MiCOMho P443 and P445

High Performance Distance Protection

Sam Sambasivan
Calvin Vo

Sept 2005

MiCOMho Introduction

> MiCOMho P443

MiCOMho Introduction
MiCOMho P443

XHigh performance distance

protection

Universal mho characteristics

Quadrilateral characteristics for
short lines/cables, and where
boosting of resistive fault coverage
is required

XSub cycle - no excuses (P443)

XAdvanced protection and control
within one device

Includes directional comparison

and DEF schemes

XSimple to set and test

Easy set option

> MiCOMho P443

MiCOM Protection Portfolio

P900

Frequency Protection Relays

P800

Autoreclose, Breaker Fail ...

P700

Busbar Protection Schemes

P600

Transformer Protection Relays

P500

Line Differential and Unit Schemes

P400

Distance Protection Relays

P300

Generator Protection Relays

P200

Universal Motor Protection Relay

P100

Feeder Management Relays

MiCOMho
4

> MiCOMho P443

MiCOMho P443:
Subcycle Transmission Network Protection
X Subcycle tripping, single pole settable - no excuses

Trip time includes contact closure time

X Full-scheme, non-switched distance protection
X Mho and quadrilateral characteristics freely selectable
for phase and ground faults
X Setting-free power swing blocking

No blinders or starter zones to set - universal application

X Additional main protection: DEF and delta directional
comparison

Deltas - fast signal send for channel-aided schemes

X Optional InterMiCOM interface for teleprotection:

InterMiCOM EIA (RS) 232 typically for MODEM links

InterMiCOM64 for 56/64kBits/s digital links or direct fiber
X P443 - 80TE modular case for binary I/O up to 24/32.
5

> MiCOMho P443

P443: Subcycle Tripping Performance

40

Typical Operating Time

P445
P443 - Fast:
General Purpose:
0.7 to 1 cycle
1 to 1.3 cycle

30
Performance:
Subcycle up
to 75% Reach

20

P443

10

50%

70% 80% 90%

Example Timing Contour, 60Hz, SIR = 5

6

> MiCOMho P443

MiCOMho
6

MiCOMho P445:
Distribution / Subtransmission Protection
X Three pole tripping typically 1 to 1.3 cycle

Successor to popular Optimho and Quadramho ranges

X Full-scheme, non-switched distance protection
X Mho or quadrilateral characteristics settable for ground
faults, mho phase characteristics.
X Setting-free power swing blocking

No blinders or starter zones to set - universal application

X Additional main protection: DEF
X Optional InterMiCOM interface for teleprotection:

InterMiCOM EIA (RS) 232 typically for MODEM links

InterMiCOM64 for 56/64kBits/s digital links or direct fiber
X P445 - specially designed for retrofit applications

40TE (8 width) replaces vertical mount relays

60TE models offer more binary I/O, up to 16/16
7

> MiCOMho P443

P445: Tripping Performance

40

Typical Operating Time

P445
P443 - Fast:
General Purpose:
0.7 to 1 cycle
1 to 1.3 cycle
(price premium)

30

20

P445

10

50%

70% 80% 90%

Example Timing Contour, 60Hz, SIR = 5

8

> MiCOMho P443

MiCOMho
8

P443 and P445 I/O and Comparison Table

P443 A
B
P445 A
B
C

Case

Optos

Contacts

80TE

16

24

80TE

24

32

40TE

60TE

12

12

60TE

16

16

Distance

DEF

Delta
Schemes

Subcycle
Phase: Mho
and Quad
Gnd: Mho & Q

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

1 to 1.3 cycle
Phase: Mho
Ground: Mho
and
Quadrilateral

Yes

A versatile range: from simple retrofit to EHV

9

> MiCOMho P443

Yes
Yes

MiCOMho
9

Protection & Control:

List of Main Features
CON FIGURATION

CON FIGURATION

Dista nce

21P/N/78

Supervision

Directiona l E/ F

67N

Fa ult Loca tor

Directiona l Comp

I/V

System Checks

Overcurrent
N eg Sequence O/ C
Broken Conductor
Ea rth Fa ult
Residua l O/ V N VD
Therma l Overloa d
Volt Protection
CB Fa il
10

> MiCOMho P443

50/51/67
46/67
46BC
67N
59N
49

CTS/VTS

Auto- Reclose

25
79

Disturb Recorder
Commission Tests
Control Inputs
Direct Access
InterM iCOM

Teleprot

27/59
50BF

P443 only, not P445

10

Distance Elements

MiCOMho
11

> MiCOMho P443

11

MiCOMho Introduction

P443/P445 Use Superimposed Current

X Compares pre-faulted system

X Acts as a fault detector and faulted phase detector
X Can quickly recognize evolving faults and power swings
X Provides secure phase selection for complex fault
conditions
X Sensitive to any fault type

Proven Delta Techniques

12

> MiCOMho P443

MiCOMho
12

Faulted = Unfaulted +
Superimposed
Prefault

Fault

Current:i rly

i mem
+
ir

= Superimposed

Proven Delta Techniques

13

> MiCOMho P443

MiCOMho
13

Superimposed Components Simple Theory

No
Change!

AB
Change!

BC
Change!

CA
2 cycle window

1 Cycle
Comparison

1 Cycle
Comparison

Ground Fault,
Phase C

MiCOMho
14

> MiCOMho P443

14

Distance Zones
Mho Characteristics

Z3
Zp
Z2

Available for Phase and Ground

Protection (21P and 21G)

XThree independent Forward

zones

Z1, Z2, Z3 (Z3 optional

Z1

reverse offset)

XOne Reverse zone

Z4

XProgrammable Fwd/Rev
zone
Zone p

Z4

MiCOMho
15

> MiCOMho P443

15

P443 Trip Times (60Hz)

Speed: Sub-cycle Technology

P443
Zone 1 Trip min. 12 ms
Zone 1 Trip max. 16.5 ms

SUB CYCLE
SIR < 30

MiCOMho
16

> MiCOMho P443

16

Use of the Load Blinder to Avoid

Load Encroachment Trips
Z

Blinder
Angle

Load Area

Blinder Impedance
Setting

Blinder Allows Stability Notch around Load

17

> MiCOMho P443

MiCOMho
17

Removal of Load
Blinder For Faults
Z

Characteristic
Expansion

Rf

Load Area

Blinder disappears for volts below V<

Better Resisitive Coverage on Fault Inception

18

> MiCOMho P443

MiCOMho
18

Quadrilateral Characteristics
Z3 (reverse offset)

Z2

Available for Phase and Ground

Protection (21P and 21G)

XIndependently selectable
Z1

eg. Mho phase + quad

ground fault

Ground faults only in P445

Zp
(if reverse
looking)
Z4

(Directional line
shown simplified)
19

> MiCOMho P443

19

Setting Applied for Phase

Fault Detection
A-B Zone 1 shown:

IA - IB

ZS

Z1 Ph
Line Phase Reach

VS

VAB

Xab

R1 Ph / 2

Fault

Z1 ph
Z1
R1ph/2

Positive Sequence Model

Rab

MiCOMho
20

> MiCOMho P443

20

Setting Applied for Ground

Fault Detection
A-N Zone 1 shown:

IA

ZS

Z1 Gnd
IA

Line Ground Reach

VA

VS

kZn x Z1 Gnd

IN

R1 Gnd

Fault

Line Residual Reach

Xab

Z1 ph
Group Loop Model

Z1
R1Gnd/(1+Kn)

Rab

MiCOMho
21

> MiCOMho P443

21

Negating Under / Overreach

Effects of Infeed
Ground Faults:

X During a single phase to ground fault the Negative Phase

Sequence current is approximately in phase with the
fault arc current
X The reactance line of the Ground Quad Elements is
polarized from Negative Sequence Current
X Under and overreach effects are minimized dynamically
Phase Faults:

X A downwards tilt can be implemented on the reactance

line
Removes the chance of a spurious trip
22

> MiCOMho P443

MiCOMho
22

Preventing Zone - 1 Overreach

Quadrilateral Characteristic
Prefault power export
B

A
IA
EA

IB
IF

RF

EB

jX
B

RF
X
X Allow reactance
line to tilt down

MiCOMho
23

> MiCOMho P443

23

Preventing Zone - 2/3 Underreach

Quadrilateral Characteristic
Prefault power import
B

A
IA

EA

IB
RF

EB

jX
B
X
X Allow reactance
line to tilt up

RF
A

MiCOMho
24

> MiCOMho P443

24

Easy Setting of Distance Protection

Zones (1)

GROUP 1
LIN E PARAM ETERS
Line Length

GROUP 1
DISTAN CE SETUP
Setting M ode

Line Impeda nce

Digita l Filter

Line Angle

CVT Filters

Residua l Comp

SIR Setting

Residua l Angle

Loa d Blinders

M utua l Comp
M utua l Angle

Protected
Line

Trip M ode

CVT and
high SIR?

Loa d/ B Impeda nce

Loa d/ B Angle

M utua l cut- off (k)

Pha se Rota tion

Loa d Blinder V<

ABC
CBA

Dista nce Pola rising

*
25

> MiCOMho P443

Long Line?

% Memory?

P443 only, not P445

25

Easy Setting of Distance Protection

Zones (2)
GROUP 1
LIN E PARAM ETERS
Line Length

GROUP 1
DISTAN CE ELEMEN TS
PHASE DISTAN CE

Line Impeda nce

Z1 Pha se Rea ch

Line Angle

Z1 Pha se Angle

Residua l Comp

GROUN D DISTAN CE

Residua l Angle

Z1 Ground Rea ch

M utua l Comp

Z1 Residua l Comp

M utua l Angle
M utua l cut- off (k)
Pha se Rota tion

Z1 Ground Angle

Easy Set Mode:

Automatic Reach
Conversion

Z1 Residua l Angle

Trip M ode

MiCOMho
26

> MiCOMho P443

26

Distance Polarizing
X A distance relay needs secure voltage polarizing to
ensure:

Immunity to CVT transient effects - correct forward/reverse

reaction for close-in faults

Characteristic expansion for mho elements to boost

resistive fault coverage

Cross-polarizing from unfaulted phases where memory is

unavailable

Maintained optimum polarizing, even throughout power

swings

X Open book policy:

The P443/P445 meets all of these stringent requirements

Fine tuned from in-house and customer simulator experience

27

> MiCOMho P443

27

Power Swing Blocking

28

> MiCOMho P443

28

Power Swing Blocking

X A power swing will result in continuous change of

current
X Continuous output from the relay superimposed current
element can be used to block for a power swing
X Using this method the relay is able to operate for faults
occurring during a power swing
X All detection relies on delta elements with adaptive
thresholds - nothing for the user to set!

Setting-Free Power Swing / Out of Step

29

> MiCOMho P443

MiCOMho
29

Power Swing, Summary (1)

Locus of
power
swing
Load area
I

X Power swings are detected by continuous superimposed

current presence - I.
X Swings are detected much earlier than for conventional
devices - where the locus must cross into a band which
surrounds the trip characteristics.
X No PSB start-up zone, no blinders (or load encroachment
issues), no timers to set setting-free.
Setting-Free Power Swing / Out of Step
30

> MiCOMho P443

30

Power Swing, Summary (2)

Fault
Inception

Continuous I
During Swing

Minimal I
Present

XRelay trips for all faults occurring during a power swing.

