MCA-Indonesia Social and Gender Integration Plan (SGIP)

,
MCA-Indonesia Social and

Gender Integration Plan (SGIP)
Millennium Challenge Account Indonesia (MCA-I)

June 2013
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 5
2. Background: Key Social and Gender Issues, Concerns, and Trends ..................... 7
Gender and Social Gaps at the Legal and Policy Level ......................................... 8
Womens Participation and Leadership ............................................................... 13
Women in the Economy ...................................................................................... 14
The National Gender Mainstreaming Framework ................................................ 17
3.Institutional and Programmatic Review of Related Donor and Womens
Organizations .......................................................................................................... 19
4. Social and Gender Integration Action Plan .......................................................... 21
Green Prosperity ................................................................................................. 21
The Community Based Health and Nutrition to Reduce Stunting Project ............. 31
Procurement Modernization................................................................................. 34
Cross-Cutting Gender Concerns: Gender Targeted Activities .............................. 38
4. Monitoring and Evaluation ................................................................................... 45
6. Communications.................................................................................................. 47
8. MCA Capacity Assessment ................................................................................. 47
9. SGIP and Its Implication to other Compact Documents, Contracts and Reports .. 48
10. SGIP Review and Update Process .................................................................... 48
Social Gender Integration Plan (SGIP) Indonesia
List of Figures
Figure 1: Gender Development Index by Indonesia Province ................................ 9
Figure 2: Percentage of Education Attainment BPS Gender Statistic 2011 .......... 12
Figure 3: The fraction of births attended by skilled professionals varies across
East Asian and Pacific countries ......................................................................... 13
Figure 4: Employment sectoral composition by gender in Thailand and Indonesia
overtime .............................................................................................................. 14
Figure 5: Percentage of males and females labor (>15 yrs old) based on gender
and sectors.......................................................................................................... 15
Figure 6: Wage in IDR based on sex and sectors ................................................ 15
Figure 7: Womens Entrepreneurship in Indonesia: Select Figures from the World
Bank Enterprise Survey, Indonesia and Regional/Global Comparisons ............... 16
Figure 8: Female-headed households in rural areas are less likely than maleheaded households to have................................................................................. 22
Glossary
ACILS
AMAN
AIPEG
AIPJ-AusAID
BAPPENAS
BPS
CEDAW
CP
GDI
GOI
EAP Report
EFP
ICMC
IOM
IWAPI
KUHP
M&E
MAMPU-AusAID
MCA-I
MDGs
MOHA
MOWE
MoU
MSF
MMR
NMC
NRM
PEKKA
RE
PIA
PMC
PSF
Sakernas
SEMA
SLU
SGIP
TIP
TVPA
UNDP
WDR
American Center of International Labor Solidarity

Aliansi Masyarakat Adat Nusantara (The Indigenous People Alliance of the
Archipelago)
Australia Indonesia Partnership for Economic Governance
Australia Indonesia Partnership for Justice Australian Aid
Badan Perencanaan dan Pembangunan Nasional
Badan Pusat Statistik (Center of Statistic Body)
Convention to Eliminate All Forms of Discrimination against Women
Condition Precedent
Gender Development Index
Government of Indonesia
East Asia Pacific
Equal Future Partnership
International Catholic for Migration Commission
International Organization of Migration
Ikatan Wanita Pengusaha Indonesia (Indonesian Womens Business Association)
Kitab Undang-undang Hukum Pidana (the Indonesia Criminal Code)
Monitoring and Evaluation
Australian Aid program on Empowering
Millennium Challenge Account in Indonesia
Millennium Development Goals
Ministry of Home Affairs
Ministry of Womens Empowerment and Children Protection
Memorandum of Understanding
Multi-stakeholder Forum
Maternal Mortality Rate
National Management Consultant
Natural Resources Management
Perempuan Kepala Keluarga (Female-headed Household)
Renewable Energy
Program Implementation Agreement
Project Management Consultant
PNPM Support Facility
Survei Angkatan Kerja Nasional (National Labour Force Survey)
Surat Edaran Mahkamah Agung (Supreme Court Circular Letter)
Sustainable Land Use
Social and Gender Integration Plan
Trafficking In Person
Trafficking Victims Protection Act
United Nation Development Program
World Development Report
1. Introduction
Indonesia was selected by MCCs Board of Directors as eligible for a Compact in
December 2008, and on 19 November 2011 the Government of Indonesia and the
US Government signed the Compact. The MCC Compact consists of three main
projects: Green Prosperity, Community-based Health and Nutrition to Reduce
Stunting, and Procurement Modernization. The objective of Green Prosperity is to:
(a) (i) increase productivity and reduce reliance on fossil fuels by expanding
renewable energy; and (ii) increase productivity and reduce land-based greenhouse
gas emissions by improving land use practices and management of natural
resources (the GP Objective). The objective of Community-based Health and
Nutrition to Reduce Stunting project is to (b) reduce and prevent low birth weight and
childhood stunting and malnourishment of children in project areas, and to increase
household income through cost savings, productivity growth and higher lifetime
earnings (the Nutrition Objective). The procurement modernization project aims to
(c) achieve significant government expenditure savings on procured goods and
services, while assuring their quality satisfies the public need, and to achieve the
delivery of public services as planned (the Procurement Modernization Objective).
These projects are expected to ensure broad and equitable benefits, including
especially for the poor and women. However, there are substantial gaps in ensuring
equal economic opportunities for women and men as well as other vulnerable groups
in Indonesia. In particular, womens legal and social status is problematic. To
address these gaps, social and gender analysis is being integrated into each of the
three compact themes and across activities to inform their design. Additional funding
in the amount of $5million is available in the Compact to focus on broader
crosscutting policy, regulatory and legal issues that inhibit womens full economic
participation and ability to benefit from potential project benefits. While these
activities will complement the other compact themes, they are not substitutes for
gender integration into each project.
The Social and Gender Integration Plan (SGIP) is an operational document designed
to systematize and ensure gender integration across compact projects and activities.
It is also intended to highlight particular social constraints and opportunities that may
be relevant across sectors as well as risks that need to be managed. As one of
MCCs Gender Milestones and Operational Procedures, this plan is a requirement for
the Compact and a Conditions Precedent for second disbursement of Compact
funds. The Compact states:
To maximize the positive social impacts of the Projects, address cross-cutting social
and gender issues such as human trafficking, child and forced labor, and HIV/AIDS,
and to ensure compliance with the MCC Gender Policy, the Government will: (x)
develop a comprehensive social and gender integration plan which, at a minimum,
identifies approaches for regular, meaningful and inclusive consultations with women
and other vulnerable/underrepresented groups, consolidates the findings and
recommendations of Project-specific social and gender analyses and sets forth
strategies for incorporating findings of the social and gender analyses into final
Project designs as appropriate (Social and Gender Integration Plan); and (y)
ensure, through monitoring and coordination during implementation, that final Activity
designs, construction tender documents and implementation plans are consistent
with and incorporate the outcomes of the social and gender analyses and social and
gender integration plan.
A substantial amount of background research, analysis, assessments and

consultations have been carried out during Compact development to help inform this
Social and Gender Integration Plan. The plan has summarized that information and
built upon it to provide concrete and actionable entry points for the Compact
activities. Consultants were contracted to produce thorough social and gender

analysis for the three projects, and field visits have been undertaken to gather
practical, detailed beneficiary information. Additional consultations with project
teams, and as relevant, implementing entities have taken place to discuss and
validate the recommendations. To the extent possible, initial recommendations and
issues have been incorporated into ongoing project plans, terms of reference,
bidding documents, and other project documentation and arrangements, with specific
funds set aside to ensure resources within each project activity.
In addition, gender analysis of the policy, institutional and regulatory environment has
been carried out to assist in identifying concrete opportunities to support through
complementary gender funding. This has been complemented by extensive
conversations and dialogue on the most appropriate actions to support. The $5
million gender targeted activity will address a number of broad cross-cutting gaps
and inequalities at the policy, institutional, and community levels that limit womens
full participation in Indonesias economy and impact womens ability to participate
across projects, as further outlined in this SGIP.
As per MCCs requirements, this plan is to be reviewed and updated annually to take
account of project changes, lessons with gender integration, and changing priorities.
The revisions will be reviewed by MCC and approved by the MCC SGA lead. Basic
training on the plan will be held for the MCA-Indonesia country team in Indonesia,
and relevant contractors and implementation partners.
2. Background: Key Social and Gender Issues, Concerns, and Trends

This background section summarizes and reviews relevant national-level trends, the
socio-economic context, legal, policy and regulatory framework issues that impact
Compact activities and may constrain the ability to ensure equitable benefits across
Compact programs. We focus in particular on gender inequalities in particular given
the large gender gaps in Indonesia.
Given the tremendous diversity of Indonesia, the groups that have faced
longstanding exclusion will differ by province, regional, and/or district. In many cases,
these groups economic, social, and legal status limit their capacity to defend their
rights to and interests in land and natural resources. Their ability to participate in and
benefit from development is therefore limited. In GP projects areas, the category of
vulnerable groups, among others, are the indigenous people, the widows, femaleheaded households, the elderly, and the disabled including poor female villagers who
are the most vulnerable to becoming victims of trafficking in person.
According to AMAN (and using AMANs definition of indigenous community), the number of
indigenous people in Indonesia is between 50 and 70 millions.
Cultural diversity of indigenous peoples is recognized in:
The national motto Bhineka Tunggal Ika or Unity in Diversity.
UUD 1945 (the Indonesia Constitution): Article 18B (2): the traditional rights of the
indigenous people are recognized and respected by the state; Article 28I (3): cultural identity
and traditional rights of the Indigenous peoples are respected and protected by the state as
a human rights
TAP MPR RI No.9/IX/2001 - the Government recognizes, respects and protects the rights of
the Indigenous people tradition in natural resource management
Law No. 27 Year 2007 About Coastal area and Small Islands
To appropriately identify and target those considered excluded or vulnerable, a set of

social and economic criteria to determine status should be applied, given the
particular context of each intervention. The definition of vulnerable groups in
Indonesia is not well developed. Article 5(3) in Law No.39 Year 1999 on Human
Rights includes the elderly, children, the poor, pregnant women, and persons with
disability. A Decree was issued by Ministry of Home Affairs (No.050187/Kep/Bangda/2007) on how to organize an inclusive development planning
meeting that obliges the involvement of stakeholders (without specifying who the
stakeholders should be). These two bylaws do not clarify who are the vulnerable
groups that should be taken into account in any project planning processes.
Therefore, there is no specific national guideline on the involvement of
marginalize/vulnerable groups. The table above provides an indicative guide of how
the issue is to be handled in MCA-funded activities, with key areas of social and
economic exclusion to be considered.
What is gender?
Gender is defined as the social roles, behaviors, and responsibilities assigned to women and men in
any society. Unlike biology, gender is mutable, and womens and mens roles, behaviors, and
responsibilities change over time and are different in different societies.

What the elements that lead to exclusion? 1
Social Exclusion
Cannot access basic services available to others
Are not present in government data
Face stigma and negative stereotyping
Do not participate in the community
Cannot access the justice system
Are at risk of being exploited or abused
Have no individual bargaining power
Economic Exclusion
Lack basic skills to improve their livelihood
Have no access to credit for small scale enterprise
Have no productive assets
Engage in livelihood activities that reinforce their marginalized status
Face development-related exploitation
Relationship between gender and social analysis2
Gender is more than a focus on women, and the social relations of gender are shaped by other social
differences, such as ethnicity and age: this is an underlying principleof the study and practice of gender
and development.
Gender and Social Gaps at the Legal and Policy Level

Womens legal and social status is highly problematic in Indonesia, and there are
significant gaps in ensuring equal opportunities for women and men in Indonesia.
Legislation is inconsistent and numerous discriminatory provisions remain. Indonesia
ratified CEDAW in 1984, but a number of areas remain of concern in terms of the
application of CEDAW conventions. Indonesia is ranked 85th out of 128 countries in
the 2012 World Bank/Economist Intelligence Unit Womens Economic Empowerment
index on the legal and social status indicator, due to problems with CEDAW
ratification and property ownership rights in particular. World Economic Forum
Gender Gap Index 2012, which ranks countries according to the size of gender gaps
between women and men (rather than actual levels of opportunities afforded to
them): Indonesia is ranked 97th out of 135 countries. UNs Gender Inequality Index
2011, a composite measure reflecting inequality in achievements between women
and men in three dimensions (reproductive health, empowerment and the labor
market) ranks Indonesia 100th out of 187 countries.3
As internationally recognized gender rankings suggest, the countrys track record on
ensuring gender equality is poor compared to international best practice, regional
neighbors, or countries with comparable income levels. Traditional attitudes towards
womens roles in society and economy prevail. A UNDP opinion poll on attitudes and
perceptions to womens social, economic and political participation found that 77.6%
of male and female respondents thought that men should be the decision makers
and leaders of the community, and 95% said that men should be the leaders of the
household. Ninety-four percent felt that women should not work without the
1
http://pnpm-support.org/peduli/operational-manual-2012 accessed 17 May 2013

