HP28S Calculus Solution Manual

Calculus
Step-by-Step Solutions
for Your HP-28S or HP-28C Calculator
rl,nt
HEWLETT
a,:/.!jI PACKARD
Edition 2 June 1988
Reorder Number 00028-90102
Notice
This book and any keystroke programs contained herein are provided "as
is" and are subject to change without notice. Hewlett-Packard Company
makes no warranty of any kind with regard to this book or the keystroke
programs contained herein, including, but not limited to, the implied
warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose.
Hewlett-Packard Company shall not be liable for any errors or for
incidental or consequential damages in connection with the furnishing,
performance, or use of this book or the keystroke programs contained
herein.
Hewlett-Packard Company 1987. All rights reserved. Reproduction,
adaptation, or translation of this book, including any programs, is prohibited without prior written permission of Hewlett-Packard Company;
except as allowed under the copyright laws. Hewlett-Packard Company
grants you the right to use any program contained in this book in a
Hewlett -Packard calculator.
The programs that control your calculator are copyrighted and all rights
are reserved. Reproduction, adaptation, or translation of those programs
without prior written permission of Hewlett-Packard Company is also
prohibited.
Corvallis Division
1000 N.E. Circle Blvd.
Corvallis, OR 97330, U.S.A.
Printing History
Edition 1
Edition 2
November 1987
June 1988
Mfg No. 00028-90107

Mfg No. 00028-90134
Welcome...
... to the HP-28S and HP-28C Step-by-Step Books. These books are
designed to help you get the most from your HP-28S or HP-28C calculator.
This book, Calculus, provides examples and techniques for solving problems on your HP-28S or HP-28C. A variety of function operations and
differential and integral calculus problems are designed to familiarize you
with the many functions built into your calculator.
Before you try the examples in this book, you should be familiar with certain concepts from the owner's documentation:
The basics of your calculator: how to move from menu to menu, how
to exit graphics and edit modes, and how to use the menu to assign
values to, and solve for, user variables .
Entering numbers, programs, and algebraic expressions into the calculator.
Please review the section "How To Use This Book." It contains important
information on the examples in this book.
For more information about the topics in the Calculus book, refer to a
basic textbook on the subject. Many references are available in university
libraries and in technical and college bookstores. The examples in the
book demonstrate approaches to solving certain problems, but they do not
cover the many ways to approach solutions to mathematical problems.
Our thanks to Ross Greenley of Oregon State University for developing the
problems in this book.
Welcome...
Contents
7
11
12
14
16
22
23
27
28
How To Use This Book

Function Operations
Function Definition
Function Composition
Function Analysis
Angle Between Two Lines
Angle Between Two Curves
51
54
57
Differential Calculus
Minimize Perimeter
Mimimize Surface Area
Lines Tangent to a Circle
Implicit Differentiation With User-Defined Derivative
Taylor Series Error Term
Tangent Lines and Taylor Series
Normal Line
Implicit Functions
61
62
69
72
76
80
82
84
86
89
Integral Calculus
Integration and Free Falling Body
Double Integration
Area Between Two Curves
Arc Length
Surface Area
Arc Length of Parametric Equations
Surface Area of Parametric Equations
Volume of Solid of Revolution: Method of Shells
Volume of Solids of Revolution: Method of Disks.
31
35
43
45
Contents

Please take a moment to familiarize yourself with the formats used in this
book.
Keys and Menu Selection: A box represents a key on the calculator keyboard.
W'!TER]
[lli]
ISTOI
LARRAYI
[fbQ!]
IALGEBRA I
In many cases, a box represents a shifted key on the calculator. In the

example problems, the shift key is NOT explicitly shown. (For example,
I ARRAY I requires the press of the shift key, followed by the ARRAY key,
found above the "A" on the left keyboard.)
The "inverse" highlight represents a menu label:
Key:
Description:
~DRAW~
Found in the I PLOT I menu.

Found in the ISOLVI menu.
A user-created name. If you created
a variable by this name, it could be
found in either the lUSER I menu or
the '" SOLVR ~ menu. If you created a
program by this name, it would be
found in the I USER I menu.
= ISOL=
~ABCD ~
Menus typically include more menu labels than can be displayed above the
six redefinable menu keys. Press INEXT 1and IPREV I to roll through the
menu options. For simplicity, [lJEXT I and [PREV I are NOT shown in the
examples.
To solve for a user variable within [:~6LVR ~, press the shift key, followed
by the appropriate user-defined menu key:
D ~ ABCb ~.
The keys above indicate the shift key, followed by the user-defined key
labeled "ABCD". Pressing these keys initiates the Solver function to seek a
solution for "ABCD" in a specified equation.
The symbol G2J indicates the cursor-menu key.
Interactive Plots and the Graphics Cursor: Coordinate values
you obtain from plots using the [INS Iand [QJ digitizing keys may differ
from those shown, due to small differences in the positions of the graphics
cursor. The values you obtain should be satisfactory for the Solver rootfinding that follows.
Display Formats and Numeric Input: Negative numbers,
displayed as
-5
-12345.678
[[-1,-2,-3 [ -4,-5,-6 [
are created using the [CHS I key.
5 [Q{~J
12345.678 [QjSJ
[ [1 [Qjj , 2 [9H~,
The examples in this book typically specify a display format for the
number of decimal places. If your display is set such that numeric displays
do not match exactly, you can modify your display format with the [MODE I
menu and the ~FIX ~ key within that menu. For example, to set the calculator to display two decimal places, set it to FIX2 mode by pressing l_MOD[J
2 ~ FIX-~.
Programming Reminders: Before you key in the programming

examples in this book, familiarize yourself with the locations of programming commands that appear as menu labels. By using the menu labels to
enter commands you can speed keying in programs and avoid errors that
might arise from extra spaces appearing in the programs. Remember, the
calculator recognizes commands that are set off by spaces. Therefore, the
arrow ( -+ ) in the command R-+C (the real to complex conversion function) is interpreted differently than the arrow in the command -+ C
(create the local variable "C").
The HP-28S automatically inserts spaces around each operator as you key
it in. Therefore, using the llil , B , and [gJ keys to enter the R-+C command will result in the expression R -+ C, and, ultimately in an error in
your program. As you key in programs on the HP-28S, take particular
care to avoid spaces inside commands, especially in commands that
include an -+.
The HP-28C does not automatically insert spaces around operators or
commands as they are keyed in.
A Note About the Displays Used in This Book: The menus

and screens that appear in this book show the HP-28S display. Most of the
HP-28C and HP-28S screens are identical, but there are differences in the
[MODE I menu and == SOlVR ~ screen that HP-28C users should be aware of.
For example, the first screen below illustrates the HP-28C L~ODE Imenu,
and the second screen illustrates the same menu as it appears on the
HP-28S.
HP-28C @ J2EJ display.
- -~1
11:
'
l0_~ ]fi!!IIE!1!I3D[DEG}.itJ~
HP-28S I MOD~ display.
-: -- ~-----~-- ~- ~---- -~~ -
~2:
---l
I
1:
1~~~I3D_~itJ~
Notice that the HP-28C highlights the entire active menu item, while the
HP-28S display includes a small box in the active menu item.
The screens shown below illustrate the HP-28C and HP-28S versions of
the~~menu.
HP-28C ~ SOLVR ~ display.
3:
2:
1"
. . . . . .IIDIIm!1_
HP-28S ~~~ display.
L~--:d
3:
2:
t:oo:::JCDOOEITffilCJ
Both of these screens include the Solver variables ~ A ~, ~ B ~, ~ R ~, ~ S1 ~,

and ~ EXPR=_~. The HP-28C displays Solver variables in gray on a black
background. The HP-28S prints Solver variables in black on a gray background.
User Menus: A [pURGE[ command follows most of the examples in this

book. If you do not purge all of the programs and variables after working
each example, or if your [USER [ menu contains your own user-defined variables or programs, the [USER [ menu on your calculator may differ from the
displays shown in this book. Do not be concerned if the variables and programs appear in a slightly different order on your [USER [ menu; this will
not affect the calculator's performance.
10
Function Operations
The primary goals of this chapter are to write user-defined functions and
introduce the root finding, plotting, and calculus capabilities of the
HP-28S and HP-28C. Problems include definition and assignment of the
trigonometric co-functions in the USER menu, analysis of a cubic equation, and both specific and general cases of computation of the angle
between two intersecting lines.
Function Operations
11
Function Definition
This section demonstrates creation of simple user-defined functions. The
use of functions of this type is basic to efficient use of the HP-28S.
Example: The HP-28S and HP-28C have three basic trigonometric
functions built in - sine, cosine, and tangent. It is simple to add the remaining co-functions to the USER menu. Built-in functions of the calculator
can be easily combined to create new functions. The use of programs and
local variables permits the newly defined functions to be used in the same
manner as the built-in functions.
The inverse of the sine is the cosecant.
ICLEAR I B
-+ X
'l+SIN (x
IENTER I
Store the user-defined function.
'CSC
4
3
ISTOI
x 'l/SIN( x )'
It
- ---
The inverse of the cosine is the secant.

-+ X
'l+COS (x
3
2
I ENTER I
x 'l/COS(x)'
'SEC
ISTOI
2
1
The inverse of the tangent is the cotangent.

-+ X
'l+TAN (x
IENTER !
12
Function Definition
~- --
- -.
I~:
~ ~
-I
I
'UTAN (x) , ~
'COT
! STO!
4
3
2
Example: Evaluate, in radians, COT(X) and CSC2 (X) - CO~(X),

where X =.2.
First, store the value of X and select radians and standard display modes .
2 !ENTER !
3:
'X ! STO!
1:
IiiDllillllmJll3:DIDDmD
~ ~ RAD ~ ~ STD ~
2:
Now enter the expression for COT(X) and evaluate it.
'COT (X
!ENTER !
!EVAL!
3:
r~
4.93315487558
Enter the second expression and evaluate it.
'SQ(CSC(X-SQ(COT(X
3:
! ENTER ! ! EVAL !
1:
2:
4.93315487558
As expected, this identity returns the value 1.

Purge the variable X created in this section. You may also purge the
user-defined functions if you wish.
'X' [PURGE !
Function Definition
13
This section demonstrates additional utility of user-defined functions.
Arguments of the functions may be both numeric and symbolic.
Example: Form the compositions F (G (x and G (F (x given

F(x)=x2+1 and G(x) =5x +2.
Create F and G as user-defined functions.
First, create F.
I CLEAR I
---. X
[;2J
'
x A 2+ 1 I ENTER I
Store in the variable F .

,F
ISTO I
14
x x'2+ I'
- _ --1
Now create G.
---. X
'5 x x+2 I ENTER I
4
3
2
x '5*x+2'
Store in the variable G .
'G
ISTO I
4
3
2
1
To form the composition G (F (x, enter F as an argument of G .
l ' G ( F (X
I ENTER I
1',Ir ~Ec6'1
6t.J l"'fTi16~':'1oN
4
3
2
1
L - -_ _ __
'G(F(X J
_ __
Evaluate the composite function.

I EVAL I
4
3
2
14
Function COlli position
'5*(X"2+1)+2'
0 \-Jel ~'c fiCHe:,
n( TOl e, ',is
1'ilCl\)h':le<6<:iS.
('> ~\t...,,' ,c."'''C\X\t.."
'-
6)lC""~
This expression can be simplified using EXPAN and COLCT.

I ALGEBRA I ~
EXPAN ~
'3 :
2"
- _o_oJ
1:
'5*X A2+5*1+2'
3:
2:
1:
'?+5*X A2'
HmJlBilmlimllmmm:li!.l)[D!I)
~ COLCT ~
"
. ; ,"
"
'. \
Repeat the process using G as an argument of F .
, F ( G (X I ENTER I
, , .'
, ,,
'?+5*X A2'
'F(G(X'
"
3:
2:
1:
Evaluate the composite function.