XThe power swing block is removed instantly for an
unbalanced fault, on reselection by the phase selectors.
XIn the unlikely event of a 3 phase fault, a step change in
I resets the block.
31

> MiCOMho P443

31

Pilot / Aided Schemes

32

> MiCOMho P443

32

Channel Options for Aided Schemes,

Permissive and Blocking
GROUP 1
DIRECTION AL FN
DEF SETTIN GS

GROUP 1
DIRECTION AL FN
DELTA DIRECTION

GROUP 1
DISTAN CE SCHEM ES
AIDED SCHEM E 1

Delta Sta tus

Aided 1 Dist dly

DEF Pola rising

Delta Cha r Angle

tReversa l Gua rd

DEF Cha r Angle

Delta V Fwd
WI Single Pole Trip

DEF VN pol Set

Delta V Rev
WI V< Threshold

DEF V2pol Set

Delta I Fwd
WI Trip Dela y

DEF Threshold

Delta I Rev

Directional
Ground 67N
IN> faults
Sensitive

Directional
Wave/Compar.
LFDC delta
.(P443 only)

All IEC and ANSI/IEEE Scheme Types

33

> MiCOMho P443

Distance
Aided 21PILOT
PUR.. POR
WI.. block

MiCOMho
33

Directional Ground Fault

34

> MiCOMho P443

34

Directional Ground Fault

Protection (DEF)
XHigh resistance ground faults
XInstantaneous or time delayed
XIEC and IEEE curves
XSingle or three pole tripping in aided scheme

ZA0398
35

> MiCOMho P443

35

DEF Directional Security

X Negative Sequence polarizing not affected by:

Zero sequence mutual coupling

Standing zero sequence
May be used in parallel line applications
X Use of Healthy Phase polarizing is very secure:

Calculates -3V0 direction from the two unfaulted phases

No need for current polarizing even when 3V0 or V2 are
negligible

Virtual Current Polarizing

36

> MiCOMho P443

MiCOMho
36

Differentiating Factor Virtual Current Polarizing of Aided DEF

All traditional DEF protection (ground fault pilot

protection scheme) relied on sufficient polarizing
voltage to make a directional decision. If this were
not available, current polarizing from an extra
CT input would be needed.
Virtual Current Polarizing ensures correct
directional polarizing, even with no residual voltage
generated, and without an extra CT input.

Market Leading Technology

37

> MiCOMho P443

MiCOMho
37

Healthy Phase (Zero Sequence)

Polarizing
A
FAULT

Va
Va

Vc

Vb

Vb

(P443/P445 and LFZR)

Can cover faults with no Vres
Phase selector removes Va
Residual = Vb + Vc
Always a voltage -Vres

Ia

Vb
Voltage set:
No fault

(All relays pre-LFZR)

Typical A-N fault:
A phase voltage falls
Result Vres
-Vres is OK to directionalize

Vc

Vres
Va
Ia

Vc
V residual

Virtual Current: to Calculate a pseudo (-Vres)

38

> MiCOMho P443

MiCOMho
38

DEF Backup Overcurrent Protection

51P/51N/67
X Four stages of directional/non-directional phase
overcurrent protection

I>1 and I>2 IDMT or definite time

I>3 and I>4 definite time (t=0, instantaneous)
X Four stages of directional/non-directional earth fault
protection

IN>1 and IN>2 IDMT or definite time

IN>3 and IN>4 definite time (t=0, instantaneous)
Directional decision polarized from VN or V2, allowing
use of open delta VTs
X I> and IN> elements can be enabled permanently, or on

channel failure

39

> MiCOMho P443

39

Backup Overcurrent Protection

51P/51N/67 IDMT Curves
IEC Curves
Operating Time (s)
1000

IEC SI
IEC VI
IEC EI
IEC LTS

IEEE Curves
Operating Time (s)
100

100

US MI
US VI
US EI
US I
US SI

10

10

1
1

0.1

0.1
1
10
100
Current (Multiples of Is)
40

> MiCOMho P443

1
10
100
Current (Multiples of Is)
40

Fault and Disturbance Records

Postfault

Prefault

X Analog channels
X Digital channels
X Sample 48 times per cycle
X 2.4kHz Resolution at 50Hz

X MiCOM

S1 saves file in the

COMTRADE format for advanced fault diagnostics

X Fault location:

Distance to fault
V and I measurements

41

> MiCOMho P443

41

Distance to Fault Locator

P443 Offers additional Mutual
Current Compensation

16%

3.8 16km

10miles
MiCOMho

42

> MiCOMho P443

42

Programmable Scheme Logic

X Px40 relays contain powerful PSL, for customizing
protection and control functionality where required

An internal programmable logic controller, set via MiCOM

S1

Comprises AND, OR, PROGRAMMABLE, MAJORITY, NOT,

NAND and NOR gate functions.

