Chapter1 - CPU

Computer Programming & Utilization (GTU)
Chapter
1-1
Introduction to Computer Programming
Introduction to Computer & Programming
Syllabus :
Programming Languages : Machine language, Assembly language, High level language, Compilers and
interpreters
Problem Solving using computers : Algorithms and flowcharts
1.1
Introduction :
GTU - June 2010.
A Computer is divided into 2 categories - software and hardware. Hardware is the physical
component of the computer, where as software is the logical component of the computer. The
computer is intelligent device, where intelligence depends on the software. The comparison
between hardware and software is given below.
Hardware Vs Software
Sr.
No.
Hardware
component
Software
1.
It is a physical
computer.
of
the It is logical component of the computer

system.
2.
User can see and feel the hardware User cannot see the logical components but
components.
can feel it.
3.
Hardware is divided into 3 part that are Software is divided into two categories that
microprocessor,
mother
board,
and are system software and application
peripherals.
software.
4.
Hardware is the electronics components. Software is the collection of programs. So it

So it is designed by the electronics is designed by computer engineer.
engineer.
5.
For maintenance of the computer For maintenance of the computer software ,

hardware , screw driver, tester, brush is testing software using set of input and
required.
output is required. Or they follow white box
testing and Black box testing procedures.
Sr.
No.
Hardware
1-2
Software
6.
For design of hardware, it requires special For design of the software, programmer
software(chip designing software).
requires set of system software.
7.
Hardware is like car.
8.
Example are keyboard mouse, screen Software are Microsoft word, paint brush ,
,CPU , light pen, printer etc
loader, linker etc.
1.1.1
Software is like driver.
Computer Hardware :
GTU - June 2009, Jan. 2010, June 2010.
It includes all physical components which are touchable and sensible. It is mainly divided
into 4 parts - CPU, input device, output device and auxiliary memory.
CPU is the Central Processing Unit, which contains electronics circuits and used to execute
instructions and also controls the operations of other input output devices. CPU is again divided
into three parts ALU, CU, and memory .
ALU (Arithmetic and Logical Unit) performs arithmetical operations like addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division as well as logical operations like AND, OR,NOT
operations.
Fig. 1.1 : Block diagram of the computer Hardware system
1-3
CU (Control Unit) controls each and every activity of processing of all connected devices. It
acts as a brain. Its main function is to fetch instructions from main memory and execute it.
Normally it executes instructions sequentially. But again this depends on specified
instructions.
Memory is also called as a main memory or primary memory or internal memory. It is

mainly used to store instructions or information in the form of zeros and ones. Control unit
fetches instructions from the main memory. This memory is also called as a semiconductor
memory because it is constructed by the semiconductor material like silicon. This memory is
again divided into various types that are RAM, ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM.
o
RAM (Random Access Memory) can hold data till power is on. So it is called as a
volatile memory (that means temporary memory).
ROM (Read Only Memory) can hold data permanently. Ordinary user can not store his
information into the ROM only manufacturer of the ROM chip can store data into it. It
consist of programs which can control IO devices (BIOS), booting procedures, programs
of some mathematical functions like sin, cos, tan etc.
So it is called as a non volatile
memory (that means permanent memory).

o
PROM(Programmable Read Only Memory) can hold data permanently. Programmer

can store his information into the PROM but only once. After that modification is not
allowed. So it is called as a non volatile memory (that means permanent memory).
EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) can hold data permanently.
User can store his information into the EPROM but only once. After that bit
modification is not allowed. User can delete all the contents of the chip using ultra
violet rays and again rewrite information on the EPROM chip. So it is called as a non
volatile memory (that means permanent memory).
EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) can hold data
permanently. User can store his information into the EEPROM and bit modification is
allowed. So it is called as a non volatile memory (that means permanent memory). But
till now it is not used as a secondary memory because of its cost.
CPU accepts information from user through input device. There are many input devices like
keyboard, mouse, mice, tracker ball, touch screens etc.
CPU conveys information to user through output device. There are many output devices like
monitor, LCD, printers, plotters, speakers etc.
Auxiliary memory is also called as a secondary memory or external memory or magnetic