Gender Policy and Principles into Practice Paper
3
Human Development Report online statistics: http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Table4.pdf
2
permission of their husbands.4 Moreover, a 2010 survey by the Pew Research center
found that only 64% of respondents noted that women should have equal rights. In
the same survey, while 88% of respondents agree that women should be able to
work outside the home, 74% believe that when jobs are scarce, they should go to
men.5
Indonesia does not pass the MCC Gender In the Economy indicator in its scorecard
used to measure country eligibility for MCC assistance. The scorecard is based on
data from the World Banks Women, Business & the Law project, which assesses
womens legal capacity compared to that of men in a number of areas, including
signing contracts in their own name, becoming the head of household or getting a
job, among others. For Indonesia, the issue of the head of household results in its
non-passage of this indicator, due to the discriminatory description of the head of
household rooted in the Marriage Law.6 This issue is further examined later in this
report in the section dealing with crosscutting policy, capacity and institutional issues,
and given the direct tie to MCC work, included as a priority area as part of MCA-Is
policy work on gender.
Figure 1: Gender Development Index by Indonesia Province
Source: Gender-based Human Development 2011, BPS-MOWE 2011
The disparity of GDI in Indonesia persists. Indonesias GDI in 2011 is 67.80 and only
provinsi
menunjukkan
peningkatan.
Halmean
ini berarti
eight
provinces
score above
the national
GDI. Thebahwa
good news is the gap is
decreasing
eachgender
year. Likewise,
theprovinsi
GEI is getting
each year. In 2011, the GEI
pembangunan
di semua
telah better
menunjukkan
reach to the point of 69.14 compared to 68.15 in 2010.
kemajuan, tetapi masih perlu upaya lebih kuat lagi untuk
meningkatkan
kapabilitas
kesenjangan
Gender
discriminatory
laws perempuan
and policies mengingat
currently persist
at national and subnational
gender
terjadi
di semua
provinsi.
Secara nasional,
pada
level.
Themasih
Supreme
Court
Circular
Letter (SEMA)
No.03 Year
1963 has attempted to
annul
discriminatory
articles
against
women,
in
particular
article
tahun 2010 IPG Indonesia mencapai 67,20, setahun kemudian IPG 108 and 110 that
disallow women to testify before the court and enter into a contract without
Indonesia meningkat sebesar 0,60 poin menjadi 67,80.
permission and assistance from her husbands. But patriarchal traditions and norms
Peningkatan
ini menunjukkan
indikasiwhile
keberhasilan
often
prevail IPG
in practice.
For example,
the civil dalam
code provides for equal
inheritance,
customary
will depend
on whether
an ethnic group within Indonesia
pembangunan
gender.law
Namun
demikian,
bila dibandingkan
4
UNDP. 2010. Womens Participation in Politics and Government in Indonesia. A Policy Paper. UNDP,
Jakarta.
5
Pew Global Attitudes Project. 2010. http://pewglobal.org/2010/07/01/gender-equality/
6
http://www.mcc.gov/documents/scorecards/score-fy13-indonesia.pdf
is patrilineal or matrilineal, and Islamic law dictates that women inherit less than
men.7 Until now, the national law (among others, the circular letter of Ministry of
Labor No.7 year 1990) regulated that married female civil servants are always
counted as a single person meaning the married working women will not be provided
by benefits for the husbands and the kids.8 Komnas Perempuan notes that at least
282 regulations in 100 districts and cities in 22 provinces across country have
discriminated against women. These regulations, among others, have banned
women from leaving homes in the evenings, regulated women to cover their heads
and body, and have restricted their freedom of movement. These not only stigmatize
women but also reduce their opportunity to work in evening shifts or more generally
be economically active.9
The passage of the new law on gender equality remains uncertain, and its provisions
may not be sufficient to repeal numerous discriminatory regulations and laws, nor
would it invalidate traditional customs. MOWE has informed MCC that currently five
different versions of the gender equality bill drafts are around in the national
parliament, and they are interested in having one common draft. Any constitutional
guarantees and national legislation may play out at the local level differently, given
the complex interactions of civil, customary, and religious law as well as Indonesias
decentralization. This dynamic and complex set of variables will merit close
inspection in the design of all our activities across the three themes.
While the legal age of marriage is 16 for girls and 19 for boys (still too young for
girls), in practice girls are often marry even earlier. This dynamic impacts especially
the nutrition project given the implications for womens childbearing and caregiving.
In parts of Java, some of the women interviewed as part of Compact development
had gotten married as early as 13 or 14. Violence against women is prevalent and a
significant problem that impacts womens lives. While data on this subject is
generally difficult to come by and cases are often under-reported, the 2012 Komnas
Perempuan Annual Report indicated that 216,516 gender-based violence cases were
reported to various legal institutions and womens crisis center across Indonesia
during 2012. Since 2004, Komnas Perempuan noted the total number of genderbased violence cases that were reported to the legal institutions have been
increasing significantly (double) each year.10 According to the National Commission
on Violence against Women, the largest share of victims experience violence in the
domestic domain and personal relationships. These trends indicate the need for
educational messages across our activities on how violence against women and
early marriage impact womens lives and economic potential which could be
incorporated into either ongoing project outreach/training or through separate
outreach and awareness raising campaigns, as appropriate. 11 This should be
especially done for the nutrition project.
The establishment of the National Commission on Anti Violence against Women or
Komnas Perempuan is the GOIs effort to deal with the high incidence of genderbased violence. At the moment, sexual violence that occurs in private and public
sphere is criminalized by various regulations such as the Indonesia domestic
7
Indonesia Country Gender Assessment. 2006. Asia Foundation, ADB, CIDA, NDI, World Bank.
BPS-MOWE. Gender-based Human Development 2011. BPS-MOWE. Jakarta.
9
http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2012/11/23/05393810/Komnas.Perempuan.Temukan.282.Perda.
Diskriminatif accessed by 2 May 2013.
10
.id/2010/03/laporan-hasil-kerja-komisi-nasional-anti-kekerasan-terhadap-perempuan-periode-20042009-untuk-bahan-masukan-pidato-presiden-ri-2004-2009/
11
National Commission on Violence against Women. 2010. It is not only at home: womens experience
of violence in unequal power relations. Jakarta.
8
10
(household) violence law, the children rights protection law, and the anti trafficking
law as well as the Indonesia criminal code (KUHP). The anti-trafficking law in
Indonesia criminalizes the perpetrators either individual or institutional and
determining the minimum sentences and fines for the perpetrators. As the country
with many islands and many Indonesian working abroad as migrant workers, cases
of trafficking in persons in Indonesia are still rampant. The Indonesia provinces that
are situated in the borders with other countries such as West and East Kalimantan
and the mining areas in which international companies are operating such as in
Papua and East Nusa Tenggara, trafficking of women and girls is likely very high.
The Greater Mekong region and Indonesia are the two main hubs for human
trafficking in South-east Asia.12 In 2012, the US government placed Indonesia in Tier
2 category, meaning the GOI does not fully comply with the TVPAs minimum
standards, but is making significant efforts to be compliant with those standards.
Meanwhile, few NGOs and womens organizations in Indonesia really focus on
trafficking in persons. IOM, ACILS, and ICMC are some of the most prominent
international organization based in Jakarta while national NGOs such as GAT
(Gerakan Anti Trafiking) and some other national NGOS work on migration issues.
TIP is considered by MCC in making decision of country eligibility. MCC has a zero
tolerance policy on TIP and contractually requires all contractors and their subcontractors to adopt the same policy. If the issue is specifically identified as a risk for
a particular project, additional measures on education on this issue may be
incorporated into project activities, and contractors may be asked to develop TIP risk
management plans. In Indonesia, TIP risks are most likely to arise in GP. The
establishment of workers camps for renewable energy infrastructure and any
infrastructure works may contribute to transport of persons vulnerable to TIP
offenses or facilitate easier access of potential victims of human trafficking.
Sexual harassment is another area requiring emphasis by both MCA and
contractors. Even though vaguely regulated in Indonesia, sexual harassment article
in KUHP criminalizes the perpetrator of sexual harassment. Article 281 of KUHP
reads: Imprisonment of a maximum period of two years and eight months or a
maximum fine of Rp. 4,500 will be imposed on: (1) whoever intentionally breaks the
norm of decency in a public place; or (2) whoever intentionally breaks the norm of
decency in the presence of any other individual who is present without his or her own
desire. The MCC has recently amended bidding documents for large works
contracts, noting specifically prohibitions on sexual harassment. The language
requires contractors to implement a sexual harassment policy, and an appropriate
incident and referral plan that the workforce is well informed of. This article is
particularly relevant to GP and procurement modernization project that will involve
the hiring of large numbers of staff to implement the activities, and relevant
provisions on sexual harassment prohibition should be incorporated into contracts
and implementation plans, as appropriate. Sexual harassment should also be a topic
of the MCA wide gender training for staff and relevant contractors and implementing
partners, based on HR (human resources) regulations developed on this by MCA.
Gender Gaps in Education and Health
There have been improvements in educational attainment rates in Indonesia. Female
literacy levels are higher than in other countries with comparable income levels. 13
The WDR 2012 acknowledged that some gender gaps have closed, including in
12
13
EAP Report 2012

World Bank. Health Financing in Indonesia: A Reform Roadmap.
11
education enrollment. However gaps in education quality and choice academic

streams persist. Other data show that girls in Indonesia are more likely to be pulled
out from school in response to crop losses.14 The Susenas data in 2010 showed that
more girls/women (9.04%) aged more than 10 years old have never attended school
compared to boys/men (3.94%). Females illiteracy level is much higher compare to
males counterparts. Susenas 2010 data stated females illiteracy is 9.48% and
males is 4.65%. Literacy and education gaps may create particular barriers for
remote and indigenous people in being able to effectively participate in and
understand GP project interventions in particular.
Figure 2: Percentage of Education Attainment BPS Gender Statistic 2011
Urban
Rural
Urban + Rural
Girls
Boys
Age
Girls
Boys
Girls
Boys
7 12 years old
98,99%
98,53%
97,73%
97,06%
98,32%
97,74%
13 15 years old
90,90%
89,58%
84,19%
81,44%
87,41%
85,15%
16 18 years old
Source: Susenas 2010
61,57%
64,20%
47,88%
49,37%
55,12%
56,86%
Currently, women and children in 20 provinces have critical health problems that
cause Indonesia difficult to reduce the percentage of mother and infant mortality
rates and reach the MDGs target. By targeting to reduce 25% of mother and infant
mortality rates, the Ministry of Health created EMAS (Expanding Maternal and
Neonatal Survival) by strengthening the health services quality that is initially carried
out in six provinces (North Sumatera, Banten, West Java, Central Java, East Java,
and South Sulawesi) experienced with the highest percentage of mother and infant
mortality rates.15
Many womens health issues persist until now. Womens access to reproductive
health care could be constrained by norms. For example birth deliveries at home are
culturally preferred in parts of Indonesia. This might jeopardize women since
Indonesia has substantial disparities across provinces related to pre-natal care.
Jakarta has 97 percent of births attended by a skilled provider while Maluku has only
33 percent. 16 The World Bank data below showed that Indonesia is one of the
countries in the East Asia Pacific with low contraceptive use and low rates of births
delivered by professionals. Indonesia has the highest maternal mortality rate in
Southeast Asia and may not achieve the maternal mortality MDG goal of 112 deaths
by 2015. Their current maternal mortality ratio (MMR) is 228.17
14
World Development Report 2012.

http://www.menkokesra.go.id/content/20-provinsi-masih-miliki-masalah-kesehatan-ibu-dan-anak,
accessed by 12 May 2013.
16
Indonesia Maternal Health Assessment 2010.
17
World Bank. 2010. And Then She Died: Indonesia Maternal Health Assessment.
15
12
mor-Lesteare precisely those with low rates of contraceptive use and low rates of
rofessionals (figure 2.11 and figure 2.12). As shown in figure 2.11, Pacific Island
e low contraceptive prevalence compared to East Asia. In Timor-Leste, for example,
omen age 1549 use contraception, leading to high fertility rates and very short periods
Less than 20 percent of the births there are assisted by professionals. Delivery at home
help and without easy access to a functioning referral center poses high risks, particularly
ons. The absence of the factors that explain progress elsewhere is at play in these
de constraints from households, including social norms about pregnancy and birthing
upply-side provision of care explain the poor health outcomes in these countries. The
from context to context.
e prevalence across East Asian
Figure
3: 2.12.
The The
fraction
of of
births
byskilled
skilled professionals
Figure
fraction
birthsattended
attended by
Varies
across East
countries
professionals
variesAsian
across and
East Pacific
Asian and
Pacific
countries
According
to the World Bank Country

Assistance
Strategy,
reductions
in
malnutrition have stagnated since 2002,
undermining the progress made in the
other indicator in the poverty alleviation
goal, and maternal mortality fell by only 20
percent between 1993 and 2005, probably
insufficient to meet the MDG target by
2015.
The
underlying
causes
of
malnutrition include household food
insecurity, lack of or limited access to clean
water and sanitation, and poor food intake
during pregnancy and lactation. For
example, data from Central and East Java
in 1998 show that 81% of poor pregnant
Indicators 2010, Gender
Source: World Development Indicators 2010, Gender
women could not afford to eat eggs, meat,
Statistics, World Bank.
or fish at least once a week. Moreover, in some regions in scarce times women tend
to reduce
their food
intake
in the
belief
oor access to quality obstetric health
services, particularly
among
rural and
remote
areas, that men work harder and therefore need
18
r risk for maternal death. Ruralmore.
areas tend to be less well served by the health system;
nce (% of women ages 1549)
Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total)
The median age of marriage in Indonesia is 16 for girls and as highlighted earlier,
in practice women often marry even younger. This has implications for womens
educational attainment, future economic opportunities, as well as increased health
43
risks. Pregnancies in early marriage, for example, are associated with higher
maternal mortality, and young womens lack of education may contribute to
inadequate feeding practices. 19 Encouraging later marriage should be part of any
educational efforts carried out through PNPM Genarasi, such as the communications
campaign. The high levels of violence against women are also especially relevant to
this theme.
Womens Participation and Leadership
Womens political participation and presence in top leadership is limited. Women
constitute less than 1% of officials with decision-making authority.20 Data of Podes
2008 showed that female village heads only constituted 4% of the total number of
village heads in Indonesia. Meanwhile, only 10 out of 492 regents/majors across
Indonesia are female. 21 In many villages in Green Prosperity areas in Jambi and
West Sulawesi such as in Karampuang island none village or sub-village heads are
women. This under-representation especially affects the representation womens
voices in community meetings due to many regulatory in relation to land and village
boundary depend upon the representation of village heads. Men usually participate in
civil society organizations related to community-level governance, physical
infrastructure, environmental improvements, and neighborhood security, whereas
women participate in organizations that focus on family welfare, economics, and
health.22
18
World Bank. 2008. Investing in Indonesias Institutions: Country Partnership Strategy FY09-12.
Indonesia Country Gender Assessment. 2006. Asia Foundation, ADB, CIDA, NDI, World Bank.
20
Asia Foundation et al. 2006
21
BPS-MOWE. Gender-based Human Development 2012. BPS-MOWE. Jakarta.
22
EAP Report 2012
19
13
While women are well represented in the overall civil service at 45.4% of the civil
service labor force, they are concentrated in the lower echelon and make up only 9%
of those working in the first echelon.23 Womens very limited participation in decisionmaking bodies has implications for our projects because it will require extra efforts to
ensure women are involved in any consultative processes during project
development and implementation so that their views and experiences can be
properly reflected. This under-representation of women also has implications for
ensuring a gender balance at decision-making bodies relevant to our projects such
as project working groups, Steering Committees, and Multi Stakeholder Forum
(MSF) where the representation of appropriate womens groups should be ensured.
The initial Multi-Stakeholder Meeting carried out for GP already reflect a difficulty in
ensuring balanced representation. Extra efforts to integrate gender language through
project guidelines or operating procedures should be done to increase womens
presence and participation.
The State of Gender Equality in East Asia and the Pacific
ectoral composition in EAP over
Figure 4: Employment sectoral composition by gender in