3:
IEVALI
2:
1:
q,
'?+5*X A2'
'(5*X+2)A2+1'
I,
I I.
' I ,
Simplify the expression.
2:
'?+5*X A2'
1: '(5*X)A2+2*<5*X)*2+2
A2+1'
= EXPAN =
' I.
2:
'?+5*X A2'
1: '5*X*(5*X)+2*(5*X)*2
+2*2+1'
= EXPAN =
"
'\
"
'I,
3:
= COLCT =
2:
1:
'?+5*X A2'
' 5+25*X A2+20*X '
Purge the variables created in this problem section.
"
'I
'I
II
{ 'F' 'G'
I PURGE I
~N
c 'fj (:li':
t } fQ ;-rI'ot
fe r
pl..-Iy~e
"
15
Function Analysis
The ability to locate extreme values and other key features of functions is
critical to the solution of many problems in science and engineering. This
section demonstrates the use of calculus to locate such features.
Example: Locate the roots, local maximum, mimimum, and inflection

points of
F(x) =x 3 +6x 2 +11x +6.
Enter and name the given function.
[gLEAR] G:?]
'X A 3+6 x XA 2+11 x X+6
[[~TERj
'FN lSTQ]
[I ~
:
._-_._--_.,
:r
3"
- ....-
.--l
,X"3+6*X"2+ 11 *X+6 ' I

-
.- ..
-~
..-.-
.-. -- ---
- ~ -. -- - . -
3:
2:
1:
Recall the function, enter the PLOT menu, and store it for plotting.
I USER] ~ FN ~
II;~:
J'
m::JI _
_ _ __
'W'3+6*W'2+11*X+6'
I PLOT I ~ sfEo ~
I~;
I M"!'~mm1~mrm'il$!J
Clear the plot parameters and plot the function.
'PPAR [PUR@
'" DRAW ",
l------~F~
~
]
"rv
I '.
_ .
..
--
___.
Equation
roc:>1S
16
Function Analysis
Digitize all the roots.

[~J
[] [iNS]
r--]
L_~__
[.J ilNS i
G:] [ifj]J
!~
1:3-: ---- -- --- -- - -(-- -:: 9,-0)1

2:
<-1.9,0) 1
1:
(-3.1,0)
mMl!mlo:m::JDmlImrm~
~nm
Note: Differences from the displayed results may appear due to slightly
different digitizing locations.
Now enter the:c SOlVR ~ menu and compute the three roots.
[__SOLIJl
~_.~J
~ SOlVR~
__ ~ __
~
I~'
2:
----- -~9,0)
S-1.9,0)
1.
,-3.1.0)
o:JfRffiIc:::Jc:::Jc:::Jc::J
Enter a guess from the stack and compute the root. Remember, to calculate the value of a Solver variable, press the shift key followed by the
appropriate variable key.
~x~
~ X~
1[:::
ill
-3 I
1:
o:JfRffiIc:::Jc:::Jc:::Jc:::J1
After obtaining the exact root, make note of it and prepare to locate the
next root. Discard the first root. Then repeat the process for the other two
roots.
[]Bop]
-- x =
-_ . -==
=
[ .J =x
--
..
Zero
1:
-2.00000. 0000061
o:JfRffiIc:::Jc:::Jc:::Jc:::J
Compute the last root.
[QriopJ
= x =: [J
--.~--=~
~-
In;:iro
iiiiii1
1:
-1 1
Di::::ltXf>&=Ic:::::Jc:::Jc:::Jqj
With the three roots located, find the extrema. The extrema are located by
finding the roots of the first derivative.
Recall the function.
[Q:~BJ [lJ..~~J ~ FN ~
2
3:
.1:. . 'X 3+6*X 2+11*X+6'

__
A
um~IrnII
Function Analysis
17
Purge the current value of X and differentiate with respect to X .

'X [ENTER] I ENTER I
IpURGE I
3
2;
I XA3+6*XA2+11*X+6 I
1:
DIiI1I.m.IrnII
_ _ _ I X'
3:
2:
1:
'3*XA2+6*(2*X)+11I
DIiI1I.m.IrnII
_ __
Idjdxl
Store the first derivative.
'DRl ISTOI
3:
2:
1:
ID:.DIiI1I.m.IrnII
__
H /lVIS"
~ DR1 ~
2:
I ENTER I
~No+e -this way ,to

creote on
IillTI
'13*X A2+6*C2*X)+11 '

A
A
1:
I X 3+6*X 2+_
11 *X+6
ID:.DIiI1I.m.IrnII
_I
)
G
TO CI ;"po(Q ~CI?
3:
~ FN~
'T"V;"(~Oi\l'"
6,'t-lC1''''' ,("",...;,\,$0,) CiVf-!
Plot the function and its first derivative.
ecll~'O~lor1j
2:
1: '3*X A2+6*(2*X)+11=X A
3+6*X A2+11*X+6
' _
ID:.DIiI1I.m.IrnII
_
~ STEQ ==
= DRAW =
I"
'~I " " ,j
derivative roots(sllllU T<$

Observe that the derivative is positive in regions where the function is ~2:: "5
increasing and negative in regions where the function is decreasing.
f"L"'~~~~;
Digitize both roots of the derivative.
GJ ... GJ
GJ ... GJ
IINS I
IINS I
IAnf.J]
3:
2:
1:
(-1.4,O)
(-2.6,O)
I'imImmlBmllDlilllmImlmD
Note: Differences from the displayed results may appear due to

differences in digitizing locations.
18
Function Analysis
Recall the derivative and enter ~ SOlVR ~ to pinpoint the roots as above.
The computed values may differ slightly depending on the seed provided
as an input to the Solver.
IUSER I ~
~ =STEQ~
3:
~SOlVR=
o::::Jf]ffiJc::Jc::Jc::J
2:
1:
~~ac~I..a~~~~~~~ii~~~7biii~
~x ~
~ x~
<-1.4,0)
<-2.r,0),
derivorive 1kro
~' . l' ~ r~t 1:

-2.57735026917
(C:~~~~i),~ y.....~ o::::Jf]ffiJc::Jc:::JC=II::::J
"TC;Jortlir.c,.;
This is one of the roots. Recall the function and evaluate to get the functional value.
IUSERI ~ FN ~
IEVAll
3:
2:
<-1.4~0)
-2.57735026~17
1:
.3849001794
. .DIIIImllImII.mI_
Now repeat the process for the other root. First discard the root and function value.
IDROpl ~
!solvi = SOlVR ~
3:
2:
1:
<-1.1,0),
o::::Jf]ffiJc::Jc:::Jc:::J
~x ~
~ x~
(
IUSERI ~ FN~
IEVAl l
'0
exodl
rt
X)
den votIve 7roIt:~YOO1-
IJ
rot>
f Co
ClV'Cl4:, fC'l(41
.... CiI"\I~c:. 'i ... 1"
1:
- 1. 42264973081
o::::Jf]ffiJc::Jc::Jc::Jc:::J
3:
2:
-1.42264973081
1:
-.38490017949
. .DIIIImllImII.mI_
The extreme values of the function have been located. Clear the stack and
find the inflection point. The inflection point, located at the root of the
second derivative, is the point or points at which the function changes concavity. That is, it changes from concave up to concave down. The second
derivative of a cubic is linear and has only one root. Therefore a cubic has
only one point of inflection.
Function Analysis
19
Clear the value of X to obtain symbolic results.

CLEAR 1
'X P~
URG
"-E---;I
<
1
=
3:
2:
1:
IIi1DIIIJD.:mIm:JI
__
Recall the first derivative.

~ DR1 ~
'X [ENTfFD
3:
2:
'3*X"' 2+6*<2*X)+11,
1:
'X'
IIi1DIIIJD.:mIm:JI
__
Differentiate it with respect to X .
3:
2:
Id/dx l
1:
'3*<2*X)+12'
IIi1DIIIJD.:mIm:JI
__
Store the second derivative.
'DR2
I STOI
3:
2:
1:
EmIli1DlIm1l.:mlm:JI_
Plot the function and its second derivative. Observe the location of the
root and how the function behaves at that point. It is coincidental that a
function root is located at the point of inflection. It remains only to repeat
the root finding procedure.
~DR2 ~
~ FN ~
3:
2:
1:
'3*<2*X)+12'
' X"'3+6*X"'2+ 11 *X+6 '
Set them equal for plotting.

~
ENTER 1
2:
1:
'3*<2*X)+12=X"'3+6*X'"
2+11*X+6'
Store and plot the equation.

