PUC Physics Question Bank

Chapter I
Physical World
1. Who proposed elliptical orbit of the plants around sun?
Kepler
2. Mention one of the demerits of Newtonian mechanics .
It fails to explain some basic features of atomic phenomenon.
3. What is the result of - ray scattering experiment conducted by Rutherford ?
It established nuclear model of the atom.
4. Who introduced the concept of anti particle theoretically for the first time ?
Paul Dirac
5. Who confirmed the existence of positron experimentally?
Anderson
6. Mention the phenomenon included in (i) macroscopic domain (ii) microscopic
domain
Macroscopic domain includes phenomena at the laboratory, terrestrial and astronomical
scales. Microscopic domain includes atomic, molecular and nuclear phenomenon.
7. What are the important topics converted under classical physics?
Mechanics, electrodynamics, optics, thermodynamics.
8. A feather and a stone are dropped from same height. Do they reach the ground at
the same time (i) in presence of atmosphere? (ii) in absence of atmosphere?
(i)
No
(ii)
Yes
9. Does the value of acceleration due to gravity depends on the mass of the falling
body?
No
10. Discoveries in physics generates new technology . Give an evidence to this.

Wireless communication technology follows the discovery of the basic laws of electricity
and magnetism.
11. Who discovered the phenomenon of neutron induced fission of uranium ?
Hahn and Meitner.
12. Mention the important contribution by Archimedes in fluid mechanics.
Principle of buoyancy.
13. Who proposed wave theory of light?
Huygens.
14. Who proposed the universal law of gravity?
Newton.
15. Who proposed the laws of electromagnetic induction?
Faraday.
16. Light is an electromagnetic wave who proposed this?
Maxwell
17. Who discovered X ray?
Roentgen
18. Who discovered electrons?
J J Thomson
19. Who discovered radium and polonium?
Marie Curie
20. Who was awarded a Nobel prize for the explanation of photo electric effect?
Einstein
21. Who won the Nobel prize in the field of inelastic scattering of light by molecules?
C V Raman
22. Who is the founder of controlled nuclear fission reaction? (nuclear power reactor)
Fermi
23. Who discovered neutron?
Chadwick.
24. Mention the fundamental forces in nature.
(i)
Gravitational force
(ii)
Weak nuclear force
(iii)
Electromagnetic force
(iv)
Strong nuclear force
25. Name the (i) strongest (ii) weakest fundamental force in nature
(i)
Stronger nuclear force
(ii)
Gravitational force
26. Does the laws of nature change with time?

No
27. Name the elementary particle emitted during - decay along with the electron.
Anti Neutrino.
28. Does the law of gravitation valid on the surface of moon?
Yes
29. The value of acceleration due to gravity is different for different planets. Is it the
violation of the law of gravitation?
No
30. Name the principle behind the uplift of aircraft (aeroplane)
Bernoullis principle
31. What is the principle behind the working of electric generator.
Faradays law of electromagnetic induction.
Chapter 2
Units and Measurements
One mark questions
1. What is a physical quantity?
Any quantity which can be measured is called a physical quantity.
2. What is a unit?
A certain basic, arbitrarily chosen, internationally accepted standard of reference for making
measurements of a physical quantity is called a unit.
3. Which are fundamental or basic units?
The unit of fundamental quantities is called fundamental units
4. What are derived units?
The units of derived quantities that can be expressed as combination of basic units are called
derived units.
5. What is meant by SI system?
SI system means the international system of units, containing seven basic units.
6. Name the system of units accepted internationally.
SI system,
7. Give the basic units of length in CGS / MKS / FPS / SI system.
Centimeter / meter / foot / meter respectively.
8. Given the base units of mass in CGS / MKS / FPS / SI system.
gram / kilogram / pound / kilogram respectively.
9. Name the unit of time in all systems.
seconds
10. How many base units are there in SI system?

There are seven basic units in SI system.
11. Name the SI unit of current / temperature / amount of a substance / luminous intensity.
ampere / Kelvin / mole / candela.
12. Name the SI unit of angle in a plane.
radian
13. Name the SI unit of solid angle.
steradian
14. Express the relation for angle in a plane.
angle (d) =

15. Express the relation for solid angle.

A: solid angle (d) =
!

"! ! #
16. Mention some direct method of measuring length

Using metallic scale, vernier scale or screw gauge.
17. Name the method of measuring long distances.
Parallax method
18. What is parallax?
The change in position of an object with respect to a point when viewed with left and right eye.
19. What is basis?
The distance between the two points of observation is called the basis.
20. What is meant by parallax angle?
The angle between two directions of observation of a point (object) is called parallax angle.
21. Which are the shorter units of length? Express them in meters.
fermi and angstrom
1 fermi = 10-15 m and 1 angstrom = 10-10 m
22. Name the larger units of length.
Astronomical unit (AU) and light year (ly), parsec (pc)
23. What is meant by light year?
The distance travelled by light in one year of time.
24. Define unified atomic unit.
One unified atomic mass unit is equal to 1/12th of the mass of an atom of carbon 12 isotope
including the mass of electron.
25. Which is the instrument used to measure small masses like atom?
: Mass spectrograph.
26. What is the basis of working of cesium clock or atomic clock?
Periodic vibration of cesium atom.
27. Name the type of clock which gives accurate time.
Cesium atom clock.
28. What is error?
The uncertainty in measurement is called error.
29. What is meant by accuracy?
The accuracy is the measure of how close the measured value is to the true value of the
quantity.
30. What is meant by precision?
Precision means, to what resolution or limit of the instrument, the quantity is measured. It is
given by least count
31. What are the types of error?

Systematic and random error.
32. Why does a measurement give approximate value ?
It is due to error.
33. What is meant by systematic error?
The systematic errors are that tend to be in one direction and affects each measurement by
same amount.
34. What are random errors?
The random errors are those errors which occur irregularly due to random and unpredictable
fluctuations in experimental conditions.
35. What is least count?
The smallest value that can be measured by an instrument is called the least count.
36. What is least count error?
It is the error associated with the resolution of the instrument.
37. What is absolute error?
The magnitude of the difference between the individual measurement and the true value of the
physical quantity is called absolute error. It is always positive.
38. How would you determine the true value of a quantity measured several times ?
By taking arithmetic mean
39. What is relative error?
The relative error is the ratio of the mean absolute error to the mean value of the quantity
measured.
40. Write the relation for relative error.
relative error =
% &'%(
% &'%(
41. What is percentage error?

The relative error expressed in percentage is called percentage error.
42. Write the expression for percentage error.
)a (% error) =
% &'%(
% &'%(
x 100
43. Define astronomical unit (AU)

The average distance between earth and sun is known as astronomical unit.
44. Define parsec.
One parsec is the distance at which an arc of length equal to one AU subtends an angle of one
second at a point.
45. Express parsec in terms of light years.
1 parsec = 3.26 light year.
46. What are significant figures?
the reliable digits plus the first uncertain digit are known as significant figures.
47. Does the number of significant figures depend on the choice of unit?
No
48. State the number of significant figures in the following
a) 0.006 m2
(a) 1
(b) 3
(b) 2.65 x 103 kg

(c) 3
(c) 0.2309 m-3

(d) 4
(d) 6.320 J
(e) 0.006032 m2
(e) 4
49. Round off the following result to three significant figures

(a) 2.746
(a) 2.75
(b) 2.744
(3) 2.745
(b) 2.744
(4) 2.735
(c) 2.74
(d) 2.74
50. Define dimension of a physical quantity.

The dimensions of a physical quantity are the powers to which the base quantities are raised to
represent that quantity.
51. Write the dimensions of work.

Work = [M1 L2 T-2]. So dimensions of work are one in mass, two in length and -2 in time
52. Define dimensional formula of physical quantity.
The expression which shows how and which of the base quantities represent the dimensions of
a physical quantity is called the dimensional formula.
53. Write the dimensional formula of volume.
[V] = [M0 L3 T0]
54. Define dimensional equation of a physical quantity.
An equation obtained by equating a physical quantity with its dimensional formula is called the
dimensional equation of the physical quantity.
55. Name a physical quantity which has no units and no dimensions
strain.
56. Name a physical quantity which has units but no dimensions.
Angle has unit i.e. radian but it is dimensionless.
57. Name a physical quantity which has neither unit nor dimension.
Relative density (specific gravity)
58. Can a physical quantity have dimension but no unit?
No
59. State the principle of homogeneity of dimensions.
It states that the dimensions of all the terms on either side of an equation must be the same
Two marks question
1. Mention the base quantities in SI system

Length, mass , time, electric current, thermodynamic temperature, amount of substance and
luminous intensity
2. Name any two derive SI unit with the name of scientist.

newton , joule, watt etc (any two)
3. What are sources of systematic error?

(i) Instrumental error (ii) imperfection in experimental procedure
(iii) personal error
4. Explain the method of reducing systematic error.

It can be minimized by improving experimental techniques, selecting better instruments and
removing personal bias.
5. Give any two methods of reducing least count error.

Least count error can be reduced by using instruments of higher precision, improving
experimental techniques and taking mean of all observations.
6. The distance D of the sun from the earth is 1.496 x 1011 m. if suns angular diameter is
9.31 x 10-3 rad as measured from earth, find the diameter of the sun.
Suns diameter d = *D
= (9.31 x 10-3) x 1.496 x 1011
= 1.39 x 109 m
7. State the rule to find the absolute error when two quantities are added or subtracted.
Write the expression.
When two quantities are added or subtracted the absolute error in the final result is the sum of
the absolute error in the individual quantities.
Z = A + B
8. State the rule to find the relative error when two quantities are multiplied or divided.
Write an expression.
when two quantities are multiplied or divided , the relative error in the result is the sum of the
relative error in the multipliers
+
,
.
/
1
1
9. Find the relative error in Z ,if Z = A3 B1/2 / C D3/2

the relative error in Z is
+
,
2.
/
3 1
4 1
5
5
2 6
4 6
10. Explain scientific notation method of finding the number of significant figures.
in this notation, every number is expressed as a x 10b, where a is a number between 1 and
10, and b is any power of 10. The number of digits in the decimal number gives significant
figures.
11. Write the dimension of universal gravitational constant.

F=
;G=
7 89 8:
:
< :
89 8:
writing the dimensions, [G] =
=> ? @ A: B = ?: B
C>DC>D
= [ M-1 L3 T-2]
; dimensions are -1 in mass, 3 in length and -2 in time.
12. Mention two pairs of physical quantities which have the same dimensions.
(i) work and energy
(ii) pressure and stress.
13. Mention the physical quantities whose dimensions are (i) [M1 L-1 T-2] (ii) [M1 L2 T-3]
(i) pressure
(ii) power
14. What are the dimensions of a and b in the relation F = aF + bt2 where F is force , x is
distance and t is time.
By principle of homogeneity, dimensions of every term on RHS should be same as that on
LHS i.e. force
C<D
; [a] =
CGD
[b] =
C<D
C : D
=> ? @ A: B
= [ M L1/2 T-2]
=> ? @ A: B
= [ M L T-4]
9
H? I: J
C@ : D
15. Mention any two constants which have dimensions.

Gravitational constant, Planks constant.
16. Mention any two applications of dimensional analysis.

1) To check the correctness of a physical relation
2) to derive relationship between different physical quantities.
17. Mention any two limitations of dimensional analysis.

1) dimensionless constants in a relation cannot be determined by this method
2) it cannot derive the exact relationship between physical quantities in any equation.
5 mark questions :
1. Explain parallax method of determining the size of moon.
MOON
P
Let D be the diameter of the

moon, when moon is observed
from a place E on earth, let be
the angle made by two

diametrically opposite ends P and
Q of the moon called parallax
earth
angle. If d is the distance of moon from earth , then

=
KL

;D=d
6

Using this relation the size of moon can be determined

2. The period of oscillation of a simple pendulum is T = 2 MNIO . the measured value of
L is 20.0 cm known to 1 mm accuracy and time for 100 oscillations of the pendulum is
found to be 90 s using a watch of 1s resolution. Find accuracy in % error.
We have g = 4P 4

?
@:
Here, T = and T =
@
@

Here errors are least count errors

=Q
=
R0 2 Q@R
?
T.3
4T.T
+2
QVTR
= 0.027
Thus percentage error in g is 100 x

= 100 x 0.027 = 2.7%
3. Check the correctness of following equation by dimensional analysis.

W
#
x = x0 + v0t + at2
For LHS , dimension of x = [L]
For RHS, dimension of x0 = [L]
dimension of v0t = [LT-1] [T] = [L]
3
4
dimension of at2 = [LT-2] [T2] = [L] here is a constant having no dimension.