Thailand and Indonesia over time
Figure 1.19. Employment sectoral composition by
gender in Thailand and Indonesia over time
y sector
% of total employment by sector and gender
ndicators 2010, World Bank.
Source: World Development Indicators 2010, Gender

Statistics, World Bank.
At the moment, womens participation in

Indonesia is mostly defined as womens
participation in political spheres. Art. 2(3)
Indonesia Law No. 2 Year 2011 specify the
quota of womens participation in politics
shall be 30 per cent at the minimum. This
definition has been referred to and used
nationwide by, among others, the
subnational government womens
empowerment unit for womens participation
in general community participation. MCA has
used this as guidance in developing its
consultative process guidelines, in particular
for GP as follows: a) a minimum of 30%
female representation at any consultative
meetings; b) separate FGDs with womens
groups in any project consultations.
same amount over the period (Rozelle et al. 2000). Nonetheless, agriculture remains
as still the largest sector of employment in the region (figure 1.18).
Women in the Economy
ket responses to structural transformation have, in part, reflected countryevelopment

An examination of womens economic status in Indonesia presents a mixed picture.
A growing number of women have been joining the workforce. Yet, female labor
moved from a heavy concentration of workers in agriculture in 1980 to a rise in the

participation is still often considered socially and culturally acceptable as long as it
ectors (figure 1.19). The data indicate that the early 1990s saw a substantial movement
does not interfere with womens primary role as wives and mothers. 24 The
agriculture and out of the workforce. Similar patterns were seen in the United States
unemployment rate in Indonesia has continued to fall, reaching 6.3% in 2012. 25 Still,
of the transition away from agriculture (Goldin 1995; Mammen and Paxson 2000). In
unemployment
women
is higher (8.76%) compared to males (7.51%).26
female labor force participationthe
increased
by 9 percentage rate
pointsfor
between
1980 and
Also,
female
laborParticipation
force participation
the increase coming from the service
sector
(figure 1.19).
in industry and rates are still very low and just about 55,1%,
27
compared
to
84.9%
for
males.
Female-male participation gaps are substantial even
milar in 1980 and 2007.
among women who do not have children, and the gaps widen with age. In rural and
nder-specific patterns of employment

urban persist
areas, women with young children are substantially less likely to participate in
gor employment segregationalong gender lines is pervasive, by industry,

23 sorting affects a number of economic outcomes,
and flexibility of employment. Such
UNDP. 2010. Womens Participation in Politics and Government in Indonesia.
24 intensity of work conducted, returns to education
rnings, social security coverage, the
World Banks Women, Business, and the Law Database
25
posure to shocks. In every country
in the
region,Employment
women are more
likely
than men to
ILO
Global
Trend
2013
26
and MOWE.
Gender-based
Human
Development 2012. BPS-MOWE, Jakarta.
y labor in agriculture and in the BPS
informal
sector (World
Bank Country
Gender
27
BPS.
Gender
Statistics
2011. BPS, Jakarta.
UNESCAP 2003). In addition, they are
more
likely to
be foundIndonesia
in some occupations
nursingand are less likely to be found in others, such as mining. Within the
women are more likely to be found in industries such as textiles and food processing,
arge and export-oriented firms. Within firms, women are more likely than men to be
ure 1.20).
15
14
the labor market.28 When they do work, women are more likely to be found in lowpaying, low-skilled occupations and in the informal sector where worker protections
and benefits are weak. In particular, women whose husbands are self-employed are
significantly more likely to be unpaid workers than those whose husbands are wage
employees.29
Women dominate in informal sector employment and have much lower salaries than
men. For example, the WDR 2012 report indicated that women are 70% of informal
workers in Indonesia, and Sakernas 2010 data showed 72.32% of unpaid workers
above 15 years old are females. Meanwhile, the EAP report 2012 indicated that
gender earnings gaps are more pronounced than in the formal sector.
Figure 5: Percentage of males and females labor (>15 yrs old)
based on gender and sectors
Agriculture
Industry
Services
Males
63.08%
56.61%
55.93%
Females
36.92%
43.39%
44.07%
Source: Sakernas 2010
Average female earnings (in US$) are 2,2889 versus 4,434 for men. The latest BPS
data showed that in 2011 the average male wage is IDR 1,649,472 while females is
iDR 1,275,653, and for the last five years (2007-2011) female earnings only slightly
increased compared to males wage increase. A study on six countries (Cambodia,
Indonesia, Mongolia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam) indicated that
Indonesia has the widest earnings gap among the six countries examined, and the
study found substantial heterogeneity between rural and urban areas, both in terms
of the size of the gap and the factors contributing to it. 30 Lower earnings among
women and occupational segregation are worth noting and taking into account in all
3 projects, most especially procurement modernization and GP, with a need to
emphasize non-traditional career paths and skills building as a way to increase
female participation and earnings.
Figure 6: Wage in IDR based on sex and sectors
Sector
Agriculture
Non agriculture
Males
959,604
1,593,629
Females
630,428
1,457,529
Source: Sakernas 2010
Women entrepreneurs in Indonesia are important contributors to national economic

development and growth. Female-led enterprises are relatively more likely to locate
in the food, retail, and garment manufacturing sectors.31 According to data from the
national statistics agency, out of 2,732,724 units of micro-sized enterprises, 41.40%
are managed by women.32 Out of the total number of 5.3 million employees in the
small-sized enterprises and home industries, women are 44.45 percent of the
workers. In the Asia/Pacific region, Indonesia tops the list with the largest share of
28
EAP Report 2012

World Development Report 2012.
30
EAP Report 2012
31
EAP Report 2012
32
BPS. SME Survey 2010. BPS. Jakarta.
29
15
women SMEs,33 though one of the potential reasons for high entrepreneurship rates
for women may be linked with poorer formal sector employment opportunities.
However, the WDR 2012 stated the significant differences of profitability of firms
owned by male in rural areas compared to the females. Also, although women are
considered to be an important market for microfinance, targeting of women has never
been a hallmark of the Indonesian microfinance industry.34 The MCC-funded gender
vendor survey has found that female enterprises tend to employ more females than
male-owned ones, both as staff and in management. This is an important trend to
consider, and the potential of female enterprises as a boost of female employment
more generally, in light of womens low labor force participation rates in the country.
Women entrepreneurs are much less likely to be at a larger enterprise level and
much more likely to be found at the small and micro enterprise sectors. According to
data from the Indonesian Women Business Association (IWAPI), out of sixteenthousand members in 2006, around 85% were concentrated in small sized
enterprises, 12% in medium-sized enterprises and only 3% in large scale enterprise.
There are around 3,500 women cooperatives, which is 30% of the total number of
cooperatives in Indonesia.35 Most of them are located outside Jakarta and 82% of
women-owned or managed small medium enterprises have monthly revenue of less
than $5,000. 36 More than 90% of women-owned or managed small medium
enterprises used their own savings to establish their business. At the same time,
World Bank enterprise surveys indicate that Indonesia fares better than the overall
sample of countries in terms of female participation in ownership of firms, females as
top managers and full time workers (see figure below). In Indonesia, there are more
firms with female participation in ownership than firms with female top managers,
demonstrating that although women might be owners, there are fewer women in
decision-making positions to articulate their voice and preferences.
Figure 7: Womens Entrepreneurship in Indonesia: Select Figures from the World Bank Enterprise Survey,
Indonesia and Regional/Global Comparisons
Gender
% of Firms With Female Participation in Ownership
% of Full Time Female Workers*
% of Female Permanent Full-time Non-production Workers
*
% of Firms With Female Top Manager
42.84
33.89
54.27
39.30
All
countries
33.58
29.02
4.65
11.01
9.38
31.19
27.05
17.62
Indonesia Region
Source: World Bank enterprise surveys: www.enterprisesurveys.org
Generally, the capacity of female-owned firms has affected their decision to access
government contracts that offered by national ministries, and national or subnational
institutions. A gender vendor survey carried out by MCC indicated that female-owned
firms are just 5% of those receiving government contracts, and women themselves
are less likely to participate in government bidding. Female-owned firms stated that
the bidding requirement is too complicated in that they thought they would not be
winning. Likewise, the issues of corruption, collusion, and nepotism have
discouraged many more female-owned firms to compete for government contract.
33
Mastercard Worldwide Insights:

http://www.masterintelligence.com/ViewInsights.jsp?hidReportTypeId=1&hidSectionId=180&hidReport=
253&hidReportSection=1131&hidViewType=null&hidUserId=null
34
EAP Report 2012
35
The Role of Women in SMEs in Indonesia. 2009. Sri Danti Anwar. Presented at a Workshop on the
Role of SMEs on Poor Power Empowerment.
36
IFC press release
16
Access to finance remains difficult for women. Access to capital is the most important
constraint reported in both male- and female-run informal firms, and female-run
informal firms appear to have substantially less capital than male-run informal firms.
Female micro firms also have lower levels of start-up capital than male-run micro
firms. Women have access to bank loans and credit, but available data indicate
differential access to finance. In a recent World Bank survey on access to financial
services, 11% of men had borrowed from microfinance institutions, versus 9.4% of
women. The same survey found that women are more likely to borrow from pawn
shops and informal sources. A slightly higher proportion of men demonstrated
financial literacy than women (54% vs. 50%), with men doing better in the
mathematics test in particular (83% vs. 79%). 37 An IFC survey found that women
experience higher barriers getting loans (35% of women vs. 25% of men noted
difficulties getting loans).38 This was confirmed by the recent Gender Vendor Survey,
which found similar trends regarding womens lower access to finance.
The National Gender Mainstreaming Framework
A 2000 Presidential Instruction on Gender Mainstreaming directs all government
ministries and agencies to adopt a gender mainstreaming strategy. Indonesia has a
National Gender Mainstreaming Strategy. Womens groups are also proposing
changes to the Family Law which is discriminatory in many respects, though effecting
any change on this will likely be difficult.
The Indonesia People Assembly or MPR Decree No. IV/MPR/1999 obliges government to revise the
discriminatory laws particularly those drafted and inherited from the colonial era including gender
discrimination. Below is some national regulatory that is gender sensitive and prioritize womens rights
39
protection.
Law No.52 of 2009 on population growth and family development especially obliges sexdisaggregated data on population data and poverty condition that burdensome to female-headed
households should be alleviated.
Law No.23 of 2004 on violence within households has strengthened the elimination of domestic
violence occurred within households context and obliged government to provide services for the
victims.
Law No.23 of 2006 on population administration applied non-discriminatory principles in
providing services for each citizen in Indonesia.
Law No.2 of 20011 political party specify the quota of womens participation in politics shall be 30
per cent at the minimum. This definition has been referred to and used nationwide by, among
others, the subnational government womens empowerment unit for womens participation in
general community participation.
The Ministry of Womens Empowerment and Child Protection functions as the

coordinating ministry for gender issues. It provides technical assistance, yet imposing
requirements upon other ministries and government institutions is a challenge. The
Ministry of Home Affairs (MOHA) has issued two decrees (MOHA No.15/2008 and
MOHA No.67/2011) on the guidelines of gender mainstreaming that should be
applied by subnational government across archipelago. These guidelines outline the
obligation of provincial and district government to create working group to expedite
37
World Bank. 2009. Improving access to financial services in Indonesia.