~ = STEQ =
= DRAW =
20
Function Analysis
f-,
~. ,
;r:;r"
"~- '
Digitize the root.
o ...
IATTN I
[NS]
3:
2:
1:
(-2.1,O)
mMllmlmmlm:J:IBmmIJl1l1lID
Recall the second derivative and solve for the root.
lliSER I
~ DJ32 ~
3:
2:
(-2.1~0)
'3*(2*X)+12'
1:
EDlI!mIIIIlI1II~.:i3I_
~~~
= SOLVR=
3:
2:
1:
(-2.~,0)1
[J[]~c:::Jc:::Jc:::J
Enter the digitized initial guess and solve for the root.
~ x~
~ x~
~wo:c::J=~1
This completes the analysis. We have found roots at x = -1, - 2, - 3,

extrema at x = - 2.58, -1.42, and an inflection point at x = - 2.
Exit from the Solver menu and purge the user variables created in this section.
Note to HP-28S owners: If you do not exit from ~ SOLVR ~ before
attempting to delete the current equation, the calculator will display the
message NO CURRENT EQUATION.
ISOLV I {' FN' , X' 'DRl ' , DR2 ' , PPAR' IPURGE I
Function Analysis
21
Angle Between Two Lines

This section develops a user function to compute the angle of intersection
of two lines. The slopes of the intersecting lines are supplied as arguments. The user function is used in the subsequent section in computing
the angle of intersection of two general functions.
Example: Compute the angle between the lines

y = 3x + 1 and Y = - 2x + 5 .
The angle between two curves is the angle formed by the tangent lines at
the point of intersection.
-1
O=tan
m 2 -ml
1+mlm 2
~ :
j)C
il" , ,,,<I , ,;)

~ l ~ ,:.f ' ~ l i'"t':-r' _~ '~' '!'i t"" ....
Form a function that, given the slopes, computes the angle between two
functions at a point of intersection.
ICLEAR I IMODE I ~ DEG ='

a b 'ATAN ( (b-a)-;( 1 +axb [ENTffi]
-+
'ANG
Isrol
2:
1:
a b 'ATANb-a)/
,
(1 +a*b
IilDlDllllmlrnaGmImlJll
3:
2:
1:
Lines have a constant slope. Read the slope for each directly from the
given formula.
3 IENTER]
-2 IENTER I
3:
2:
1:
-2
Now compute the angle.
IUSER I = ANG =
The lines intersect at an angle of 45.

ANG is used in the next problem section.
22
Angle Between Two Unes
3:
2: _ _ _ _ _
1Il:Ca
1:
45

The angle of intersection for two curves is defined to be the angle formed
by the tangent lines at the point of intersection. When an intersection
point is located, the slopes of the functions at that point can be found.
The problem is then that of two intersecting lines.
Example: Find the angle formed by the tangent lines at the points of
intersection of the following functions.
F =3x +1
Y=2x 2
Enter and save the given functions.
ICLEA]i] G2J
, 3 X+ 1 [g.!fgli]r:EC:-N
=TE--R'"
4
3
2
'F
ISTO I
, 2 XA 2
'3*X+1'
--_. ]
I'~
IENTER I
[i~
-- ----- - ----- - - -
1:
'Y
ISTOI
'2*X A 2'
4
3
2
Plot the two functions to obtain initial guesses at the points of intersection.
First, set the two functions equal to each other.
IUSER I
~ y ~ ~ F~
~ ! ENTER I
3:
2:
A 2=3*X+1'
1: . . .EI:H
'2*X
.
_
__
23
Store the equation.

'PLOf]
~
~
I~'=
_.
_ STEQ
._
_
13
2'
. I!
1:
o:iMmmlmmJlmllImIm~
Clear the plot parameters and draw the equation with the two functions.
'PPAR J:f3GE]
~ DRAW~
Expand the height to see both intersection points.

LATIN] 10
:=: DRAW~
t~~
_ _ _ ._. .
_. ~
_~~_J
Digitize both intersection points. Enter the Solver to refine the guesses.
[J ... [J [INS [
~ ... 0 [TNS]
I.A:CrJ'l]
:=:soLv~
lliQill
~~-- --- ~ ~----l
~3.
<-.3,0)1
2:
11:
<1.9,7).
LHmlmmlmmJlmllImImmllIlJ
:b .
<-.3,0)1
2:
f' 7)11
1:
<1.
OOmfi)[]liJ[=:J[=:J
r ----
Use the displayed value as an initial guess.
:=:x:=:
-1I
:
1
:
<-
OOmfi)[]liJ[=:J[=:J
T' )11
~
Calculate a solution to the equation by pressing the shift key followed by

the Solver variable that you wish to solve.
[J
:=.= x:=.=
~::~ ----I
L~
I
1:
1 7807764064
r--~_
OOmfi)[]liJ[=:J[=:J[=:J1
L.
Repeat the procedure for the other point of intersection.

lyyA~
1[::-- ---- -
--- ----- ~- --- .~ -,
1~
1 7807764064'1'
OOmfi)[]liJ[=:J[=:Jc::::J
:=.=X :=.=
24
- --
- ----,
~x~
~i9r1 ~oo~CiDi:fEJCffiJc:::Jc:::Jc:::J
1:
-.280776406405
..
~eversa
Recall Y to compute the slope at an intersection point.

l_[s~ ~y~
E
---------1
3:
2:
1:
1.7807764064
-.280776406405
'2*X"2'
3:
2:
1:
1.7807764064
-.280776406405
-1.12310562562
..... 1IliW~. . . . .1I:I:l'II
Take the derivative with respect tox.
'X I ENTER I
@7~
..... 1IliW~ . . . . .1I:I:l'II

- - - - -- - - - - - -
Evaluate at one intersection point.

The last root computed remains assigned to x . The slope of the line can be
read from the given expression.
3 [ENTEBJ
~
-.280776406405
1 2:
-1.1231_ 0562562
1:
3
..... 1IliW~. . . . .1I:I:l'II
Use the ANG function to compute the angle.

~L~NG ~
13: --2:
1:
~.....
1. 78077640641
-.280776406;::1
-60.1164404136
1IliW~. . . . .1I:I:l'II
-- - - -- --- ---
---
This is in degrees.
Ready the stack to operate on the second intersection point.
LQROP]
[QRO~
IIf~.....
1.7807764:6:1
1IliW~ . . . . .1I:I:l'II
25
Compute the derivative ofY.

Assigning a numeric value to x at this point will mean a numeric value for
the derivative when it is computed.
'X
ISTO I
32:.
ii...mmllmII. . . .
~ y ~
lil:DIj
3:
2:
1:
'2*X A 2'
. . mmllmII. . . .1il:DI
The derivative is computed with respect tox.

'X
IENTER I
3:
2:
Id/dxl
1:
7.1231056256
. .mmllmII. . . .1il:DI
Enter the slope of the line.

3 l.ffi@il
3:
2:
7.1231056256
1:
3
Again use the ANG function to compute the intersection angle.
3:
2:
= ANG",
1:
-10.443524758
Purge the variables created in the last two sections.
{ 'F' 'Y' , X' , ANG '
26
IPURGE I
Differential Calculus
This chapter includes problems of differential calculus, including minimizing functions, calculating tangent lines, and several methods of implicitly
differentiating functions. Several important features of the calculator are
highlighted, including creating user-defined derivatives, the use of keyboard algebra for solving complex problems, and effective use of flag 35
for symbolic evaluation of constants. For HP-28C users, this chapter also
describes use of user flag 59 (the infinite result flag).
Di.erentlal Calculus
Minimize Perimeter
Science, engineering, and business share the need to find the minimum
values of given functions as some parameter changes. In this section, the
function represents area, and the parameter is the area's perimeter.
Example: To minimize material expense, find the mimimum amount of

fencing required to enclose a rectangular plot measuring 200 square feet if
one side is next to a building and needs no fence.
Let the sides be called x and y with y parallel to the building. The perimeter to be minimized is
P =2x +y.
The area of the plot

x*y =200
gives the relationship between x and y .

Clear the display and make certain variables X and Y have no assigned
values.
!CLEAR! ~ 2 ~FIX ~ ~
'X !PURGE!
Iy !PURGE !
~~--~--~---1
Note: HP-28C users must clear flag 59 to ignore "Infinite Result" errors
that may occur while plotting. Before proceeding, press the following keys
to clear flag 59.
59 CF ! ENTER!
Enter the perimeter.

I
2 xX + Y ! ENTER !
2
1
'2*X+Y'
Enter the area.

'XxY=200 [ENTER]
2
1
28
lIinimize Perimeter
'2*X+Y'
'X*Y=200,
Isolate X.
I
IALGEBRA I
~ ISOL =
3:
2:
1:
'2*X+Y'
'201ZvY'
iliW!)1IIlIJIMm)mmJliIEjjl3ll'i!jj
Store the equation for X .
'X
ISTO I
3:
2:
1:
'2*X+Y'
Evaluate the expression for the perimeter.
IEVAL I
3:
2:
1:
'2*<200/Y)+Y'
This expresses the perimeter in terms of one variable.

Collect terms.
~ COLCT~
3:
2:
1:
'400/Y+Y'
KilDIli3IlCIlimillEmmli'!Dlmm
Compute the derivative. Roots of this will yield the mimimum value of Y.
I Y [ENTIRJ
Id(dx I
3:
I i ,- <400/Y"2)+l'
KilDIli3IlCIlimlllEmmli'!Dlmm
Plot the derivative to obtain a guess at the root.
IPLOT I
I
~ STEQ =
PPAR I PURGE I
Iy
= INDEP =
3:
2:
1:
IImIllmlmmJImBlmImDD
lIini.ize Perimeter
29
The steps below expand the plotting area and draw the graph. If you have
no prior knowledge of the appearance of the graph, you may first wish to
plot the graph, modify the plotting area accordingly, and then plot the
graph a second time. (Press =:= DRAW =:= followed by IATTN I, and then
proceed with the steps below).
2
4
cs::i' '7,-1
~----
~ *H ~
~ *W ~
== DRAW ",
Digitize a seed for Y. Pick the guess near the positive root.
'>l
L.:::J
IATTN I
[2J
>
IINS ]
3:
2:
1:
(19.60,0.00)
HmlmMImmlmiElmImrntm
Use the digitized value as a seed to compute Y.
ISOlV I =:= SOlVR ==

=:=y =:=
~y~
IE::'
ero
1:
20.00
o:::J~c::::::::Jc::::::::Jc:::Jc:::J
The side parallel to the building must be 20 feet long.

Recall and evaluate the expression for X .
X IENTER I
IEVAl I
3:
2:
1:
20.00
10.00
o:::J ~c::::::::Jc::::::::Jc:::Jc::::::::J
Forty feet of fencing is required (two ends ten feet long and one side 20
feet long).
Purge the variables created in the example.
{ 'X' 'Y' IPURGE I
30
lIinimize Perimeter
Mimimize Surface Area

This section uses differential calculus to minimize surface area. An application of this solution is in manufacturing, where minimization can reduce
wasted raw material and increase profit. Other problem specifications
may, of course, add constraints or considerations to the final real-world
solution.
Example: Find the dimensions of a one liter can that has the minimum
surface area.
Note: In this problem, user flag 35 is set to maintain symbolic constants

until the end of the solution.
The surface area of a can (a right circular cylinder) is
A =21rR2+21rRH .
The volume is
V=1rR2H
where R is the radius and H is the height of the can. To minimize the
surface area, the area is expressed in terms of either R or H, and that
expression is then differentiated with respect to that variable. Proceed by
isolating H in the volume equation and finding the root of the derivative
of the area taken with respect to R .
Clear the variables R, V, and H, and set flag 35.
ICLEAR I r<2l
{R V H I ENTER I
35 SF lfNTERI
l'.\JBJ
3
2
1
Factor out 21rR and key in the expression for the surface area.
I
2x1TXRx (R+H IENT@
2"'R'(~+H-)~
Duplicate the expression and store a copy for later use.

IENTE[]
A I 8TO I
,t
':'RR+H)
lIilRiinize Surface Area
31
Enter the volume.

, V=nxR A 2xH
lI~~]J
I-----~----~-----~~-
A"
13:
12:
il:
l ____
~_
_ _ ______
~_
'2*1T*R*(R+H) ,
'V=1T*R A 2*H'
____ ~ ____ ~ _____ ~_~_~_
Isolate H.
'H [Et-.JTj:lj
14"
i3:
12:
'2*1T*R*(R+H),
'V=1T*R A 2*H'
11 :
LAi..GI[~l ~IS-QU~
r~
'H'
~~~.
-~~---~---
3:
2:
--------~----~
,
'2*1T*R*<R+H) 'I
' V/ (1T*R A 2) ,
11 :
1~g\l~BlmI~~i
Store it as H .
'H [~I~I
r3:~~-.
'2
'
11 ;
,2*1T*R* (R+H) , i
Ii1iW!JDD~BlmI_~_~1
Now substitute for H in the area equation.

~~g
~2"
1:
' 2*1T*R* <R+V / (1T*W'2 I
_____ _______.____._ __
I
,
Ii1iW!JDDMmmBlmlI1.ImiImDIJ
~
Take the derivative with respect to R .
=- ~~i~:1~~~~ ~ ~!~~~nt31
'R [~fiT~BJ
@jJiJ
1111
(1T*R A 2)A2),
I
i1iW!JDDMmmBlmlI1.ImiImD,
~------~~-----~-.~
Collect terms.
~COLCT~
[i:~(-i=2* (RA2*1T)A(::';2) i
*R*V*1T)*R*1T+2*(RA(-~
)*V/lT+R)*lT'
l~~~~~~i
Prepare to plot the derivative to obtain a guess for the root.
LP1QYJ
~]t[Q]
13:---------------~-~~-~~
!2:
11 "
rn'iMlm!lmrnJmrnlImJIlllHilIl
_ _ _ __________
___
32
lIimimize Surface Area
~ _~~
~_~ _~
~_ ~
One liter is the same as 1000 cubic centimeters. Enter the volume as
1000; the answer will be in centimeters.
1000 [ENTER I
'V [sTO I
ILmBDDmDEmmmDJ
Purge the existing plot parameters and expand the plotting area.
I PPAR [PURGE]
100 ~ *H ~
5 ~ *W ~
~i---~----------~-l
~!t1t1DD1tIa~_~~~
Note: HP-28C users must clear flag 59 to ignore "Infinite Result" errors
that may occur while plotting. Before proceeding, press the following keys
to clear flag 59.
59 CF [ENTER I
To find the radius that minimizes the area, specify R as the independent
plotting variable.
R
~ INDEP ~
2:
1 ::
HffiIlm!lmmJ~~1Hi1D
Draw the graph and digitize an initial guess for the Solver. -
__ __ [;J I --_ -,"~_J [-_'NS

___ __ _Ji
~fbRAy;n~
!--- -
1(/
Now store the initial guess and compute the root.

I--- --i
,.......------l
::::::- .- - --- - ~;::::
L~lIfiJ ~\J'j ~_S9~L~~~~

~ R~
~ R~~
r--- ~--- -
-- - ----
~ ---
--
-- -- ~
~t
I~
1:
5.42I
'ITJCDEill2lc=:Jc=:Jc=:J
l
~ ___
~_ ___
_______ ___________ _ __
This is the radius. Now find the height.

'H [ (~Tf~J
[~g'l~~ ]
-,
I
i2:
5.421
:1 :
V/ Crr *R . . . 2 )
,L__
ITJCDEill2lc=:Jc=:Jc=:Jj
_ _____ _ ___ _ ______ _______ _ _ ____ __ ______ __
,
i3:
I '
lIimimize Surface Area
33
IEVAll
3:
2:
1:
5.42'
' 1eee/(lT*29. 37) I !
CDCDtilffiIc::Jc::Jc:::Jj
Compute the area.
A IEVA!J
2:
1:
' 1eee/(lT*29. 37)

'2*lT*5.42*(5.42+V/(lT
*R ..... 2 ,
I
CDCDtilffiIc::Jc::Jc:::J
Evaluate to a numerical result.
I EVAL]
2:
1:
'leee/(lT*29.37),
' 2*lT*5. 42* (5. 42+ 101313
/(IT*29.37)),
Reduce the expression to a real number.
I--+NUM I
3:
2:
1:
5.42
'leee/(lT*29.37),
553.58
To check that this is a minimum, compute the second derivative.
I sOlv l ~ RCEQ ~
'R I ENTER I
3:
553.58
2: '2*( 1-2* (R . . . 2*lT) ..... ( -2 ...
1:
'R'
mMmMPEmlEilJl6l.'!m'lmmD
Id/dx l
3:
'leee/(lT*29.37),
2:
553.58
1:
37.713
mMmMPEmlEilJl6l.'!m'lmmD
I--+NUM I
The second derivative is positive; therefore, the curve is concave up. The
root is a local minimum.
{ , A' 'H' 'R' 'V' IPURGE I
34
lIilDilDize Surface Area

This section demonstrates manipulation of equations using the algebraic
capabilities of the HP-28S and HP-28C. It is often necessary to calculate
the derivative of a function that cannot easily be expressed in terms of one
variable. In this case we use implicit differentiation. This is the first of
three methods for implicit differentiation shown in this book. Problem
sections "Implicit Differentiation With User-Defined Derivative" and
"Implicit Functions" show two other methods.
Example: Find the two points on a circle of radius 1 that have tangent
lines passing through the point (2,2).
There are two expressions for the slope of the tangent lines - one from the
circle itself and the other from the point exterior to the circle.
Clear the working variables to ensure a symbolic answer. This problem
also demonstrates a simple error recovery procedure. To ensure that the
recovery works, turn on UNDO.
Note: The UNDO mode is set differently on the HP-28S and HP-28C.
Both sets of instructions are provided below.
Also note that the IMODE I display is quite different on the two calculators.
The displays used below depict the HP-28S [MODE I display. As shown
below, on the HP-28S a small box appears in the ~ UNDO ~ menu item to
indicate that it is on. On the HP-28C the = +UND = menu item is
highlighted when the UNDO mode is active.
I{'Y"R"
CLEAR I
B"A"EQ"X'
[PURGE]
---,i
IL~
~EIm:lIm:IGlDIml!IUimI
3:
HP-28S Keystrokes:
IMODE I
==--U-"N--DO=--~
HP-28C Keystrokes:
IMODE I INEXT I
~~
35
The general equation for a circle is x 2+y2 - r2 =0, where r is the radius.
Implicitly differentiate this equation.
Enter this equation for step-by-step differentiation. The "a" character is
obtained by pressing the I d/dx I key while entering an equation that begins
with the 0 key.
'aX(X A 2+Y A 2-R A 2
IENTER I
3:
2:
1:
'oX(X A 2+Y A 2-R A 2) ,
mmimmiIll!lJiDlGlDllImlllmI!J
2:
1:
IEVAL I
,'oX(X
2+Y A 2)-oX(R A 2)
Step through the derivative, watching for the term representing the dy / dx
term.
2:
1:
IEVAL I
'oX(X A 2)+oX(Y A 2)-oX(

R)*2*R A (2-1),
One more step-by-step differentiation will generate the dy / dx term from

the aX(Y'2) term in the expression.
12:
1:
IEVAL I
'oX(XH2*X A (2-1 )+OX(

Y)*2*Y" (2-1),
Now collect terms to shorten the expression.