Internal timers for sequencing, and general delays

Permits latching of output contacts and LEDs
X Use for extra protection functions such as Trip Circuit
Supervision, and customized control (eg. Interlocking).

No inherent delay, designed to avoid race problems

43

> MiCOMho P443

43

MiCOM Px4x Platform

Communication Interface
Scope of Communication Interfaces
(Future)

Courier
Measurements
Status
Controls
Records
Fault Location
Disturbances
Settings
Peer - Peer

DNP3

X
X
X

44

> MiCOMho P443

IEC103 61850

X
X

Public
Private
Not supported by protocol
44

Easy Set, and Easy Test:

Static Test Commissioning Setting
Many secondary injection test sets are not
designed to simulate a real dynamic fault.
To allow all test sets to be used with the relay there
is a Static Test Mode in the commissioning menu

X Bypasses delta phase selection

X Reverts to simple (non-delta) directional line
X Cross polarizing replaces memory

No need to change test sets

45

> MiCOMho P443

MiCOMho
45

MiCOM P443 Summary (1)

X High performance distance protection

Universal mho characteristics

Quadrilateral characteristics for short lines/cables, and where
boosting of resistive fault coverage is required

X Sub cycle - no excuses

Includes output contact

Even in capacitor VT applications
X Easy selection of aided schemes and backup options
X From the same family as successful predecessors:

LFZP Optimho: Over 11500 relays installed since 1989

SHNB Micromho: Over 2500 installed since 1983
P443 MiCOMho mixes experience with proven new technology

Proven design pedigree

46

> MiCOMho P443

MiCOMho
46

MiCOM P443 Summary (2)

X Fast fault clearance for optimum network stability and voltage

profile management
X Versatile characteristics shaped for stability under all load flows load blinders defend the system in severe contingencies
X Advanced protection and control within one device

Possible universal HV/EHV protection solution: distance or

directional comparison

X Simple to set and test

Easy set option

Static test mode

Customer benefits
47

> MiCOMho P443

MiCOMho
47

MiCOM P445 Summary

X Small case size - perfect for retrofitting in existing panels and
cubicles
X Easy selection of aided schemes and backup options
X From the same family as successful predecessors:

LFZP Optimho: Over 11500 relays installed since 1989

SHPM Quadramho: Over 6400 installed since 1984
P445 MiCOMho mixes experience with proven new technology
X Simple to set and test

Easy set option

Static test mode

Customer benefits
48

> MiCOMho P443

MiCOMho
48

Design Pedigree:
AREVA HV/EHV Distance
PD571

PXLN

Algos.

SHNB

Algos.

Algos.

mho
Algos.

MiCOM

TRIP
ALARM
OUT OF SERVICE
HEALTHY
EDIT
=

CLEAR

READ

ENTER

G
C

P439

P437
Algos.

Control

EPAC
Algos.
MiCOM

TRIP

TRIP

G
C

ALARM
OUT OF SERVICE

OUT OF SERVICE

HEALTHY

ALARM

HEALTHY
EDIT

CLEAR

READ

ENTER

G
C

L/R

P432 EHV
ONE-BOX
SOLUTION

49

> MiCOMho P443

EDIT

LFZP
Optimho
Algos.
SOTF,
Schemes
Direction
P44x/P54x H/W

P442/P444
DISTANCE
PROTECTION

LFZR
LFDC
Algos.
Ph/select

P443/P445
MiCOMho
PROTECTION

49