IFC. Voices of Indonesian Women Entrepreneurs.
39
Policy Paper on Gender Mainstreaming in Bahasa Indonesia. MOWE. 19 June 2011.
38
17
gender integration that headed by governor or regent, and the members are all
government unit in provincial and district government respectively. The Ministry also
emphasizes the need for continued institutional capacity building for government and
NGOs. To do this, the GOI working plan 2013 stated the increasing of institutional
capacity of gender mainstreaming and womens empowerment including increasing
the capacity of human resources became one of the three national issues addressed
by the work plan.
Finally, government capacity to implement gender commitments especially at the
local level is low. In our meetings with the Ministry of Womens Empowerment and
Child Protection, this low capacity was raised as a significant obstacle to ensuring
gender mainstreaming. For example, the government has developed the gender
analysis pathway as a method of gender analysis but it appears that this method is
not gaining much traction and is not well understood. It is unclear how, if at all, it is
being used in designing and implementing activities. Gender budgeting is another
recently developed tool with uncertain application in Indonesia or to the Compact.
The womens empowerment units at provincial and district level have important roles
for the gender mainstreaming and gender integration both for the government
themselves and also for the community. The womens empowerment unit at
provincial level in Jambi has been actively conducting gender training for other
government units. They also have been actively involving womens groups in many
social activities. In the same vein, other womens empowerment units in many
provinces and districts across Indonesia have done similar gender mainstreaming
although they have different topics/focus such as gender-based violence or
economic empowerment. These locally based organizations will be important touchpoints and possible collaborators for certain MCA-Indonesia activities, in particular on
Green Prosperity.
The limited local capacity to mainstream gender perspectives into policies and
programs40 indicates the need for MCA to support local capacity to implement gender
objectives. During a meeting with the Ministry of Womens Empowerment, lack of
capacity to implement gender goals at the local level was raised as an issue and a
request for additional support was made to the MCC, and conversations on how best
to operationalize collaboration on this have been ongoing as of the writing of this
report. MOWE requires that each ministerial and government institutions to integrate
gender in their development program planning and budgeting. To expedite and
support gender integration in relation to Compact project implementation the MCA-I
will strive to coordinate and cooperate to the extent it is feasible with MOWE and
MOHA at national level and womens empowerment unit at provincial and district
level, including ensuring local womens empowerment units are part of any GP
consultative processes and capacity building efforts.
40
Asian Development Bank. 2010. Gender Equality Results in ADB Projects.
18
3.Institutional and Programmatic Review of Related Donor and Womens

Organizations
Various donors in Indonesia support gender related initiatives but on a limited set of
issues, and womens NGOs tend to be active in certain areas to the exclusion of
others. Many womens NGOs and government bodies as well as UN Women have
focused on issues facing women migrant workers or violence against women. There
is therefore a good basis of existing lessons and work to build upon as we integrate
these issues into our work. Indonesias IWAPI is the pre-eminent body focused on
womens entrepreneurship whose involvement will also be important across several
themes. IWAPI has been supporting the Indonesia Compact preparation in particular
providing more information on female entrepreneurs and helping the initial
discussions and focus group discussion in supporting the gender vendor survey
mainly in setting up the definition of female entrepreneurs for the purpose of the
survey. The members of IWAPI would be an appropriate group to invite to any MCA
activities on womens entrepreneurship, such as gender and procurement targeting
female entrepreneurs.
PEKKA is the pre-eminent national organization working with female-headed
households. The initial conversation with PEKKA organization indicated that they are
interested to support and work in GP areas mainly in the four starter districts in Jambi
and West Sulawesi. PEKKAs members are able to assist to distribute the
potential/new green technology in GPs villages. The previous programs that PEKKA
have executed on various legal rights empowerment mainly on legal identity are
relevant, in particular to GP. The experiences and advocacy work of PEKKA should
be drawn upon in the work on establishing a more appropriate female-headed
households definition.
The World Banks Justice for the Poor (J4P) program presents some interesting
lessons for any work MCC may do to strengthen womens legal status. The J4P team
has indicated their interest to collaborate on any FHH or womens legal
empowerment work. Also, there are few national organizations focused on gender
and environment such as Samdhana and AMANs womens unit. The limited capacity
on this subject in Indonesia is an important constraint in appropriately integrating the
issue into the development of the green prosperity theme. The current local womens
organizations in the four starter GP districts are also particularly weak in terms of
their human resources and their capacity to reach female villagers in the more
remote areas. This gap in local organizations working on gender and environment
issues might be addressed through further capacity building and institutional
strengthening on gender. The work of the GP gender consultant hired to help
develop a range of capacity building materials is meant to help address this gap in
part.
While MAMPU-AusAID is in the stage of preparation its five focus programs41 that
aims to improve the welfare of poor women in Indonesia will potentially overlapping
and open possible collaboration with Compact gender integration. Three areas of
MAMPUs focus are most relevant access to social protection, access to jobs and
41
improving womens access to government social protection programs; increasing womens access to
jobs and removing workplace discrimination; improving conditions for womens overseas labor
migration;
strengthening womens leadership for better maternal and reproductive health;
strengthening womens leadership to reduce violence against women.
19
workplace discrimination, and maternal and reproductive health will have possible
overlaps. MAMPU might address FHH groups social protection that might affect the
nationwide social protection for FHH including in GP areas. Meanwhile, its work on
access to jobs and workplace discrimination will be helpful in assist the female
entrepreneurs in formalizing their companies that eventually will help them to access
governments contracts.
Apart from MAMPU, the AusAIDs PRSF (Poverty Reduction Support Facility) will
also overlap mainly on the FHHs policy reform dialogues. AusAIDs project on tax
reform (AIPEG) that soon will end and be extended has helped Compact gender
integration on the gender and tax analytical work. Another potential collaboration with
AIPJ (AusAIDs law and justice reform program) is a possibility in the areas of legal
identity since one of its program focuses on realizing rights. GIZs Strengthening
Womens Rights (SWR) program that directly in cooperation with MOWE office focus
to strengthen womens rights in the grassroots including the rights female-headed
households through various community dialogue. Initial dialogue has been carried
out with GIZ, which might be followed up by collaboration on the issue of reforming
the definition of female-headed households.
20
4. Social and Gender Integration Action Plan

Green Prosperity
The objective of Green Prosperity project is to: (a) (i) increase productivity and
reduce reliance on fossil fuels by expanding renewable energy; and (ii) increase
productivity and reduce land-based greenhouse gas emissions by improving land
use practices and management of natural resources. The GP project will support
investments in two thematic areas: renewable energy and sustainable management
of natural resources. GP will consist of four activities: (1) participatory land use
planning; (2) technical assistance and oversight activity; (3) GP facility and; (4) green
knowledge. One key criterion for funding noted in the Compact is ensuring equal
access for women and other vulnerable groups to the project or it benefits. (to help
understand and apply this
requirement, we further Defining equal access
define equal access and Equal access in the context of gender equality defined as equal
to and control of resources and benefits, equal participation
vulnerable groups - see access
42
in decision-making and equality under law for men and women.
box
below).
Key FAO acknowledged that social and economic inequalities between
implementing partners and men and women undermine food and nutrition security and restrain
project
sponsors
are economic and agricultural growth. Thus, ensuring equal access of
expected to include local men and women to agricultural resources, services and
opportunities for employment would boost agricultural production,
governments/institutions;
food security, economic growth and the wellbeing of families,
private enterprises in the communities and countries.
agriculture, forestry, water
and
energy
sectors; Defining vulnerable groups
financial
institutions; Vulnerable group defined as groups that experience a higher risk of
poverty and social exclusion than the general population. Ethnic
small-holder farmers; and minorities, migrants, disabled-people, the homeless, those
local and international civil struggling with substance abuse, isolated elderly people and
children all often face difficulties that can lead to further social
society organizations.
exclusion, such as low levels of education and unemployment
43
To date, several staged or underemployment. The IFC Performance Standards specify

that disadvantaged or vulnerable status may stem from an
social
and
gender individuals or groups race, color, sex, language, religion, political
assessments for GP have or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, or other
been
carried
out, status. Social (ethnicity e.g indigenous people, gender, age)
examining issues and and economic (poor group that defined by land and natural
resource asset, capital/income, employment, size of households
opportunities in renewable and the dependents) aspects are the most important factors that
energy, and to a lesser defined the vulnerability of a group. Who is vulnerable is usually
degree
in
natural context-specific and given the breath of GP is therefore best
resources management. evaluated on a district or even project level basis.
Field visits, focus group discussions (FGDs) with womens groups, and interviews
with womens villagers were conducted in the four starter districts in Jambi and West
Sulawesi. Key findings and issues uncovered to date include:
Womens and vulnerable groups representation and ability to actively participate in
GP activities
Women and vulnerable groups involvement in NRM and SLU is critical to
sustainability and economic growth. But without clear guidance and criteria, they
may not be able to full participate and benefit from investments. If their resource
management and use priorities are unexamined or excluded, effective NRM and
42
43
Irish Aid: http://www.tcd.ie/Economics/Development_Studies/link.php?id=76

http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/spsi/vulnerable_groups_en.htm
21
land use are not possible. Without meaningful consideration of womens energy
needs in the households it would be difficult for RE project investments to ensure
benefits for women, and potential for additional economic benefits may not be
realized.
Due to a variety of socio-cultural and practical factors, women are less likely to
participate in public forums or consultative processes. Women generally work
longer hours in the domestic sphere and thereby cannot afford to be active in
many village meetings. Though there is regional variation on this issue, at the
local level, they are much less likely to participate in local governance or
leadership roles (as detailed earlier in this report) and more likely to let their
husbands take care of public matters, such as attending any external meetings
or sessions. This dynamic will result in inadequate representation of women and
vulnerable groups in GP consultative processes (e.g. for boundary-setting or
NRM or RE project consultations) unless extra efforts are undertaken to ensure
both their numerical and meaningful participation.
Women and other vulnerable groups are often poorly represented in local dispute
resolution mechanisms, and as a result, decisions on local disputes involving
land may not always ensure favorable outcomes for them or reflect their views
and needs.
Figure 8: Female-headed households in rural areas are
Less likely than male-headed households to have
Receive credit in the last 12 months
Community-based mapping is largely

delineated through discussions with village
elders (i.e., wealthy men of high status in their
community). While this may accurately capture
village jurisdictional boundaries, key informants
suggest that it does not reflect the full scope of
womens natural resource management and
use patterns (e.g., collection, harvesting, and
post-harvest production) potentially affecting
outcomes in landscapes, livelihoods, and food
security.
Lack of vulnerable groups/womens
involvement in land use/ mapping means
processes may not reflect their needs and
priorities and they may lose access and benefits
through any mapping processes. Their
customary rights and patterns of use may not
be adequately captured, resulting in a loss of
those rights. The absence of womens
involvement in land-related consultations is
particularly distressing for female-headed households. Most female-headed
households need assistance for the capital and trainings as well as other
assistance to improve their economic potential/capacity.
Women and income generation patterns and potential
Because women tend to be more involved in productive and reproductive
activities that are home-based and extend into evening hours, the lack of energy
affects their overall productivity and income-generating options. There is huge
potential for positive impacts on womens time use and productive potential
22
through the introduction of energy, as well as broader community and household

benefits, such as improved education for children and families.
Women express eagerness in taking on roles of maintaining infrastructure such
as micro-hydro projects, though they lack appropriate training to do so. Lack of
proper maintenance of micro-hydro has been one reason for such projects
failure, indicating opportunities for skills building targeting women in this arena.
Womens lack of social and economic power inhibits their ability to fully realize
their productive potential. Women villagers are keen to improve their
entrepreneurship potential if training opportunities are available. Experiences
from other countries suggest the need to proactively embed such opportunities
into project design from the get-go, to help women improve productive potential
upon the introduction of electricity.
Knowledge and capacity issues
There is generally quite low-capacity and knowledge/expertise regarding gender
within CSOs/NGOs and government ministries and line agencies dealing with
land mapping activities, renewable energy and environment. Key regulations on
these issues have tended to have little to no social and gender inclusion focus.
Lack of gender competency or understanding of gender and social inclusion
issues could erode the appropriateness, effectiveness and sustainability of
investments.
Gender gaps in education and womens traditionally lower engagement in RE
and environment-related careers mean they may be less likely to benefit from
Green Knowledge opportunities. Womens and mens capacity and training needs
may differ, and tailored training will be needed to meet these different needs.
Defining womens participation in consultation processes
Womens participation in Indonesia is mostly defined as womens participation in political
spheres. Art. 2 (3) Indonesia Law No.2 Year 2011 specify the quota of womens
participation in politics shall be 30 percent at the minimum. This definition has been
referred and used nationwide by, among others, subnational government womens
empowerment unit for womens participation in general community participation.
IFC highlighted that the consultation process should:
capture both mens and womens views, if necessary through separate forums or
engagements, and
reflect mens and womens different concerns and priorities about impacts, mitigation
mechanisms, and benefits, where appropriate.
ensure involvement of other vulnerable groups such as the disabled and minorities
take into account the existence patriarchal traditions and social norms and values
that may limit womens participation in leadership roles and decision-making
processes.
Any project component that includes community consultations and inputs needs to follow
the following gender inclusive process:
Minimum 30% of womens attendance in all community planning activities (as per
government regulations)
Separate FGDs or meetings with women as part of project development, to gather
their needs and priorities
The Vulnerability of Indigenous People