I ALGEBRA I ~ COLCT ~
2:
1:
,'OX(X)*2*X+OX(Y)*2*Y
1miIlm:ClliDlmDmmDImII
This is a critical step. Replace the derivative sub-expression with a variable that can be isolated. Count all characters, except parentheses and
quotes, up to and including the second partial derivative symbol (a). The
derivative symbol is the ninth item. Therefore "9" is used for making the
substitution.
9 [EN}ER]
'DY ~ EXSUB =
36
Unes Tangent to a Circle
3:
2:
1:
'oX(X)*2*X+DY*2*Y'
1miIlm:ClliDlmDmmDImII
Evaluate once more to clear the last derivative.
[EVALJ
3:
2:
1:
'2*X+DY*2*Y'
tiilml!llilClllmlmmt!lii!ilrnmil
Solve for
!!x.
dx
'DY ~ ISOL==
3:
2
1~
;J
'-(2*X/Y/2),
rnmtIHmJlM!lllln:m[iJEj]13im]
Collect the 2's.

=COLCT=
3:
2:
1:
'-(X/V)'
This is the slope of any line tangent to the circle. Tangent lines that pass
through a point (A ,B) exterior to the circle have slope (y - B) / (x -A),
where the point (x ,y) is on the circle.
'(Y-B)--;-(X-A IENTER I
3:
2:
'-(X/V)'
1:
'(Y-B)/(X-A)'
This line must be a tangent to the circle; that is, the expressions for the
slope must be equal.
~ I ENTER I
3:
2:
1: '- (X/Y)=(Y-B)/(X-A) ,
Use algebra to solve for y.

Y~
2:
1:
'-(X/Y*Y)=(Y-B)/(X-A
)*Y'
Clear the denominators by collecting terms and multiplying through by

denominator terms.
~ COLCT~
2:
1:
'-X=INV(-A+X)*(-B+Y)
*Y'
37
Extract the denominator term.

7
~ EXGET ~
3:
2:
1:
'-A+X'
iliimIlnmlmlllllmmDmmiil!mm
Since EXGET "consumes" the original expression, a copy should have

been made first. It is easy to recover from the error.
I UNDO I
2:
'-X=INV ( -A+XH-(-B+Y)
*Y'
1:
Make a copy and re-execute EXGET.

I ENTER I
7
EXGET =:
3:
2: '-X=INV(-A+X)H-B+Y...
1:
'-A+X'
Multiply through by the extracted term.
2:
1:
'- (XH -A+X) )=INV( -A+

X)*(-B+Y)*Y*(-A+X),
The denominator is now cleared.

= COLCT =
2:
1:
'- -A+X)*X)=(-B+YH-
Y'
tm:DIDmIlf:HlIEmmmIJlmm
The following expansions distribute the x and y terms.

= EXPAN =
3:
2:
1: '-(-A+X)*X=-B*Y+Y*Y'
= EXPAN =
3:
2:
1:
' (A-X)*X=-B*Y+Y*Y'
= EXPAN =
3:
2:
1:
'A*X-X*X=- B*Y+Y*Y'
38
Unea Tangent to a Circle
Now collect terms.

= COLCT =
3:
2:
1:
'-X A2+A*X=Y A2-B*Y'
mBIlJ3mlm1llmIlti'l1i!B[m!I]
Gather like powers.

First gather powers of 2.
IENTER I
1
~ EXGET:=
3:
2:
'-X A2+A*X=Y A2-B*Y'
1:
'-XA2'
rnm:aImJlE!'l!liElBImlMEDI!!m1
2:
1:
'-X A2+A*X+X A2=Y A 2-B*

Y+XA2'
rnm:aImJlE!'l!liElBImlilE1]1!!m1
:= COLCT :=
3:
2:
1:
'A*X=-(B*Y)+X A2+Y A2'
Now gather powers of 1.

I ENTER I
7 ~ EXGET~
3:
2: 'A*X=-(B*Y)+X A 2+Y A2'

1:
'B*Y'
2:
1:
'A*X+B*Y=-(B*Y)+X 2+
YA 2+B*Y'
A
= COLCT =
3:
2:
1:
'A*X+B*Y=X A 2+Y A 2'
The right-hand side of this equation is r2. Make a substitution for the
right-hand side.
12 [ ENTER I
==--~
'RA2 ~ EXSUB ~
3:
2:
1:
'A*X+B*Y=R A 2'
39
This linear equation can now be solved for y .

Y
~ ISOL
- -~--
;J
3:
1;
'(R A 2-A*X)/B'
ii'.iiWI1i!l)II.!.WillIRmim:9Ii!m:Ii
Save this for later use.
'Y [SW]
.
L:
._-:.
3:
2:
1:
ii'.iiW~~Rmi[l]E!i~
Enter the equation for the circle.
'X" 2+Y" 2-R"2 l~~@
.-.
.~.-~---
L:
I;
3:
'XA2+yA2-RA2'
Substitute in the expression for y .

I EVAtJ
2:
1:
'XA2+( (R A2-A*X)/B)A2
_RA2'
This is a quadratic equation for x , and is easy to solve.

'X ~ QUAD
1:
'(A/B*2*(R A2/B)+S1*j
-(A/B*2*(R A2/B) A
2-4*2-A/B*2*(-(A/B
Shorten it by collecting terms.

= COLCT=
1:
'(I(-(2*(2+2*AA2*B A(
-2*INV(B)*R A2) A2
-R A2+(-(2*A*B A(-2)
t!!lm1Dlil:J1mlII1iimI[!lJi!D1m!J]
Duplicate and store this expression for x .
IENTER I 'X ISTO I
1:
(I
(l< - (2*< 2+2*AA2.:

-2*INV(B)*R A2)A2
-R A2+(-(2*A*B A (-2)
I
t!!lm1Dlil:J1mlII1iimI[!lJi!D1m!J]
In the Solver, you can assign the numbers needed to complete the given
problem.
[Qill
~~
== SOLVR
40
3:
2:
1
:d
rnITJo:::JDD~c:::J
The exterior point is (2,2).

2
~ A ""
rb
b:x:oo::JOD~d
2 ~ s ""
<:::
'I:IW!JW
l E:bo::::Jo::JOD~c::J
The radius of the circle is 1.

1
::
I ~~IW
~ R ""
l~o::::Jo::JOD~c::J
There are two roots, one for each point on the circle.
1
:QlmimiiiI~iiiiii-iiiiiid
b
1:
~ S1 ~
CiDo::::Jo::JODfBI'~=Ic::J
Solve for the x coordinate.
=EXPR= =
Irr~7:'=:'~I?;
Now solve for the y coordinate.

[USER I ~ y ~
3:
------2:
1:
0.91
'(R A 2-A*X)/B'
l-':'-':'-=~
l:::"NUMI
Repeat the process for the other point.

rc,;--:l -
-- -
L~OLV i ~ SOLVR ~
3:
2:
1:
0.91
-0.41
CiDo::::Jo::JOD~c::J
41
-1
I'" ---::m
S1 ~
Ell
11m
0.91
-13.41
1:
ITJITJITJDDEXffilc::::J
Solve for the x coordinate.

~
EXPR=
[&_"'2"'"
f
-0.41
-13.41
:
1:
ITJITJITJDDEXffilc::::J
Now compute the y coordinate.
I USERI ~y~
------------3:
2:
I->NUMI
-13.41
-13.41
1:
'(R 2-A*X)/B'
3:
2:
1:
-13.41
-13.41
13.91
The points of tangency are (0.91, -0.41) and (-0.41,0.91).
The general solution approach solves the problem for any circle and any
exterior point.
{ 'X' 'Y' , A' 'B'
42
'R' , s l '
I PURGE I
Implicit Differentiation With User-Defined

Derivative
This section uses a user-defined derivative for implicit differentiation of a
function. Refer to the reference manual for additional information.
Example: Given the equation
rx +Vy
3, express
1; in terms of x
andy.
Create a user-defined derivative for the functiony (x). User-defined
derivatives must take two inputs from the stack; the definition below simply discards them and returns the variable DY, which can be isolated.
[ClEAR] ~
dx 'DY [ENTER]
-> X
4
3
2
"*
x dx
'DV'
Store it in the variable derY .

'derY
ISTO I
~2:
3;1:
Enter the Y variable as a function of X .
'VX
VY(X) -
IENTER I
4
3
2
1
'.J"x+.J"veX)-3'
Differentiate with respect to X .
'X
IENTER I Idjdx I
Solve for DY. Remember that DY represents
'DY [AlGEElRA]
~ISOL ~
2:
1:
'INVe2*.J"X)+DV/e2*.J"Ve
X'
1;.
'-eINV(2*.J"X)*e2*.J"VeX
)'
ill'mIlBl!lllmm::mlm!lDrmm~
Implicit Di.erentiation With User-Defined Deriwatiwe
43
Simplify to get the solution.

~COLCT~
----
3:
2:
1:
'-(!Y(X)/!X)'
~11lIIlrn~m:mMli!DIm!J]
Purge the user-defined derivative created in this example.
'derY [PUB@
44
Implicit Di.erentiation With User-Defined Derivative

Many physics and engineering problems are made solvable by expanding
non-linear terms in a Taylor series. Ignoring the quadratic and higher
degree terms leads to an approximate solution that is good for small displacement. This problem shows how to find the range for which the error
in a Taylor series expansion stays small.
Example: Find the range of x for which the error in the 3rd degree
approximation of sin(x) is less than .1.
The Taylor Series error term is

xn+l
R (x)=J(n+ll(c)-n
(n + 1)!
The exponent of J indicates the order of differentiation.

It is important to recognize that the error is the next term in the expan-
sion. Since the sine function contains only odd-powered terms, look at the
difference in the 5th and 3rd degree approximations. For the sine function
the n + 1 derivative has a maximum of 1.
xn+l
ThusR(n+ll < (n-+1)!

Compute the 5th degree expansion.
Set the angle mode. Key in the function and the variable name.
ICLEAR I IMODE I
, SIN (X
X
~ RAD ~
IENTER I
[ENTER]
3:
2:
'SIN(X)'
1:
'X'
Ili:DmIDIlmIIEHDDUlID
Key in the order and find the Taylor Series.

5
IALGEBRA 1 ~ TAYLR =
2:
1: ,'X-0.17*X A3+0.01*X A5
lmDmal!l!J:mmmMEliImii
Now compute the 3rd degree approximation.

, S IN (X I ENTER I
X
3
IENTER I
~ TAYLR ~
3:
2:
1:
'X-0.17*X A3+0.01*XA",
'X-0. 17*XA3'
lmDmal!l!J:mmmMEliImii
Taylor Series Enor Term
45
Make a copy and store this result for later use.
[gf\jfgi] 'APS ISTO I
"'i
2: 'X-0. 17*X A 3+0. 0H.X A

1:
'X-0.17*X 3'
A
il'lmlDmllM!Iill1ml1I1MEli~
Subtract the two approximations.
1: 'X-0.17*X A 3+0.01*X A 5
2
- (X-0. 17*X 3) ,
A
il'lmlDmllM!Iill1ml1I1MEliImm
Collect terms. The remaining expression is the 3rd degree error term.
== COLCT==
3:
2:
1:
'0.01*X A 5'
~I39mIlifDIimlME!I]lm!J]
Set it equal to .1 and then solve for x .