; [L] = [L] + [L] + [L] i.e. the dimensions of each term on both sides of the equation are the
same . thus the equation is dimensionally correct.
4. Check the correctness of following equation by dimensional analysis.
F x = mv2 mv2
Where F force, x - distance, v0 initial velocity, v final velocity
Consider Fx = mv2 mv02
For LHS, dimensions of
Fx = [M L T-2] [L] = [M L2 T-2]
For RHS, dimensions of mv2 = [M] [L T-1] 2 = [M L2 T-2]

Similarly , dimensions of mv02 = [M] [L T-1] 2 = [M L2 T-2]
Where is a constant, has no dimension.
; [M L2 T-2] = [M L2 T-2] - [M L2 T-2]
Since dimensions of each term on both sides of the equation are the same. Thus the
equation is dimensionally correct.
5. The period of oscillation of a simple pendulum depends on its length (l) , mass of the
bob (m) and acceleration due to gravity (g) . derive the expression for its time period
using method of dimensions.
We can write T * la mb gc
T = K la mb gc
-----------(1)
Where K is dimensionless constant.

Writing the dimensions of all terms, we get
[T] = [L]a [M]b [L T-2]c

[L0 M0 T1] = [La + c Mb T-2c]
Equating the powers of L , M and T on both sides
We get, a + c = 0 ; b = 0 ; and -2c = 1
Thus , a = ; b = 0 ; c = -
Substituting in equation (1) we get
T = K l1/2 m0 g-1/2
T = K MXIY
6. The centripetal force (F) acting on a particle moving uniformly in a circle depends
upon its mass (m), velocity (v) and radius of circle (r). derive the expression for
centripetal force using method of dimensions.
We can write , F * m
;F-
vb rc
Z ma vb rc
----- (1)
where K is a constant having no dimension. Writing the dimensions of all terms in the
equation ,
we get, [M L T-2] = [M]a [L T-1]b [L]c
; [M L T-2] = [Ma Lb+c T-b]

Equating the powers of M, L and T on both sides
We get, a =1, b+c = 1 and b = -2
i.e. a = 1, b = 2 , c = -1
putting these values in equation (1)
F = K m1 v2 r-1 or F = K
8[ :

7. Check the correctness of the relation , Sn = u +

#
(2n -1) where u is the initial velocity,
a is the acceleration and Sn is the distance travelled by the body in the nth second.

Sn = u + (2n -1)
4
Writing the dimensions on the either side, we have
LHS = Sn =
RHS = u +

8
= [M0 L1 T-1]
(2n -1) = L T -1 + L T -2 (T)

= L T -1 + LT-1
= [M0 L1 T-1]
Thus dimension of all terms are same.
; LHS = RHS dimensionally. So the relation is correct.
Chapter - 3. (Motion in a straight line)

One mark questions
1.
When is an object said to be in motion?

An object is said to be in motion if its position changes with time
2.
What is rectilinear motion?

The motion of an object along a straight line is known as rectilinear motion
3.
What is kinematics?
Kinematics deals with the study of motion of bodies without considering the causes of
motion.
4.
What is required to specify the position of an object?

To specify the position of an object, a reference point called origin is required.
5.
What is meant by path length?

The total distance traversed by an object is called path length.
6.
What is displacement?
The change of position in a particular direction or the distance between the initial and
final position of the object is called displacement.
7.
What is meant by uniform motion?

If an object moving along the straight line covers equal distances in equal intervals of
time, then it is said to have uniform motion.
8.
What is the position - time graph?

A graph of position (along y - axis) against time (along x - axis) is known as position time
graph.
9.
Define average velocity.

Average velocity is defined as the displacement (x) divided by time interval (t).
x x1 x
v = 2
=
t 2 t1
t
10. Define average speed.

Average speed is defined as the total path length traveled divided by the total time
path length
taken. Average speed =
total time int erval
11. Define instantaneous velocity of a body in terms of its average velocity.
The instantaneous velocity is defined as the limit of the average velocity as the time
interval t tends to zero.
x dx
v = lim v = lim
=
dt
t 0
t 0 t
12. The average velocity of a body is equal to its instantaneous velocity. What do
you conclude by this?
The body is moving with constant velocity.
13. What does the slope of position - time graph represent?

Velocity.
14. Define average acceleration.
Average acceleration is the change in velocity divided by the time interval during which
v
the change occurs. a =
.
t
15. Define instantaneous acceleration of a body in terms of its average acceleration.
The instantaneous acceleration is defined as the limit of the average acceleration as the
V dV
time interval t tends to zero. a = lim a = lim
=
.
dt
t 0
t 0 t
16. What does the slope of velocity - time graph represent?
Acceleration.
17. What does area under velocity - time graph represent?
Displacement for a given time interval.
18. When is relative velocity of two moving objects zero?
Relative velocity is zero when the two objects move with same velocity in same
direction.
19. What is the acceleration of a body moving with constant velocity?
Zero.
Two mark question
1.
Distinguish between distance and displacement.

(i) The distance is the length of path traversed. The displacement is the change of
position in a particular direction.
(ii) Distance is a scalar. But displacement is a vector.
(iii) When a body returns to initial position, then distance is not zero but displacement is
zero.
2.
Draw the position - time graph for an object (i) at rest (ii) with uniform motion.
(i) rest
(ii) uniform motion
x (m)
x (m)
A
10
3.
20
O
t (s)
t (s)
Draw the position - time graph for an object (a) moving with positive velocity and
(b) moving with negative velocity.
(a) Positive velocity
(b) Negative velocity
x (m)
x (m)
O
t (s)
4.
t (s)
Draw position - time graph for motion with (a) positive acceleration (b) negative
acceleration (c) zero acceleration.
(a) Positive velocity
(b) Negative velocity
(c) a = 0
x (m)
x (m)
x (m)
t (s)
5.
t (s)
t (s)
Draw velocity - time graphs for motion in (a) positive direction with positive
acceleration (b) negative direction with negative acceleration.
(a) Positive acceleration
(b) Negative acceleration
v
v
t (s)
v0
O
- v0
-v
t (s)
6.
Find the velocity of the particle for the time interval t = 5 to t = 10 s from the
following graph.
x (m)
B
20
10
The
v=
velocity
10
t (s)
for
the
time
interval
x 2 x 1 20 10 10
=
=
= 2ms 1
t 2 t1
10 5
5
t 1 = 5s
to
t 2 = 10s
is
given
by
7.
The displacement (in metre) of a particle moving along x - axis given by

x = 20 t + 10 t 2 . Calculate the instantaneous velocity at t = 2s.
We have x = 20t + 10 t 2 .
dx
Velocity v =
= 20 + 20t
dt
Instantaneous velocity at t = 2 s is v = 20 + 20 x 2 = 60 ms 1 .
8.
A ball is thrown vertically upward and it reaches a height of 90 m.

velocity with which it was thrown.
v = 0, x = 90 m, g = 9.8 ms 2 , v = ?
Using the equation
0
v = v 02 + 2gx we get
0 = v 02 2 x 9.8 x 90
v 02 = 2 x 9.8 x 90
v0 =
9.
Find the
2 x 9.8 x 90 = 42 ms 1
Define relative velocity with an example.

Relative velocity means velocity of one object w.r.t the other object.
Example: Consider two trains on parallel tracks with same velocity in same direction.
Although both the trains are in motion w.r.t the ground, for an observer in one train, the
other train does not appear to move. In this case the relative velocity becomes zero.
10. A car travels with a uniform velocity of 20 ms 1 . The driver applies the brakes
and the car comes to rest in 10 second. Calculate the retardation.
v 0 = 20 ms 1 , v = 0, t = 10 s.
v v0
0 20
= - 2 ms 2
=
t
10
Retardation = 2 ms 2
a=
Four Mark questions

1.
a) What is the velocity - time graph?

b) Show that area under velocity - time graph is equal to displacement.
When instantaneous velocities of a particle in motion are plotted against time, the resultant
graph is called velocity - time graph.
v
T
O
t (s)
Area under the v - t graph is the area of the rectangle of height u and base T.
Therefore Area = u x T . (1)
By definition, displacement during this time interval = u x T (2)
Equation equations (1) and (2),
Area under velocity - time graph is equal to displacement
2.
a) Define relative velocity of an object w.r.t another.

b) Draw position - time graphs of two objects moving along a straight line when their
relative velocity is (i) zero and (ii) non - zero
Relative velocity is the velocity of one object w.r.t another.

For example if A and B are two objects moving uniformly with average velocities v and v
A
B
in one dimension, then the velocity of object B relative to object A is v v . i.e.
B
A
v BA = v B v A .
Similarly, velocity of object A relative to object B is v AB = v A v B
(i)
(ii)
x
ct
r obje
faste
t
bjec
er o
slow
t (s)
x
ter
fas
je
ob
slower
ct
object
t (s)
3.
What is the significance of velocity - time graph?
Significance of velocity - time graph

(i) It represents the nature of motion of the particle.
(ii) Instantaneous velocity and instantaneous acceleration can be obtained from the
curve.
(iii) Equations of motion along a straight line can be derived.
(iv) Area under velocity - time graph in a given time interval represents the distance
traveled by the particle in that time interval.
Five marks theory questions

1
Derive the equation of motion x = v t + at 2 from v - t graph.
0
2
1.
Consider an object moving with an initial velocity v under constant acceleration a. After t
0
second, let v be its velocity and x the displacement. Let AB represent the velocity - time
graph of the object. Here OA represents v , DB represents v and OD represents t.
0
B
v - v0
C
A
v0
O
D
t (s)
The area under v - t graph represents the displacement.

x = area under AB
= area of the rectangle OACD + area of ABC.
= (OA x OD) + (AC x BC)
1
= v t + t( v v ) (1)
0
0
2
But v = v 0 + at
v v = at
0
Substituting this in equation (1) we have
1
x = v 0 t + at 2
2
2.
Derive the equations of motion (i) v = v + at and (ii) v 2 = v 2 + 2ax from v - t graph.
0
0
Consider an object moving with an initial velocity v 0 under constant acceleration a. After t
second, v be its velocity and x the displacement. Let AB represent the velocity - time
graph. Here OA represents v , DB represents v and OD represents t.
0
v - v0
C
A
v0
t (s)
(i) to derive v = v + at
0
The slope of velocity - time graph represents uniform acceleration a.
BC
Acceleration = slope =
AC
v v0
a=
t
v v = at
0
v = v + at (1)
0
(ii)
a=
The object has traveled distance x in time

v + v0
t with average velocity a
given as
x = at
v + v0
=
2
t ..(2)
v v0
From equation (1) t =
a
Substituting this in equation (1) we have
v + v 0 v v 0
x=
2 a
v 2 v 02
=
2a
v 2 v 02 = 2ax
v 2 = v 2 + 2ax (3)
0
3.
Derive an expression for relative velocity between two moving objects.
Consider two objects A and B moving along x - axis uniformly with average velocities v
A
and v respectively as shown in the figure.
B
vA
xA(0)
vB
xB(0)
Let x A (0) and x B (0) be their displacements from the origin 0 at t = 0

Let x ( t ) and x ( t ) be their displacements at time t.
A
B
x ( t ) x b (0 )
x A ( t ) x A (0 )
and v = B
A
A
t
t
x ( t ) x ( t ) = [ x (0) x (0)] + [ v ( t ) v ( t )]
A
B
A
B
A
B
= [ x (0) x (0)] + ( v v )t .. (1)

A
B
A
B
Change in displacement between the 2 bodies in time t
= [ x A ( t ) x B ( t )] [ x A (0 ) x B (0)]
= [( x (0) x (0)) + ( v v )t] [( x (0) x (0)] (because of equation (1))
A
B
A
B
A
B
= ( v v )t
A
B
Therefore relative velocity of A w.r.t B is
( v A v B )t
change in displacement
=
v AB =
time
t
v
=
v
v
AB
A
B
Similarly we can show that relative velocity of B w.r.t A is v BA = v B v A
Five mark problem

1.
A car moving along a straight highway with speed of 126 km h 1 to brought to

stop within a distance of 200 m. What is the retardation of the car and how long
does it take for the car to stop?
v 0 = 126kmh 1 , =
Applying
126 1000
= 35 ms 1 , v = 0, x = 200 m
3600
v 2 = v 02 + 2ax
0 = 35 2 + 2a x 200
0=
35 2
= 3.06 ms 2
200 x 2
Applying
v = v + at
0
0 = 35 3.06 x t
35
= 11.44 second
3.06
t=
2.
The displacement (in metre) of a particle moving along x - axis is given by

x = At 2 + B , where A = 2m and B = 3m. Calculate (i) average velocity between t =
3s and t = 5s. (ii) instantaneous velocity at t = 5s and (iii) instantaneous
acceleration.
(i) Average velocity
At t = 3s , the displacement of the particle is
1
x 1 = 2.3 2 + 3 = 21 m
At t 2 = 5s , the displacement of the particle is
x
= 2.5 2 + 3 = 53 m
Average velocity v =
x 2 x 1 53 21 32
=
=
= 16 ms 1
t 2 t1
53
2
(ii) Instantaneous velocity

v=
dx
d
=
At 2 + B = 2At
dt
dt
At t = 5s, v = 2 x 2 x 5 = 20 ms 1
(iii) Instantaneous acceleration

a=
dv
d
=
( 2At ) = 2A
dt
dt
= 2 x 2 = 4 ms 2
3.
A car starts from rest and accelerates uniformly at a rate of 2 ms 2 for 20 second.
It then maintains a constant velocity for 10 second. The brakes are then applied
and the car is uniformly retarded and comes to rest in 5 second. Draw the
velocity - time graph for the motion and find : (i) the maximum velocity (ii) the
retardation in the last 5 second (iii) total distance traveled and (iv) average
velocity.
The velocity - time graph for the motion of the car is shown below
vm
v (ms-1)
20
30
C
35
t (s)
(i) Maximum velocity

a = 2 ms 2 , v = 0 , t = 20 s
0
v m = v 0 + at
= 0 + 2 x 20
= 40 ms 1
(ii) Retardation
Retardation is equal to the slope of the line BC
BC
40
=
= 8 ms 2
DC
5
(iii) Total distance traveled S = Area of trapezium OABC