IFC recognizes that indigenous people are the social groups with identities that are
distinct from mainstream groups. They are often among the most marginalized and
vulnerable segments of the population.
Affected Communities of Indigenous Peoples may be particularly vulnerable to the
loss of, alienation from or exploitation of their land and access to natural and cultural
23
resources brought out during GP processes. In the recognition of this vulnerability,

the MCA ESMS, in areas where indigenous people might be affected, will require an
assessment on the vulnerability of the indigenous people as required by IFC
Performance Standard 7. Close coordination between ESA and SGA team on this
work will be required, given the overlapping objectives and issues.
IFC Performance Standard 7 state that the process of community engagement needs to be culturally
appropriate and commensurate with the risks and potential impacts to the Indigenous Peoples. In
particular, the process is to include the following steps:
Involve Indigenous Peoples representative bodies (for example, councils of elders or village
councils, among others)
Be inclusive of both women and men and of various age groups in a culturally appropriate
manner
Provide sufficient time for Indigenous Peoples collective decision-making processes
Facilitate the Indigenous Peoples expression of their views, concerns, and proposals in the
language of their choice, without external manipulation, interference, or coercion, and without
intimidation
Ensure that the grievance mechanism established for the project is culturally appropriate and
accessible for Indigenous Peoples
To date, SGA requirements have been embedded into key contracts such as those
with NREL and Abt. The SGA team has produced guidance on ensuring inclusive
consultations, which are being applied in the rollout of the Multi-Stakeholder Forums
(see box x). Early experiences suggest the need for separate MSFs in expanded
districts with womens groups, as reaching high numbers of female participants has
been difficult and women themselves have suggested separate womens forums. A
set of detailed SGA criteria has been prepared to embed in the finance facility for
helping evaluate the above-mentioned equal access criteria in proposed projects,
and additional analytical requirements have been incorporated into NRELs prefeasibility studies for the eight signature projects. Finally, a series of capacity building
materials and modules have been commissioned to ensure various GP stakeholders
(government, potential project implementers, GP contractors and implementing
entities, and civil society organizations) have sufficient knowledge to support the
inclusion of women, indigenous people, and other vulnerable groups in GP activities.
Initial discussions have started on best ways to ensure opportunities for as part of
GPs activities. The GP action matrix contains activities to help further address
above-identified issues.
Illustrative Project-level SGA Requirements for Renewable Energy Projects
Project preparation
Apply established social and gender evaluation criteria in proposal reviews
Analyze gender-differentiated impacts of RE infrastructure on employment, workloads, and the
division of labor
Assess energy budget costs, labor savings, and how and where time and money is spent
Ensure gender analysis has been applied to implementation plan and that plan include strategies
for enabling womens active participation in projects (e.g., jobs in training, maintenance)
Include gender considerations in off-take analysis (who uses and how) and team (constituency,
and for training in operations and maintenance)
Ensure project developer proposals include above gathered info on gender-differentiated impacts of
RE infrastructure on employment, workloads, and the division of labor as well as strategies for
addressing gaps
Ensure short and long term risks (and opportunities) are identified and addressed (produce
matrices that can be tracked during implementation)
Project Implementation:
Project implementation plans incorporate gender analysis and include strategies for enabling
24
womens active participation in projects

Ensure project implementation plan incorporate specific activities (w/ est. costs) that mitigate risks
identified during project preparation
Involve women in projects through skills development, productive activity opportunities, and jobs
training in maintenance and operations
Ongoing consultations
Support complementary economic activities targeting womens productive potential
Illustrative Project-level SGA Requirements for NRM Projects

Each project requesting funding and considered for the facility to assess men and womens roles
and priorities for NRM in their region and sector, and how this impacts labor, markets, income
generation, nutrition, and food security. Ensure findings of these assessments are incorporated into
project plans for any funded activity.
Technical assistance and oversight contractor TOR to include requirements for gender
consultations, outreach to womens groups, training and monitoring
Baseline data collection on target beneficiaries to ensure sex-disaggregated collection and
reporting to inform final design and M&E
Local entities delivering and implementing NRM projects to include gender competent staff (e.g.
facilitators)
Embed SGA requirements emerging from the analysis into the NRM grants manual, including
specific criteria to ensure involvement of women and vulnerable groups
Advise grants or loan recipients to prioritize hiring of female village-level facilitators, to better
facilitate the inclusion of womens perspectives and priorities an ensure gender inclusive
consultative processes
Include crops and activities where females predominate in the agricultural value chains among
funding priorities
Ensure womens livelihoods and current land and resource use patterns are not negatively
impacted by funded activities and there are no unintended negative consequences for them.
Instead, proactively support NRM projects that specifically build upon and strengthen womens land
and natural resource use patterns and demonstrate innovative and promising ways to ensure
womens integration into value chains.
Funded projects that do not specifically target women and other vulnerable groups to include
specific line items in their project plans for activities that help ensure benefits to these groups.
These can include skills building for improving agricultural productivity, marketing or market access
support, or other linkages as relevant to each project.
Green Prosperity Action Plan

Activity
Actions
Outputs
Status (updated
annually)
Cross-cutting
issues
Inclusive
consultations (see
also MCA-Is
ESMP for
additional
consultation
requirement)
All community
include: a) minimum
30% participation of
women and vulnerable
groups; b) separate
FGDs with womens
groups
A range of capacity
building materials are
produced to help
various stakeholders
understand and apply
SGA requirements;
Improving GP
Consultations reports reflect

dual criteria noted on the
left
Consultation reports provide
details on needs and views
of vulnerable segments of
community and are used
for project planning
GP Gender training
modules/tipsheets produced
and disseminated
Training to variety of
stakeholders carried out
25
stakeholder
capacity to
incorporate
social/gender
issues that will be
conducted by the
SGA team using
the complementary
funds
Trafficking in
Persons and
Sexual Harassment
TIP language should

be included in all GP
contracts, with
provisions for
monitoring embedded
into key support
structures such as the
TA and oversight
facility
At risk projects must
develop and
implement TIP risk
management plans &
Community level
awareness raising
implemented through
public campaigns in a)
communities/districts
deemed especially
high TIP risk areas and
b) involving large GP
infrastructure
investments using
large # of foreign
laborers
periodically, as needed
MCC TIP language and

requirements are reflected
in all GP contracts
Monitoring on TIP
embedded into appropriate
monitoring and oversight
structures
Additional community
awareness raising activities,
as appropriate
Sexual harrasment
MCA-I policy
provisions
incorporated into
contractor TORs and
langugage- enforced
via trianing for large
infra projects
Complementery
support for
strengthening legal
empowerment femaleheaded households
initatiated in started
districts as a pilot
learning initiative (* to
Female-headed
households (more
details on this are
in the Gender
Targeted Activities
section)
District Readiness
Assessment
(DRA)
be funded through
complementary gender
activity)
Establish formal
linkages between
these FHH groups and
GP project
opportunities (e.g.
ensure consultations
for project definition
include these groups;
allow FHH access to
job training to take part
in project economic
opportunities)
Produce a separate
gender chapter
summarizing key
findings across DRA
tasks on SGA Issues
(including in Strategic
A separate gender chapter

is included in the final DRA
deliverables
26
Environmental
Assessment)
District selection criteria

include social/gender
considerations
Embed SGA criteria

into the district
selection process
District level spatial
plans supported by
MCA to include social
and gender
considerations (ensure
TOR for any
consultants hired to
support this include
this language)
Multistakeholders
Forums (MSFs)
Ensure that inclusive

consultation criteria
are applied and
women/vulnerable
groups able to actively
participate and learn
about project
opportunities
For expanded MSFs in
non-pilot districts,
include in the TOR for
the contract on this the
need for separate
womens forum in each
new district if womens
participation is not
adequate in the starter
districts
Handouts and presentation

for facilitator training
Printed materials on gender
topics and its relevance with
GP (the equal access
issues)
MSF meetings report
include # and ratio of
groups involved in
A report containing inputs
from womens and
vulnerable groups that show
a meaningful women and
vulnerable groups
participation
A TOR for the expanded
MSF include a separate
womens forum
Participatory
Land Use
Planning (PLUP)
Participation criteria
and requirements to
involve women and
vulnerable groups for
balanced and inclusive
participation in land
use planning and
boundary setting to
be included in village
boundary mapping
guidance and public
consultations.
Land use assessments
to consider the interest
mens and womens
different usage, rights
and ownership
patterns
GP Facility
(general
staffing/criteria)
If MCA decided to hire

a Finance Facility
Manager, their TOR
should incorporate
A report containing # and

ratio of women and
vulnerable groups involved
in consultative processes.
A report of consultation
process and the mapping
process reflects concerns of
womens and the vulnerable
groups.
A report that reflects to what
extent land use, rights, and
claims may differ for women
and men as well as the
extent to which their
priorities and patterns of
land use differ
SGA staff hired; other staff
understand the criteria to
ensure equal access for
27
gender requirements
and gender evaluation
criteria (e.g. staffing
and competency)
Any implementing
entity agreements (IE)
signed for GP include
SGA project
requirements and
clarify responsibilities
on this between MCA-I
and IE, with TA to
meet SGA issues
provided through
MCAs TA mechanisms
(some initial training
may be done using the
GP gender training
materials developed by
MCA, and others may
draw upon GP funds
for additional technical
support)
At a project basis & for
the facility as a whole,
adopt as an
overarching theme the
issue of promoting
proactive economic
opportunities for
groups in projects
through jobs for
women/poorest,
complementary skills
building and small
enterprise support, or
other activities to
incentivize their
economic participation
and benefits ensure
investment criteria and
follow up evaluations
of projects adequately
and consistently
incorporate this
language
GP investment criteria
to include evaluation
criteria for equal
access of women and
vulnerable groups
Terms-sheets/ cofinancing agreements
outline technical
criteria for social and
gender issues
group
Evaluation criteria for equal
access of women and
vulnerable group is included
in investment criteria
Equity objectives identified
by reporting guidelines in
the pipeline review process
Staff hired with gender
competency to help comply
with equity requirements for
evaluating funding
proposals
# of women hired in project
implementation/operations
and maintenance
# of individuals benefitting
from skills building/trainings
(disaggregated by sex, age,
income)
# of micro and small
enterprises (including
women-owned enterprises)
benefitting
Application of social and

gender criteria included in
trainings as needed and/or
requested
Matrix identifying risks and
opportunities and action
plan for addressing them
Investment Committee
composition includes
individuals with social
background/knowledge
28
Investment Committee
review/decision
making process
ensures that each
project approved
includes an adequate
plan for addressing
social/gender issues
At a project basis
commercial and grant
facility track how equity
objectives are being
met and whether
vulnerable groups
benefit include
reporting guidelines
into the pipeline review
process
Facility-sponsored
projects incorporate
TIP language into
contracts and
loan/grant agreements
Develop small grant
facility manual (with a
big focus on
supporting for
womens/vulnerable
groups through small
grants)
Small grant facility manual

that considered the capacity
of small organizations and
project developers
(particularly womens
project type)
Accessible
handouts/materials that help
to explain the grant
financing procedure
Project proposal on
womens project type
submitted
Embed SGA
requirements emerging
from the analysis into
large grants manual,
including specific
criteria to ensure
involvement of women
and vulnerable groups
Program
Management
Consultant (PMC)
PMC TOR should

include SGA staffing
and capacity to
support SGA
requirements,
including on TIP and
monitor compliance
during implementation
PMC support MCA in SGA

requirements as needed
PMC staffs to be
trained using GP
gender modules (will
be conducted by the
SGA team using the
complementary gender
funding)
Technical
assistance and
oversight (using
GP funding)
Ensure
firms/consultants doing
TA and oversight have
adequate
social/gender
knowledge on staff
Implementing partners
understand and apply
gender requirements fin
developing GP proposals
29
IDIQ to include staffing

and skills areas on
social/gender
competency
TA partners to support
inclusion of provisions
on TIP and sexual
harassment into
project proposals as
necessary
Assistance and
oversight to ensure
that the stakeholders
consultation that
considered the 30%
women participation
criteria and organize
special womens group
consultation
Support project
developers in
incorporating the
evaluation criteria for
equal access of
group into their
proposals
Ensure preparation
studies, feasibility
assessments and
ESIAs include the
social and gender
analysis
Green
Knowledge44
Capacity building and

knowledge sharing on
green development to
include topics of role of
women in
environmental
conversation and
renewable energy
Cooperation with study
centers or gender
study centers in
universities on gender
and environment
issues/knowledge
gathering
Project-specific
ESIAs/ESMPs
For each project that is

required to develop an
ESMP, as per ESMS
requirements, ensure
there is a detailed
social and gender
44
The Green Knowledge activity is still evolving. Therefore this section lacks details at this stage and
will be further developed together with that activity.
30
section focusing on
women, vulnerable
groups and other
marginalized groups in
the ESMP with
detailed actions and
resources allocated to
implement them.
The Community Based Health and Nutrition to Reduce Stunting Project

