Report on:

Solar power plant

Sub: Conventional and Non-Conventional Power generation
Class: S.E Sem-III

Batch: k1

Sec: B

YEAR: 2016-17
Presented By:
ROLL NO
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NAME
Pratik Mundagod
Shantanu Mundhe
Amol Mungekar
Shrutesh Naik
Vishal Narsale

UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI
Department of Electrical Engineering,
A.C Patil College of Engineering, Kharghar
Navi Mumbai-410210.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We offer our gratitude to our Principal Dr.D.G.Borse and our Head of Department
S.R.Deore for creating such conductive environment in institute and giving us the
opportunity to present the Conventional and Non-Conventional Power Generation
Report.
We wish to acknowledge our indebtedness to MrsK.Harshini and Mrs Jayashri,our
CNCPG lecturer who guided us in doing this report ,and also our classmates for their
cooperation with us.

INDEX
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SR.NO

TOPIC
CHAPTER 1

1.

INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION TO SOLAR POWER PLANT

2.1
2.2

CHAPTER 2
LAYOUT OF SOLAR POWER PLANT
STRUCTURE AND WORKING OF SOLAR POWER PLANT

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5

CHAPTER 3
EQUIPMENT USED IN SOLAR POWER PLANT
SOLAR TOWER
BATTERY UNIT
ELECTRICAL ENERGY STORAGE UNIT
CONTROLLER
DC-AC CONVERTER

4.1
4.2

CHAPTER 4
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES

CHAPTER 5
5.1
5.2

GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES
GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES TO IMPROVE EFFICIENCY OF
SOLAR POWER PLANT(JNNSM)

6.1
6.2

CONCLUSION
REFERENCE

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1) Introduction
Solar energy in one form or another is the source of nearly all energy on the earth.
Humans, like all other animals and plants, rely on the sun for warmth and food.
However, people also harness the sun's energy in many other different ways. For
example, fossil fuels, plant matter from a past geological age, is used for transportation
and electricity generation and is essentially just stored solar energy from millions of
years ago. Similarly, biomass converts the sun's energy into a fuel, which can then be
used for heat, transport or electricity. Wind energy, used for hundreds of years to
provide mechanical energy or for transportation, uses air currents that are created by
solar heated air and the rotation of the earth. Today wind turbines convert wind power
into electricity as well as its traditional uses. Even hydroelectricity is derived from the
sun. Hydropower depends on the evaporation of water by the sun, and its subsequent
return to the Earth as rain to provide water in dams. Photovoltaics (often abbreviated
as PV) are a simple and elegant method of harnessing the sun's energy. PV devices
(solar cells) are unique in that they directly convert the incident solar radiation into
electricity, with no noise, pollution or moving parts, making them robust, reliable and
long lasting. Solar cells are based on the same principles and materials behind the
communications and computer revolutions, and this CDROM covers the operation, use
and applications of photovoltaic devices and systems.
Photovoltaics were initially solely used as a source of electricity for small and mediumsized applications, from the calculator powered by a single solar cell to remote homes
powered by an off-grid rooftop PV system. As the cost of solar electricity has fallen, the
number of grid-connected solar PV systems has grown and utility-scale solar power
stations with hundreds of megawatts are being built. Solar PV is rapidly becoming an
inexpensive, low-carbon technology to harness renewable energy from the Sun.