=
1
( AB + OC)BD
2
1
(10 + 35)40 = 900 m
2
(iv) Average velocity

=
A stone is dropped from the top of a tower 400 m high and at the same time
another stone is projected upward vertically from the ground with a velocity of
100 ms 1 . Find where and when the two stones will meet.
Suppose the two stones meet after t second, when the stone from the top of the tower
has covered a distance h as shown in the figure.
We have the equation
1 2
x = v 0 t + at .
2
A
h
C
400 - h
4.
900
S
=
= 25.71 ms 1
35
t
For downward motion, v = 0 , g = 9.8 ms 2

0
1
h = v 0 t + gt 2
2
h=0+
1
x 9 .8 t 2
2
h = 4.9 t 2 .. (1)
For upward motion, v = 100 ms 1 , g = 9.8 ms 2

0
400 h = 100 t
1
x 9 .8 t 2
2
400 h = 100 t 4.9 t 2

Substituting the values of h from equation (1) we have
400 49 t 2 = 100 t 49 t 2
400 = 100 t
t = 4 second
Substituting t = 4 s in equation (1) we have
h = 4 .9 x 4 2
= 78.4 m
Therefore the two stones meet at 78.4 m below the top of the tower after 4 second.
5.
Two trains are moving in opposite directions. Train A moves east with a speed of
10 ms 1 and train B moves west with a speed of 20 ms 1 . What is the (i) relative
velocity of B w.r.t A and (ii) the relative velocity of ground w.r.t B. (iii) A dog is
running on the roof of train A against its motion with a velocity of 5 ms 1 w.r.t
train A. What is the velocity of the dog as observed by a man standing on the
ground?
Let the direction of travel from west to the east be considered as positive direction.
Speed of train A w.r.t earth, v AE = 10 ms 1
Speed of train B w.r.t earth, v BE = 20 ms 1
(i) Relative velocity of train B w.r.t train A
= v
= v BE + v EA
BA
= v BE v AE
= 20 10
= 30 ms 1 from east to west
(ii) Relative velocity of ground (i.e. earth) w.r.t B
= v EB = v EE + v EB
= v
v
EE
BE
= 0 ( 20)
= 20 ms 1 from west to east
(iii) Velocity of dog w.r.t train A is v DA = 5 ms 1

v DA = v DE + v EA
= v
v AE
DE
v DE = v DA + v AE
= 5 + 10
= 5 ms 1 from west to east
6.
Two trains A and B of length 200 m each are moving on two parallel tracks with a
uniform speed of 10 ms 1 in the same direction, with the train A ahead of B. The
driver of train B decides to overtake train A and accelerates by 1 ms 2 . If after 50
s, the guard of train B brushes past the driver of train A, what was the original
distance between the two trains?
Let x be the original distance between the trains.
For train A: v 0 = 10 ms 1 , t = 50 s, a = 0
Distance traveled
1
= x = v t + at 2
A
0
2
= 10 x 50 + 0
= 500 m
For train B: v 0 = 10 ms 1 , t = 50 s, a =1 ms 2
Distance traveled
1
= x = v t + at 2
B
0
2
= 10 x 50 + x 1 x 502
= 500 + 1250
= 1750 m
x B = x + x A + length of train A + length of train B
1750 = x + 500 + 200 + 200

x = 1750 900 = 850 m
7.
A body is thrown vertically up from the top of a building with a velocity of 10

ms 1 . It reaches the ground in 5 s. Find the height of the building and the
velocity with which the body reaches the ground. (g = 10 ms 2 ).
B
Let the body be thrown vertically up with a velocity 10 ms 1 from the top of a building
at a point A. It reaches the point B where its velocity is zero. Now v = 10 ms 1 , v =
0
0, g = 10 ms 2 , x = AB.
Using v 2 = v 02 + 2ax
0 2 = 10 2 2 x 10.AB
20 AB = 0 2 10 2
AB =
100
= 5 m.
20
Let t be the time taken by the body to go from A to B.

Using v = v 0 + at
0 = 10 10 t
t=
10
=1 s
10
Total time taken by body to reach the ground is 5 s.

Therefore the time taken by body to fall from B to D = 5 1 = 4 s.
BD = BC + CD = AB + CD = 5th
Considering the body falling from B to D, velocity of the body at B is v 0 = 0 ,

g = 10 ms 2
Using equation of motion
1
x = v 0 t + at 2
2
5th = 0 + x 10 (4)2
= 80
h = 80 5 = 75 m
The velocity with which the body reaches the ground is given by v = v + at
0
v = 0 + 10 x 4
v = 40 ms 1
CHAPTER 4
MOTION IN APLANE
I . ONE MARK QUESTIONS
1. What is scalar quantity ?
2. Give an example for scalar quantity.
3. Does the scalar addition obey ordinary addition rules?
4. What is vector quantity ?
5. Give an example for vector quantity.
6. Does the vector addition obey ordinary addition rules ?
7. How does vector is different from scalar ?
8. Is displacement a vector or a scalar ?
9. Give the graphical representation of vector.
10. Define null vector
11. Define unit vector
12. What is position vector ?
13. What is negative of a vector ?
14. What ar equal vectors ?
15. What are parallel vectors ?
16. What are concurrent vectors ( co-initial vectors) ?
17. What are co-planar vectors ?
18. Does the vector addition obey the commutative law ?
19. Does the vector addition obey the associative law ?
20. Give the mathematical representation of unit vector.
21. Mention any one law of addition of vector .
22. State law of triangle of vectors.
23. State the law parallelogram of vectors.
24. What is resultant vector ?
25. What are components of a vector ?
26. What is resolution of a vector ?
27. What are rectangular components of a vector?
28. The magnitude of the resultant of the two equal vectors is equal to
the magnitude of the either vector , what is the angle between two
vectors ?
29. When the magnitude of the resultant of the two vectors is
maximum ?
30. When the magnitude of the resultant of the two vectors is

minimum ?
2223 and 4
2223 are acting at right angles to each other, what is the
31. If 1
magnitude of their resultant ?

32. If two equal vectors acting at right angles to each other, what is
the magnitude of their resultant ?
2223 = 4 units ,
33. Vector 1 = 3 units ,acting along east, and vector 4
acting along north. What is the magnitude of their resultant ?
34. Is scalar multiplied by a vector a vector or a scalar.
35. Give an example for scalar multiplied by a vector
36. What is the magnitude of 13= 3 7-9:
37. What is the unit vector of P = 3 i 4 j
38. What is two dimensional motion ?

39. Give an example for motion in two dimension .
40. What is a projectile ?
41. Give an example for a projectile .
42. Define projectile velocity ?
43. Define angle of projection of a projectile.
44. Define time of flight of a projectile.
45. Define range of a projectile.
46. What is the nature of path ( trajectory ) of projectile?
47. What is the maximum height of a projectile ?
48. Write the horizontal component of velocity of projectile.
49. Write the vertical component of velocity of projectile.
50. Which component of velocity of a projectile is constant?
51. Which component of velocity of a projectile is zero at maximum
height ?
52. Which component of acceleration of a projectile is zero?
53. Draw the graphical representation for a projectile motion .
54. Write the expression for the path of a projectile.
55. Give the expression for the maximum height of a projectile.
56. Give the expression for the time of flight of a projectile.
57. Give the expression for the range of a projectile.
58. How does the maximum height depend upon velocity of
projectile?
59. How does the time of flight depend upon velocity of projectile?
60. How does the range of projectile depend upon velocity ?
61. If velocity of projectile is doubled what happens to the maximum

height of projectile?
62. When the range of projectile is maximum ?
63. Three athletes A,B and C participating in a long jump event jump
by making angles 300 , 450 and 600with the ground. Who will be the
winner ?
64. For what two angles of projection , the range of projectile is same?
65. What is uniform circular motion?
66. Which physical quantity remains constant for uniform circular
motion?
67. Is velocity of particle constant for a particle in a uniform circular
motion?
68. What is the direction of velocity of a particle in a uniform circular
motion?
69. What is the direction of acceleration of a particle in a uniform
circular motion?
70. Give expression for centripetal acceleration.
II . TWO MARK QUESTIONS
1. Distinguish between scalar and vector with suitable example for each.
2. Classify the following into scalars and vectors.
Distance, displacement , speed, velocity, acceleration , mass, volume,

time, linear momentum .
3. Pick out the scalar quantities among the following:
Force , work, angular momentum, heat, torque.
4. Pick out the vector quantities among the following:
Density, moment of force , temperature ,electric field.
5. State and explain the law of triangle of vectors.
6. Write the expression for the magnitude and direction of the resultant
of two vectors acting at a point.
7. The horizontal and vertical component of a vector are 3 units and 4
units respectively. What is the magnitude of the vector.
8. A vector of 10 units acts at a point making an angle 300with the
horizontal . what are the horizontal and vertical components of the
vector ?
9. Draw the diagram for the path of the projectile. And indicate the range
and angle of the projectile.
10.
Write the expression for the path ( trajectory ) of the projectile
and explain the terms.
11.
Write the expression for the maximum height of the projectile
and explain the terms.
12.
Write the expression for the time of flight of the projectile and
explain the terms.
Write the expression for the range of the projectile and explain
13.
the terms.
14.
For particle in a uniform circular motion speed is uniform but its
velocity is not uniform, explain.
15.
What is centripetal acceleration? Give the expression for it.
16.
Write the expression for the centripetal acceleration and explain
the terms.
III 5 MARK QUESTIONS
1. State and explain ,

I.
Law of triangle of vectors
II.
Law of parallelogram of vectors
2. Derive the expression for trajectory of a projectile . OR show
the trajectory (path)of a projectile is a parabola.
3. Derive the expression for maximum height and time of flight of
projectile.
4. Derive the expression for time of flight and range of projectile.
5. Derive the expression for the centripetal acceleration.
CHAPTER 4
MOTION IN A PLANE
I ANSWERS FOR ONE MARK QUESTIONS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Physical quantity which have magnitude but no direction.

Distance , speed , mass, temp etc.
Yes.
Physical quantity which have both magnitude and direction.
Displacement , velocity acceleration, etc.
No.
Vector is having both magnitude and direction but scalar has only
magnitude.
8. Vector.
9.
10. Vector having zero magnitude.

11. It is a vector whose magnitude is unity.
12. A vector which gives the position of a particle with reference to
the origin of a co-ordinate system.
13. The negative of a vector is a vector having the same magnitude
but opposite direction.
14. Two vectors of equal magnitudes and same direction.
15. The vectors whose lines of action are parallel.
16. The vectors having same initial point.
17. The vectors acting in the same plane.
18. Yes.
19. Yes.
20. MN =
2223
O
2223 |
|O
21. Law of triangle of vector .

22. The law states that if the two vectors acting at a point represents
the two sides of a triangle taken in order, then the third side of the
triangle taken in reverse order gives the resultant.
23. It states that if two vectors acting on a particle at the same time
are represented in magnitude and direction by the two adjacent
sides of a parallelogram drawn from a point, their resultant vector is

represented in magnitude and direction by the diagonal of
parallelogram drawn from the same point.
24. The resultant vector is a single vector whose effect is the same as
the effect producedby the individual vectors together.
25. Effects of a vector in different directions are called components of
a vector.
26. Splitting up of a vector in different directions.
27. The components of vector in two mutually perpendicular
direction are called rectangular components
28. 1200
29. When angle between two vectors is 00
30. When angle between two vectors is 1800
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
R= 1R + 4R
R=2 ( magnitude of the individual vector)
R= TU R + VR =3R + 4R
Vector.
1. W3 =mX3
2.U23=mY3
2223 | =Z3R
36. | 1
2223 |=
37. | U
2223
\
2223 |
|\
=25 =
5 units.
+ (1)R = 9 + 1 = 10
] i ^
_`ab
] i ^
c
38. Motion of the particle in a plane.

