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    All Genetics FRs

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    PineappleHead
    1. The technique used to separate DNA fragments by size is gel electrophoresis. The diagram shows that the man's profile matches both the mother's and the child's, so he is likely the biological father. 2. The karyotype shows the person has three copies of chromosome 21, providing evidence of Down syndrome. Down syndrome occurs due to non-disjunction in meiosis, which can result in an extra chromosome 21. The person is male because the karyotype shows an XY sex chromosome constitution. 3. Plasmids are small circles of DNA that can be used for gene transfer in bacteria. The inserted gene and plasmid must be joined together using ligase enzyme to complete the process. Gene transfer

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    All Genetics FRs

    Uploaded by

    PineappleHead
    94 views11 pages
    1. The technique used to separate DNA fragments by size is gel electrophoresis. The diagram shows that the man's profile matches both the mother's and the child's, so he is likely the biological father. 2. The karyotype shows the person has three copies of chromosome 21, providing evidence of Down syndrome. Down syndrome occurs due to non-disjunction in meiosis, which can result in an extra chromosome 21. The person is male because the karyotype shows an XY sex chromosome constitution. 3. Plasmids are small circles of DNA that can be used for gene transfer in bacteria. The inserted gene and plasmid must be joined together using ligase enzyme to complete the process. Gene transfer

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    1. The technique used to separate DNA fragments by size is gel electrophoresis. The diagram shows that the man's profile matches both the mother's and the child's, so he is likely the biological father. 2. The karyotype shows the person has three copies of chromosome 21, providing evidence of Down syndrome. Down syndrome occurs due to non-disjunction in meiosis, which can result in an extra chromosome 21. The person is male because the karyotype shows an XY sex chromosome constitution. 3. Plasmids are small circles of DNA that can be used for gene transfer in bacteria. The inserted gene and plasmid must be joined together using ligase enzyme to complete the process. Gene transfer

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as RTF, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as rtf, pdf, or txt
    94 views11 pages

    All Genetics FRs

    Uploaded by

    PineappleHead
    1. The technique used to separate DNA fragments by size is gel electrophoresis. The diagram shows that the man's profile matches both the mother's and the child's, so he is likely the biological father. 2. The karyotype shows the person has three copies of chromosome 21, providing evidence of Down syndrome. Down syndrome occurs due to non-disjunction in meiosis, which can result in an extra chromosome 21. The person is male because the karyotype shows an XY sex chromosome constitution. 3. Plasmids are small circles of DNA that can be used for gene transfer in bacteria. The inserted gene and plasmid must be joined together using ligase enzyme to complete the process. Gene transfer

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    1.

    (a)

    State the name of the technique that is used to separate fragments of DNA according to
    their size, during DNA profiling.
    ......................................................................................................................................
    (1)

    (b)

    The diagram below represents the results of a paternity investigation. Track A is the
    profile of the mother of a child, track B is the profile of the child and track C is the profile
    of a man who might be the father.

    Explain, using evidence from the diagram, whether this man is the father or not.
    ......................................................................................................................................
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    (3)
    (Total 4 marks)

    IB Questionbank Biology

    2.

    The karyotype below shows the chromosomes from a person with Down syndrome.

    [Source: U.S. Department of Energy Human Genome Program (genomics.energy.gov, genomicscience.energy.gov)]

    (a)

    State the evidence provided by the karyotype that shows this person has Down syndrome.
    ......................................................................................................................................
    (1)

    (b)

    Outline how Down syndrome occurs due to meiosis.


    ......................................................................................................................................
    ......................................................................................................................................
    ......................................................................................................................................
    (2)

    (c)

    Determine, giving a reason, the sex of the person in the karyotype.


    ......................................................................................................................................
    ......................................................................................................................................
    (1)

    IB Questionbank Biology

    (d)

    Explain briefly why males are more likely to inherit colour blindness than females.
    ......................................................................................................................................
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    (2)
    (Total 6 marks)

    3.