memory. This is permanent memory. User can store data (programs or documents or
pictures etc.) permanently on this type of memory. It can be modified. There are many types
of secondary memory. That are hard disk, floppy disk, CDROM, pen drive etc.
1.1.2
1-4
Computer Software :
GTU - June 2009.
Program is the collection of instructions, which performs particular task, and collection of
programs which accomplishes application (that means number of tasks) is called as a software.
This software is classified into two categories - System software and Application software. System
software directly interacts with computer hardware, whereas Application software is only
designed to solve user problems as per users requirement. Following block diagram describes the
roll of computer software and hardware.
Fig. 1.2 : Layers of the computer software
System Software :
System software is classified into 3 categories : (1) Operating system (2) System support
software and (3) System development software.
Operating system manages hardware as well as interacts with user, and provides different
services to users. There are many operating systems like DOS, Windows-XP,VISTA,
LINUX etc.
System support software manages hardware more efficiently, for example drivers of the IO
devices or antivirus softwares
Drivers of the IO device consists of interfacing programs which can interacts with IO
device. Every IO devices has its own driver programs.
Viruses are the programs which can start misuse of the resources thus there is
mismanagement in the system. Virus infected systems lose their data as well as
systems start doing some illegal operations.
Antivirus programs remove viruses from the systems and some time recover systems
from major data loss.
System development software supports programming development environment to user. It

include editor, pre-processors, compiler, interpreter, loader etc.
1-5
Editor is the software , which is used to create programs as well as it is used for
modification of existing programs.
Pre-processor is the software which is used before translators (that means compiler or
editors) , which is used to replace some segments of code with some another segment. It
is also called as an expansion.
Compilers are the software which can translate high level programs into low level
programs.
Interpreters are the software which can translate line by line high level programs into
low level programs.
Loaders are the software which can load object codes into the main memory and
execute it.
Compilers Vs Interpreters
Sr.
No.
Interpreter
Compiler
1.
Translates and executes line by line of Translates whole source code into object
source code.
code.
2.
User can see the result of program at User cannot see the result of program at
translation time.
translation time.
3.
Interpreter is suitable for beginners.
Compiler is not suitable for beginners.
4.
It requires more memory because at the

time of translation it places object code into
main memory and executes it and produce
the result.
It requires less main memory because at

the time of translation it place object code
into secondary memory. Execution is not
the job of compiler. This is the job of loader.
5.
At first time the process of getting the

results from source code is much faster than
compilation because it not require loading
time it requires only translation time.
At first time the process of getting the

results from source code is slower than
interpretation because it requires loading
time for loading object code from secondary
device to main memory for execution.
6.
It cannot produce any object code. Thus, it Once object code is created then does not
needs translation process for every require translation, it only requires to load
execution.
object code into the memory. That is
loading process.
7.
So this process
consuming.
8.
Debugging facilities can be easily provided When compiler provides debugging facility
by the interpreter.
then logic becomes more complicated.
9.
Size of Interpreter program is larger than Size of compiler program is smaller than
compiler because it contain two tasks interpreter because it contain only
translation as well as loading.
translation procedure.
10.
Now a days, there are two types of Here portability can be achieved through
interpreter that is pure interpreter and bootstrapping process i.e. cross compilation
impure interpreter. Impure interpreter of the object code.
becomes more popular because of their
portability.
11.
Interpreters
is
easily
lengthy
supports
and
time This process is faster than interpreter.
dynamic Compiler easily supports static allocation of
Sr.
No.
1-6
Interpreter
Compiler
allocation of memory.
12.
Examples :
interpreter.
Basic
memory.
interpreter,
code Example : javac, gcc etc.
Application Software :
Application software is classified into two categories : General purpose software and Special
purpose software.
General purpose software is used for many number of tasks, and provides many features for
example word processor, oracle, excel etc.
Special purpose software is designed for specific purposes only. User programs comes under
special purpose software for example pay roll system for specific company, tax calculation
software etc.
Comparison of System Software with Application Software
Sr.
No.
System software
Application software
1.
Is primarily concerned with the efficient Is primarily concerned with the solution of
management of the computer system.
some problems, using the computer as a
tool.
2.
However system programs are intended to The focus is on the application, not on the
support the operation and use of the computing system.
computer itself, rather than any particular
application.
3.
Is usually related to the architecture of the Is usually related to the detailed knowledge
machine on which that is to run.
of the Language and environment.
system programmer should have knowledge So that Application programmer should
of computer architecture.
have detailed knowledge of high level
programming language which is used to
develop
application
program
and
environment i.e. operating system on which
they are to run.
4.
Is machine dependent.
Is machine independent.
5.
Used to develop new system programs and Used to develop new application programs
using Bootstrapping we can make them and using cross compiler i.e. again system
portable.
programs, we can make them portable.
6.
Examples of system software are Assembler,