39. Motion of a Javelin.
40. Any particle moving in a direction making an angle ewith the
horizontal under the action of gravity of the earth.
41. A cricket ball thrown by a fielder.
42. Velocity with which the projectile is projected.
43. The angle made by the projectile with the horizontal.
44. Time taken by the projectile to reach the maximum height and
then to the ground. OR The time during which the projectile is in
air.
45. Horizontal distance travelled by the projectile is called range of
the projectile.
46. Parabola.
47. The maximum vertical distance travelled by the projectile is
called maximum height.
48.
Vx = vo cos ef
50.
51.
52.
53.
The horizontal component .

The vertical component.
The horizontal component .
54.
y =( gXMef ) x -
49. Vy = v0 sin ef
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
hm =
(if lpq mn )R
R(ij kjl mn
)o
x2
Rh
Tf = 2 (v0 sin ef ) / g
ino lpq Rmn
R=
Directly proportional to the square of the velocity.

Directly proportional to the velocity.
Directly proportional to the square of the velocity.
Increases by 4 times.
Whene = 450.
Athlete B.
e and (90- e ).
Motion of the projectile in a circular path with uniform speed.
Speed ( angular velocity ).
No.
Along tangential direction.
Towards the centre along the radius.
a=
iR
s
OR a= Yt.
II . ANSWERS FOR TWO MARK QUESTIONS:

1.
Scalar
physical quantities which
are having only magnitude.
Ex : mass, length, time.
Vector
physical quantities which
are having both magnitude
and direction.
Ex : displacement, velocity.
2. Scalars: Distance, speed, mass.

Vectors: displacement , velocity, acceleration , volume, linear
momentum .
3. Scalar quantities : work, heat.
4. Vector quantities : Density, moment of force , electric field.
5. The law of triangle of vectors:
It states that if two vectors can be represented in magnitude and
direction by the two sides of a triangle taken in the same order , then the
resultant is represented completely by the third side of the triangle
taken in the reverse order.
Let two vectors 13 and 423 be represented both in magnitude and
direction by the sides AB and BC of the triangle ABC taken in the same
order . then the resultant u23 is by the third side AC taken in the opposite
order.
6. The expressions for the magnitude and direction of the resultant of
two vectors acting at a point are:
Magnitude , R = A2 + B2 +2AB cos e
Direction , gXM v =
7.
w lpq m
O`w kjl m
2223 | =ZXxR + XyR = Z3R

|1
8. Ax = A cos e.
+ 4R = 9 + 16 = 5 units
= 10 cos 300 = 10 X
]
R
= 5 3 units
Ay = A sin e.
= 10 sin 300 = 10 X
a
R
= 5 units
9.
10 . y =( gXMef ) x 11 . hm =
(i0 {|M en )R
R(ij kjl
en ) o
x2
, where v0 is the velocity of projection,
Rh
0 is the angle of projection and g is the acceleration due to gravity at

the given place.
12. Tf = 2 (v0 sin ef ) / g .
13.R =
ino lpq Rmn

h
14.Because ,the direction of the velocity, given by the tangent changes at

each and every point on the circumference of the circle.
15.In a cicrular motion , the acceleration of a particle is always directed

towards the centre.This accerleration is called centripetal acceleration.
i
Xk = } Y = Y2/ u.
~
16.Xk = }~ Y = Y2/uwhereY-speed of the object

u- Radius
of the circle.
III.ANSWERS FOR 4 AND 5 MARK QUESTIONS:
I .Triangle method of vector addition OR Tail to tip method of vector

addition:
23, translate4
23, by drawing parallel to itself
Explanation: To add13. with4
23 is at the tip of vector a. 13and
so that the origin or initial point of 4
23are two vectors represented by two sides of a triangle taken in the
4
23(also called
same sense (direction). The vector sum of 13and 4
23) is represented by the third side of the triangle

resultant of 13 and 4
taken in opposite sense( direction).
Statement: Triangle law of vector addition states that if two vectors
can be represented in magnitude and direction by two sides of a
triangle taken in the same order, then their resultant is represented
completely by the third side of the triangle taken in opposite order.
II . Parallelogram method of vector addition:
To add two vectors placed with common initial point, the
parallelogram method of vector is used.
Illustration:
23 with 13inclined at an angle , draw

Explanation: To add vector 4
23. By law of triangle method of vector
equal vector of 13 at the tip of 4
23+ 13Again by law of triangle method of vector addition

addition u23 = 4
23. Note that 13+ 4
23=4
23+ 13, that is vector addition follows
u23 = 13+ 4
commutative rule. u23 , the diagonal of the completed parallelogram
23completely both in magnitude
represents the vector sum of 13and 4
and direction.
Statement of parallelogram law of vector addition:
It states that if two vectors acting at a point can be represented
both in magnitude and direction by the two adjacent sides of a
parallelogram drawn from that point, the resultant is represented
completely by the diagonal of the parallelogram passing through that
point.
2. Equation of path( trajectory ) of a projectile ( parabola):
Consider a projectile moving in a direction making an angle e with the

horizontal.
Let vo - velocity of the projectile.
The velocity vo of the projectile resolved into
Vx = vo cos e along horizontal (x-axis)
Vy = v0 sin e along vertical (y-axis)
After the object has been projected ,the acceleration acting on it due to
gravity and is directed vertically upwards
X3=-g
Therefore,ax=0; ay=-g
If we take the initial position to be the origin of the reference frame as shown in the
fig, we havex0 = 0 , y0 = 0
then, x = v0xt = (vo cos ef ) t
andy = (v0 sin ef ) t- (1/2)gt2
vx = v0x = vo cos f
vy = v0 sin ef gt
y =( tanef ) x -
R( en )o
x2
since , ef and voare constants this equation in the form of y = ax +bx2 where a
and b are constants.
3. Maximum height of the projectile:

horizontal.
X3=-g
The maximum height hm reached by the projectile can be calculated by
substituting t = tm
y = hm = (v0 sin ef ) (v0 sin ef / g ) g/2 (v0 sin ef / g )2
hm =
(i0 {|M en )R
Rh
4. Time of flight and horizontal range of a projectile

horizontal.
X3=-g
Let tmis the time taken taken to the projectile to reach maximum height.
Since at that point vy = 0
vy = v0 sin ef g tm =0
Therefore
tm = v0 sin ef / g
OR
Total time ( time of flight ) Tfduring which the projectile is in flight can be
obtained by putting y= 0
Tf = 2 (v0 sin ef ) / g
We note that Tf = 2 tm
The horizontal distance travelled by a projectile from its initial position ( x=y= 0)
to the position where it passes y= 0 during its fall is called the horizontal range R
R = (vo cos ef ) (Tf )
= (vo cos ef ) (2 v0 sin ef / g )
R=
ino Rmn
h
For a give projection velocity vo. R is maximum when sin 2ef is maximum. i.e
when ef = 450therefore the maximum horizontal range is
Rm =
ino
h
5. The expression for the centripetal acceleration.

When an object follows a circular path at constant speed , the motion of the object is called
uniform circular motion. The magnitude of its acceleration is Xk = Y 2/ u. The
direction of Xk is always towards the centre of the circle .
The angular speed is the rate of change of angular distance . It is related to velocity Yby
Y = u. The acceleration is Xk = R u
If T is the time period of revolution of the object in circular motion and is its
frequency. We have = 2 ,
Y =2R , Xk = 4 R R u.
***********
System of Particles and Rotational Motion
2012
Chapter - 7
One mark Questions
1. What is a Rigid body?
A Rigid body is one for which the distances between different particles of the body do
not change even though there are forces on them.
2. What type of motion a rigid body may have when it is fixed along an axis.
Rotational motion.
3. When does a rigid body said to have rotational motion?

A Rigid body is said to have rotational motion about a fixed axis if every particle of
the body moves in a circle which lies in a plane perpendicular to the axis and has its
centre on the axis.
4. What you mean precession of a spinning top?

The movement of the axis of the top around the vertical is called precession of the
spinning top.
5. What is centre of mass of a system of particles?

Centre of mass of a system of particles is the point where the entire mass of the
system can be assumed to be concentrated.
6. What is the location of the centre of mass of a lamina of triangular shape.

At the centroid of the triangle.
7. Give the location of centre of mass of sphere of uniform mass density?

At the geometric centre.
8. Give the location of centre of mass of cylinder of uniform mass density.

At the centre of its axis of symmetry
9. Give the location of centre of mass of ring of uniform mass density?

At the centre of ring.
2012
10. Give the location of centre mass of a cube of uniform mass density?
At its geometrical centre.
11. Does the centre of mass of a body necessarily lie inside the body?
No, (it may lie outside the body also)
12. Give the expression for moment of inertia about an axis passing through the
centre perpendicular to its plane.
I Mr2
13. Give an example for a body whose centre of mass lies inside the body.
Solid sphere or solid cube.
14. Give an example for a body whose centre of mass lies outside the body
Ring
15. Give the expression for moment of Inertia of a thin rod about an axis
perpendicular to the rod and passing through its mid point.
2
12
16. Write the expression for the moment of inertia of a circular disc of radius R about
an axis perpendicular to it and passing through its centre.
MR
2
17. Write the expression for the moment of inertia of a circular disc of radius R about
its diameter.
MR
4
18. Give the expression for moment inertia of a hollow cylinder of radius R about its axis.
19. Give the expression for moment of inertia of a solid cylinder of radius R about its
axis.
I
MR
2
2012
20. Give and expression for the moment of inertia of a solid sphere of radius R about
its diameter.
2MR
21. Define linear momentum of a system of particles.

Total momentum of a system of particles is equal to the product of the total mass of
the system and the velocity of its centre of mass.
22. What is the total external force on a system of particles when its total momentum is
constant.
Zero
23. What will be the nature of motion of centre of mass of a system when total external
force acting on the system is zero.
Moves uniformly in a straight line.
24. A moving Radium nucleus decays into Radon and an particle. The two particles
produced during decay move in different directions. What is the direction of
motion of the centre of mass after decay?
The centre of mass moves along the original path.
25. Mention any one rule to find the direction of vector product of two vectors.
Rule of Right handed screw or Rule of the right hand.
26. What is the vector product of two parallel vectors?

Zero.
27. What is the angle between a
b and b
a?
1800
28. Write the relation between linear velocity and angular velocity?
29. Write the S.I. unit of angular velocity
30. Write the dimension of angular velocity
2012
M 0 L0 T 1
31. Define angular acceleration

The time rate of change of angular velocity
32. Is moment of force a vector or a scalar?

Vector.
33. What is the mechanical advantage of a lever.

Using small effort one can lift large load.
34. What is meant by a mechanical advantage of a lever?

The Mechanical advantage of a lever is the ratio of load to the effort.
35. Write the expression for the torque in terms of position vector and force.
36. What is the S.I. unit of Torque.
37. Write the dimensions of torque
38. Write the expression for the angular momentum in terms of linear momentum and
position vector.
39. Write the expression for angular momentum in terms of moment of inertia and
angular velocity
L=I
40. Define angular momentum.

Moment of momentum L
n
i 1 ri xpi
41. The time rate of change of angular momentum of a particle is equal to the torque
acting on it. Is it true or false?
TRUE
2012
42. What is the torque acting on a system when total angular momentum of a system is
constant.
ZERO
43. Define a couple.

A pair of equal and opposite forces with different lines of action is known as a couple.
44. Define moment of a couple.

The moment of a couple is equal to the sum of the moments of the two forces making
the couple.
45. The mechanical advantage of a lever is greater than one what does it mean?
A small effort is enough to lift a large load.
46. Write the expression for moment of inertia.

n
2
i 1 mi ri
47. Is moment inertia a vector or a scalar?

Scalar
48. Write the SI unit of moment of inertia.