.1
[ENfER]
IENTER I
3:
2:
1:
'0.01*X 5=0.10'
A
~I39mIlifDIimlME!I]lm!J]
There are several ways to solve for x. The ISOL command will isolate x
in the displayed equation and result in a generalized expression for x . A
second approach is to use Solver to compute x . A third approach would be
to use the laws of algebra and the capabilities of the calculator to solve for
x "long-hand." All three methods are shown below; the third approach is
included to illustrate the power of FORM in the ALBEGRA menu.
Choose anyone of the three methods which follow, then proceed to the
"Conclusion" portion of this problem.
46
Method 1: Using ISOL. Find the generalized expression for x. The

status of flags 34 and 35 will affect the next display. The expression below
is the result with both flags 34 and 35 clear. (To clear these flags, press
34 CF 35 CF.) Refer to the reference manual for a discussion on
alternate settings for these flags . With flag 34 set, you would immediately
obtain the result 1.64 found after the next several steps.
'X
~ ISOL~
2:
1:
'EXPO. 00, 6. 28)*nV

5)*1.64'
im!llHal!WiBmmtiIEIi~
Assign a value of zero to the arbitrary integer nl introduced into the isolation of the variable x .
o [ENTER]
I
nl ISTOI
2:
1:
'EXP( (0. 00, 6. 28)*nV

5)*1. 64'
Evaluate the expression.

IEVAL I
3:
2:
1:
(1.64,0.00)
Extract the real component of the complex result.

I REAL I ~ ASS ~
3:
2
1:
I'ilBIIiE3GIiillJIlImJ
_ 1.64
_
Now skip to the discussion and keystrokes labeled "Conclusion" to com-
plete this problem.
Taylor Series Error Ter..
47
Method 2: Using Solver. This method illustrates a simple

approach to solve for x with the Solver.
Proceed to the Solver menu and store the equation.
~ ~STEQ:::=
:::= SOLVR:::=
----
[32-~-------
--
.
1:
I~_~EfI::[_~T=
IC:][=::J~
Solve for the variable x .
[J
1!t~I-r
Now skip to the discussion and keystrokes labeled "Conclusion" to complete this problem.
Method 3: Using FORM and Algebraic Manipulation. This

method illustrates the use of FORM and the keyboard capabilities of the
calculator to manipulate algebraic expressions. While the two methods
above are more direct, this alternative follows a traditional "paper-andpencil" approach toward the solution.
First, compute the fifth root of the equation.
, 1-;.-5 I ENTERJ [J
r::-------------------------,
12:
11:
'(0. 01*X ..... 5) ..... ( 1/5)=
~,,~,;l~:7~~)k~1j,~!.*@l~j
Enter FORM, distribute the left hand exponential, and then associate the
5 and 1/5. Finally, collect terms in the expression.
~-, . FORM~
.
!------- -
----1
i QlIm*<X 5) V( 1/5) )=(i

A
10. liJ"'TI/5)
:
l~~~~~~i
Move to the exponentiation sign.
(0.01 *(W5) )I( 1/5) )=(!

0. 10'" ( 1/5) ) )
,
m!1rm;r:1~~~~1
48
Distribute the left-hand exponential.
(0.01A(1/5~XA~)A~
~+-D~
1/5)=(0.10 A(T/5)
ImIIKDlIGilIIGlIIIllU.iWIrDII
Move to the second exponentiation sign.

~
[-4]
[-4]
::<
(0-.~1 A-~l_
/;) ) (X A 5
1/5)=(0.10 A(1/5)
~rnIrnIlY!illI~BaIm1l
Now associate the 5 and 1/5 in the expression.
~<0.01A<I/5*(X.(5'<1
/5=(O.10 A(1/5))
~ A-4 ~
1mII1Hml1GilI1GlII1llU.iW1rDII
~~-- - --
Exit FORM and collect terms.
fA@]
L
':'_
~
_ COLCT
_ _ ~_
-l
:
[2
'0. 38*X=0if~' 1
1:
~rnIrnIlHH1IImmt!m!J]!m!D
Solve for x.
'X
~ISOL ~
. =:. .~,".l.J.i!
Conclusion: The variable x has now been isolated by one of the three
methods described above. Proceed with the remainder of this problem
solution.
The sine is symmetric, so R 3 <.1 for - 1.64 < x < 1.64. Check the result in
Solver.
[USEI3 ! ~ .A.f'Sj~~
3-: ------ - ---- --- ----- --------- -1
2:
1.64
1:
' X- 0. 17*X 3 ' i
l!J_lt.JIlIIIII!I!II~IIIIIIIIII_-...i
Compare the approximation to sin(x).

I
SIN (X [i::-r\iiEBj
'3: --- ------ --- ----1:-64'

12:
11:
'X-0.17*X A 3, 1
'SIN(X)'I
~UI~_I111111111~-~
49
3:
2:
1:
[;] I ENTER I
1.64
'X-0.17*X A 3=SIN(X)'
~-----_... _._-------- -- - --
~ STEQ =
[Qb\Zl
------------
------
-_. _---- -- --
3:
2:
= SOLVR =
1:
1. 64
o::Ji:i:EliICffiJc:::Jc:::Jc:::J
p~
~-
~ x~
fuUllilI:iiEJ===:
..
----
= LEFT = =
- - - -- -- - - --
--- -
~r ;aJl*
- -- -
- -
---;
1:
0.90
o::Ji:i:EliICffiJc:::Jc:::Jc:::J,
.~U~:
= RT= =
..
_ _ _ _ __
::I.IIIl~mI~
2:0:90
1:
1.00
o::Ji:i:EliICffiJc:::Jc:::Jc:::J
Clearly the difference is .1. Now plot the two equations. Purge the current
plot parameters and draw the function.
[fillTI , PPAR
I PURGE I
~ DRAW ~
If the Taylor series approximation is needed for values of x that differ

significantly from 0, the center of the expansion should be shifted, as
demonstrated in the tangent line problem in the next section.
Exit from the IPLOT Iscreen and purge the variables created in this problem section.
l ATIN I
50
{'X' 'APS' 'EQ'
I pURGE I
Taylor Series Error TerRI

This section demonstrates how to use the first order Taylor series to generate a tangent line equation. The example problem expands about a
point other than the origin.
Example: Find the equation of the line tangent to the sine curve at
X=1.
Clear the stack. The first degree polynomial Taylor series expansion is the
tangent line at the point of expansion.
Enter {he function to be expanded.
JCLEAR I ~
I SIN (X r--I
E-NT-ER
- 'I
'SIN(X)'
Change the variable to correspond with the new center. That is, Y = 0
corresponds to X = 1.
I
Y+l [ENfER ]
4
3
'SIN(X)'
'Y+l'
2
1
~~ -
'X ISTO I
---::l
This is the function to be expanded.

JEVAL I
4
3
2
1
'SIN(Y+l)'
Enter the variable and the degree of the polynomial.

I
1 ENTER 1
JENTER I
4:
3:
2:
1:
'SIN(Y+1) ,
'Y'
1.00
51
Find the Taylor expansion.

I ALGEBRA I = TAYLR =
3:
2:
1:
'0. 84+0. 54*Y ,
inrntlImllEWmmm[llE1i~
This is the equation in Y.

I USER I ~ X ~
_---....._----
......
.;).
2:
'0.84+0.54*Y'
3:
2:
1:
'0.84+0.54*Y'
'Y+l=X'
.....
1:
Recall the change of variable equation.

'X I ENTER I
[ENTER]
'Y+1'
Clear the original variable change equation and solve for Y.
'X
~~
'Y
I ENTER I
I ALGEBRA I ~ ISOL =
3:
2:
1:
'0.84+0.54*Y'
'X-l'
3:
2:
1:
'0. 84+0. 54*Y'
Save the expression for Y.
'Y
I STO I
Change back to the original variable and simplify the resulting expression.
3:
[EvAL I
2:
1:
'0.84+0.54*(X-l),
= EXPAN =
2:
1: )'0.84+(0.54*X-0.54*1
,
1Dmrm:rnl!lmliEmlilliml!ll!i!D
= COLCT =
3:
2:
1:
'0. 30+0. 54*X ,
1Dmrm:rnl!lmliEmlilliml!ll!i!D
52
Tangent Unes and Taylor Series
Save a copy of this
e~. pression
for the next problem section.
----I
[ENTER]
3:
'STN ISTOI
1:
'0.30+0. 54*X'
[iilJiI1mI:l1lml1mDmfi!J1rmimi
Plot the two equations for a quick check.
8:------------1
'SIN(X IENTERI
[gJ:fuJ
I
'
I
[iilJiI1mI:l1lml1mDmfi!J1rmim
2
1:
I PLOl] ~ STEQ ~
'PPAR I PURGE I
'X ~EP~
'0.30+0. 54*X=SIN(X)
17~'C7<1
= DRAW =
Exit from the I PLOT I screen and purge variables X and Y for the next
problem section.
I ATTN I {'X' 'Y'
I PURGE I
53
Normal Line
In the previous problem section, the equation for the line resulted from a
Taylor series expansion. This problem section continues by manually
assembling the expression for the normal line.
Example: Calculate the equation of the line normal (perpendicular) to
the sine curve at x = 1.
First recall the equation for the tangent line.

[CLEAR ]
~ ~STN ~
1@gBJ
l iNTER
3:
'0.30+0. 54*X ,
2:
'0.30+0.54*X'
1:
'0.30+0.54*X'
mm11I1M1Ri:11
_ __
Find the value of the function at x = 1. Evaluate the expression.
1 [ENTER]
3:
'0.30+0.54*X'
2:
'0. 30+0. 54*X ,
1:. .mm11Im11Ri:11 _0.84
.
_
'X ISTO I
IEVAL I
This is Yo.
To determine the symbolic solutions, purge the value of x .
'X [P-LJRGEI
3:
'0. 30+0. 54*X ,
2:
'0. 30+0. 54*X ,
1:
mm11I1M1Ri:11
_ _0.84
_
The general point slope formula for a line is

Y - Yo=m (X -Xo) .
Yo is on the stack. Form the left-hand side of the relationship above.

y
1
3:
'0. 30+0. 54*X ,
2:
'0. 30+0. 54*X ,
1:
mm11I1M1Ri:11
_ 'Y-0.84'
__
ENTER 1
SWAP 1
Now form the right-hand side. Bring the original line in position to find
the slope.
1
SWAP 1
E-NT-E-o
R
'X
54
;=-1
Norlllal Line
3:
2:
'Y-0.84'
'0. 30+0. 54*X ,
1:
mm11I1M1Ri:11
_ _ _ 'X'
Find the slope by taking the derivative.
Id/dx l
3:
2:
1:
'0.30+0.54*X'
'Y-0.84'
_ _0.54
_
DIillI~IIEII
This is the slope of the tangent line. The slope of the normal line is
mn
=-- .
mt
Computem n
ICHS I
[lli]
3:
2:
'0.30+0.54*X'
'Y-0.84'
-1.85
__
_
1:
DIillI~IIEII
Now compute the right-hand side.
, X-I IENTER I
3:
2:
1:
'Y-0.84'
-1.85
_ _'X-l'
_
3:
2:
1:
'0.30+0.54*X'
'Y-0.84'
'-(1.85HX-l)'
_ __
DIillI~IIEII
DIillI~IIEII
Form the entire equation.
CJ lQ!iliD
2:
1:
'0.30+0.54*X'
'Y-0.
, 84=- (1. 85HX-l)
DIillI~IIEII
_ __
Solve for Y.
'Y I ENTER I
IALGEBRA I ~ ISOL =-"
3:
2:
'0. 30+0. 54*X ,
1: '-(1.85*(X-l+0.84'
-imDHlimM!I:IDmilDl'ilEiirnmi
_
._--- ---
Simplify the expression.

=-" EXPAN =-"
t
3:
2:
1:
'0.30+0.54*X'
'-1.85*(X-l)+0.84'
~lDml!iDmmt!1l1m[1lmJ)
Normal Line
55
EXPAN ~
2'
COLCT =-
[.
'0,30+0,5:::]
1: '-1.85*X--1.85*1+
0.84'
tmmllllmlimllEmti'lli!Dlmm
-=-.
2:
1:
'0.30+0. 54*X ,
'2.69-1.85*X'
~lllImlimllEmti'lli!Dlmm
-- --..
.
Plot the resulting function.