linker, loader, compiler etc.
Examples of Application software are

Paint, Photoshop, Microsoft access etc.
1.2
1-7
Computer Languages :
Language is the media of communication. Natural languages contains many words with
specific meaning and sentences with grammatical rules. Languages are used on computer system
called as computer languages. Computer languages are divided into 2 categories - low level
language, and high level language. Low level language is further divided into 2 types - machine
language and assembly language.
1.2.1
Machine Language :
Computer directly understands this language. It is the language of 0s and 1s (which is also
called as a binary number system i.e. binary pattern). Every instruction consists of order, data,
address and all are in terms of 0s and 1s, thus it is very difficult to understand as well as
remember.
1.2.1.1 Advantages of Machine Level Language :
The programs are compact and small.
The programs are stored in very less memory. Programmer can take care of each and every
bits and bytes.
Once programs are entered into main memory computer can directly execute it without using
any translator.
Suitable for low volume application, small simple program where the prototype is the final
product.
It does not require any extra system program to run(like assembler).
1.2.1.2 Disadvantages of Machine Level Language :
The programs are difficult to understand or debug. (Address, instruction, and operands all
are in machine language i.e. in binary pattern)
The programs are slow to enter since you must enter each bit individually
The programs do not describe the task, which you want to perform in anything resembling a
human readable format.
The programs are long and tiresome to write.
The programmer often makes careless error. Which are subsequently very difficult to find
(binary pattern all look the same.)
Programmer must have detailed knowledge of the architecture of particular microprocessor.
Machine language program are not portable.
1.2.2
Assembly Language :
Every machine language instruction is assigned to English word mnemonic such that it
should describe function of instruction. Such language of mnemonics is called as Assembly
language. Programs written in the assembly languages is called as an assembly language
programs. Computer requires assembler to translate assembly level programs into machine level
and then only it is become executable.
1.2.2.1
1-8
Advantages of Assembly Level Language :
The assembly language instruction is called as mnemonic or memory jogger, which should
describe in some way what the instruction does. (if we compare it with machine instruction.)
The programs are very easy to understand or debug.
The programs are fast to enter using alphanumeric keys of keyboard.
1.2.2.2
Disadvantages of Assembly Level Language :
Assembly language programs require assembler to translate assembly language program to

machine level.
Programmer must have detailed knowledge of the architecture of particular microprocessor.
Programmers need to learn structure of assembly language program and syntax of every
statement.
It requires assembler and loader for translation
Assembly language programs are not portable.
1.2.3
High level Language :
This language contains set of statements with each having their own syntactical
(grammatical) rules. It is very similar to natural languages. Thus it is very easy for program
development purpose. They requires set of system program for the execution of high level
language program.
Example :- C, C++, JAVA, .NET (VB.Net, ASP.NET, C#.Net)
1.2.3.1
Advantages of High Level Language :
The High level instructions are easy sentences so it is very easy to learn. (if we compare it
with machine instruction.)
Not need to learn computer architecture.
The programs are very easy to understand or debug.
The programs are fast to enter using alphanumeric keys of keyboard.
The programs are portable.
1.2.3.2
Disadvantages of High Level Language :
High level language program requires compiler or interpreter to translate high level
language program to machine level that means object code.
Object code needs loader to load code into the main memory and execute that program.
Programmers need to learn structure of high level language program and syntax of every
statement.
Some high level languages are environment dependent (That means dependent on operating
system.)
1.3
1-9
System Development Life Cycle :