Kgm2
49. Give the dimensions of moment of inertia.
M1L2T0
50. Define the term Radius of gyration
The radius of gyration of a body about an axis may be defined as the distance from
the axis of a mass point where mass is equal to the moss of the whole body and whose
moment of inertia is equal to the moment of inertia of the body about the axis.
51. How is Torque related to the angular momentum.

or Torque is proportional to the time rate of change of angular momentum.
52. What is the magnitude of torque acting in a body rotating with a constant angular
momentum.
ZERO
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53. Name the physical quantity which is equal to the time rate of change of angular
momentum.
Torque.
54. Does the moment of inertia of a thin rod change with change of the axis of
rotation?
YES
55. Three bodies, a ring, a solid cylinder and a solid sphere roll down the same in lined
plane without slipping. They start from rest. The radius of the bodies are identical.
Which body has the greatest rotational kinetic energy while reaching the bottom of
the inclined plane?
Sphere has the greatest rotational kinetic energy while reaching the bottom of the
inclined plane.
***
Two marks Questions

1. Two particles of equal mass are at a distances of X1 and X2 from the origin of a
co-ordinate system. Find the distance of their centre mass from the origin.
Let C be the centre of mass of the system which is at a distance X from the
origin O.
2012
We have
Since the two particles have the same mass
m m
Thus for two particles of equal mass the centre of mass lies exactly midway
between them.
2. How do you find the centre of mass of a triangular lamina.
Subdivide the lamina (LMN) into narrow strips each parallel to the base MN as
shown in the figure.
By symmetry each strip has its centre of mass at mid
point. Join the midpoint of all the strips, we get a
median LP. Therefore the centre of mass of the
triangle as a whole must lie on the median LP.
Similarly it must lie on the median MQ and NR. This
means that the centre of mass lies on the point of
concurrence of the median, i.e. on the centroid G of the triangle. Thus centroid of
the triangle itself is the centre of mass of the triangular lamina.
3. Find the centre of mass of a L- shaped uniform lamina of mass 3 kg?
We can think of the L shape to consist of 3 squares each of length 2m. The
mass of each square is 1kg, since the lamina is uniform. The centre of mass c, c1
and c3 of the squares are by symmetry, Their geometric centers and have
coordinates (1,1), (3,1), 1,3) respectively. We take the masses of the squares to
be concentrated at these points. The centre of mass of these points.
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Hence,

11
1 1 1 3
1 1 1
1.66
1.66
Thus centre of mass of the L Shape lies on the line OC.

4. Write the expression for the position vector of the centre of mass of a system
consisting of three objects in terms of their masses and position vectors.
R=
5. Name two examples for vector product.

a. Moment of a force
b. Angular momentum.
6. Define vector product of two vectors.
a. A vector product of two vector a and b is a vector C such that,
magnitude of C=c = absin . Where a and b are magnitudes of a & b and
the angle between the two vectors.
is
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C is perpendicular to the plane containing a and b.

7. Vector product is not commutative why?
a. The magnitude of both a X b and b X a is the same (absin .); also, both of
them are perpendicular to the plane of a and b. But the rotation of the right
handed screw in case of a x b is from a to b, Where in case of b
a it is
from b to a.
b. This means the two vectors are in opposite directions.
c. We have a
8. a
b=-b
b does not change sign under reflection. Explain why?

a. Under reflection we have
b.
x-x, y-y, z-z
c. As a result all the components of a vector changes sign and then, a -a,
b -b
a X b (-a)
(-b) = a X b
Thus, a X b does not change sign under reflection.

9. Distinguish between vector product and scalar product of two vectors
Vector product
Scalar product
Vector product of two vectors is a vector Scalar product of 2 vector is a scalar.

It is not commutative
It is commutative
eg: angular momentum
eg: work
10. Find the scalar product and vector product of two vectors
a = (3i -4j +5 k ) and b = (-2i + j - 3 k )

a.b = (3i -4 j +5 k ). (-2i + j -3 k ) = - 6 4 15 = 25
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i
j k
a x b = 3 -4 5 = (-7i - j - 5 k )
-2 1 -3
11. A particle is moving in a circular path with a uniform speed, What is the
direction of (i)
V ?
is directed along the fixed axis of rotation.
i.
ii.
and (ii)
is perpendicular to both
and r and is directed along the tangent
to the circle described by the particle.

12. Define torque. Is it a vector or a scalar?
The moment of a force or torque acting on the particle with respect to the origin is
defined on the vector product of position vector and the force acting on the
particle
It is a vector.
13. Write the dimensions and SI unit of torque.
a. Torque has dimension

b. Its SI unit is newtonmetre (Nm)
14. Define angular momentum. Write the expression for it.
The angular momentum l of the particle with respect to the origin O is the vector
product of position vector and the linear momentum of the rotating particle.
l=r
15. Is angular momentum a scalar or a vector ? Write the dimension of l.

Angular momentum is a vector.
It has dimensions M 1 L2 T 1
16. Show that the total gravitational torque about the centre of gravity of the body
is Zero.
We have
Since position vector (r) = 0
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(gravitational force acts at the centre of gravity of the body r = 0 )

(total gravitational torque about the C.G is zero)
17. Mention the two factors on which torque of a rotating body depends.
a. Magnitude of the force.
b. Perpendicular distance of the point of application of the force from the
origin or axis of rotation.
18. Write the relation between angular momentum and torque. What is the torque
acting on a body rotating with constant angular momentum.?
=
a.
b.
ext
Zero
19. Find the torque of a force 7i + 3j -5k about the origin. The force acts on a
particle whose position vector is i - j + k.

Here
i j + k and
7i + 3j -5k
We shall use the determinant rule to find the torque

i
= 1
7
j k
-1 1 = (5-3) i -(-5-7) j + [3- (-7)] k
3 -5
2i+12j+10k
20. State and explain the principle of conservation of angular momentum.
We know that the time rate of the total angular momentum of as system of
particles about a point is equal to the sum of the external torques acting on the
system taken about the same point.
i.e:
if
=
ext
ext
=0=
Or L = constant
11
=0
2012
Thus if the total external torque on a system of particles is zero, the total angular
momentum of the system is conserved. i.e. remains constant.
21. Give the general conditions of equilibrium of a rigid body.

A rigid body is said to be in mechanical equilibrium if both its linear
momentum and angular momentum are not changing with time or
equivalently, the body has neither linear acceleration nor angular
acceleration This means
The total force. i.e: the vector sum of the force on the rigid body is zero
...
a.
(Condition
for
translational
equilibrium.)
(2) The total torque i.e., the vector sum of the torques on the rigid body is Zero
...
0 (condition for rotational equilibrium)
22. Write the expression for work done by a torque and explain the terms.
is the angular displacement of the particle,
is the external
torque.
23. What are the factors on which the moment of inertia of a body depend?
a. The moment of inertia of a rigid body depends on the mass of the body, its
shape and size; distribution of mass about the axis of rotation and the
position and orientation of the axis of rotation.
24. Why a fly wheel is used in a engine of a train (Vehicle)?
i. A fly wheel has large moment of inertia. Because of its large
moment of inertia, it resist the sudden increase or decrease of the
speed of the vehicle. It allows a gradual change in the speed and
prevents jerky motions, thereby ensuring a smooth ride for
passengers on the vehicle.
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Three marks Questions

1. Write three Kinematic equations of rotational motion of a body with a uniform
angular acceleration and explain the terms.
+
+
t +
2
+
0
1
2
2 (
is the initial angular velocity,
angular velocity after `t seconds, - angular
- initial angular displacement,
acceleration,
- angular displacement in t
seconds.
2. The angular speed of a motor wheel is increased from 1200rpm to 3120 rpm in 16
seconds. What is its angular acceleration, assuming the acceleration to be uniform.?
We shall use
+
/
initial angular speed in

2
= 2
angular speed in
angular speed in rev/min

i.60 /
1200
Similarly
3120
ii.
40
final angular speed in

/
104
angular acceleration
52
/
=
64
3. Show the angular momentum about any point of a single particle moving with
constant velocity remains constant throughout the motion.
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Consider a particle of mass m moving with velocity V at P.

O be an arbitrary point about which angular momentum has to be calculated.
We have angular momentum
Its magnitude is
where is the angle between & .Although the
particle changes position with time, the line of direction of

and hence
remains the same
is a constant.
Further, the direction of l is perpendicular to the plane of
and
. This
direction does not change with time. Thus, l remains the same in magnitude
and direction and is therefore conserved.
4. Explain the principles of moments for a lever.
Consider an ideal lever as shown in the figure.

Two forces
and
, parallel to each other and usually perpendicular to the
lever, as shown in the figure, act on the lever at distances.
respectively from the fulcrum.

If R is the reaction of the support at fulcrum
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and
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There for translational equilibrium R-F1-F2=0 and for rotational equilibrium
= 0 .. (1)
the sum of the moments
is usually some weight to be lifted. It is
In the case of the lever force
called the load and its distance from the fulcrum d1 is called the load
arm. Force F2 is the effort applied to lift the load. distance d2 of the
effort arm from the fulcrum is the effort arm.
From equation (1) : d1F1 = d2 F2
Or
load = effort arm
Load arm
effort
This is the principle of moments for a lever.

The ratio
M.A. =
1
2
1
2
is called the mechanical advantage.
2
1
If the effort arm d2 is larger than the load arm d1, the mechanical
advantage is greater than one.
i.e.: a small effort can be used to lift a large load.
5. Starting from the definition of moment of inertia obtain an expression for moment
of inertia of a thin ring.
Consider a thin ring of radius R and Mass M, rotating in its own plane around
its centre with angular velocity
Each mass element of the ring is at a distance R form the axis and moves with
a speed R , The Kinetic energy is therefore
1
2
But k
1
2
(1)
I (2)
Comparing equation (1) and (2) we get
15
1
2
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6. Obtain an expression for M.I. of a rotating pair of small masses attached to the two
ends of a rigid mass less rod of length l
rotating about and axis through the centre of
mass perpendicular to the rod.
From the figure each mass
is at distance
from the axis. The momentum is therefore
Therefore for the pair of masses, rotating about the axis through the centre of mass
perpendicular to the rod
Four marks questions

1. State and explain
perpendicular axis theorem and parallel axis theorem.
a. Perpendicular axis theorem : It states that the moment of inertia of a planer body
(lamina) about an axis perpendicular to its plane is equal to the sum of its moment
of inertia about two perpendicular axes concurrent
with perpendicular axis and lying in the plane of
the body.
The figure shows a planar body An axis
perpendicular to the body through a point O is
taken as the Z axis. Two mutually perpendicular
axis lying in the plane of the body and concurrent with Z axis. i.e., passing through
O, are taken as the
and
axes.
The theorem states that Iz = Ix + IY.
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b. Theorem of parallel axis : The moment of inertia of a body about any axis is
equal to the sum of the moment of inertia
of the body about a parallel axis passing
through its centre of mass and the product
of its mass and the square of the distance
between the two parallel axes.
Z and Z1 are two parallel axes separated by
a distance a. The
centre of mass
z axis passes through the
o of the rigid body. Then
according to the theorem of parallel axis Iz1 = IZ + Ma2

Where IZ and Iz1 are the moments of inertia of the body about the Z and Z axes
respectively, M is the total mass of the body and is the perpendicular distance
between the two parallel axes.
2. Using perpendicular axis theorem obtain the expression for moment of inertia of a
disc about its diameter. Assume the expression for moment of inertia about a
perpendicular axis passing through the centre.
Moment of inertia of the disc about an
axis perpendicular to it and through
its centre
Where M is the mass of the disc and
R is the radius. The disc can be
considered to be a planar body. Hence
the theorem of perpendicular axis is
applicable to it.
Consider three concurrent axis through the centre of the disc, O as the x, y, z
axes.
x and y axes lie in the plane of the disc and z is perpendicular to it.
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2012
By the theorem of perpendicular axis

Iz= IX + Iy
Here x and y axes are along two diameters of the disc and by symmetry the
moment of inertia of the disc is same about any diameter.
Hence,
Ix= Iy
And Iz = 2 Ix
3. Using perpendicular axis theorem obtain expression for moment of inertia of a

ring about its diameter. Assume the expression for MI about a perpendicular axis
passing through the centre.
Moment of inertia of a circular ring about an
axis perpendicular to it and through its centre
I MR2
Where M is the mass of the disc and R is its radius.
The ring can be considered to be a planar body.
Hence the theorem of perpendicular axis is applicable to it.
Consider three concurrent axis through the centre of the ring O as the x, y, z axes.
x and y axis lie in the plane of the disc and z is perpendicular to it.
By the theorem of perpendicular axes IZ = Ix + Iy
Here x & y axes are along two diameters of the ring and by symmetry the
M.I. of the ring is the same about any diameter.
Hence Ix = Iy
and Iz = 2IX
But Iz = MR
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Ix =
Ix =
4. Using parallel axis theorem obtain the expression for M.I. of a ring about a
tangent to the circumference of the ring.
Assume the expression for M.I. of a ring
about its diameter.
The tangent to the ring in the plane of
the ring is parallel to one of the
diameters of the ring.
The distance between these two parallel axes is R, the radius of the ring.
Using the parallel axis theorem
I tangent = I diameter + MR2 =
a.
+ MR2
MR2
5. Derive an expression for the kinetic energy of a rolling body.