, S I N (X
I ENTER I
~ I ENTER I
IE~@ ~STEQ ~
'PPAR [PURGIl
'X == INDEP~
3:
----
2:
'0.30+0. 54*X ,
'2.69-1. 85*X=SIN(X) ,
tmmllllmlimllEmti'lli!Dlmm
1:
J
1 7C),~'C7"
r- -- ---- -- -.. -.-
Exit from the IPLOT Iscreen and purge the following variables.
lATIN] {'STN' 'EQ' 'PPAR' [PURGEJ
Normal Line
----
~ DRAW~
56
Implicit Functions
The Implicit Function Theorem is, perhaps, the most elegant of three
methods shown for implicit differentiation. This problem section demonstrates a more general method for finding the equation of a line than the
previous problems sections.
Example: Find the equation of the line tangent to the function
x 2 +.xy -3=0 atx =1.
Begin by defining a function to compute the derivative of a general function F (x ,y). The formula, a result of the implicit function theorem, can be
used as long as
aF
~ 1= 0
holds.
Purge the variables that will be used in this example to ensure symbolic
solutions.
[CLEAR
I
{'x"y
"y' 'x' lEQlJ
4
3
2
1
Enter the function for computing implicit derivatives.

-
a' -ax (a)+8Y(a
[ENTER I
3:
2:
1:
a '-oX(a)/oY(a),
L .__ _ ___ _
Store the implicit derivatives function.
'IMP ISTO I
i -------J
Enter and store the general formula for a line.
'y=mx(x-X)+Y
[ENT~
4:
3:
2:
1:
'LINE ISTOj
'Y=M*(X-X)+Y'
4
3
2
1
Implicit Functions
57
The function must be expressed in terms of X and Y due to the use of

those variables in the function IMP.
'X/\ 2+XxY-3 [ENTER]
'F ISTO I
Now find
1; in terms of X and Y.
'X . . . 2+X*Y-3'
ruSER I ~ F ~
3:
2:
1: .1EHI1mII _
'X A2+X*Y-3'
.
__
~ IMP~
2:
1: '-CaXCX A2+X*y)/aYCX A
, _ __
. .2+X*Y
1EHI1mII
Evaluate the expression until all the partial derivative symbols are gone.
IEVAL I
2:
1: '-cCaXCX . . . 2)+aXCX*Y
/CaY(X
. . . 2)+aYCX*Y),
..
1EHI1mII
_ __
IEVAL I
1: '-CCaX(X)*2*X A(2-1)+
(aX(X)*y+x*aX(Y)/(
. .aYCX)*2*XA(2-1)+(ayC
1EHI1mII _ _ _
IEVALI
3:
2:
1: .1EHI1mII
'-2*X+Y)/X),
.
_ __
This expression for the slope of F (x ,y ) at any point on the curve must be
the slope of the tangent line.
'm ISTO I
[ ..:=...:...
58
Implicit Functions
Now determine the value of Y that corresponds to x =2.
3:
2:
1: . . .IEIJImII
'X 2+X*Y-3'
.
__
o:= F==
~ ~ STEQ ~
~=~c:J==
== SOlVR =:
~X~
== EXPR= ==
.~~~~~1'1~""".
2:
1:
'4+2*Y-3'
[J[Jo::JEiiffilc:::::Jc:::::Jc:::::J
Solve for Y.
'Y IALGEBRA!
ISOl =
3:
2:
1:
-0.50
iliimII1I!mS!liEln:mJMEDoomi
'Y [STO[
3:
2:
1:
iliimII1I!mS!liEln:mJMEDoomi
With the coordinates of the point at the tangent line and the slope of the
line in terms of those coordinates, evaluate and simplify the formula for
the line.
[ USER [ ~ LINE ~
3:
2:
1:
'Y=M*(X-X)+Y'
_ _ 1EII1mII. . . .1EIJ
[EVAl[
2:
1: 'y=- 2*X+Y)/X*(x-2)
)-0.50'
_ _ 1EII1mII. . . .1EIJ
Implicit Functions
59
IEVALI
2:
1:
'y=- <1. 75Hx-20.50'

. . . .~IIIII. .IEII
Use EXPAN to distribute the constant.
lA!&g@ = EXPAN =
3:
2:
1:
'y=-1.75*(x-2)-0.50'
~lllImlimlllmmME!Drmm
EXPAN ='
2:
1:
'y=-I. 75*x--l. 75*20.50'
Finally, simplify the equation for the tangent line.

=' COLCT ='
3:
2:
1:
' y=3-1. 75*x '
{ 'Y' 'X' 'EQ' 'M' 'F' , LINE' , IMP'
60
IlIIplicit Functions
IPURGE I
Integral Calculus
This chapter solves a number of problems of integral calculus, including
integration of simple differential equations and computation of arc
lengths, surfaces, and volumes. Both symbolic and numerical solutions are
demonstrated with appropriate use of system flags.
Integral Calculus
61

This problem section demonstrates derivation of standard equations of
motion through simple integration. The example illustrates the importance of the constant of integration and shows how that constant is incorporated into the solution provided by the HP-28S and HP-28C.
Example: A stone is dropped from a bridge 100 feet above the water.
Calculate how long it takes to reach the water and its final velocity.
From Newton's 2nd law
F=mX .
The only force acting on a falling body is that of gravity.

F=-mg
Combining these,
..
-g.
This is the equation of motion for a freely falling body. A well-posed

problem requires two initial conditions, the starting position and velocity.
The problem then may be solved by integration.
This solution approach plots the final equation to facilitate root finding.
Start by configuring the plot parameters.
ICLEAR I
'PPAR I PURGE I
100 ~ *H ~
(0, -70 =-==
PM:-::I::-:
N~=
3:
2:
-=
1
mmmmllDImlmlllmImlmIl
Plot the displacement as a function of time. Let TM represent the time.

'TM
~ INDEP=
3:
2:
1:
mMmmllDImlmlllmImlmIl
62
Start by integrating the above equation. Let GRV be the acceleration due
to gravity. Since the expression to be integrated includes no TM terms,
the specified degree of the polynomial is zero.
'-GRV I ENTER I
'TM ~
I ENTER I
[1J
3:
2:
'-GRV'
'TM'
0.00
1:
mMl!mlmmIlmlIImImrnrnD
!l:::
3:
1:
'- (GRWTM>'
This is an expression for the velocity. At TM = 0 the initial velocity is VO.
va
[iJ
3:
2:
1:
'-(GRV*TM)+V0'
Store this for future use.
'VEL I STO I
32:
1 '
~l!mImmIlmlIImImrnrnDI
Now recall the velocity and prepare for a second integration. The
integrand includes TM to the first degree, so a 1 is specified for the last
parameter to the integration.
l@iB]
~ VEL ~
'TM I ENTER]
1
[ENTER I
3:
2:
'-(GRV*TM)+V0'
'TM'
1IillIIIII1DilJI
_ _ _ 1.00
_
1:
[1J
3:
2:
1IillIIIII1DilJI
_
_
_ 2'
1:
' V0*
TM-_
GRV /2*
TW'
This is an expression for the displacement. At TM = 0, x = XO.
xa
[iJ
2:
1: 'V0*TM-GRV/2*TM 2+X0
,
1IillIIIII1DilJI
_ _ __
A
63
To put this in the standard form, use the expression manipulation capabilities in FORM.
[Al.GEBRA [ ~ FORM =
(~TM)-GRV/2)*(TM:1
2) )+X(t)
CilImlEIIilZlln'illlmIilRDl.n.,
Move the cursor to the minus sign.

~l=+l~
[-L~
-----~.----=~
(VO*TM);GRV/2)*(TM
~2)+XO)
A
CilImlEIIilZlln'illlmIilRDl.n.
. -- ~ -- - --
Commute the expressions about the minus sign.

,
-GRV/2)*(TMA2~(V~OI
~
*TM+XO)
. - - -- -- --- -
=+------+=
mmllGllllllGamDI~KDIIII
Exit FORM, make a copy, and save the expression for distance.
[AnN]
[gf-JTER [
'DST [[rQJ
~1 :
---- ---- 1
"
(GRV /2* TW'2) +VO* nll

+XO'
:
'-
~1(II'rnImlimlmmmmlm!fJl
"
r
Store the expression for use in the Solver menu.
] ---[SOLV ~ TEQ}~
---
- -
~ SOLVR ~
-l
2:1 :
I
i
~[jffJ[]jD[]UtxB=1I
I!
In English units the acceleration due to gravity is 32 ft/sec/sec.

~ GRV ~
32
~1 :
~~
I
I
,~~_~!JIi:Jt~Fi.::lq[
The bridge is 100 feet high.

100
xo
- - -~ -- -- ---~ -- -~-~--' - ---~- - - -- -- "
'I
iI
:
,~rmoo
I1 :
i
[ill][ffi]Ui:J[]uERI&Elc::Ji
~--- -- ------ -------~~ - - ~-~ - - -~ - --. ,
..
--
Since the stone is dropped, the initial velocity is zero.
~ VO ?;
r;;;;;~~-.; ~- - ---- ~ ~- -- ---
F!SlI'WSlrpt5I
I f~
i
lL~Y u~l:]j[:I[]j[]~t'!.~=Jql
64
Evaluate the expression EO.

: EXPR=
~rwii-n=m.Rr:mrmw
1:
'-(16*TM A 2)+100'
[]iill[ffiJ[]jDOiJDm:B2Ic:::::::J
To find the time required to hit the water, find a root of this equation.
Digitize an initial guess from a plot of the equation.
IPLOT I
=DRAW =
I INS I
II] [;]
Assign the seed to TM.

~ELfQII;I1~
I ATTN I I SOLV I = SOLVR =
2:
1:
'-(16*TM A 2)+100'
~ TM ~
..
Solve for TM .
~ TM~
~~
Zero
1:
2.50
The stone hits the water after 2.5 seconds. To find the velocity, recall VEL
and evaluate it.
I USER I ~ VEL ~
3:
'-(16*TM A 2)+100'
2:
2.50
EmIJJ.iW
___
_
1:
-80.00
IEVALI
The stone is falling at 80 feet per second.
65
By changing the initial conditions, the equations of motion developed in

the previous example can be applied to a rock thrown straight up.
Example: A stone is thrown straight up from ground level with an initial velocity of 70 feet per second.
Compute it~peak, the time elapsed until it hits the ground, and its final
velocitY'i I
~
..
{o~
'-9t\vt\"X
VmaXnA_
Recall the general equation for distance traveled.
lcLEAFl]
2:
1:
] USER] ~ DST ~
'-(GRV/2*TM 2)+V0*TM
+X0'
A
.:ImE!:ll~~.m.1IlIm
Enter the ]SOLV] menu and store the equation for analysis, then enter the
Solver.
~ ~STEQ~
3:
2:
= SOLVR=
1:
mElDED[JijlJcmo~c::::J
The initial position is ground level or x
= O.
~xo~
IC=CiD~=1
The initial velocity is 70 feet per second upward, and, therefore, positive.
70
~VO~
1~:::nJ
~DED[JijlJcmo~c::::J
The plot parameters were set in the previous problem. Plot both the velocity and the distance equations.
] USER] ~ DST ~
~VEL~
[ENTER]
2:
1: '-(GRV/2*TM A 2)+V0*TM
II!mIDIlIlI
_ _ __
+X0=-(GRV*TM)+V0'
Store the equation for plotting.

] PLOT] := STEQ:=
--~DRAW~
6&
~"",I
The velocity is the first derivative of the distance; therefore, the root of the
velocity equation corresponds to a maximum of the distance equation.
Digitize the roots of the velocity (where the straight line crosses the x-axis)
and the distance (where the curve crosses the x-axis for the second time).
[;] IT] IINS I

~
IATTN I
3:
2:
(2.30,-3.23)
(4.45,-3.23)
Bmll!mlo:m:JlmDmImmmI9
IINSI
1:
Recall the equation for velocity and save the equation for analysis.
IUSER I
~ VEL ~
3:
2:
(2.30,-3.23)
(4.45 -3.23)
ImDIDIiUII
_
_ __
1:
'-(GRV*tM)+V0'
~ ~STEQ =
3:
== SOLVR==
1:
2:
(2.30,-3.23)
(4.45.-3.23)
[WJc:m::J[]jDffiB2lc::Jc::J
Enter the initial guess for the root and solve for TM.
ISWAP I ~TM ~ D
~TM ~
~I-.:IIIU
_ _ _ _ _. 1
Zero
1:
2.19
[WJc:m::J[]jDffiB2lc::Jc::J
After 2.19 seconds, the stone reaches a maximum height. Recall the distance equation from the User menu and evaluate to find this height.
Ii&@
~DST ~
2:
1:
2.19
'-(GRV/2*TM A2)+V0*TM
+X0'
ImIIE!1IEIllmmJI.m.DDI
3:
2:
1:
i EVALl
(4.45,-3.23)
2.19
76.56
ImIIE!1IEIllmmJI.m.DDI
The rock reaches a height of 76.56 feet.