The Community Based Health and Nutrition to Reduce Stunting project is a $131.5
million intervention that seeks to reduce and prevent low birth weight, childhood
stunting and malnourishment of children in project areas. The project builds on the
existing community-driven intervention, Generasi, which has supported community
efforts to improve health, nutrition and education indicators. The MCC commissioned
and the World Bank carried out a gender assessment of Generasi during the
compact development process. The assessment identified a number of gender
issues and recommended entry points to address them. The assessment found that
even though PNPM Generasi has a strong focus on women and children, it has
missed opportunities for well-rounded gender integration. One omission has been the
absence of fathers in PNPM Generasi interventions. By focusing so exclusively on
the role of women as mothers and by excluding fathers from the process, important
roles that fathers can play are missed. The assessment also highlighted womens
low status within the community and their lack of confidence to make active and wellinformed health choices as key concerns. In summary, issues of mens participation
and womens empowerment (rather than numeric participation) are key gaps for
PNPM Generasi.
The gender assessment highlighted the need for: a) Improving women and mens
access to and use of user-friendly information including on stunting, maternal health,
exclusive breastfeeding, weaning and child feeding practices, effective parenting and
rights to services; b) Improving mens sense of responsibility for maternal and child
health as both a community and family issue; c) Increasing mens willingness to
share household responsibilities so that there is more time for healthy food
preparation and proper child feeding practices; d) Increasing womens capacity for
decision making in the home related to time use, allocation of resources for healthy
nutrition and use of health services; e) Improving womens capacities for decision
making in the community; f) Improving the capacity of service providers to address
the gender dimensions of maternal and child nutrition and stunting. For example,
issues of womens status in society are intertwined with the still prevalent early
marriage in parts of Indonesia. As noted by WHO and others, early marriage is
negatively associated with maternal mortality and womens ability to ensure positive
child development and nutritious outcomes.
Key recommendations included: ensuring staffing and budget arrangements on
gender activities are clear and secure; improving the ability and knowledge of
community facilitators to integrate a focus on gender into their work; improving
outreach to women in villages to enable more substantive participation;
strengthening the involvement of the fathers in project activities; ensuring the
communications campaign incorporates gender; improving the collection and
analysis of sex-disaggregated data.
The Compact language specifically notes that Generasi Plus will include a
strengthened focus on gender equality. The Compact calls for the targeting service
31
providers to incorporate womens empowerment strategies. The Compact requires

the training program for service providers to strengthen womens empowerment and
increase fathers role in health interventions for target beneficiaries. The
communications campaign is specifically required to include a focus on healthy
families that emphasizes shared decision making between women and men within
the household.
To ensure these issues are addressed, the process to date has included
requirements on the issues above into the EFOs signed and agreed to with the World
Bank. This includes incorporating a gender focus into the training modules for service
providers, and the preparatory work on the communications campaign. Work has
also been done to incorporate gender issues into the evolving TORs and background
research for the national communications campaign, with plans for targeted and
specific messages encouraging fathers engagement as well as messages on
womens empowerment and the need for shared decision-making among women
and men within the household and discouraging early marriage for girls (due to
negative associations with maternal mortality rates and negative nutrition outcomes
for children).
Outstanding and ongoing issues include:
- While the training materials developed for service providers have included a
stronger focus on fathers, community facilitator modules have not been shared
yet for MCC/MCA review, but will also need to have a more consistent gender
focus. A broader plan for improving community facilitator understanding of gender
issues is needed, but it is unclear to what extent there is openness and
willingness among the various implementers to incorporate this.
- Plans for certain project sub-components have evolved slowly or changed over
time e.g. the incentives, or the private sector sub-activity, impacting the ability
to integrate a gender focus within these.
- While addressing some of the gender concerns within this project is partially
possible through activities under direct control of MCC/MCA-Indonesia, PNPM
Generasi involves collaboration among a broad set of stakeholders and entities.
Without a broader buy-in for programmatic changes among various project
actors, improving gender integration within the program will be difficult. Increased
awareness raising and conversations on gender issues would be well advised to
help address this.
- Without more systematic changes in the programs design, fathers increased
participation may not be possible. Broader program discussions on how small
changes could start to be accommodated are encouraged. Changes might
include, for example, adjusting some of the community meeting times to hours
when men are at home rather than at work and are therefore more likely to
attend. It might also include materials such as leaflets handed out to men
educating them on their roles, which could be distributed to them in places such
as mosques after Friday prayers or through existing appropriate community
forums.
Finally, the plans for the private sector sub-activity evolve, it will be important to
incorporate gender-focused opportunities into these plans. These could include, for
example, involving female micro-entrepreneurs as distributors of nutritional
supplements (similar to Unilevers Shakti scheme in India). Other possibilities include
using cell phone providers to help deliver text messages on healthy behaviors as part
of any educational campaign on healthy behaviors.
Finally, in the process of helping improve PNPM Generasi understanding and
incorporation of gender issues, it would be useful to share lessons from the
32
Philippines where the MCC-funded Compact includes a number of gender

innovations within their community-driven development project Kalahi-CIDSS.
The Community Based Health to Reduce Stunting and Malnutrition Action Plan
Activity
Community
Facilitator/NMC
Consultant Training
PNPM Generasi
manual
Health Provider
Modules
Incentives
Support sensitization
of key stakeholders to
gender issues
Formative research
Communications
awareness campaign
Action
Community facilitators
and NMC consultant
training modules and
guidelines, reflect the
findings of the gender
assessment and
incorporate a
strengthened gender
focus
Ensure revise the
manual to include the
stronger and explicit
focus on gender and
father involvement
Final health provider
training modules to
include a more
balanced
representation of family
roles and encouraging
messages regarding
fathers involvement
Consider and
implement incentives
for health service
providers on
strengthened fathers
involvement
Organize a stakeholder
workshop to improve
understanding of
gender issues and
identify priorities for
joint responses within
Generasi Plus among
key agencies, including
MoHA, PSF, NMCs,
and others.
Formative research for
the national nutrition
campaign to apply a
gender lens, and
integrate an
assessment of the
differential roles,
behaviors and
expectations of women
and men in facilitating
behavior change, with a
particular focus on the
role of a father and
other men in the
community can
contribute to behavior
change.
Output
Status
Communications
awareness campaign to
include a dedicated
33
Private Sector Activity
Information sharing
and learning between
MCAs implementing
CDD projects
Impact evaluation
Sanitation and
hygiene
focus on fathers
through a healthy
families campaign by
promoting responsible
fatherhood and fathers
involvement in child
rearing and nutrition
and womens as well as
the issue of early
marriage and how it
affects mortality
rates/nutritious
outcomes
Incorporate
opportunities for
womens proactive
involvement and
economic potential in
interventions into this
activity design (e.g. use
women as peer
educators.distributors)
Organize information
exchanges and lessons
learning between MCAI and MCA-P and
implementing partners
on gender in CDD
Incorporate a specific
gender focus into the
PNPM Generasi impact
evaluation strategy and
plans
Incorporate gender into
the ongoing design of
triggering event
activities
Procurement Modernization
The Procurement Modernization Project will support two Activities (1) improving the
procurement function by increasing the capacity and professionalization of the
procurement function (the Procurement Professionalization Activity); and (2)
supporting the development of procurement policies and procedures which would
improve procurement outcomes, the rate and success of public private partnerships
(PPPs), and environmental sustainability (the Policy and Procedure Activity).
Along with the implementation of these Activities, the Procurement Modernization
Project will work to strengthen LKPPs capacity to integrate gender concerns into the
procurement realm.
During Compact development, various activities were initiated to support an
understanding of gaps and opportunities for gender integration into this activity. A
gender assessment was carried out, followed up by additional analysis of key areas,
including a gender assessment of key relevant regulations, an attempt to sexdisaggregate data on procurement staff and gain a better understanding of key
issues facing female procurement professionals, as well as the commissioning of a
gender vendor survey, which examines the extent to which female enterprises are
able to benefit from government procurement opportunities. Key findings included:
GOI does not actively seek out diverse vendors or collect statistics on women
owned businesses that register as vendors, submit proposals, or win contracts.
34
While government procurement does not explicitly discriminate against women,

bidders have unequal access to procurement resources and qualifications. Small
bidders where women are more likely to be found - are particularly
disadvantaged, but concrete lack of data on this subject is lacking, as is any
analysis of differential access to procurement opportunities.
The lack of a formal definition of a female enterprise compounds this problem of
tracking access.
Lack of representation of women among procurement committee bodies may
lead to missed opportunities to integrate gender perspectives or womens
exclusion from available opportunities.
From the limited data made available, it appears that the procurement realm is a
male dominated profession in which women are employed at lower positions, with
lower levels of education. This is an important consideration, indicating the need
to closely monitor the gender balance of procurement professionals that will
benefit from opportunities through this project.
Procurement professionals at the moment do not receive gender training, or
knowledge to help them incorporate this issue into their work.
The gender vendor survey was commissioned to help fill the above noted gap in
knowledge about female entrepreneurs access to government procurement. The
survey concluded that:
There are substantial gender differences among Indonesian firms in terms of
business size, focus, and structure. Businesses owned by women tend to be
smaller and younger than male-owned firms. Female-owned businesses are also
more likely to be in retail trade or services, and less likely to be in construction,
mining, and wholesale trade than male-owned businesses. Female-owned
businesses are more likely to be organized as sole proprietorships, less likely to be
incorporated and about as likely to be organized as partnerships as male-owned
businesses. Female-owned firms employ a higher share of female workers and are
more likely to have female managers. Although in terms of overall size female-owned
firms are smaller than male-owned firms, the average number of employees they
have is higher.
Data collected for our survey show that male-owned firms exhibit much higher
participation in government procurement. Out of the total number of firms
contacted for this survey that are currently government vendors, only 5% were
female-owned enterprises. Firms with certain types of legal incorporation structures
have a higher likelihood of taking part in government procurement. Male-owned firms
have much better access to and success in obtaining direct appointment contracts
than female-owned firms. Business location matters, with home-based businesses
being less likely to obtain government contracts but being more likely to be femaleowned.
There is a correlation between business association membership and the
ability to successfully win government contracts. Around half of the owners of
firms that have participated in public tenders also report being active in a business
association. Being active in business association therefore appears to have positive
impacts on firms participation in public tenders, a finding with gender implications
given that women tend to be less likely to be active in business associations.
There are also clear gender differences in the ways that female and maleowned enterprises obtain their contracts. Male-owned firms are also more likely
to obtain their contracts through direct appointments, without competition.
35
There are some clear gender differences and gaps in the knowledge,
experiences and perceptions of government procurement among male and
female-owned firms. Knowledge of procurement regulations, especially on the
Presidential Decree 54/2010 Article 100 that would allow small companies to become
suppliers up to Rp. 2.5 billion, is still limited, and this knowledge is lower among
female enterprises. Half of female-owned firms and 40% of male-owned firms do not
know about this regulation. There are strong gender gaps in the firms access to
financial services.
The main barriers to access government funded tenders or projects cited are:
too many regulations, Sistem Pengadaan Secara Elektonik or Electronic
Procurement System (SPSE) confusing and often troublesome, confusing
regulations, and KKN (Corruption Collusion, Nepotism). Around one-fourth of female
owned firms that did not participate in a tender believe that they would not get the
contract as this tender is only a formality process, and the government has decided
the winner already. Fifteen percent of survey respondents (both female and maleowned firms) report that corruption is one of their main reasons for not participating in
a government tender. In the focus group discussions, participants noted that
although e-procurement could be an effective way to reduce corruption, however,
some room for maneuver still remains. One of the obstacles in the usage of eprocurement is the lack of skills.
Procurement Modernization Activity Action Plan
Activity
Actions
Ensure final
MoUs signed with
ULPs mention
gender objectives
Assistance and
support for the MoU
particularly for the
gender objectives
MoU is signed with the

gender criteria included
Implementing
entity agreement
signed between
MCA-I and LKPP
to outline gender
responsibilities
Assistance and
support for the IEA
particularly for the
gender criteria
IEA is signed with the

gender criteria
Staffing/resources
Consider staffing
needs groups of
consultants may be
needed to
implement tasks
TOR for consultant
Gender vendor
survey
Gender vendor
survey completed,
published, and
widely
disseminated
Publication/reports printed
and uploaded to MCA-I
website
Key
recommendation
agreed upon and
follow up actions
initiated
Follow up activities
Consider targeted
# of female benefitting
Capacity building
Outputs
Status
# of seminar/workshops held
36
for female
entrepreneurs
(using findings
from the gender
vendor survey)
(*funded through Gender
Targeted Activities)
education and
knowledge needs
and tailor any
outreach to these
accordingly based
on competencies/
types of enterprise,
etc
Organize and
support Womens
Circles
networking,
information sharing,
support
Support campaigns
encouraging
women to become
involved in tender
process (e.g.
posters, flyers, etc)
Capacity building
for procurement
professionals
(using info from
the gender vendor
survey), targeting
especially female
procurement
professionals
Organize and
support Womens
Circles
networking,
information sharing,
support, informal
training; Consider
transfer of
knowledge/training
to other ULP
female staff
Consider whether
and how content
might be included
in training of
professionals, as
appropriate, on key
gaps and issues
Initial discussions
with authorized
section on
whether
competencies for
procurement
professions
should include a
social/gender
dimension
Consultation with
the relevant section
under LKPP or
other institutions to
identify social and
gender dimensions
related to
competencies of
procurement
professions
Reports emanating from

consultations and desk
reviews
Recommendations
emanating from FGD
Desk review to
gather example or
good practices from
other countries
Focus Group
Discussion (FGD)
on the findings of
two activities above
to determine the
next steps in the
recommendations
37
Sexdisaggregated
data collection
and monitoring
Start collecting sexdisaggregated data

on procurement
professionals
A set of sex-disaggregated
data produced and reported
Initiate discussions
with PMIS
consultant on
whether collecting
data on female
enterprises
accessing tenders
can be
accommodated
Support gender
balance among
procurement
professionals
recruited for the
PM capacity
building program,
in particular
through targeted
outreach for
women
Encourage women
to obtain certificate
in procurement to
increase their
capacity and
interest
Consider how to
incorporate sexdisaggregated
data collection
into eprocurement
processes
Providing inputs
and suggestions for
sex-segregated
data collection (add
field on sex of
bidder firm)
Sustainable
procurement
policy to include
social/gender
provisions, as
appropriate
Provide inputs for

the SPP policy
development
process for
integrating gender
and social issues,
as appropriate
# of female and male

participants
If midway through
recruitment
process, gender
balance is poor,
consider remedial
measures to
address the gap
Market analysis research to

include SGA issues
Social/gender provisions
integrated into the SPP
related policy, if appropriate
Cross-Cutting Gender Concerns: Gender Targeted Activities