Consider a body of mass M rolling with a velocity
energy of a rolling body is the sum of
the Kinetic energy of the body due to
the motion of the centre of mass
and Kinetic energy of
rotational motion about the centre of
mass of the system of particles (K1)
Thus
.. (1)
Here the kinetic energy of the centre
19
. The total kinetic
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of mass, i.e., the K.E. of translation of the rolling body is

is the mass of the body and
, where m
cm is the Velocity of the centre of mass.
Since the motion of the rolling body about the centre of mass is rotation, K1
is the kinetic energy of rotation of the body;
, Where I is the moment of inertia about the appropriate axis,
which is the symmetry axis of the rolling body.
the kinetic energy of a rolling body
Substituting I = mK2 Where K is the corresponding radius of gyration of the body

and
We get
6. State and explain the principle of conservation of angular momentum in case of

(i) swivel chair (ii) an acrobat.
In the absence of the external torque, the total angular momentum of a body
rotating about a fixed axis remains constant.
If the external torque is Zero, IZ =
= constant.
Swivel chair: Sit on a swivel chair with arms folded and feet not resting on. i.e.,
away from the ground. Now rotate the chair rapidly. While the chair is rotating
with considerable angular speed stretch the arms horizontally. The angular speed
reduces now. If the arms are folded back, the angular speed increases again. This
is because of the law of conservation of angular momentum. If the friction of the
rotational mechanism is neglected, there is no external torque about the axis of
rotation of the chair and hence
20
is constant. Stretching the arms increases I
2012
about the axis of rotation, resulting decreasing the angular speed
. Bringing the
arms closer to body has the opposite effect.

An acrobat make use of this principle during the course of his performance.
Sometimes he stretches out his hands and legs to increase the M.I. of the body
and to decrease the angular speed. On the other hand to increase the angular
speed he brings hands and legs near his body, the moment of inertia decreases.
i.e., principle of angular momentum can be used to perform somer-saults in air by
an acrobat.
7. Three equal masses are kept at
and
in a co-
ordinate system. Show that, their centre of mass coincides with the centroid of the
triangle PQR.
a. Let the masses of the three particles be m1, m2 and m3 respectively, the
centre of mass C of the system of the three particles is defined and located
by the co-ordinates (x, y) given by
For the particles of equal mass
Thus, for three particle of equal mass, the centre of mass coincides with the
centroid of the triangle formed by the particle.
8. Show that torque is equal to rate of change of angular momentum of a particle.
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2012
We have
Where r position vector, p momentum.

Differentiating the above equation
=
Using product rule, on R.H. S.
Now the velocity of the particle is

,
and
p =
r F
Five marks questions

1. A cord of negligible mass is wound round the rim of a flywheel of mass 40 kg and
radius 40 cm. A steady pull of 25 N is applied on the cord as shown in the figure. The
flywheel is mounted on a horizontal axle with frictionless bearings.
Compute the angular acceleration of the wheel.
Find work done by the pull, when two metre of
cord is unwound.
Find also the kinetic energy of the wheel at this
point assume that the wheel starts from rest.
a. We have I =
the torque FR
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I = M.I. of fly wheel about its axis

=
.
2
MR2
2
2
-2
3.2
b) work done by the pull unwinding 2m of the cord

= 25 X 2m = 50j
c) Let
be the final angular velocity. The kinetic energy gained

K=
Since the wheel starts from rest,
The angular displacement =
1
I
2
2
+
0
.
2
K.E gained =
.
(rad/s)2
= 50 J
2. Three bodies, a ring, a solid cylinder and a solid sphere roll down the same inclined
plane without slipping. They starts from rest. The radii of the bodies are identical
which of the bodies reaches the ground with maximum velocity?
Since energy of a rolling body is conserved potential energy lost by the body in
rolling down the inclined plane (mgh) Must be equal to K.E. gained.
Since the bodies start from rest the K.E. gained = the final K.I. of the bodies.
We have K.E. of a rolling body
23
..(1)
2012
Where is the final velocity of

the body.
Equating the equation (1) With
the potential energy lost weight
or
for a ring
ring =
for a solid cylinder

disc =
For a solid sphere

sphere =
From the result obtained it is clear that among the three bodies the sphere has the
greatest and the ring has the least velocity of the centre of mass at the bottom of the
inclined plane.
3. In the
molecule, the separation between the nuclei of the two atoms is about
0
=10-10 ) Find the approximate location of the CM of the molecule,
given that a chlorine atom is about 35.5 times as massive as a hydrogen atom and
nearly all the mass of and atom is concentrated in its nucleus.
cm
24
cl
2012
Let us consider hydrogen nucleus as the origin for measuring distance. If `m is the
mass of the hydrogen atom, then mass of the chlorine atom = 35.5m
molecule from the origin is given by
Distance of the centre of moss of
Here
0,
1.27
.
10
.
.
. .
.
1.23
10
1.235
4. Torques of equal magnitude are applied to a hollow cylinder and a solid sphere, both
having the same mass and radius. The cylinder is free to rotate about its standard axis
of symmetry, and the sphere is free to rotate about an axis passing through its centre.
Which of the two will acquire a greatest angular acceleration after a given time?
Moment of inertia of a cylinder about its axis of symmetry
Moment of inertia of a sphere about its diameter
Angular acceleration
also
the sphere will acquire a greatest angular acceleration.

5. A solid cylinder of mass 20 kg rotates about its axis with angular speed
The radius of the cylinder is 0.25m. What is the kinetic energy associated with the
rotation of the cylinder? What is the magnitude of angular momentum of the cylinder
about its axis?
Sol. (i) Kinetic energy of rotation
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2012
Here,
= 0.625kgm2
and
.
Kinetic energy of rotation =
= 3125 j
Also angular momentum
6. (a) A child stands at the centre of a turn table with his arm outstretched. The turn table
is set rotating with an angular speed of 40 rev/min. how much is the angular speed of
the child, if he folds his hand back and thereby reduces his moment of inertia to
times the initial value? Assume that the turntable rotates without friction.
(b) Show that the childs new K.E. of rotation is more than the initial K.E. of rotation.
How do you account for this increase in Kinetic. Energy?
Initial,
Given (a)
using the principle of conservation
of angular momentum
We get
Or
(b)
Ii
. .
. .
1
I
2 F
= 1
I
2 i
100
= = 2.5
initial K.E.
Final K.E. is more than initial K.E. because the child uses his internal energy when
the folds his hands.
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7. A rope of negligible mass is wound round a hollow cylinder of mass 3kg and radius
40cm. What is the angular acceleration of the cylinder if the rope is pulled with a
force of 30N? What is the linear acceleration of the rope? Assume that there is no
slipping.
Given:
MI of the hollow cylinder about its axis

When the force of
is applied over the rope wound round the cylinder, the torque
will act on the cylinder.
If be the angular acceleration produced, then
=
OR = =
.
I
8. To maintain a rotor at a uniform angular speed of
an engine needs to
.What is the power required by the engine?
transmit a torque of
Given :
=180Nm, =
Power p=
9. A metre stick is balanced on a knife edge at its centre. When two Coins, each of mass
5g are put on the top of the other at 12.0cm mark, the stick is found to be balanced at
45.0cm. What is the mass of the metre stick?
Let
is concentrated at
the 50 cm mark for
equilibrium about
at 45cm mark

27
be the mass of the metre stick. It
2012
10. A solid sphere rolls down two different inclined planes of the same heights but
different angles of inclination. Will it reach the bottom with the same speed in each
case? Will it take longer to roll down one plane than the other? If so, which one and
why?
1
The kinetic energy of a rolling body K= I
Where
is the velocity of the centre of mass at the bottom of the inclined plane.
According to the principle of conservation of energy
(P.E. lost by the body)

2
For a sphere
as
1
2
Since the inclined planes have the same height,
must be same and also the time.
11. A loop of radius 2m weighs 100 kg. It rolls along a horizontal floor. So that its centre
of mass has a speed of
Given:
/ . How much work is done to stopit?
Total energy of the loop =

=
1
2
1
2
=
=
Work required to stop the loop = total energy of the loop.
=
=4J
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12. The oxygen molecule has a mass of
and a M.I. of
, about and axis through its centre perpendicular to the lines joining the
/ and that
two atoms. Suppose the mean speed of such a molecule in a gas is
its K.E. of rotation is two thirds of its K.E. of translation. Find the average angular
velocity of the molecule.
.
Given :
An oxygen molecule contains two atoms. If m is the mass of the oxygen molecule
then mass of each atom of oxygen
If 2R is distance between the two atoms.

Then moment of inertia of oxygen molecule
.
.
= .
K.E. of translation
But K.E of rotation
OR
13. A solid cylinder rolls up an inclined plane at the bottom of the inclined plane, the
centre of mass of the cylinder has a speed of
the plane?
Given :
29
/ . How far will the cylinder go up
2012
If ` ` is the height attained by the cylinder.

Then
1
2
1
2
. ;
=
14. A man stands on a rotating plat form, with his arms stretched horizontally holding a 5
kg weight in each hand. The angular speed of the platform is 30 revolutions per
minute. The man then brings his arms close to his body with the distance of each
weight form the axis changing from 90cm to 20cm. The moment of inertia of the man
.
together with the platform may be taken to be constant and equal to
(a). What is his new angular speed? (neglect friction)
(b) Is kinetic energy conserved in the process? If not, from where does the
change come from?
given
30
.
Ans: (a) Initial = inertia of the man together with the platform + moment inertia of
the out stretched weight.
= 7.6
7.6
= 7.6
0.9
10
0.81
7.6
15.7
Final
7.6
0.2
8.0
Using the principle of conservation of angular momentum

I1 1 =I2 2
I1 1
I2
58.88
(b) Kinetic energy is not conserved. As the moment of inertia decreases, the K.E. of
rotation increases. This change comes from the work done by the man in bringing his
arms close to his body.
30
QUESTION BANK
UNIT-6 CHAPTER-8
GRAVITATION
I . One mark Questions:
1. State Keplers law of orbits.
2. State Keplers law of areas.
3. State Keplers law of periods.
4. Which physical quantity is conserved in the case of law of areas?
5. State universal law of gravitation.
6. Express universal law of gravitation in mathematical form.
7. Express universal law of gravitation in vector form.
8. What is the value of gravitational constant?
9. Name the experiment that has given the value of gravitational constant.
10. Write the relation between g and G.
11. Write the expression for acceleration due to gravity at a point above the surface of the
earth.
12. Write the expression for acceleration due to gravity at a point below the surface of the
earth.
13. Write the expression for gravitational potential energy of a particle at a point due to
the earth.
14. Write the expression for gravitational potential energy between two masses separated
by a distance.
15. What is escape speed?
16. What is a satellite?
17. What is the value of period of moon?
18. What are geostationary satellites?
19. What are polar satellites?
20. Give the period of geostationary satellites?
1
21. Name the group of the geostationary satellites sent up by India?

22. Give an important use of geostationary satellites.
23. Write the dimensional formula for gravitational constant.
24. Define orbital speed of a satellite around the earth.
25. Name the force that provides the necessary centripetal force for the earth around the
sun in an approximately circular orbit.
26. How does the escape velocity of a body varies with the mass of the earth?
27. How does speed of the earth changes when it is nearer to the sun?
28. What are central forces?
29. Give the value of escape speed for moon.
30. The Newtons law of gravitation is said to be universal law. Why?
31. Differentiate gravitation and gravity.
32. Give the relation between escape and orbital speed.
33. Write the dimensional formula of g.
II. Two mark questions:
1. State and explain Keplers law of orbits.
2. State and explain Keplers law of areas.

3. State and explain Keplers law of periods.
4. State universal law of gravitation. Express it in mathematical form.
5. Moon has no atmosphere. Why?
6. Define gravitational potential energy of a body. Give an expression for it.
7. State and explain Newtons law of gravitation.
8. Derive the relation between gravitational constant and acceleration due to gravity.
9. Write the expression for escape speed on the earth. Give its value in the case of earth.
10. Give two uses of polar satellites.
11. Explain the state of weightlessness of a body.
12. Astronauts in satellite experience weightlessness. Explain why?
13. A freely falling body is acted up on by a constant acceleration. Explain why?
2
14. An object weighs more on the surface than at the centre of the earth. Why?
15. A body weighs more at pole than at equator of the earth. Explain why?
16. Cavendish weighed the earth. Why this statement is popular? Justify with the
expression for the mass of the earth.
17. The radius and mass of a planet are two times that of the earths values. Calculate the
acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the planet.
18. Who proposed Geocentric theory? Give the brief account of the theory.
19. Who proposed Heliocentric theory? Give the brief account of the theory.
20. The orbiting speed of an earths satellite is 10 km s-1 What is its escape speed?
21. Distinguish between Geostationary and polar satellites.
22. Give any two applications of artificial satellites.
III.
Four/Five mark questions:
1. State Keplers laws of planetary motion and explain law of orbits and law of areas.
2. Derive g=(GME)/RE2 , where the symbols have their usual meaning.
3. Derive the expression for acceleration due to gravity at a point above the surface of the
earth.
4. Derive the expression for acceleration due to gravity at a point below the surface of the
earth.
5. Derive the expression for gravitational potential energy of a particle at a point due to
the earth.
6. Obtain the expression for escape speed.
7. Derive the expression for orbital speed of a satellite/ period of a satellite around the
earth.
8. Obtain the expression for energy of an orbiting satellite.
9. Show that the law of areas follows from the law of conservation of angular momentum.
10. Describe Cavendishs experiment to determine the value of gravitational constant G.
ANSWERS
Answers to one mark questions:
1. All planets move in elliptical orbits with the sun situated at one of the foci of the ellipse.
2. The line that joins any planet to the sun sweeps equal areas in equal intervals of time.
3. The square of the time period of revolution of a planet is proportional to the cube of the
semi major axis of the ellipse traced out by the planet.
4. Angular momentum is conserved in the case of law of areas.
5. Every body in the universe attracts every other body with a force which is directly
proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of
the distance between them.
6. The magnitude of the force F on a point mass m2 due to another point mass m1 at a
distance r is given by ,
I I= F = G (m1m2)/r2
7. The force

on a point mass m2 due to another point mass m1 at a distance r is given by
I = F = G [( m1m2)/r2](- ) = - G (m1m2/r2) ,
I
= - [(G m1m2)/I I3 ]
8. G = 6.67 x 10-11 N m2/kg2