Now drop two numbers from the stack and recall the distance equation for
analysis.
l DROP l
[ DROP l
~_ DST~
2:
1:
(4.45 -3.23)
'-(GRV/2*TMA2~+V0*TM
+X0'
ImIIE!1IEIllmmJI~HIII
Integration and Free Falling Dody
67
~ ~ STEQ =
~SOLVR ~
3:
2:
1:
(4. 4j~;1\3( 23)
IJiWDBJU1DUiJ
=c::::J
Enter the guess and solve for the root.
~ TM ~
~ TM ~
Zer-o
i:i~I!~I:=[l;;:
_ _ _ _ _ _
1:
4.38
IJiWDBJU1DUiJi1iffi]c::::J
The rock hits the ground after 4.38 seconds. Note that this is exactly twice
the time required to reach the maximum height. Therefore the time spent
going up is equal to the time spent falling back to the ground. To find the
final velocity recall the velocity equation and evaluate.
IUSER !
~ VEL ~
3:
2:
4.38
EDlDIlIJt
_
_ __
1:
'-(GRV*TM)+V0'
3:
2:
4.38
EDlDIlIJt
___
_
1:
-70.00
IEVAL !
Note that this number differs from the initial velocity in sign only. The
rock's final speed is the same as its initial speed, but it is traveling in the
opposite direction.
{'TM"EQ"VEL"DST"GRV"XO"VO"PPAR'
!PURGE!
68
Double Integration
This problem section uses both symbolic and numerical integration to
solve common problems of integral calculus.
Example: Compute the area between the line

Y=x
and the parabola

Y=x 2
o '"
The area may be found by computing the double integral
I I dy dx.
1 ",'
To insure a symbolic answer, purge the constant and the variable of

integration.
ICLEAR I
{ 'C' 'Y'
! PURGE! ~
r- --l
The next four displays show the calculator steps to compute
Ie dy where
e = 1. Because the result is simply y , you can choose to skip directly to the
evaluation of the integral at its limits if you wish. If so, simply enter Y,
and proceed to the steps below beginning with "Enter the upper limit."
Otherwise, prepare the stack for a symbolic integration with a first degree
result. Start by integrating a constant.
'C !ENTER!
'Y !ENTER!
1 !ENTER!
4
3
2
1
1.00
4
3
2
1
'C*Y'
'C'
'Y'
Execute the integral.
[]]
Double Integration
69
Eliminate the constant by equating it to 1.
IENTER I
'C ISTO I
IEVAL I
4
3
2
1
'C*Y' I
li~
4
3
21
'Y'
-1
Enter the upper limit.
'x
'Y
IENTER I
ISTO I
Save a copy of the integrand for later use and evaluate the integral at the
limit.
[ENTER]
3
2
IEVALI
'Y'
'X'
Repeat the process for the lower limit.
, X" 2 IENTER I
'Y ISTO I
3
2
1
'Y'
'X'
Place a copy of the integrand in position for evaluation at the lower limit.
ISWAP I
IEVAL I
4
3
2
1
'X'
'XA2'
The difference is the integrand for the second integration.
--
~:
70
4:
Double Integration
'X-X'2'
Key in the parameters for the integration.

{X
1 I ENTER]
4
3
2
1
{ x 0. 00
4
3
2
1
{ X 0. 00 1. 00 )
0.01
'X-XA2'
1. 00 )
Key in the error bound .
. 005 [ENTER]
'X-XA2'
Evaluate the second integral. The error bound provides accuracy to the
number of displayed digits (assuming 2 ~ FIX ~).
[]]
--
~.
--:.a;E~~1
The area is 0.17.

{ 'Y' 'C' rPURGE]
Double Integration
71

This problem section provides a general approach for finding the area
between any two intersecting curves.
Example: Find the area enclosed by the parabola f (x) =x 2 and the line
y(x)=x +3.
The area between two curves can be found by computing the integral
b
J If (x) -y (x) I dx. In this problem the limits will be the intersection
a
points of the curves.

Enter and store the integrand.
ICLEAR I ~
'ABS(F-Y [fufgBJ
AREA Isro l
Enter and store the functions.

I
X 1\ 2
'F
Isro l
X+ 3
IENTER I
IENTER I
Isro l
2
1
~ ----- I
i
Ii
4
3
2
1
4
2
1
72
.Area Between Two Curves
'ABS(F-Y),
-- ~
---]
'X+3'
Plot both curves to find the intersection points.
'F=Y I ENTER I
Ii
'F~
[EVAL]
4
3
2
1
'X"2=X+3'
Store the equation and set the plot parameters. If you have no prior
knowledge of the graph of the curves, you can first draw the graph, exit
and modify the plot parameters as shown below, then proceed with a
second graph.
I PLOT I
~=
[:EmDmu__
'PPAR [~
5 ~*H~
The rightmost intersection point will become the upper limit. The leftmost intersection point is the lower limit. Draw the equation and digitize
the rightmost point first, followed by the leftmost point.
1;=0-'::' ItC:: j
~ DRAW~
W IINSI
3:
w .. 00!i~
lATIN
2:
1:
(2.30,5.50)
(-1.40,2.00)
HmlDmlum::JlImlImEmD!im
Use the Solver to refine the initial guess.

I SOL\lJ == SQl:,VR ==
~x~
o -~X~
3:
2:
(2.30,5.50)
1:
(-1.t0'l.00)
c::LJiIffiJl:"ffiJc::::J
c::::J
-
!'1:t'9n 'Pv!rsal
-1. 30
c::LJiIffiJl:"ffiJc::::Jc::::Jc::::J
73
Repeat the process for the upper limit.
ISWAP I
Sign Reversal
1:
2.30
r::IJ[fffi][ffi]c:::Jc:::Jc:::J
::=: X :::=:
~x~
The limits are in the correct order for integration, but the variable is missing. Manipulate the stack to put it in place.
T
IENTERI
ISTACK I
~ ROLLD ::=:
3:
2:
1:
'X'
-1.30
2.30
1Em1m3l1!.l!lD~m:m::JaDii
Now convert the three elements to a list.

3
I LIST I ::=: --LIST ==
3:
2:
1:
{ X -1.30 2.30 )
aDiiI!BElD!illmmlDmlI9lII
Recall the integrand.
IUSER I == AREA ==
3:
2:
1:
{ X -1.30 2.30 )
'ABS(F-Y),
"'DIiW~"'''EIRI
Put them in the necessary order.
ISWAP I
3:
2:
'ABS(F-Y),
1:
{ X-I. 30 2. 30 )
3:
2:
1:
'ABS(F-Y),
{ X -1.30 2.30 )
0.01
"'DIiW~"'''EIRI
Enter the error and integrate .
005
I ENTER I
"'DIiW~"'''EIRI
74
III
3:
2:
1:
7.81
0.04
"'DIlW~""EIRI
The area is 7.81.

{ , AREA' 'F' 'Y' 'EQ' 'X' 'PPAR' LPJ:JRG~J
Area Between Two CUlVes
75
Arc Length
This section demonstrates keystroke and programming examples for computing arc lengths of rectifiable functions. The program ARC created in
-the second example is used in a later section entitled "Surface Area."
Example: Find the length of the curve

.~3
F(x)= (vxM+2)
3
fromx =0 tox =3.
The arc length of a function is found by evaluating the integral

b
fV1+f '(X)2 .
a
First form the integrand. Enter the given function in terms of x .
[;2J )
'X 2+2
[CLEAR [A
(3-'-2)
) +3
.
[ENTER [
'(XA2+2)A(3/2)/3'
Specify the variable of differentiation.
'X
[ ENTER[
4
3
2
1
'(XA2+2)A(3/2)/3'
'X'
Take the derivative and simplify.

[d/dx[
2
1
'2*X*1.50*(X A2+2)A
0.50/3'
Collect terms.
[ALGEBRA [ ~ COLCT =
3:
2:
1:
'(2+X A2)A0.50*X'
I!ElIml!llJ:ClI!IDDiDDmJI!I]lDiI!IJ
Square the derivative, add one, and take the square root.
~1~Q]
2:
1: '!(SQ2+X A2)A0.50*X
)+1)'
I!ElIml!llJ:ClI!IDDiDDmJI!I]lDiI!IJ
76
Arc Length
This is the differential of arc length.

Place the list containing the variable and limits of integration on the stack.
{X 0 3 I ENTER I
3:
2: '.f(SQ( (2+X A 2Y"0. 50* ...
1:
{ X 0.00 3.00 }
mmrm:rnHmllmDtm!lJlllmII
Specify the accuracy and perform the integration.

005 I ENTER I
3:
2:
12.00
1:
0.06
mmrm:rnHmllmDtm!lJlllmII
The arc length is 12.00.
Arc Length
77
Example: Compute the arc length of f (x) =x 2 for x =0 to x =2.

For repeated problems, a simple program facilitates the computation of
arc length. The program below differentiates the function with respect to
X. This means that functions must be entered in terms of X .
The partial derivative symbol "a" is obtained by pressing the Id(dx] key.
L<X:EAR
-t X
2:
1:
[gIIJ
oomil131'il:JlimlllliimltllE!D1mm
I , V ( 1 +ax ( x) "2
x '{(1+6X(X)A2)'
Examine this function to see that it is equivalent to the integrand in the

previous example.
Store the program in the variable ARC.
'ARC [iQJ
3:
2:
1:
oomil131'il:JlimlllliimltllE!D1mm
The program below first stores the error in the variable ER , then converts
the next three levels of the stack to the list required for integration. The
function is then brought to level! and operated on by the ARC function.
Finally the function is returned to its position, and the error is recalled.
The integration completes the process.
'ER' STO 3 -tLIST
SWAP ARC SWAP ER
J IENTER I
1: 'ER' STO 3.00

~LIST SWAP ARC SWAP
ER j
mBllDmlll!mllDlmmlmDI
Store the program ARCP.
'ARCP ISTO I
2:
3:
1
mmlDmlll!mllDlmmlmDI
Computing the arc length of any function now only requires placing the
correct information on the stack. This program requires the function on
level 5, the variable of integration on level 4, the upper limit on level 3, the
lower integration limit on level 2, and the error bound on level 1.
'X"2'
IENTER I
78
'X' 0 2
Arc length
.005
3:
2:
0.00
2.00
~!fii~IIl!mIlDlI?!i'It;Zi
Compute the arc length.

'-~~~
l UFlJ
~ ARCP ~
2;m.1iImII1JHI
4.651
[
1: :
_ _0.02
_
Purge the variable ER and, if you wish, the program ARCP. Program
ARC is used in the next problem section.
{ 'ARCP' 'ER'
[PURGE[
Arc Length
79
Surface Area
The function created to compute arc lengths can be extended to computing surface areas.
Example: Compute the surface area of the solid formed by revolving

the section of f (x) =x 2 between 0 and 1 about the x axis.
In this problem the integrand is expressed in terms of a function of x . The
surface area can be computed from
b
f 27rf (x YV1 + f
'(X)2 .
The square root factor in the integrand is identical to the ARC function
used in the problem section entitled "Arc Length." If you have not already
done so, key in the ARC function from the previous section. Enter the
integrand using ARC as a function.
ICLEAR I G2J
, 2x7rxFxARC (F
IENTER I
4
3
2
, 2*TT*F *ARC (F) ,
Enter the function to be integrated.

, XA 2
[ENTER]
4:
3:
2:
1:
, 2*TT*F *ARC (F) ,

'X"'2'
Store the function by the corresponding name appearing in the integrand.
'F
Isro l
4
3
2
1
'2*TT*F*ARC(F) ,
Purge the variable of integration to ensure that the name is not in use.
'X [PURGE]
2
1
, 2*TT*F *ARC (F) ,
Enter the variable of integration and the limits.

{X 0 1
IENTER I
4
3
, 2*TT*F *ARC (F) ,
( X 0. 00 1. 00 )
L-____________________~
80
Surface Area
Enter the error bound and compute the surface area.

I ENTER I
005
4
3
2
1
3.81
0.02
The surface area is 3.81.

{
ARC I
I PURGE I
Surface Area
81

It is often necessary to work with equations expressed in terms of a
parameter. The coordinates of a particle moving in a plane as a function
of time is a common example.
Example: Compute the length of the curve corresponding to the equations

3
t2
x(t)=Z
for t
=0
to t
and y(t)= (2t+1)2
= 4.
In parametric form the arc length is

b
L =
pidx 2+dy2 .
a
Enter the integrand in terms of the differentials of x and y . This general

relationship can be used for any set of parametric equations with T as the
parameter.
ICLEAR I
'V(SQ(aT(X) )+SQ(aT(Y
I ENTER I
3
2
1
'!(SQ(~T(X+SQ(~T(Y
)'
Save the parametric arc length in PARe.

