound.
3) The Doppler effect is explained, where frequency shifts up if the source or detector is moving towards each other, and down if moving apart. However, the effect is minimal for musical sounds.
The document summarizes key topics from Lecture 04:
1) It discusses the speed of sound in gases, liquids, and solids, noting that sound travels faster in denser mediums. Formulas are provided to calculate speed of sound based on temperature, molecular properties in gases, and stiffness and density in solids.
2) Properties of waves like reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference are introduced. Reflection, refraction, and interference are highlighted as most important for musical sound.
3) The Doppler effect is explained, where frequency shifts up if the source or detector is moving towards each other, and down if moving apart. However, the effect is minimal for musical sounds.
The document summarizes key topics from Lecture 04:
1) It discusses the speed of sound in gases, liquids, and solids, noting that sound travels faster in denser mediums. Formulas are provided to calculate speed of sound based on temperature, molecular properties in gases, and stiffness and density in solids.
2) Properties of waves like reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference are introduced. Reflection, refraction, and interference are highlighted as most important for musical sound.
3) The Doppler effect is explained, where frequency shifts up if the source or detector is moving towards each other, and down if moving apart. However, the effect is minimal for musical sounds.
Speed of sound depends on various factors In an IDEAL GAS
v=
( R T /M)
T = temperature in degrees Kelvin (T(K) = t(C) + 273K)
M = molecular weight of the gas (2.88 x 10-2 for air) R = universal gas constant = 8.31 = 1.4 for air ( has different values for different gases)
So for air,
v = 20.1 T
At 21C, T = (21 + 273) K = 294 K, so v = 344 m/s
Note that v does not depend on pressure, only on temperature Lecture 04
Speed of Sound In Liquids and Solids
Sound waves travel much faster in liquids and solids than in gases In a solid
v = (E /)
where E is the Youngs modulus (a measure of how stiff the
material is) and is the density
Examples: Water at 0C Aluminum Glass
v = 1,410 m/s v = 5,150 m/s v = 3,750 5,000 m/s
Lecture 04
PROPERTIES OF WAVES The Doppler effect Reflection Refraction Diffraction Interference (For musical sound, reflection, refraction and interference are the most important.)
Lecture 04
THE DOPPLER EFFECT
When the source of waves is moving towards you, or if you are moving towards the source of the waves, the apparent frequency of the waves increases: sound is heard at a higher pitch, light waves are blue-shifted. When the source of waves is moving away from you, or if you are moving away from the source of the waves. the apparent frequency of the waves decreases: sound is heard at a lower pitch, light waves are red-shifted. eg) fire truck going past you, red-shift of distant galaxies Video racecars
Lecture 04
Understanding the Doppler effect:
(a)MOVING DETECTOR When you move towards the source, you run to meet the waves more waves pass you per second than are made per second at the source. From your point of view, their frequency has increased.
Lecture 04
(b) MOVING SOURCE
When the source moves toward you, it catches up on the waves it has already made, decreasing the distance between successive peaks (the wavelength). Recall: Velocity = frequency x wavelength The velocity of the waves (with respect to the medium they travel through) is not changed by the motion of the source So if the wavelength is decreased, the frequency must increase. VIDEO ripple tank 14:40
(NOTE: these descriptions of the Doppler shift are not correct for e/m waves) Lecture 04
Is the Doppler effect important in musical
sound? Generally, no, because the sources and listeners are not moving fast enough to get much of a frequency change. DEMO with tone (from metronome)
Lecture 04
Lecture 04
REFLECTION Waves will reflect off a barrier, e.g: Light waves mirror Sound waves echoes, whispering galleries VIDEO ripple tank 0:05, 1:38
REFRACTION Waves change direction if the density of the medium they are traveling in changes Light waves air/glass boundaries, lenses Sound waves regions of different air temperature Why? When density of medium increases (or temperature of air), waves slow down. Their frequency does not change, so their wavelength must decrease. (Remember v = f )
Sound carries over water.
Dont shout into the wind!
VIDEO ripple tank 5:57
Lecture 04
DIFFRACTION Waves will bend around an obstacle. The amount of bending is large if the size of the obstacle is similar to the wavelength of the waves.
Diffraction also occurs when waves are generated from a source,
eg loudspeaker, sound box of an instrument. Lecture 04
10
DIFFRACTION The amount of bending depends on how large the opening (or sound source) is compared to the wavelength of the waves.
VIDEO ripple tank 9:15
Lecture 04
11
Lecture 04
12
DIFFRACTION You get noticeable diffraction of waves when the obstacle (or the source of the waves) is of comparable size to the wavelength. What is the typical wavelength of sound waves?
Recall v = f Suppose f = 440 Hz (concert A) Wavelength = v/f = (340 m/s)/(440 Hz) ~ 0.75 m. Sound waves are of similar size to many everyday apertures (eg doors, windows), and a similar size to many sound generators (eg musical instruments) So diffraction is very important in musical sound. NOTE: Waves also diffract around an edge (eg over a wall, around a corner.)
INTERFERENCE For musical sound, the most important interference phenomenon is the creation of standing waves (see Lecture 3). A wave traveling along a string (or a sound wave in a pipe) interferes with its own reflected waves, producing a standing wave. Here are the transverse standing waves on a string again:
INTERFERENCE Here are the standing sound waves (longitudinal) in a pipe again:
Wave traveling to right + Wave traveling to left (waves reflected off end of pipe) = Standing wave
Animation at http://ceae.colorado.edu/~muehleis/classes/aren4020/handouts/animations/ standingwaves.html Lecture 04
14
RESONANCE (Rossing Ch 4) What is resonance? For things that oscillate, there is a natural frequency they like to oscillate at. If you drive the oscillations at that frequency, you get a big amplitude this is called resonance. DEMO - vibrating bar Lets think first about free oscillations (as seen in Lecture 2) We give the oscillator a starting push, and then leave it alone. It will undergo free oscillations at its natural frequency. The oscillations will gradually die away (damping). eg. plucking a guitar string DEMO - mass on a spring, as in Lecture 2 The natural frequency is
f = (1/2) ( K/m ) Lecture 04
15
Driven oscillations and resonance
If we dont want the oscillations to die away, we need to repeatedly push the oscillator. If we apply pushes at a steady frequency, the resulting oscillations will also be at this driving frequency. The oscillations will develop the biggest amplitude if we apply the pushes at the frequency the system likes to oscillate at the natural frequency. This is resonance. DEMO mass on a spring
eg. Pumping a swing. You need to make each push at the right time. A child wont be able get the swing going themselves until they learn to time their pumping at the natural frequency of the swing. The optimal frequency to pump at is the natural frequency of oscillation. This is the same as the frequency of free oscillations. VIDEO Tacoma Narrows Bridge Lecture 04
V I I X 10 Log (I/I I P/4 R V F V F ML 2L/n, 2L/n, F nv/2L N 1,2,3,... For A Tube Open at Both Ends. 4L/n, F nv/4L N 1,3,5,... For A Tube Open at Only One End
V I I X 10 Log (I/I I P/4 R V F V F ML 2L/n, 2L/n, F nv/2L N 1,2,3,... For A Tube Open at Both Ends. 4L/n, F nv/4L N 1,3,5,... For A Tube Open at Only One End