Computer only understands the machine language, it is very difficult to write down the
programs, so now a days only high level languages are used to develop a program. But, directly
writing programs in the high level language is also a tedious work as they may produce wrong
result. To overcome such situation we need to follow program development process called as a
system development life cycle. This process is distributed in 6 phases, it is also called as a water
fall model which is shown in Fig. 1.3.
Fig. 1.3 : Waterfall model
System Requirement : This phase includes understanding the problem, and think on what
exactly has to be done. Gather all information which is essential to solve problem.
Analysis : In this phase all gathered information is analyzed by different alternatives

depending upon the available resources.
Design : In this phase, start to solve problem using various tools like flowcharts and
algorithms which are explained in the section 1.4. It is very important step which helps in
showing the flow of the program as well as detecting mistakes if any.
Coding : Finally all the design is to be converted into the coding (i. e. programs).
Testing : It is again very important phase, which is used to test whether output of the
program is correct or not? This can be tested with various set of inputs.
Maintenance : In this phase, program is compared with initial requirement, and as per
requirements, new features are added into it.
1.4
Algorithms :
.GTU Jan. 2010, June 2010.
An algorithm is the finite set of sequential instructions to accomplish a task, where

instruction are written in the natural languages like English. It is also called as a step by step
solution of the problem.
Note :
1.4.1
1-10
Always remember that algorithm and flowcharts are to be developed first and then programs are to be
written.
Properties/Characteristics of the Algorithm :
Algorithm has four properties, that are finiteness, definiteness, effectiveness, input and
output. They are explained below.
Finiteness : Total number of steps used in algorithm should be finite.
Definiteness : Each step of algorithm must be clear and un ambiguous.
Effectiveness : Every step must be basic and essential.
Input and output : The algorithm must accept zero or more input and must produce at least
one output.
1.4.2
Advantages :
Very easy to write.
Easy technique to understand logic.
Easy identification of the mistakes by non computer person.
1.4.3
Disadvantages :
Time consuming.
Difficult to show branching and looping.
Big tasks are difficult to put in algorithm.
1.4.4
Examples of Algorithm :
Simple Flow Problem : These are very simple problems, and the procedure of flow is in
sequential manner, means after first step, it automatically goes to second step.
Example 1 :
Write an algorithm to calculate area of rectangle.
Algorithm
Step 1 : Accept the value of length i.e. l
Step 2
: Accept the value of Breadth i.e. b
Step 3
: Calculate area i.e. a=l*b
Step 4
: Print Area i.e. Print a
Step 5
: Stop procedure
Example 2 :
Write an algorithm to calculate percentage of the student.
Algorithm
Step 1 : Accept the name and marks in 6 subject, i.e. n,m1,m2,m3,m4,m5,m6
Step 2 : Total=m1+m2+m3+m4+m5+m6
1-11
Step 3 : Calculate percentage i.e. per=Total/600*100

Step 4 : Print percentage i.e. Print per
Step 5 : Stop procedure
Branching Flow problems : These sentences are not simple. It consists of condition, it tests
that condition , according to it transfers the flow. Here flow is not sequential that means
after branching step, it automatically goes to step mentioned in the statement.
Example 3 :
Write an algorithm to check whether the given number is positive or negative?
Algorithm
Step 1 : Accept the number i.e. n
Step 2 : Check if n<0 ? If yes go to Step 3 otherwise go to Step 5
Step 3 : Print n is negative
Step 5 : Print n is positive
Example 4 :
Write an algorithm to find out smallest number out of two numbers.
Algorithm
Step 1 : Accept two numbers i.e. a , b
Step 2 : Check if a<b ? If yes go to Step 3 otherwise go to Step 5
Step 3 : Print a is smallest number
Step 5 : Print b is smallest number
Example 5 :
Write an algorithm to find out largest number out of four numbers.
Algorithm
Step 1 : Accept four numbers i.e. a , b , c ,d
Step 2 : Check if a>b ? If yes Go to Step 3 otherwise go to Step 14
Step 3 : Check if a>c ? If yes Go to Step 4 otherwise go to Step 9
Step 4 : Check if a>d ? If yes Go to Step 5 otherwise go to Step 7
Step 5 : Print a is largest number
Step 7 : Print d is largest number
Step 9 : Check if c>d ? If yes Go to Step 10 otherwise go to Step 12
1-12
Step 10 : Print c is largest number