9. Cavendishs experiment.
10. g = GME /RE2 for earth,
Where, g is acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the earth.
G is gravitational constant,
ME is mass of earth,
RE is radius of the earth.
11. G(h) = g (1 2h/RE) where h is height of the point, RE is radius of the earth, g is acceleration due
to gravity on the surface of the earth.
12. g (d) = g (RE d)/RE = g (1- d/RE)
where d is depth of the point,
RE is the radius of the earth, g is acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the earth.
13. W(r) = - GMEm/r
Where G is gravitational constant,
ME is mass of the earth,
m is mass of the particle,
r is distance of the particle from the surface of the earth.
14. V = - Gm1m2/r
m1 & m2 are masses,
r is distance between the masses,
15. Escape speed is the minimum speed required for an object to escape from the earth (i.e.to
reach infinity (or) zero gravitational potential energy.)
16. A satellite is an object which revolves around the planet in circular or elliptical orbit.
17. The period of revolution around the earth ( rotation about its own axis) of moon is 27.3 days.
18. Geostationary satellites are the satellites in circular orbits around the earth in the equatorial
plane with the period T = 24 hrs.
19. Polar satellites are low altitude (h 500 to 800 km) satellites that go around the poles of the
earth in a north-south direction where as the earth rotates around its axis in an east-west
direction.
20. The period of geostationary satellite T is 24 hrs.
21. The group of the geostationary satellites sent up by India is INSAT group of satellites.
22. Geostationary satellites are widely used for telecommunications in India.
23. The dimensional formula for G is [M-1 L3 T -2].
24. Orbital speed of a satellite around the earth is the speed required to put a satellite into its orbit.
25. Gravitational force between earth and the sun provides the necessary centripetal force for the
earth around the sun in an approximately circular orbit.
26. The escape speed of a body is proportional to the square root of the mass of the earth.
27. The speed of the earth increases when it is nearer to the sun.
28. Central forces are always directed towards or away from a fixed point, that is along the position
vector of the point of application of the force with respect to the fixed point.
29. Escape speed on the surface of the moon is 2.3 km/s.
30. Newtons law of gravitation is independent of the nature of the interacting bodies in nature.
Therefore it is called as universal law.
31. The force of attraction between any two bodies in nature is gravitation where as the force of
attraction between a body and the earth is gravity.
32. Escape speed, ve = 2 vo. Where vo is orbital speed.
33. The dimensional formula of g is [M0L1T - 2].
II. Answers to two mark questions:

1. Keplers law of orbits:- All planets move in elliptical orbits with the sun situated at one of the
foci of the ellipse. Ellipse is a closed curve.
Figure shows an ellipse traced out by a planet around the sun. The closest point is P
(perihelion) and the farthest point is A (aphelion).
2. Keplers Law of areas:- The line that joins any planet to the sun sweeps equal areas in equal
intervals of time.
Planets move slower when they are farther from the sun than when they are nearer.
The planet P moves around the sun in an elliptical orbit. The shaded area is the area A
swept out in a small interval of time t.
3. Keplers law of periods:- The square of the time period of revolution of a planet is
proportional to the cube of the semi - major axis of the ellipse traced out by the planet.
If T is the period of revolution of the planet and a is semi - major axis of the elliptical path,
thenT2 a3.
proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between them. The magnitude of the force on a point mass m1 due to another
point mass m2 is;
I I = F = G m1m2/r2
Where r is the distance between m1 and m2.
5. Escape speed of a body on the surface of moon is 2.3 km/s. This value is five times smaller
than the escape speed on the surface of the earth. Gas molecules if formed on the surface
on the moon having velocities larger than this will escape from the gravitational pull of the
moon. Because of this reason moon has no atmosphere.
6. Potential energy of a body arising out of the force of gravity is called the gravitational
potential energy. The expression for gravitational potential energy of a body due to earth is
V = W(r) = - G ME m/r
Where ME is mass of the earth,
m is mass of the body,
r is the distance of the body from the centre of the earth.
6
proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between them. The force on a point mass m2due to another point mass m1 has
the magnitude
I I = F = G m1m2/r2
where G is the universal gravitational constant. The gravitational force is attractive.
That is the force 12 on the body 1 due to 2 and 21 on the body 2 due to 1 are related as
12 = - 21.
8. Let m be the mass of the body situated on the surface of the earth of radius RE and
mass ME.
According to Newtons law of gravitation the force between the body close to the surface of
the earth and the earth is;
F = G mME/RE2 . (1)
Where G is gravitational constant.
But according to Newtons 2nd law of motion, the gravitational force exerted on the body by
the earth;
F = mg.(2)
Where g is acceleration due to gravity.
. . From equations (1)&(2),

mg = GmME/RE2
(or) g = GME/RE2.
9. Expression for escape speed on the earth ;

ve =
10.
11.
12.
13.

(or)
ve = 2
where G is gravitational constant,

M E is mass of the earth,
RE is radius of the earth,
g is acceleration due to gravity.
The value of escape speed on the earth is 11.2km/s.
Polar satellites are useful for (a). remote sensing. (b). meteorology/(c). Environmental
studies of the earth.
Weight of a body is the force with which the earth attracts it. If there is no opposite force
(support) exerted on the body it would fall down. During this free fall, the object appears to
lose its weight and becomes weightless, since there is no upward force on the body. This
state of a body is called weightlessness.
The necessary centripetal force of the satellite around the earth is provided by the
gravitational force of attraction between earth and satellite. Every part in a satellite around
the earth has acceleration towards the centre of the earth which is acceleration due to
gravity of the earth at that position. Therefore everything inside it is in a state of free fall.
This is as if we were falling towards the earth from a height. In a manned satellite astronauts
inside the satellite experience no gravity. Therefore they experience a state of
weightlessness.
The expression for acceleration due to gravity on the earths surface is

g =

where G is gravitational constant,

RE is radius of the earth.
An object released near the surface of the earth is accelerated downward under the
influence of the force of gravity. The magnitude of acceleration due to gravity is g. If air
resistance is neglected, the object is said to be in free fall. If the height through which the
object falls is small compared to the earths radius, g can be taken to be constant equal to
9.8m/s 2. Therefore a freely falling body is acted upon by a constant acceleration.
14. The weight of a body at a place on the surface of the earth is given by W = mg. since the
value of g is maximum on the surface, the object weighs more on the surface. At the centre
of the earth, the value of g is zero. Therefore the weight of the body at the centre of the
earth is zero.
15. The weight of a body at a place on the surface of the earth is given by W = mg. Since the
value of g is maximum at poles than at the equator, the weight of the body is more at the
poles than at the equator.
16. The acceleration experienced by the mass m due to the earth is called acceleration due to
gravity g, which is related to the force F by Newtons 2nd law from the relation F =mg.

Therefore g = =

Acceleration g is measurable. RE is a known quantity. The measurement of G by Cavendishs

experiment and with the knowledge of g and RE , the mass of the earth ME can be estimated.
Because of this reason there is a popular statement regarding Cavendish, Cavendish
weighed the earth.
17. Let mass of the earth is ME and that of planet is MP = 2ME. Also radius of the earth is RE and
that of planet is RP = 2RE .

But we know that on the surface of the earth, gE = (1)
and on the surface of the planet,
()
()
18.
19.
20.
21.
gE/gP =2.

gP = ..(2)

Therefore gP = gE/2. But we know that gE = 9.8 m/s2.

gP = 9.8/2 = 4.9m/s2.
Geocentric theory was proposed by Ptolemy about 2000 years ago. According to this theory,
all celestial objects, stars, the sun and the planets all revolved around the earth. The only
motion that was thought to be possible for celestial objects was motion in a circle.
Complicated schemes of motion were put forward by Ptolemy in order to describe the
observed motion of the planets. The planets were described as moving in circles with the
centre of the circles themselves moving in larger circles.
Heliocentric theory was proposed by Nicolas Copernicus. According to this theory, sun was
at the centre with the planets revolving around. Planets moved in circles around a fixed
central sun. This theory was discredited by the church but Galileo supported it and faced
prosecution from the State. Tycho Brahe recorded observations of the planets with naked
eyes. This data was analyzed by Kepler and later formulated three laws called Keplers laws
of planetary motion, that support Helio centric theory.
Orbiting speed of earths satellite, vo = 10 km/s. Escape speed, ve = ?
We have ve = 2 vo = 2 x 10 = 14.14m/s.
Geostationary satellites are the satellites in circular orbits around the earth in the equatorial
plane with the period T = 24hrs.
8
Polar satellites are low altitude (h500 to 800km) satellites and go around the poles of the
earth in a north-south direction with a time period of around 100 minutes where as the
earth rotates around its axis in an east- west direction.
22. Artificial satellites find applications in the fields like telecommunication, geophysics,
meteorology.
Answers to four/five mark questions:

1. Keplers laws of planetary motion:(i).Law of orbits:- All planets move in elliptical orbits with the sun situated at one of the foci
of the ellipse.
This law was a deviation from the Copernican model which allowed only circular orbits.
Circle is a closed curve and is a special case of ellipse.
The midpoint of the line PA is the centre of the ellipse O and the length PO = AO is called the
semi-major axis of the ellipse. For a circle, the two foci merge into one and the semi-major
axis becomes the radius of the circle.
(ii). Law of areas:- The line that joins any planet to the sun sweeps equal areas in equal
intervals of time.
This law comes from the observations that planets appear to move slower when they are
farther from the sun than when they are nearer. A is the area swept out in a small interval
of time t.
(iii). Law of periods:-- The square of the time period of revolution of a planet is proportional
to the cube of the semi-major
semi major axis of the ellipse traced out by the planet.
2. Let m be the mass of the body on the surface of the earth of radius RE . The entire mass ME
of the earth is concentrated at the centre of the earth.
The magnitude of the force acting on the mass m is

F= (1)

If the entire earth is assumed to be of uniform density , its mass is

ME = RE3 .(2) (since volume of the earth VE = RE3 )
!
Therefore from (1)and (2) F =
That is F =
#

#

.(3)

Therefore F = Gm(
"
#
#
( )$%

(But (4/3) =

#)

By Newtons 2nd law of motion, F = mg .(4

.(4)) is the force on the mass m and g is
the acceleration experienced by the mass m.
Therefore from (3) and (4)
(4
g=

=

that is, g =

.