As discussed, relevant social and gender issues are being addressed in each
Compact activity, as appropriate. However, during the due diligence process several
crosscutting gaps and inequalities at the policy, institutional and community levels
were identified, which potentially limit womens full participation in Indonesias
economy and impact womens ability to participate across projects. The Compact
sets aside $5 million to address these related and critical constraints to womens
participation in the formal economy and Compact activities. The Compact notes:
To address gender concerns that impact womens ability to participate across
Projects, MCA-Indonesia will adopt a detailed work-plan, subject to MCC approval,
38
for gender work to be undertaken at the policy, institutional capacity building and
community levels (the Targeted Gender Activities). Annex II sets forth the MCC
Funding allocated for the performance of the Targeted Gender Activities. Prior to the
second disbursement of Program Funding for the Targeted Gender Activities, MCAIndonesia shall have completed detailed action plans and provided evidence of
demonstrated commitment of relevant stakeholders to addressing policy constraints
identified in the Work Plan.
The activities to be funded for this complementary fund shall be meeting the following
criteria:
1. Significant gender-based policy constraint that impacts womens economic
participation and ability to fully benefit from MCC Compact activities
2. Solid link and positive contribution to leverage several MCC Compact themes
rather than impact just one Compact activity
3. A good opportunity for MCC Compact to potentially make a significant
contribution and demonstrate leadership on gender.
During Compact development, various analytical work has been undertaken, as well
as consultations, gathering of best practices and discussions with other donors,
government agencies, and stakeholders to help narrow down the range of issues to
include in this work. Below is a summary of key issues identified to date, with
potential open to incorporate additional issues during Compact implementation in
addition to those listed below, as they arise and are deemed appropriate given the
focus of this activity.
Support for Addressing Capacity Building Issues and Needs across the Compact
One of the key areas to be supported through the complementary Targeted Gender
Activities is building capacity of various stakeholders involved in the Compact to
understand and apply SGA criteria, and ensure benefits and opportunities to women
emanating from Compact activities. Capacity building needs and gaps have been
identified for the three Compact activities, and are briefly discussed below. The list is
not exclusive, and as the list of capacity needs evolved, additional activities and
areas might be supported.
Capacity needs for GP: One of the key GP project selection criteria is ensuring
equal access for women and vulnerable groups to the project or its benefits. To
help GP meet this objective one key gap relates to the capacity of various GP
stakeholders to understand and meet the social and gender requirements. Capacity
building on gender would enable local governments, NGOs, banks, project
implementers and other GP implementing partners to effectively integrate Indonesian
& MCC gender requirements in districts where Compact activities will be funded.
MCA-I has engaged a consultant to develop a range of materials training modules,
tip-sheets and tools. Following the completion of these materials, training and roll-out
of them should be carried out, as needed, during implementation. This might be done
through dedicated trainings and workshops, or one-on-one mentoring and support.
Some of the roll-out and training might be combined with training on ESMS issues, if
appropriate.
Capacity needs in procurement modernization: a key need identified during due
diligence for this project relates to the capacity and knowledge of female enterprises
to understand government procurement rules and procedures. To help address this
gap, MCA-Indonesia may undertake a series of training sessions targeting female
enterprises. This might be combined with additional capacity building for women in
joining business associations and networks a key gap identified in the Gender
Vendor Survey.
39
Capacity needs in nutrition/health: Support for increasing community facilitator ability

to understand and apply gender concerns in their work with the communities,
especially how to strengthen fathers roles, is a key identified need. Complementary
support could be used for either: a) additional support for integrating a gender focus
into community facilitator or health worker trainings; b) pilot trainings/initiatives on
this front.
Support for Adopting a Formal Definition of a Female-Owned Enterprise
The Indonesian government does not formally define female entrepreneurs. As a
result, it is unable to track the opportunities afforded to these enterprises, including
whether they are able to benefit as suppliers from government contract opportunities.
As supplier diversity initiatives have gained traction internationally through both
government efforts and corporate supplier diversity initiatives, discussions on how
best to incorporate such efforts in Indonesia are underway, including through the
Procurement Modernization project. Without a formal definition of what a femaleowned/managed enterprise, it will not be possible to start collecting sexdisaggregated data under the procurement modernization project on access to
government procurement opportunities.
Having a formal definition would be useful not only for tracking access to government
contracts, but would also provide clarify in targeting for other projects that seek to
support womens entrepreneurship. The Ministry of Womens Affairs has expressed
interest in collaborating on this issue with MCA-I. This issue was raised in the
Gender Vendor Survey and work on it would particularly support the Procurement
Modernization project, but also more broadly the womens entrepreneurship agenda
in Indonesia.
Heads of households definition and the status of female-headed households
As noted earlier, Indonesia does not meet the MCC scorecard indicator on the
Gender in the Economy criterion. The reason for this is related to the head of
household definition generally used in Indonesia, and the gender inequality
embedded in it. The Marriage Law designates by default the man as the head of the
household. The Indonesia Bureau of Statistics (BPS) definition of the head of
household allows two people to be considered as the head: i) the person who is
actually responsible for the daily needs of the household; ii) the person who is
considered the head of the household (see article 31 reference cited below). This
definition is confusing as only one person can be named the head through the BPS
national survey process, and most often, men are defined as heads because they
are considered head of household, whether or not they are present or contributing.
As pointed out by womens groups, this has important implications for national policy
planning and the eventual trickling down of benefits to women both single and
married ones. 45 It contributes to making other
regulations (e.g. tax code) discriminatory, and
Article 31 Law No.1 Year 1974 on Marriage: leads to a loss of benefits to female headed
1. Rights and positions of wives are equal with households who have trouble registering their
rights and position of husbands in
status, as well as a skewed system of national
households and in society;
2. Each party has his or her own capacity to statistics that does not appropriately take into
undertake legal action;
account the needs and interests of female
3. Husbands are heads of households and
headed households. This definition of the head
married women are housewives.
of household impacts womens potential
access to MCA-I funded activities and project benefits.
45
PEKKA and Ausaid. 2010. Access to Justice: Empowering Female Heads of Households in
Indonesia. http://www.ausaid.gov.au/publications/pdf/justice-accessto-english.pdf
40
About 14% of Indonesian households are

female-headed. 46 AusAID research found
that while 14% of Indonesians live below
the poverty line, 55% of female-headed
Indonesia tax regulations determine the family
households they surveyed did so. On
as an economic entity. The elucidation part
for article 8 in Law No.8/1983 of Income
average they are older and poorer and
Taxes Law and its amendment in Law
have lower level of education than their
No.36/2008 stated:
male counterparts. 47 The WDR 2012
reported that female-headed households
Taxation system under this Law construes a
are less likely to own and operate land than
family as a single economic unit which means
that the income or loss of all family members is
male-headed household. In rural areas
combined into one taxable unit and the
they are less likely than male heads of
fulfilment of the tax obligations is carried out by
households to have received credits in the
the head of the family. In certain cases,
last 12 months. Access to productive inputs
however, the fulfilment of tax obligations is
conducted separately.
and markets is lower among the femaleheaded households than among the maleheaded households. These womens vulnerabilities are increased due to their lower
access to health services: one third of those below the Indonesian poverty line were
unable to access free medical treatments, and less than 50% of the female headed
households they surveyed had a legal marriage. 48 Moreover, these womens legal
status is often precarious due to the problems they face in getting their status as the
head of household formalized. In rural areas, women with little education may not
have the resources or knowledge about the need for obtaining a formal divorce
certificate that helps confer head of household status, and as a result they may not
be able to benefit from social services. Given their higher vulnerability and poverty
and less access to decision-making circles, a close focus on ensuring that femaleheaded households are not excluded from project benefits will be needed in the
Indonesia compact.
Individual taxpayers in Indonesia are viewed
through the lens of the head of household as a
unit.
Some work is underway to advocate for a revision of the head of household

definition, with MoWE, PEKKA, AusAID and GIZ carrying out ongoing research and
consultations on this issue, mapping out current ministerial policies and procedures
on the definition use, with the goal of coming up with an agreed way forward for
reforming the definition. The Indonesia Compact could further support this process
to develop a definition on female-headed household, but also ensure its
implementation.
The inequality embedded in the head of household definition directly impacts other
regulations, including the tax code. Until recently, working married women were not
required to apply for a Tax ID; they could use their husbands tax number, and most
married women tend to still use their husbands tax ID. Income tax liabilities are
calculated based on the head of household status. As noted above, the head of
household in Indonesia is usually considered to be a male, and additional steps are
usually required of females to obtain such status. Since men are generally
recognized as household heads, women are likely to have higher marginal tax rates
than married men, with implication for productivity and formal labor force
46
47
TNP2K and Ausaid 2013. Gender Analysis of Unified Database
48
41
participation. 49 According to the World Banks Women, Business and the Law
Database, a womans tax-liability as a percentage of a mans is 120% in Indonesia. 50
This situation may also increase the difficulty for married women to engage in formal
financial activities, such as apply for credit if this requires independent tax IDs. Being
taxed at higher rates (for married women) will become especially burdensome as
Indonesias economy grows and more women join the formal labor force. At the
moment, Indonesia has a very low labor force participation rate for women, and it will
be important not to dis-incentivize their greater participation through discriminatory
tax regulations.
This issue can be especially burdensome for women who are separated from their
husbands but not divorced. Research by AusAID published in 2010 found that a high
number of women do not choose to pursue divorce due to the high cost of it. This tax
situation therefore particularly penalizes women who are separated from their
husbands but unable to afford the high costs of divorce. While the MCCs control of
corruption threshold activity identified the tax issue as a constraint, nothing was done
about it at the time. During the Compact development process, a paper analyzing
legal and gender analysis of taxation has been drafted and consulted with LKPP, the
Directorate General of Taxes, MOWE, Bappenas, and womens organizations in
Jakarta as well as international donor organizations. AIPEG Program of AusAID has
helped to accommodate a presentation of the papers findings, including
representatives from the Directorate General of Taxes (Ministry of Finance), BPS,
and other donor organizations within and outside of AusAID. The newly initiative
launched by the US Government, the Equal Future Partnership in which the GOI is
partaking, is an opportunity to further examine these types of legal barriers, and
MOWE, which is the lead agency for Equal Futures, has signaled willingness to
formalize a partnership on this with MCA.
Gender Targeted Activity Action Plan
Activity
Action
Output
Formalize
cooperation with
MOWE (via MoU or
another modality, as
appropriate)
MoU/collaboration
agreement drafting and
negotiation with MOWE
Signed
MoU/collaboration
agreement
GP gender capacity
building
Contracting
firms/NGOs/individual
consultants to carry out
training, as needed, for
GP stakeholders using
modules developed by
capacity building
consultant
TOR for firm (or

individual consultants)
Print and
disseminate/publish GP
gender training
modules/tip-sheets and
Status
# of capacity building
workshop/training/
seminar/etc. are held
# of sex-disaggregated
participants of the
capacity building event
Report from the firm
emanating from the
49
Sheng, Claire Ye. 2007. MCC Control of Corruption Project Gender Assessment. Prepared for
USAID.
50
World Bank Women, Business and the Law Database. Accessed January 14, 2011:
http://wbl.worldbank.org/ExploreEconomies/Indonesia
42
other materials
Support capacity
building on
gender/fathers
involvement for
community
facilitators/health
workers, as outlined
in the health section
Carry out targeted

training for GP
stakeholders throughout
project implementation,
based on needs. When
appropriate, this might be
combined with ESMS
trainings.
Contracting individual
consultant to develop
capacity building
materials on fathers
involvement in
community meeting (a
supplement module for
facilitators/health
workers TOT and
campaign materials)
Contracting
the TOTs using modules
developed by capacity
building consultant
capacity building
indicating the
improvement of
participants knowledge
TOR for individual

consultant
Modules/tip-sheets and
other materials are
ready to distribute
TOR for firm/NGO/
individual consultant
# of participants
segregated by sex and
location
Report emanating from
the TOT workshops
Print and disseminate the

campaign materials
Training of Trainers
(TOT) for facilitators on
fathers involvement in
community meeting.
Capacity building for

female entrepreneurs
and procurement
professions, as
outlined in the
procurement
modernization
section
Contracting individual
consultant to develop
module and training
materials for the capacity
building for female
entrepreneurs
Contracting
capacity building
(training) for female
entrepreneurs and
procurement
professionals
TOR for individual

consultant
TOR for firm/NGO/
individual consultant
Modules/tip-sheets and
other materials are
ready to distribute
# of participants
segregated by sex and
location
Reports emanating
from the workshops
Design, print, and

disseminate campaign
materials
Capacity building activity
(training, workshop, etc)
for female entrepreneurs
and procurement
professionals
Support ongoing
efforts to revise the
Support and participate in

consultations with a
A report indicating
inputs/views on the
43
head of household
definition that better
accommodates
female-headed
households position
broad range of
stakeholders, including
ministries and
government institutions,
on the most appropriate
language to adopt in
revising the definition of
heads of households,
including key steps and
actions to be undertaken
by the most appropriate
agencies to ensure the
revised definition is
adopted
An agreed upon revised
definition
Public consultation on the
proposed definition
Initiate process to
relevant ministries to
adopt the definition
In-depth research on
gender implications
for macroeconomic
policy making, in
particular focusing
on taxation (jointly
with MoWE, as per
Equal Futures
partnership)
Carry out
discussions/FGDs with
MoWE, tax authorities,
Coordinating Ministry on
Economy and Finance
and others to refine
approach and questions
Contract international
and national consultants
for in-depth research
future proposed
definition on heads of
households that
accommodate the
female-headed
households
A position paper that
contains the proposed
definition
A report of the public
consultation
A decree on the newly
adopted definition (A
regulation issued with
the new definition of
heads of household
that better
accommodates
womens position in the
family and requires
consistent usage and
adoption on this
definition across
government agencies)
TOR/SOWs prepared
Research carried out
Toolkit completed and
widely disseminated
Policy discussions on
key issues identified
and awareness raised
on needed next steps
In-depth research
finalized and translated
into practical toolkit for
policymakers and
practitioners
Public/stakeholders
consultation for the
findings of the research
above and dissemination
of results
Formalizing the
definition of female
entrepreneurs,
potentially through
inclusion in the
Policy on Household
Economy
Consultation with
relevant stakeholders to
determine entry points
and language to include
in policy jointly with
MoWE
An agreed upon definition
adopted and incorporated
into policy
Awareness-raising on the
new definition and follow
up sensitization of key
A report indicating
inputs/views on the
future proposed
definition on female
entrepreneurs
A position paper that
contain the proposed
definition
A decree on the newly
adopted definition
Outreach
44
Awareness raising
activities and
womens
empowerment
training
stakeholders on its
existence
sessions/events
Contracting womens
organization working on
FHH issues and other
womens rights
awareness (and all the
works below) in pilot GP
districts
TOR/SOW for the

womens organization
to work on the overall
FHH and awareness
raising issues
Organization of FHH
groups in pilot GP
districts
FHH groups are

formed in four pilot GP
villages
Support for legal

awareness/empowerment
training for women
Female paralegals
assist the FHH
organizations and
awareness raising
activities
Establish formal linkages

with GP project
opportunities (economic
activity, microfinance
etc.)
Complementary
economic activities
created for FHH
members linked to GP
investments
5. Monitoring and Evaluation