Step 14 : Check if b>c ? If yes Go to Step 15 otherwise go to Step 20
Step 15 : Check if b>d ? If yes Go to Step 16 otherwise go to Step 18
Step 16 : Print b is largest number
Above algorithm is structured algorithm (that means nesting). We can eliminate repetitive
steps using unstructured way, which is described in following algorithm.
Step 1 : Accept four numbers i.e. a , b , c ,d

Step 2 : Check if a>b ? If yes Go to Step 3 otherwise go to Step 12
Step 3 : Check if a>c ? If yes Go to Step 4 otherwise go to Step 9
Step 4 : Check if a>d ? If yes Go to Step 5 otherwise go to Step 7
Step 5 : Print a is largest number
Step 12 : Check if b>c ? If yes Go to Step 13 otherwise go to Step 9
Step 13 : Check if b>d ? If yes Go to Step 14 otherwise go to Step 7
Step 14 : Print b is largest number
1-13
Dear students, You can see that both algorithms produce accurate and same result but
algorithm 2 requires less number of steps. When you are solving any problem first time then do
not think about steps only try to produce accurate result and then try to reduce unnecessary as
well as repetitive steps.
LOOPS : There are 2 types of loops : Finite loop and Infinite loops
When number of steps are repeated many number of times using same sequence is called as
a loop and set of repeated steps are called as a body of loop.
Finite Loops : When body of loop is executed finite number of times called as finite loop. For
construction of finite loops following steps are important
Step 1 : Initialize (count) running variable with initial value I=1

Body of loop
Step 2 : Increment running variable by step value. I=I+1
Body of loop
Step 3 : Check and transfer control to step 2 or in between step 1 and 2 (i.e. body of loop) If
I<10(some final value) then step 2
Note :
When initial value is less than final value then step value should be positive.
Note :
When initial value is greater than final value then step value should be negative.
Note :
Step value should not be zero.
Note :
Running variable should not be initialised by some constant within the body of loop.
Note :
Running variable should not be same in nested loops (i.e. loop within loop)
Example 6 : Write an algorithm to print first 50 odd numbers.

There are two possible algorithms
Algorithm1
Algorithm2 (Last odd number is 99)
Step 1 : I=1
Step 1 : I=1
Step 2 : ODD=1
Step 2 : Print I
Step 3 : Print ODD
Step 3 : I=I+2
Step 4 : ODD=ODD+2
Step 4 : If I <=99 go to step 2
Step 5 : I=I+1
Step 6 : If I <=50 go to Step 3

1-14
Example 7 : Write an algorithm to find sum

and average of given N numbers.
Example 8 : Write an algorithm to find out

factorial of given number.
Algorithm
Algorithm
Step 1 : Accept N
Step 1 : Accept N
Step 2 : I=1
Step 2 : I=1
Step 3 : SUM=0
Step 3 : FACT=1
Step 4 : Accept any number i.e. A
Step 4 : FACT=FACT*I
Step 5 : SUM=SUM+A
Step 5 : I=I+1
Step 6 : I=I+1
Step 6 : If I<=N go to Step 4
Step 7 : AVG=SUM/N
Step 7 : Print FACT
Step 8 : Print SUM
Step 9 : Print AVG

Example 9 : Write an algorithm to solve following series. 1-x+x2-x3---xn
Algorithm
Step 1 : Accept N, X
Step 2 : I=1
Step 3 : SUM=1
Step 4 : SIGN=-1
Step 5 : TERM=SIGN * XI
Step 6 : SUM=SUM+TERM
Step 7 : SIGN=SIGN*-1
Step 8 : I=I+1
Step 10 : Print SUM
Infinite Loop : When the body of loop is executed finite number of time called as finite loop.
Following algorithm is the example of infinite loop.
Example 10 :
1-15
Write an algorithm to print Tech Max Publication Jindabad infinite times.
Algorithm
Step 1 : Print Tech Max Publication Jindabad
Step 2 : Go to Step 1
Here step 3 never executes, so it is called as dead step
1.5
Flowcharts :
.GTU Jan. 2010, June 2010.
A Flowchart is pictorial representation of algorithm.