1.1.1 Potential of solar energy

The Earth receives 174,000 terawatts (TW) of incoming solar radiation (isolation) at the
upper atmosphere. Approximately 30% is reflected back to space while the rest is
absorbed by clouds, oceans and land masses. The spectrum of solar light at the Earth's
surface is mostly spread across the visible and near-infrared ranges with a small part in
the near-ultraviolet.[6] Most of the world's population live in areas with isolation levels of
150-300 watts/m, or 3.5-7.0 kWh/m per day.
Solar radiation is absorbed by the Earth's land surface, oceans which cover about
71% of the globe and atmosphere. Warm air containing evaporated water from the
oceans rises, causing atmospheric circulation or convection. When the air reaches a high
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altitude, where the temperature is low, water vapour condenses into clouds, which rain
onto the Earth's surface, completing the water cycle. The latent heat of water
condensation amplifies convection, producing atmospheric phenomena such as
wind, cyclones and anti-cyclones.[7] Sunlight absorbed by the oceans and land masses
keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14 C.By photosynthesis, green plants
convert solar energy into chemically stored energy, which produces food, wood and
the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived.
The total solar energy absorbed by Earth's atmosphere, oceans and land masses is
approximately 3,850,000 extra joules (EJ) per year. In 2002, this was more energy in one
hour than the world used in one year. Photosynthesis captures approximately 3,000 EJ
per year in biomass. The amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet is so
vast that in one year it is about twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of the
Earth's non-renewable resources of coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined.
The potential solar energy that could be used by humans differs from the amount of
solar energy present near the surface of the planet because factors such as geography,
time variation, cloud cover, and the land available to humans limit the amount of solar
energy that we can acquire.
Geography affects solar energy potential because areas that are closer to
the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation. However, the use
of photovoltaic that can follow the position of the sun can significantly increase the solar
energy potential in areas that are farther from the equator.[4] Time variation effects the
potential of solar energy because during the night-time there is little solar radiation on
the surface of the Earth for solar panels to absorb. This limits the amount of energy that
solar panels can absorb in one day. Cloud cover can affect the potential of solar panels
because clouds block incoming light from the sun and reduce the light available for
solar cells.
In addition, land availability has a large effect on the available solar energy because
solar panels can only be set up on land that is otherwise unused and suitable for solar
panels. Roofs have been found to be a suitable place for solar cells, as many people have
discovered that they can collect energy directly from their homes this way. Other areas
that are suitable for solar cells are lands that are not being used for businesses where
solar plants can be established.[4]
Solar technologies are characterized as either passive or active depending on the way
they capture, convert and distribute sunlight and enable solar energy to be harnessed at
different levels around the world, mostly depending on distance from the equator.
Although solar energy refers primarily to the use of solar radiation for practical ends,
all renewable energies, other than Geothermal power and Tidal power, derive their
energy either directly or indirectly from the Sun.

Active solar techniques use photovoltaic, concentrated solar power, solar thermal
collectors, pumps, and fans to convert sunlight into useful outputs.
In 2000, the United Nations Development Programme, UN Department of Economic
and Social Affairs, and World Energy Council published an estimate of the potential
solar energy that could be used by humans each year that took into account factors such
as isolation, cloud cover, and the land that is usable by humans. The estimate found that
solar energy has a global potential of 1,57549,837 EJ per year

CHAPTER-2
LAYOUT OF SOLAR POWER PLANT

2.1) Solar power system structure and working principle

Solar power is the use of solar energy battery components directly into electrical energy.
Solar Module (Solar cells) is the use of electronic characteristic of semiconductor
materials to achieve solid PV conversion device, in the vast off-grid areas, the device can
be easily implemented as user-powered lighting and living, and some developed
countries also regional power grid to achieve complementarily. Current from the
civilian point of view, mature technology in foreign countries and begun to take industry
is "PV - Building (lighting) integration" technology, while the domestic production of
major research areas without electricity for a small solar home lighting power
generation systems.
1 Principles of solar power
Solar power generation system include: solar module (array), controller, batteries,
inverters, lighting load that is composed of the user. Among them, the solar battery
components and batteries for the power system, controller and inverter for the control

and protection system, the load for the system terminals.

CHAPTER -3
EQUIPMENT USED IN SOLAR POWER PLANT

3.1 Battery Unit:

As technology and material reasons, a single cell generating capacity is very
limited, practical solar cells in a single cell by series and parallel to form a battery
system, called the battery components (arrays). Single cell is a silicon diode, according
to the electronic characteristic of semiconductor materials, when the sun light shines
from the P-type and N-type conductivity of two different types of homogenous
composition of semiconductor materials when the PN junction, under certain
conditions, solar radiation absorbed by the semiconductor material in the conduction
band and valence band of non-equilibrium carrier generation is electron and hole.
Barrier at the PN junction with the existence of strong built-in area electrostatic field,
which can be formed in the light of the current density J, short-circuit current Isc, open
circuit voltage Voc.
If the sides of the built-in electric field leads to the electrode and connected to the
load, by the PN junction theory, the connection circuit and the load form the loop, there
is "photo-current" flows through the solar modules to achieve the power of the load P
output.
Theoretical studies have shown that the peak power of solar modules Pk, by the
local solar radiation intensity and the end of the average electricity load (electricity
demand) decisions.