As of the wriiting of this SGIP, the M&E plan has not been developed, and therefore
we do not provide in this section detailed on which specific indicators should be sexdisaggregated and what gender specific indicators might be needed. In general, both
the MCC Gender Policy and the M&E Policy require that data be sex-disaggregated
to the extent possible and that gender be integrated into impact evaluations, as
appropriate. Based on our understanding of what might be the interventions and
resulting indicators, we provide below some suggested areas of issues/topics to sexdisaggregate. These may be adjusted as the M&E Plan is developed.
Green Prosperity
# of individual trained on SGA topics (including TIP) disaggregated by sex
# or $ value of gender or vulnerable focused grants disbursed
# of women trained on various skill development
# of women hired for project works (temporary employment)
# of women trained on RE
# and ratio of women involved in consultations
# and percentage of SME entrepreneurs benefitting from project investments,
disaggregated by sex
Procurement Modernization
# of procurement professionals trained disaggregated by gender
# of female entrepreneurs receiving capacity building
Health
# of community facilitators trained on stunting and gender
45
# of males who attended nutritional group counseling sessions

Impact evaluations and special studies
A number of impact evaluations are planned under the Compact and in the early
stages of conceptualization. Below we propose initial recommendations on areas and
issues to incorporate into these from a social and gender perspective. The impact
evaluation below might need to consider both qualitative and quantitative evaluation
methods.
For the Community-Based Health and Nutrition project, the impact evaluation should
include a dedicated focus on gender. The first impact evaluation of the program
carried out by the World Bank did not do so, missing out on important opportunity to
learn and adjust approaches. The impact evaluation might consider the following
evaluation question:
- Do PNPM Generasi interventions result in broader positive changes in womens
lives and foster their empowerment?
- What are the impacts on intra-family decision making regarding childrens health?
- Impacts of engaging men in infant feeding practices
- The extent to which gender inequalities contribute to high rates of maternal and
child malnutrition.
For Green Prosperity, a dedicated focus on both positive and negative potential
impacts on women and vulnerable groups should be included. Potential evaluation
questions might include:
- How do changes in electricity affect womens time use, and what are the resulting
re-allocations of their time to other activities? Is productivity impacted and how?
How will impact household and womens income? In what ways does this impact
power relations within project communities and families? How does it impacts
womens roles and activities in their community?
- How do intra-household decision making patterns impact how families use
improved electricity: e.g. who determines what appliances are purchased in the
home and to what use are these being made (productive vs. leisure)? What are
the impacts on household costs (do household costs decrease e.g. costs of
running household)?
- Impacts on education and knowledge: this applies both to childrens learning
outcomes but also to women in the home (e.g. does increased TV viewing
broaden knowledge and awareness of broader social issues. Does it result in
lower productivity/less time spent on homework?)
- Do more secure/certain land rights strengthen womens productive potential? Do
land delineation processes undermine access for certain groups?
- What types of NRM investments have bigger payoffs for womens productivity?
A separate qualitative assessment on the quality of participatory and consultative
processes within GP and the ability to ensure meaningful involvement of women and
vulnerable groups as well as the extent to which results in substantive benefits
should be carried out mid-course in implementation, to allow us to learn and correct
course and approaches, if needed.
For Procurement Modernization, the data assessment work should incorporate to the
extent possible, sex-disaggregated data collection into the phase one assessment.
Once the impact evaluation approach for phase two is determined SGA should
incorporate evaluation questions, as appropriate.
46
A separate qualitative assessment of the Gender Targeted Activities should be

undertaken close to the conclusion of the Compact, to assess the effectiveness and
impacts of activities undertaken.
6. Communications
The importance of MCA-Is commitment to gender equality is crucial in enhacing
MCA-I image and encouraging all potential beneficiaries to take advantage of the
opportunities. The strategies to comminucate this message are:
A decided section of the MCA website should address SGA issues and
highlight success stories.
Ensure all major materials by MCA-I include social/gender objectives and
images of broad range of beneficiaries (women, men, children, elderly)
A brochure will be developed on the SGIP.
A separate brochure for Gender Targeted Activities.
Additional materials for GP gender and available opportunities should be
developed for GP and for procurement modernization.
Press releases for any important event and milestone of the gender-related
Compact activities (e.g. upon completion of SGIP).
Hold events at key milestones or holidays celebrating accomplishments on
gender under the Compact (e.g. International Womens Day, Kartinis day,
Hari Ibu December 22nd)
8. MCA Capacity Assessment

The MCC Gender Milestone require that gender training be carried out for MCA staff,
and relevant implementing partners.
The MCA staff hired to date have demonstrated basic gender awareness. Even
though they have basic gender awareness it is important that they are supportive for
the effot to implement gender requirement and really understand the value of it.
To help them understand requirements going forward, an intiail training should be
carried out once all staff are board (by end of summer 2013). This is expected to help
them not only understand what is required but also the underlying reasons why a
gender focus is important and how it results in improved project outcomes.
The gender training materials should include MCC gender policy, gender integration
guidelines/milestones, the SGIP and responsiblities for staff/implementing partners
embedded within it, TIP, and sexual harassment. The topic of sexual harrasment
should be covered once MCA-I develops this policy, and MCA HR shuold lead that
session.
47
Implementing entitites/partners/any contractors hired to date should be invited for this

training such as LKPP, PNPM Generasi, and those who will be the implementing
entities for GP.
Project specific capacity building entry points are also included in the Gender
Targeted Activty. Some of these activities may be modified as project needs change
or are re-assessed during Compact implementation.
A separate capacity building modules for GP is now in the drafting process. It will be
utilized for various GP stakeholders (government, non-government, project
developers, and other relevant stakeholders). Some of the module may be
appropriate for other projects.
9. SGIP and Its Implication to other Compact Documents, Contracts and
Reports
The SGIP has implications for other documents such as the ESMS and the M&E
Plan, draws upon them and complements them. The M&E section is discussed
separately. The ESMS is developed in tiers: tier 1 ESMS contains cross-reference to
SGA issues, while the expectation for the tier 2 to incorporate relevant provision from
this plan, as appropriate. This includes, for example, key ESP issues and
requirements emanating from the IFC Performance Standards, such as on
resettlement, where equitable compensation should be incorporated as a
requirement in Tier 2 ESMS. Other ESP triggered actions and assessments will
include social and gender issues, as appropriate, based on consultations between
ESP and SGA and IFC Performance Standards guidance.
Reference to this SGIP and required compliance with relevant provision of it should
be included in all major contract and bidding documents.
Quarterly reporting by MCA to MCC, including quarterly disbursement requests,
should contain language and relevant updates emanting from this plan and its
requirements.
10. SGIP Review and Update Process
MCA-I will submit the updates of SGIP annually for MCC review, to track progress
against each proposed activity and note any issues and plans to rectify them. The
updates will include progress against meeting MCC Gender Integration Milestones
and Operational Procedures. SGIP updates will be prepared according to the
following schedule:
Update 1: June 2014
Update 2: June 2015
Update 3: June 2016
Update 4: June 2017
SGIP Final summary report: March 2018
48
Bibliography
BPS-MOWE. Gender-based Human Development. BPS-MOWE, 2012.
BPS. Gender Statistics Indonesia. BPS, 2011.
Britt, Charla. Operationalizing Gender Integration:
Recommendations for Green Prosperity, June 2011.
Initial
Findings
and
Britt, Charla. Gender and Social Inclusion for Green Prosperity: Trip Report, July
2011.
Green Prosperity Social and Gender Assessment. Summary of Report: Trip to
Karampuang Island, January 2013.
IFC. IFC: Sustainability Framework. 2012.
IFC: IFC: Guidance Note. 2012
ILO. Global Employment Trend. UNDP, 2013.
Lockley, Tobias, and Adama. Gender Analysis of the Unified Database. TNP2K and
AusAID, January 2013.
Millennium Challenge Corporation. Gender Integration Guidelines, March 2011.
___________________________. Initial Social and Gender Analysis for Indonesia,
March 2011.
___________________________. Gender Policy, May 2011.
___________________________. Principles into Practice: Gender Equality and
Poverty Reduction through Growth, September 2012.
___________________________. MCCs Approach on Trafficking in Persons. Issue
Brief, March 2010.
MOWE. Policy Paper on Gender Mainstreaming, 19 June 2011.
National Commission on Violence against Women. It is not only at home: womens
experience of violence in unequal power relations, 2010.
Novirianti. Summary of Report Trip to Jambi and Sulbar. 2011 2013.
PEKKA and Ausaid. Access to Justice: Empowering Female Heads of Households in
Indonesia. PEKKA and AusAID, 2010.
Shatifan, Nina. Gender equality as a key dimension for improved maternal and child
nutrition to reduce stunting, 2011.
Sheng, Claire Ye. MCC Control of Corruption Project Gender Assessment. Prepared
for USAID, 2007.
The Asia Development Bank. Indonesia Country Gender Assessment, 2006.
49
The World Bank. Gender Equality and Development. World Development Report,
2012.
The World Bank. Toward Gender Equality in East Asia and the Pacific. A Companion
to the World Development Report, 2012.
The World Bank. Improving access to financial services in Indonesia, 2009.
UNDP. Womens Participation in Politics and Government in Indonesia. A Policy
Paper, 2010.
Vazques and Novirianti. Applying a Gender Lens to the Government-Procurement
Modernization Project in Indonesia Assessment, August 2011.
http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/spsi/vulnerable_groups_en.htm
http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Table4.pdf
http://www.masterintelligence.com/ViewInsights.jsp?hidReportTypeId=1&hidSectionI
d=180&hidReport=253&hidReportSection=1131&hidViewType=null&hidUserId=null
http://www.menkokesra.go.id/content/20-provinsi-masih-miliki-masalah-kesehatanibu-dan-anak
http://www.mcc.gov/documents/scorecards/score-fy13-indonesia.pdf
http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2012/11/23/05393810/Komnas.Perempuan.Temuk
an.282.Perda.Diskriminatif
http://pewglobal.org/2010/07/01/gender-equality/
http://pnpm-support.org/peduli/operational-manual-2012
http://wbl.worldbank.org/ExploreEconomies/Indonesia
http://www.tcd.ie/Economics/Development_Studies/link.php?id=76
50

MCA-Indonesia Social and Gender Integration Plan (SGIP)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MCA-Indonesia Social and Gender Integration Plan (SGIP)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

MCA-Indonesia Social and Gender Integration Plan (SGIP)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

,

MCA-Indonesia Social and

Millennium Challenge Account Indonesia (MCA-I)

Social Gender Integration Plan (SGIP) Indonesia

Social Gender Integration Plan (SGIP) Indonesia

American Center of International Labor Solidarity

Social Gender Integration Plan (SGIP) Indonesia

A substantial amount of background research, analysis, assessments and

Social Gender Integration Plan (SGIP) Indonesia

activities. Consultants were contracted to produce thorough social and gender

Social Gender Integration Plan (SGIP) Indonesia

2. Background: Key Social and Gender Issues, Concerns, and Trends

To appropriately identify and target those considered excluded or vulnerable, a set of

Social Gender Integration Plan (SGIP) Indonesia

responsibilities change over time and are different in different societies.

Gender and Social Gaps at the Legal and Policy Level

http://pnpm-support.org/peduli/operational-manual-2012 accessed 17 May 2013

Social Gender Integration Plan (SGIP) Indonesia

Source: Gender-based Human Development 2011, BPS-MOWE 2011

Social Gender Integration Plan (SGIP) Indonesia

Social Gender Integration Plan (SGIP) Indonesia

EAP Report 2012

Social Gender Integration Plan (SGIP) Indonesia

education enrollment. However gaps in education quality and choice academic

World Development Report 2012.

Social Gender Integration Plan (SGIP) Indonesia

e prevalence across East Asian

to the World Bank Country

nce (% of women ages 1549)

Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total)

Social Gender Integration Plan (SGIP) Indonesia

ectoral composition in EAP over

Figure 4: Employment sectoral composition by gender in

% of total employment by sector and gender

ndicators 2010, World Bank.

Source: World Development Indicators 2010, Gender

At the moment, womens participation in

Women in the Economy

ket responses to structural transformation have, in part, reflected countryevelopment

moved from a heavy concentration of workers in agriculture in 1980 to a rise in the

nder-specific patterns of employment

gor employment segregationalong gender lines is pervasive, by industry,

Source: Sakernas 2010

Source: Sakernas 2010

Women entrepreneurs in Indonesia are important contributors to national economic

EAP Report 2012

Social Gender Integration Plan (SGIP) Indonesia

Source: World Bank enterprise surveys: www.enterprisesurveys.org

Mastercard Worldwide Insights:

Social Gender Integration Plan (SGIP) Indonesia

The Ministry of Womens Empowerment and Child Protection functions as the

World Bank. 2009. Improving access to financial services in Indonesia.

Social Gender Integration Plan (SGIP) Indonesia

Asian Development Bank. 2010. Gender Equality Results in ADB Projects.

Social Gender Integration Plan (SGIP) Indonesia

3.Institutional and Programmatic Review of Related Donor and Womens

Social Gender Integration Plan (SGIP) Indonesia

Social Gender Integration Plan (SGIP) Indonesia