Symbol
Name
Uses
Start and Stop

Symbol
Used to start flow chart as well as

to terminate the flow chart.
Input /Output
Used for IO operation
Process
Used to mention ALU and data

transfer task (i.e. arithmetic or
assignment task)
Decision
For branching condition
Flow lines
Indicates flow
Loop
Indicates finite loop
Fig. 1.4 contd..
1-16
Symbol
Name
Uses
Connector
Connecting flow lines from

different places
Multiple selection
For multiple branching condition
Block
Indicates block of statements or

body of loop
Module call
Calling the subroutine or function
Fig. 1.4 : Flowcharting symbols
1.5.1
Advantages :
Easy to draw.
Easy technique to understand logic.
Easy to identify the mistakes by non computer person.
Easy for branching and looping.
1.5.2
Disadvantages :
Time consuming.
Difficult for modification.
Difficult task to draw flow charts for big programs.
1.5.3
1-17
Examples of Flowchart :
Example 11 : Draw a flowchart to calculate area Example 12 : Draw a flowchart to calculate

of rectangle.
percentage of the student.
Flowchart :
Flowchart :
Fig. 1.5
Fig. 1.6
Example 13 : Draw a flowchart to check whether Example 14 : Draw a flowchart to find out
the given number is positive or negative ?
smallest number out of two numbers.
Flowchart :
Flowchart :
Fig. 1.7
Example 15 :
Fig. 1.8
Draw a flowchart to find out largest number out of four numbers.
1-18

.GTU - Dec. 2008.
Flowchart :
Fig. 1.9
Example 16: Draw a flowchart to find out sum and Example 17 : Draw a flowchart to find
average of given N numbers.
.GTU - Dec. 2008. out factorial of given N numbers.
GTU - April 2010.
Flowchart :
Flowchart :
Fig. 1.10
Fig. 1.11
Example 18 : Draw a flowchart to

solve following series.
1-19
Example 19 : Draw a flowchart to print first 50 odd

numbers.
.GTU April 2010.
1-x+x2-x3 +---xn
Flowchart :
Flowchart :
Fig 1.13
Example 20 : Draw a flowchart to print Techmax

jindabad infinite times.
Flowchart :
Fig. 1.12
Fig 1.14
Example 21 :
1-20
Write an algorithm and draw flowchart for finding sum digits of a number.
Algorithm :
Flowchart :
Step 1 : Accept N
Step 2 : N1=N,SUM=0
Step 3 : D=N%10
Step 4 : SUM=SUM*D
Step 5 : N=N/10
Step 6 : If N !=0 go to Step 3
Step 7 : Print SUM
Fig. 1.15
Example 22 :
1-21
Write an algorithm and draw the flowchart of a program to find the maximum of
'n' numbers.
Algorithm :
Flowchart :
Step 1 : Accept N
Step 2 : Accept FIRSTNUM
Step 3 : I=2 , MAX=FIRSTNUM
Step 4 : Accept any number i.e. A
Step 5 : Check if A>MAX Then MAX=A
Step 6 : I=I+1
Step 8 : Print Maximum number is MAX
Fig. 1.16
Example 23 :
Write an algorithm and draw the flowchart to accept N numbers and count how
many of them where odd and also compute sum of all these odd..GTU June 2010.
Ans. :
Step 1 :
COUNT=1 : ODD=0: SUM=0
Step 2 :
Accept N
Step 3 :
Accept A
Step 4 :
If A%2==1
Then
SUM=SUM+A
1-22
ODD=ODD+1
Step 5 :
COUNT=COUNT+1
Step 6 :
If COUNT<=N Then Go to step 2
Step 7 :
Print COUNT and SUM
Step 8 :
Stop Procedure
Flowchart :
Exercise
Q. 1
Explain the block diagram of the computer.
Q. 2
Differentiate between system programs and application program.
Q. 3
Differentiate between compilers with interpreter.
Q. 4
What are the advantages and disadvantages of machine languages?
Q. 5
What are the advantages and disadvantages of high level languages?
Q. 6
Differentiate between software and hardware.
Q. 7
What is algorithm and flowchart ? and why it is used ?
Q. 8
What is SDLC ? Why it is essential ?
1.6
1-23
University Questions and Answers :
Dec. 2008
Q. 1
Q. 2
Draw a flow chart to find the maximum number out of three given numbers.
(Pg. 1-23, Example 15 : Say d = 32768 (Smallest integer number))
(5 Marks)
Draw a flow chart to do the sum of 10 elements read from the user.
(Pg. 1-24, Example 16 : say n = 10)
(5 Marks)
June 2009
Q. 3
Draw block diagram of computer and explain each block. (Section 1.1.1)
Q. 4
Define following :
(i)
Operating system
(ii)
Compiler
(iii)
Application software
(iv)
System software (Section 1.1.2)
(7 Marks)
(4 Marks)
Jan. 2010
Q. 5
Q. 6
Draw the Block Diagram of Computer Architecture and explain each block with its functions.
(Section 1.1.1)
(7 Marks)
Give comparison of Flow charts and Algorithms (Sections 1.4 and 1.5)
(4 Marks)
April 2010
Q. 7
Draw a flow chart to find factorial of a given number. (Section 1.5)
(5 Marks)
June 2010
Q. 8
Q. 9
Provide two major differences between