'PARe
ISTOI
, - - - - - - - - - ----- -
4
3
2
1
Enter the parametric equations. Store them under the names X and Y as
expected by the PARC function.
'T/\ 2-;.-2 IENTER I

, (2xT+ 1) /\ ( 3-;.-2 ) -;.-3 IENTER I
82
4
3
2
1
'TA2/2'
'(2*T+l)A(3/2)/3'
Ii
'Y ISTO I
'X ISTOI
__
Now integrate with respect to T from 0 to 4.

First recall the integrand.
2:
IUSER I =PARC=
1:
'.f(SQ(':'T(X) )+SQ(,:,T(Y
)'
...
. .ma_ _ _
Key in the variable of integration and the limits.

{T 0
4 [g~JTERI
3:
2:
'.f(SQ(dT(X) )+SQ(':'T<' ..
3:
'.f(SQ(dT(X) )+SQ(':'T<' ..
1:. . . .ma
{ T_
0.00_
4.00
.
_ }
Enter the desired error bound.
005
rENTER)
2:
{ T 0.00 4.00 }
1:. . . .ma _ _0.01
.
_
Now perform the integration.
3:
2:
12.00
1:. . . .ma _ _0.06

.
_
The arc length is 12.00.

Program PARe is used in the next program section, and X and Yare
replaced by new functions.
83

The function created to compute arc lengths can be extended to compute
surface areas. The surface area can be found by computing the integral
b
=!21rY";dx 2+dy2.
a
Example: Determine the surface area of the sphere formed by revolving a circle about the x axis.
x (t ) =2cos(t )
Y (t) = 2sin(t )
These are the parametric equations for a circle of radius 2.

Note that the integrand includes the parametric arc length as a factor. Use
the function defined in the previous section in the integrand. Clear user
flag 35 for numeric evaluation of 1r when it is supplied as a limit to the
integration.
ICLEAR I 35 CF IENTER]
'2x1l'XYxPARC [ENTER]
3:
2:
1: . . .IIlIB'2*n*Y*PARC'
.
_ __
Now enter the X and Y equations.
'2xSIN (T I ENTER I
3:
2:
'2*n*Y*PARC'
1: . . .IIlIB _
'2*SIN(T)'
.
__
'Y
ISTO I
'2xCOS (T [EfJfER]
'X ISTO I
3:
2:
1: . . .IIlIB'2*n*Y*PARC'
.
_ __
3:
2:
'2*n*Y*PARC'
1: . . .IIlIB _
'2*COS(T),
.
__
3:
2:
1: . . .IIlIB'_
2*n*Y*PARC
.
__ '
84
Key in the variable and limits of integration. With flag 35 cleared, 'If' is
evaluated to its numeric representation. The integration that follows
requires a non-symbolic representation. Convert the parameters into a
list.
T 0
'If'
IUSTI
IENTER I
3:
2:
1:
~~
'2*u*Y*PARC'
{ T 0.00 3.14 }
m:m1!!m~1mlID!iilm:m
Key in the error bound and perform the integration .

005
IENTER I
3:
2:
1:
[IJ
0.04
1.89E-4
m:m1!!m~1mlID!iilm:m
Note that 50.27 is 41!T 2

Purge the programs and variables created in this problem section.
{'X' 'Y' 'PARC' I PURGE I
Surface Area of Para.ettic Equations
85
Volume of Solid of Revolution: Method of

Shells
This section demonstrates computation of the volume of a solid of revolution by the method of shells.
The method of shells requires evaluation of the integral
b
f27rXF (x)dx .
a
Example: Find the volume of the solid formed by revolving the curve
F (x) =e"'"
from x = 0 to x = 3 about the Y axis. Consider the behavior of the integral

as the region of integration is extended.
Form an algebraic expression for the integrand including a general functionF(x).
l@MJ
!o!
, 2 x1!XXxF
[ENTER]
4
3
2
1
'2*1T*X*F'
Store the integrand.

'SHEL
ISTO I
I
I
~1
Now enter the function. This must be a function of X as specified in the

volume integrand.
'EXP (_XA 2
86
IENTER I
3
2
1
VolUMe of Solid of Revolution: lIethod of Shells
'EXP(-X'"' 2) ,
Store the function by the name used in the SHEL program.

f
F tSTOt
__
3:
----J
Recall the expression to be integrated.

[USEFiJ
~ SHEL ~
-
-~~
.
__
1~ .1llmI _ _'2*u*X*F'
Place the variable of integration and the limits on the stack.

{X 0 3
[ENTER]
2:
'2*u*X*F'
3:
.
_ }
1: .1llmI _
{ X_
0.00_
3.00
Specify the error bound of the integration.

005 [ENTER]
3:
'2*u*X*F'
2:
{ X 0.00 3.00 }
.
_
1: .1llmI _ _ _0.01
Now integrate the function.
IT]
3:
2:
3.14
.
_
1: .1llmI _ _ _0.02
The result corresponds to 7r within the error specified.

Reset the display to show four digits.
[ MODE t 4 ~ FIX ~
3:
2:
1:
3.1403
0.0158
~lim::Ilm1Irnal!mlmD
As expected, the accuracy is limited by the specification of two digits.

Perform the integration again, increasing the accuracy to produce four
digits to the right of the decimal.
lUSER
== SHEL ==
{X 0 3 [ENTER
00005 [ENTER
t
3:
0.0158
2:
3.1412
.
_
1: .1llmI _ _ _
0.0002
IT]
Volume of Solid of Revolution: lIethod of Shells
87
The desired accuracy was not achieved. By extending the region of

integration, it may be possible to generate more digits of accuracy.
= SHEL=
{X 0 4 IENTER I
00005 I ENTER I
[I]
..
3:
2:
1:
0.0002
0.0002
3.1416
~----
This is indeed 'Jr to four digits. This process does not prove that the
integral, taken to infinity, converges to 'Jr. That proof requires an explicit
solution to the integral. The curve that was specified is, of course, the
"bell curve" used frequently in statistical analysis.
Purge the programs and variables used in this problem section.
{'SHEL' 'F
88
IpURGEI
Yolume of Solid of ReYolution: lIethod of Shells
Volume of Solids of Revolution: Method of

Disks
This problem section computes volume of solids of revolution by the
method of disks.
The method of disks requires evaluation of the integral
b
Jtrf (x )2(}x
a
In general, for a given integral, the smaller the error bound the longer the
integration will take. The appropriate choice of error bound depends on
the problem being solved, but the method to reach a solution remains constant.
Example: Compute the volume of the solid formed by revolving the

function f (x) =x 2 from 0 to 1 about the x axis.
Key in the first program for the general form of the integrand.
G2J
"2
'1I'XX
I CLEAR I
X
-
I ENTER I
3
2
Store the program in DSK.
'DSK
I STO I
x 'tr*x"2'
- ---l
Key in the second program. This program puts the function and integration parameters in the appropriate form on the stack and calls DSK for
the general form of the integrand. It then performs the volume computation.
'ER' STO 3.00 -LIST
SWAP DSK SWAP ER J
IENTERI
2:
1: 'ER' STO 3.0000

~LIST SWAP DSK SWAP
ER j
Store the second program by the name DSKP.
'DSKP
I STOI
4:
2:
3:
1:
Volume of Solids of ReYolution: lIethod of Disks
89
Now enter the function and integration data.
'X"2"X'
01.005
!ENTERJ
143
2
1
'X"
0.0000
1.0000
0.0050
Execute the program.

! USE~
= DSKP =
3:
2:
0.6283
1:
0.0031
1Gll1lEiD1m3I
__
_
The computed volume is .6283. The explicit solution to the integral is 'irIS.
For greater accuracy, increase the error bound as appropriate.
Purge the programs and variables created in this section.
{'DSK"DSKP"ER' !PURGE!
90
Volume of Solids of ReYolution: Method of Disks
More Step-by-Step Solutions

for Your HP-28S or HP-28C Calculator
These additional books offer a variety of examples and keystroke procedures to help set up your calculations the way you need them.
Practical routines show you how to use the built-in menus to solve problems more effectively, while easy-to-follow instructions help you create
personalized menus.
Algebra and College Math (00028-90101)

Solve algebraic problems: polynomial long division, function evaluation, simultaneous linear equations, quadratic equations, logarithms,
polynomial equations, matrix determinants, and infinite series.
Perform trigonometric calculations: graphs of functions, relations and
identities, inverse functions, equations, and complex numbers.
Solve analytic geometry problems: rectangular and polar coordinates,
straight line, circle, parabola, ellipse, hyperbola, and parmetric equations.
Vectors and Matrices (00028-90105)

Perform general matrix operations: summation, multiplication, determinant, inverse, transpose, conjugate, and minor rank.
Solve a system of linear equations.
Calculate several important vector operations.
Learn methods for calculating eigenvalues and eigenvectors.
Perform the method of least squares and Markov Chain calculations.
Probability and Statistics (00028-90104)

Set up a statistical matrix.
Calculate basic statistics: mean, standard deviation, variance, covariance, correlation coefficient, sums of products, normalization, delta
percent on paired data, moments, skewness, and kurtosis.
Perform regression techniques: curve fitting, multiple linear, and

polynomial regression .
Compute several test statistics.
And Specifically for Your HP-28S ...

Mathematical Applications (00028-90111)
Find the area and all sides and angles of any plane triangle.
Perform synthetic division on polynomials of arbitrary order.
Calculate all the roots of a first, second, third and fourth degree polynomial, with real or complex cocfficients.
Solve first- and second-order diffcrential equations.
Convert thc coordinates of two- or three-dimensional vectors betwccn
two coordinate systems, where one system is translated and/or
rotated with respect to the other.
Collect statistical data points, and fit curves to the data.
How to Order ...

For the location and number of the U.S. dealer nearest you, call toll-free
1-800-752-0900. To order a book your dealer does not carry, call toll-free
1-800-538-8787 and rcfer to call code P270. Master Card, Visa, and
American Express cards are welcome. For countries outside the U.S.,
contact your local Hewlett-Packard sales office.

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Calculus

Mfg No. 00028-90107

How To Use This Book

How To Use This Book

In many cases, a box represents a shifted key on the calculator. In the

Found in the I PLOT I menu.

How To Use This Book

How To Use This Book

Programming Reminders: Before you key in the programming

A Note About the Displays Used in This Book: The menus

HP-28C @ J2EJ display.

HP-28S I MOD~ display.

-: -- ~-----~-- ~- ~---- -~~ -

How To Use This Book

HP-28C ~ SOLVR ~ display.

HP-28S ~~~ display.

Both of these screens include the Solver variables ~ A ~, ~ B ~, ~ R ~, ~ S1 ~,

User Menus: A [pURGE[ command follows most of the examples in this

How To Use This Book

The inverse of the sine is the cosecant.

Store the user-defined function.

The inverse of the cosine is the secant.

Store the user-defined function.

The inverse of the tangent is the cotangent.

Store the user-defined function.

Example: Evaluate, in radians, COT(X) and CSC2 (X) - CO~(X),

Now enter the expression for COT(X) and evaluate it.

Enter the second expression and evaluate it.

As expected, this identity returns the value 1.

Example: Form the compositions F (G (x and G (F (x given

Store in the variable F .

'5 x x+2 I ENTER I

Store in the variable G .

To form the composition G (F (x, enter F as an argument of G .

Evaluate the composite function.

Function COlli position

0 \-Jel ~'c fiCHe:,

('> ~\t...,,' ,c."'''C\X\t.."

This expression can be simplified using EXPAN and COLCT.

Repeat the process using G as an argument of F .

Evaluate the composite function.

Simplify the expression.

Purge the variables created in this problem section.

Example: Locate the roots, local maximum, mimimum, and inflection

Enter and name the given function.

,X"3+6*X"2+ 11 *X+6 ' I

Digitize all the roots.

1:3-: ---- -- --- -- - -(-- -:: 9,-0)1

.1:. . 'X 3+6*X 2+11*X+6'

Purge the current value of X and differentiate with respect to X .

Store the first derivative.

~No+e -this way ,to

'13*X A2+6*C2*X)+11 '

6,'t-lC1''''' ,("",...;,\,$0,) CiVf-!

Plot the function and its first derivative.

'~I " " ,j

derivative roots(sllllU T<$

Note: Differences from the displayed results may appear due to

~' . l' ~ r~t 1:

,X"3+6X"2+ 11 X+6 ' I

.1:. . 'X 3+6X 2+11X+6'

'13X A2+6C2*X)+11 '

~ ~ _ ~_~_~_

' 21TR* <R+V / (1T*W'2 I

[;J I --_ -,"~_J [-_'NS