3.2 Electrical energy storage unit:

Solar cells produce direct current into the battery before storage, the battery
characteristics of the system's efficiency and features. Battery technology is very
mature, but its capacity to take power by the end of the sunshine time (generation time)
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effects. Watt-hour battery capacity and therefore the amount of the intended
consecutive an Shirong no sunshine decision.

3.3 Controller:
Controller's main function is to make solar power system is always in the vicinity
of the maximum power generation in order to obtain maximum efficiency. The charge
control usually the PWM pulse width modulation control, so that the whole system is
always running at maximum power point Pm near the area. Discharge control mainly
refers to when the battery power shortage, system failures, such as open or reversed
when the battery cut off switch. Currently both Hitachi developed a tracking control
point Pm, and can track the sun moving parameter of the "sunflower" type of
controller, the battery components will be fixed about 50% efficiency.
3.4 DC-AC inverter:
Inverter by incentives can be divided into self-excited oscillation inverter and his
excited oscillation inverter. Main function is to the DC battery
The inverse into alternating current. Through the full bridge circuit, generally
modulated SPWM processor, filter, boost, etc., are with the photos

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Ming load frequency f, the rated voltage matches the sinusoidal alternating
current UN and other end users for the system.

CHAPTER -4
ADVANTAGES &DISADVANTAGES
4.1 Advantages of solar energy
1. Renewable Energy Source:
Solar energy is a truly renewable energy source. It can be harnessed in all areas
of the world and is available everyday. We cannot run out of solar energy, unlike some
of the other sources of energy. Solar energy will be accessible as long as we have the sun,
therefore sunlight will be available to us for at least 5 billion years, when according to
scientists the sun is going to die.

2. Reduces Electricity Bills:

Since you will be meeting some of your energy needs with the electricity your
solar system has generated, your energy bills will drop. How much you save on your bill
will be dependent on the size of the solar system and your electricity or heat usage.
Moreover, not only will you be saving on the electricity bill, but if you generate more
electricity than you use, the surplus will be exported back to the grid and you will
receive bonus payments for that amount (considering that your solar panel system is
connected to the grid). Savings can further grow if you sell excess electricity at high
rates during the day and then buy electricity from the grid during the evening when the
rates are lower.

3. Diverse Applications:
Solar energy can be used for diverse purposes. You can generate electricity
(photovoltaics) or heat (solar thermal). Solar energy can be used to produce
electricity in areas without access to the energy grid, to distil water in regions with
limited clean water supplies and to power satellites in space. Solar energy can also be
integrated in the materials used for buildings. Not long ago Sharp introduced
transparent solar energy windows.

4. Low Maintenance Costs:

Solar energy systems generally dont require a lot of maintenance. You only need
to keep them relatively clean, so cleaning them a couple of times per year will do the job.
Most reliable solar panel manufacturers give 20-25 years warranty. Also, as there are no
moving parts, there is no wear and tear. The inverter is usually the only part that needs
to be changed after 5-10 years because it is continuously working to convert solar
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energy into electricity (solar PV) and heat (solar thermal). So, after covering the initial
cost of the solar system, you can expect very little spending on maintenance and repair
work.

5. Technology Development:
Technology in the solar power industry is constantly advancing and improvements will
intensify in the future. Innovations in quantum physics and nanotechnology can
potentially increase the effectiveness of solar panels and double, or even triple, the
electrical input of the solar power systems.

4.2 Disadvantages of solar energy

1. Cost:
The initial cost for purchasing a solar system is fairly high. Although the UK
government has introduced some schemes for encouraging the adoption of renewable
energy sources, for example the Feed-in Tariff, you still have to cover the upfront costs.
This includes paying for solar panels, inverter, batteries, and wiring and for the
installation. Nevertheless, solar technologies are constantly developing, so it is safe to
assume that prices will go down in the future.

2. Weather Dependent:
Although solar energy can still be collected during cloudy and rainy days, the
efficiency of the solar system drops. Solar panels are dependent on sunlight to effectively
gather solar energy. Therefore, a few cloudy, rainy days can have a noticeable effect on
the energy system. You should also take into account that solar energy cannot be
collected during the night.