(a) Software and Hardware
(Section 1.1)
(b) Flowchart and Algorithm
(Section 1.4 and 1.5)
Name the major components of computer and give their function in brief. (Section 1.1.1)
(2 Marks)
Q. 10 Write an algorithm and draw the flowchart to accept N numbers and count how many of them where odd
and also compute sum of all these odd. (Example 23)
(10 Marks)
1-24
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Computer Programming & Utilization (GTU)

Introduction to Computer Programming

Introduction to Computer & Programming

the It is logical component of the computer

Hardware is the electronics components. Software is the collection of programs. So it

For maintenance of the computer For maintenance of the computer software ,

Computer Programming & Utilization (GTU)

Introduction to Computer Programming

Hardware is like car.

Software is like driver.

Fig. 1.1 : Block diagram of the computer Hardware system

Computer Programming & Utilization (GTU)

Introduction to Computer Programming

Memory is also called as a main memory or primary memory or internal memory. It is

So it is called as a non volatile

memory (that means permanent memory).

PROM(Programmable Read Only Memory) can hold data permanently. Programmer

Auxiliary memory is also called as a secondary memory or external memory or magnetic

Computer Programming & Utilization (GTU)

Introduction to Computer Programming

Fig. 1.2 : Layers of the computer software

System development software supports programming development environment to user. It

Computer Programming & Utilization (GTU)

Introduction to Computer Programming

Interpreter is suitable for beginners.

Compiler is not suitable for beginners.

It requires more memory because at the

It requires less main memory because at

At first time the process of getting the

At first time the process of getting the

time This process is faster than interpreter.

dynamic Compiler easily supports static allocation of

Computer Programming & Utilization (GTU)

Introduction to Computer Programming

code Example : javac, gcc etc.

Comparison of System Software with Application Software

Examples of system software are Assembler,

Examples of Application software are

Computer Programming & Utilization (GTU)

Introduction to Computer Programming

The programs are compact and small.

It does not require any extra system program to run(like assembler).

1.2.1.2 Disadvantages of Machine Level Language :

The programs are long and tiresome to write.

Programmer must have detailed knowledge of the architecture of particular microprocessor.

Machine language program are not portable.

Computer Programming & Utilization (GTU)

Introduction to Computer Programming

Advantages of Assembly Level Language :

The programs are very easy to understand or debug.

The programs are fast to enter using alphanumeric keys of keyboard.

Disadvantages of Assembly Level Language :

Assembly language programs require assembler to translate assembly language program to

Programmer must have detailed knowledge of the architecture of particular microprocessor.

It requires assembler and loader for translation

Assembly language programs are not portable.

High level Language :

Advantages of High Level Language :