    (a)

    Gene transfer to bacteria often involves small circles of DNA into which genes can be
    inserted. State the name of a small circle of DNA, used for DNA transfer, in bacteria.
    ......................................................................................................................................
    (1)

    (b)

    The diagram below shows a cut circle of DNA into which a gene is being inserted. Before
    it can be transferred into a bacterium, the ring must be altered, using an enzyme.

    Outline what must be done next to complete the process of gene insertion into the DNA
    circle, including the name of the enzyme that is used.
    ......................................................................................................................................
    ......................................................................................................................................
    ......................................................................................................................................
    (2)

    IB Questionbank Biology

    (c)

    Discuss the potential benefit and possible harm of one named example of gene transfer
    between species.
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    (3)
    (Total 6 marks)

    4.

    (a)

    Define the term allele as used in genetics.


    ......................................................................................................................................
    (1)

    (b)

    List the possible genotypes for blood group B.


    ......................................................................................................................................
    (1)

    IB Questionbank Biology

    (c)

    Label the diagram below which shows a basic gene transfer.

    I. ..................................................................................................................................
    II. .................................................................................................................................
    III. ................................................................................................................................
    IV. ................................................................................................................................
    (2)

    (d)

    State two general types of enzymes used in gene transfer.


    ......................................................................................................................................
    ......................................................................................................................................
    (1)
    (Total 5 marks)

    IB Questionbank Biology

    5.

    The following sequence of pictures, made using an electronic imaging technique, shows a cell
    undergoing division.

    [Adapted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd, Fuller, B G et al. 2008. Midzone activation of aurora B in
    anaphase produces an intracellular phosphorylation gradient. Nature. Vol 453.]

    (a)

    State the stage of mitosis typified by image II.


    .................................................................................................................................
    .....
    (1)

    (b)

    List two processes that involve mitosis.


    .................................................................................................................................
    .....
    .................................................................................................................................
    .....
    (2)

    (c)

    State the process that results in tumour (cancer) formation or development.


    .................................................................................................................................
    .....
    (1)

    IB Questionbank Biology

    (d)

    Explain, using one example, how non-disjunction in meiosis can lead to changes
    in chromosome number.
    .................................................................................................................................
    .....
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    .....
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    (2)
    (Total 6 marks)

    6.

    (a)

    Explain how materials are moved across membranes of cells by active transport.
    .................................................................................................................................
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    (2)

    (b)

    Explain the effects of pH on enzyme catalysed reactions.


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    .....

    IB Questionbank Biology

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    (3)

    IB Questionbank Biology

    (c)

    Distinguish between the process of anaerobic respiration in yeast and humans.


    .................................................................................................................................
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    (2)
    (Total 7 marks)

    7.

    (a)

    State two procedures used for the preparation of a DNA profile.


    .................................................................................................................................
    ....
    .................................................................................................................................
    ....
    (1)

    The following part of a DNA profile was used as evidence in a criminal investigation.
    DNA profiles of two suspects labelled S1 and S2 were compared to the DNA profile
    taken from the scene of the crime labelled E.

    [Source: Solomon and Berg, (1995), The World of Biology, Saunders Harcourt Brace College, Publishers Orlando, page
    238]
    IB Questionbank Biology

    IB Questionbank Biology

    10

    (b)

    Analyse the profiles to determine which suspect was present at the crime scene.
    .................................................................................................................................
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    (2)
    (Total 3 marks)

    8.

    (a)

    List two roles of testosterone in males.


    1.

    ........................................................................................................................
    ..

    2.

    ........................................................................................................................
    ..
    (1)

    (b)

    A boy inherited red-green colour-blindness from one of his grandfathers. Deduce,


    giving your reasons, which of his two grandfathers was also colour-blind.
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    (3)
    (Total 4 marks)

    IB Questionbank Biology

    11

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