3. Solar Energy Storage Is Expensive

Solar energy has to be used right away, or it can be stored in large batteries.
These batteries, used in off-the-grid solar systems, can be charged during the day so
that the energy is used at night. This is good solution for using solar energy all day long
but it is also quite expensive. In most cases it is smarter to just use solar energy during
the day and take energy from the grid during the night (you can only do this if your
system is connected to the grid). Luckily our energy demand is usually higher during
the day so we can meet most of it with solar energy.
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4. Uses a Lot of Space

The more electricity you want to produce, the more solar panels you will need,
because you want to collect as much sunlight as possible. Solar panels require a lot of
space and some roofs are not big enough to fit the number of solar panels that you
would like to have. An alternative is to install some of the panels in your yard but they
need to have access to sunlight. Anyways, If you dont have the space for all the panels
that you wanted, you can just get a fewer and they will still be satisfying some of your
energy needs.

5. Associated with Pollution

Although pollution related to solar energy systems is far less compared to other
sources of energy, solar energy can be associated with pollution. Transportation and
installation of solar systems have been associated with the emission of greenhouse gases.
There are also some toxic materials and hazardous products used during the
manufacturing process of solar photovoltaics, which can indirectly affect the
environment. Nevertheless, solar energy pollutes far less than the other alternative
energy sources. Has this sparked your interest towards solar energy? We can help you
find your best deal! Simply fill in the contact form at the top of this page and we will get
back to you with quotes from our professional installers. Take a minute to complete the
form and save hours of research! Our service is totally free and with no obligation!

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CHAPTER-5
GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES
5.1 GOVERNMENT INITITATIVES TO IMPROVE EFFICIENCY OF
SOLAR POWER PLANT
The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission was launched on the 11th January, 2010
by our former Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh. The Mission has set the ambitious
target of deploying 20,000 MW of grid connected solar power by 2022 and aims at
reducing the cost of solar power generation in the country through (i) long term policy;
(ii) large scale deployment goals; (iii) aggressive R&D; and (iv) domestic production of
critical raw materials, components and products. It has been envisaged to achieve grid
tariff parity by 2022.
The Prime Minister has emphasised the importance of the mission as:
The importance of this Mission is not just limited to providing large-scale grid connected
power. It has the potential to provide significant multipliers in our efforts for
transformation of India's rural economy. Already, in its decentralized and distributed
applications, solar energy is beginning to light the lives of tens of millions of India's
energy-poor citizens. The rapid spread of solar lighting systems, solar water pumps and
other solar power-based rural applications can change the face of India's rural economy.
We intend to significantly expand such applications through this Mission. As a result, the
movement for decentralized and disbursed industrialization will acquire an added
momentum, a momentum which has not been seen before.
The objective of the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission is to establish India as a
global leader in solar energy, by creating the policy conditions for its large scale
diffusion across the country as quickly as possible. For this purpose, the Mission has
adopted a 3-phase approach: the 11th Plan and first year of the 12th Plan (up to 201213) has been considered as Phase 1, the remaining 4 years of the 12th Plan (2013-17) are
included as Phase 2, and the 13th Plan period (2017-22) is envisaged as Phase 3. An
evaluation of progress, review of capacity and targets for subsequent phases, based on
emerging cost and technology trends, both domestic and global, would be undertaken at
the end of each plan period, and mid-term during the 12th and 13th Plans.
The first phase of NSM focused on capturing the low hanging options in solar: on
promoting off-grid systems to serve rural populations and a modest capacity addition in
grid-based systems. This was partly envisaged as a learning experience for the further,
ambitious goals. Now, in the second phase, an aggressive capacity ramp-up is targeted.
The aim is to create favourable conditions for up-scaled and competitive solar energy
penetration in both at the centralized and decentralized levels.

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6.1 CONCLUSION
The sun is a powerful source that can help our planet by giving us clean, reusable
energy to power our world. The use of this energy is free, does not create pollution, and
if used wisely can help us become less dependent on other more costly and damaging
forms of power. After participating in this Web Quest I hope you are able to see the
benefits of this valuable resource and help change the future for energy use.

In conclusion, solar panels can provide clean and renewable energy for our planet, and
the concentration of light by using convex lens could save money. Also, the concentrated
light would double the amount of power generated. The world would absolutely change.
People would wake up every day breathing fresh air instead of smelling the polluted air
and smog. Countries where electricity is scarce could grow and strengthen their
economy. Cities could use clean and renewable energy. Instead of seeing and smelling
pollution, we could see the light blue sky. People could feel sereneness and calmness in
this beautiful world.

6.2 REFERENCE:

B.L SINGH(CNCPG TECHMAX)

WIKIPEDIA
www.renewableenergysources.com
PHOTOVOLTAIC DESIGN AND INSTALLATION

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