3. Consider a point mass m at a height h above the surface of the earth as shown in figure.
10
The radius of the earth is RE . Since this point is outside the earth, its distance from the
centre of the earth is (R E + h). If F (h) is the magnitude of the force on the point mass m,
Then F(h) =GMEm/(RE+h)2 ..(1)
The acceleration experienced by the point mass is F(h)/m = g(h) and we get
g(h) = F(h)/m= GME/(RE+h)2......................(2)
This is clearly less than the value of g on the surface of earth, g = GME /RE2
For h<< RE we can expand the RHS of equation (2), g(h) = GME/[RE2(1+h/RE)2 ]
= g (1+h/RE )-2
For h/RE<<1 , using binomial expression,
g(h) = g(1-2h/RE ).(3)
Equation (3) tells that for small heights h above the surface of the earth, the value of g
decreases by a factor (1-2h/RE).
4. Consider a point mass m at a depth d below the surface of the earth as shown in figure.
Its distance from the centre of the earth is (RE-d). The earth can be thought of as being
composed of a smaller sphere of radius (RE d) and a spherical shell of thickness d. The
force on m due to the outer shell of thickness d is zero. The point mass m is outside the
smaller sphere of radius (RE d). The force due to this smaller sphere is just as if the entire
mass of the smaller sphere is concentrated at the centre. If MS is the mass of the smaller
sphere, then MS/ME = (RE d)3/RE3..(1)
(Since mass of a sphere is proportional to the cube of its radius).
Therefore the force on the point mass is F(d) = GMSm/(RE d)2.(2)
Substituting for MS we get
F(d) = GMEm(RE d)/RE3...................................(3)
Therefore the acceleration due to gravity at a depth d is,
g(d) = F(d)/m
that is g(d) = [GME/RE3](RE d)
11
= g (RE d)/RE
g(d) = g(1 d/RE)(4)
Therefore as we go down below earths surface, the acceleration due to gravity decreases
by a factor (1 d/RE).
5. Gravitational potential energy of a particle at a point due to the earth is defined as the
amount of work done in displacing the particle from infinity to that point in the gravitational
field. It is denoted by V. Consider a particle of mass m placed at a distance r from the centre
of the earth of mass M . The gravitational force of attraction between the earth and the
particle is,
F = GMm/r2.
If the particle of mass m is displaced through a small distance dr towards the earth then,
work done is given by ,
dW = F dr = [GMm/r2] dr..(1)
Amount of work done in displacing the particle of mass m from infinity to a distance r with
)
)
respect to the earth is given by &* '( = &*[,-./ ]'
) 12
= GMm [ 3 ] r infinity
= - GMm [1/r] r infinity
Therefore W= -GMm[(1/r)-(1/)] = - GMm/r
The amount of work done is equal to the gravitational potential energy V.
Therefore V = - GMm/r.
6. The minimum speed required to project an object vertically upwards from the surface of the
earth, so that it escapes from the gravitational influence of the earth and never returns to
the earth, is called escape speed.
Consider an object of mass m at a distance of r from the centre of the earth.
The gravitational force acting on the mass m is given by
F = GMm/r2 .(1)
This force acts towards the centre of the earth.
Let dr be the small distance covered by the object away from the centre of the earth.
Therefore the work done on the object against the gravitational force of attraction of the
earth is
= F dr cos 1800 = - F dr
dW = .'
From equation (1) we get, dW = - [GMm/r2] dr.(2)
Therefore total work done to displace the object from the surface of the earth [i.e, r=R] to
[r = ] is calculated by integrating equation(2) between the limits R and .
*
*
Therefore & '( = & [,-./ ] dr
) 12
] R=
3
W = -GMm [

)

*

GMm [ ] R = GMm [ ]
Or W = - GMm/R [ since = 0] this work done is equal to the potential energy (V) of the
*
object of mass m. That is V = - GMm/R . Let ve is the escape speed of the object of mass m

then its kinetic energy is K.E = mve2. If kinetic energy of the object = magnitude of potential

energy of the object then,

mve2 = GMm/R

Or ve 2 =

12
ve =

but GM/R2 = g
or GM = g R2
Therefore ve = 2 .
7. The speed with which a satellite moves in its orbit around the earth is called orbital speed.
The time taken by a satellite to complete one revolution in its orbit around the earth is
called period of a satellite.
Let a satellite of mass m revolves around the earth in an orbit at a height of h from the
surface of the earth. If R is the radius of the earth, then the radius of the orbit of the satellite
is R + h. Let vo be the orbital speed of the satellite.
The gravitational force of attraction between the earth and the satellite provides the
necessary centripetal force to the satellite to move in a circular orbit around the earth.
i.e,
Gravitational force = centripetal force

(78)
9:
(78)

vo =
(78)
That is
Therefore

But
Therefore
=g
or
vo = (78)
GM = gR2
vo =
;
(78)
If the satellite is very close to the earth i.e, h<<

Then (R+h) R
Therefore
vo = .
Period of a Satellite T =
<=)>?@A)AB>A C@ D8A C)E=D

C)E=DFG HIAAJ
$(78)
9:
i.e,
T=
we know that
vo =
$(78)
Therefore T =
i.e,
KL
(LMN)
;
(78)
$ (78)#

.
;

T=
If the satellite is very close to the earth, h<<

Then (R+h) R
Therefore T= 2

;
8. The total energy of a satellite in Its orbit is equal to the sum of the potential energy and
kinetic energy of the satellite. Potential energy of the satellite comes due to the
gravitational force of attraction between the earth and the satellite. Kinetic energy of the
satellite comes due to the orbital motion of the satellite around the earth.
Potential energy of the satellite is given by
3
P.E =
(1)
78
13

m is the mass of the satellite,
RE is radius of the earth,
h is height of the satellite above earths surface.
Kinetic energy of the satellite is given by

K.E = m vo2..(2)
Where m is mass of the satellite,
vo is orbital speed of the satellite.
The centripetal force on the satellite is equal to the gravitational force of attraction between
earth and satellite.
9:
78

( 78)

mvo2 = ( 78)
..(3)

That is,
Or
Substituting equation (3) in (2),

K.E =
..(4)
( 78)
From the equations (1) and (4), the total energy of the satellite is,
3

E = P.E + K.E = 78 + ( 78)
Or
E=
3
( 78)
Negative sign in the above expression implies that the satellite is bound to the earth.
9. Law of areas:- The line that joins any planet to the sun sweeps equal areas in equal intervals
of time.
The law of areas can be understood as a consequence of conservation of angular

momentum which is valid for any central force. A central force is such that the force on the
planet is along the vector joining the sun and the planet. Let the sun be at the origin and let
the position and momentum of the planet be denoted by OP' Q respectively. Then the
area swept out by the planet of mass m in time interval t is R given by
R = 1S2 ( x T t)..(1)
V
I
= 1S2 ( x Q)/m
(since T = )
D

= X/(2.)(2)
14
Where T is the velocity, X = x Q ,is the angular momentum.

For a central force, which is directed along , X is a constant as the planet goes around.
V
D
is a constant according to the last equation. This is the law of areas. Gravitation is a
central force and hence the law of areas follows.
10. The value of the gravitational constant G entering the Universal law of gravitation can be
determined experimentally and this was first done by English scientist Henry Cavendish in
1798, the apparatus used by him is as shown in figure.
Figure.8.6:-
P.T.O
Fig 8.6: Schematic drawing of Cavendishs experiment. S1 and S2 are large spheres which are
kept on either side (shown shades) of the masses at A or B. When the big spheres are taken
to the other side of the masses (shown by dotted circles), the bar AB rotates a little since the
torque reverses direction. The angle of rotation can be measured experimentally.
The bar AB has two small lead spheres attached at its ends. The bar is suspended from a
rigid support by a fine wire. Two large lead spheres are brought close to the small ones but
on opposite sides as shown. The big spheres attract the nearby small ones by equal and
opposite force as shown. There is no net force on the bar but only a torque which is clearly
equal to F times the length of the bar, where F is the force of attraction between a big
sphere and its neighbouring small sphere. Due to this torque, the suspended wire gets
twisted till such time as the restoring torque of the wire equals the gravitational torque . If
is the angle of twist of the suspended wire, the restoring torque is proportional to equal to
, where is the restoring couple per unit angle of twist. can be measured independently
e.g. by applying a known torque and measuring the angle of twist. The gravitational force
15
between the spherical balls is the same as if their masses are concentrated at their centres.
Thus if d is the separation between the centres of the big and its neighbouring small ball, M
and m their masses, the gravitational force between the big sphere and the neighbouring
small ball is
F = GMm/d2(1)
If L is the length of the bar AB, then the torque arising out of F is, F multiplied by L . At
equilibrium, this is equal to the restoring torque and hence
FL = .
G (Mm/d2) L = .(2)
Observation of thus enables one to calculate G from this equation.
From the above equation (2), G can be calculated and its value is
G = 6.67x10-11 Nm2/kg2.
16
Chapter 8
Gravitation
Problems for Question bank
1) The orbital radius of the Neptune planet around the Sun is n times that of earth. The
Neptune planet takes 164.3 years to complete one revolution. Find the value of n. (The
planetary orbits are assumed to be circular)
(Ans
Y = Z[)
2) The Planet Mars take 1.88 years to complete on revolution around the sun. The mean
distance of the earth from the Sun is 1.5x108 km. Calculate that of planet Mars?
(Ans \] = ^. ^_` a b[_ cd)
3) A Satellite orbiting at a height of 2.5R above the earths surface takes 62 hours to complete
one revolution. Show that another satellite orbiting at a height of 6R from the earths surface is
a geostationary satellite. R is the radius if the earth.
( Ans hi^ h = ^j klm\n , opqrqstrq , uv uw x yqtwvxvutzxr{ wxvq||uvq .)
4) The mass of the Planet Jupiter is 2x1027 kg and the mass of the Sun is 1000 times the mass of
Jupiter. The mean distance between the Sun and Jupiter is 7.8x108 km. Calculate the value of
gravitational constant G, given the force of gravitation between the Sun and Jupiter is
4.276x1023N.
(Ans
} = `. ~[Z b[3bb d^ c3^ )
5) The gravitation force of attraction between Earth and Sun is 35.47x1021 N, calculate the mass
of the Sun, given the mass of the earth is 5.98x1024 kg and the mean distance between Earth
and Sun is 1.496x1011m.Given , = 6.67 103 . 3 .
(Ans
] = b. b[Z[ c)
6)The mass and diameter of a planet are three times that of the Earth. What is the acceleration
due to gravity on the surface of that planet? Given g on earths surface is 9.8 ms-2.
(Yn = Z. ^``` dn3^ )
7) Calculate the mean radius of the earth, given its mass is 5.98x1024 kg and acceleration due to
the gravity on its surface is g=9.8ms-2. If the radius of the Earth were to shrink by 1% with its
17
mass remaining same, what would be the value of acceleration due to gravity? Given
, = 6.67 103 . 3 .
(Ans = `. Z` b[`d , = `. Zb~ dn3^ )
8) Estimate the value of acceleration due to gravity at the peak of Mount Everest, which is
8848m above sea level. The value of g at sea level is 9.8ms-2 and the mean radius of the earth is
6.37x106m.
(Ans
(k) = . Z dn3^ )
9) At what height above the surface of the Earth will acceleration due to gravity becomes half
its value at Earths surface. Given the mean radius of Earth is 6.37x106m.
(Ans
k = ^. `Z_~ b[` d = ^`Z_. ~ cd )
10) What is the value of acceleration due to the gravity at distance of 3000 km from the centre
of Earth. Given its value on the surface is 9.8 ms-2 and the mean radius of the Earth is
6.37x106m.
(Ans () = j. `b~_ dn3^ )
11) Four particles each of mass 1kg are packed at four vertices of a square of side 1m. Find the
gravitational potential energy of this system . Given , = 6.67 103 . 3 .
(Ans
i = Z`. bb b[3bb )
12) Given the mass of the moon Mm=7.35x1022 kg and the radius of the moon Rm =1.7x106 m,
estimate the escape speed for moon . Given , = 6.67 103 . 3 .
(Ans = ^j[bdn3b = ^. j[b cdn3b )
13) Calculate the period of Earths revolution around the sun. Given the mass of the Sun is
Ms = 2x1030 kg, mean radius of the Earths orbit, R=1.5x1011m. G= 6.67x10-11 Nm2kg-2.
(Ans = Z. b~_b[ n = Z`~. ~ n )
14) A satellite of mass 500kg orbits the Earth at a height of 400km above the surface. How
much energy is required to shift it to height orbit at a height 600km? Given the mean radius of
the Earth, Re=6.4x106m, mass of the Earth, ME=6x1024kg, and G=6.7x10-11Nm2kg-2.
(Ans
= j^. [jb[ )
18
Chapter 8 GRAVITATION SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
1) Given,
= P
P =?
)
)
=P
= 164.3O, = 1 O
According to Keplers laws,
= 164.3
!
=

)
164.3
= (P)!
1
P = (164.3)!
Y = Z[
Using logs and simplifying,

2) Given,
= 1.88O, = 1 O
= 1.5 10 . ,
= ?
According to Keplers laws,
= 1.88
!

!
=

(1.88) =
!

= (1.88) S!

= (1.88)
= (1.88)
S
!
S
!

x 1.5 x 10 .
19
= 1.524 x 1.5 x 10 .
\] = ^. ^_` a b[_ cd
3) Given, that the Satellites orbit is at a height of 2.5R above the earths surface. Therefore its
radius is
= + 2.5 = 3.5
Similarly,
= + 6 = 7
= 62 ,
=?
!
Using to Keplers laws,
!

=

!S

h h = 7
3.5

= 2
!S

= 2 2
h h = 2 2 = 22 X6 2 = 24 .
hi^ h = ^j klm\n.
Therefore, it is a geostationary satellite.

4) Given,
- = 2 10 ,
- = 1000 - = 1000 2 10 = 2 10! ,
= 7.8 10 . = 7.8 10 .

= 4.276 10!
,= ?
From Newtons laws of universal Gravitation ,

, - -

,=
=

- -
(4.276 10! ) (7.8 10 )

,=
(2 10 ) (2 10! )
20
(4.276 10! ) (60.84 10 )
,=
= 65.037 103
h4 10 h
} = `. ~[Z b[3bb d^ c3^
5) Given,
= 35.47 10
- = 5.98 10 , - = ?
= 1.496 10 .
, = 6.67 103 . 3
Using the Newtons laws of universal Gravitation,
=
, - -

, -
(35.47 10 ) (1.496 10 )

(6.67 103 ) (5.98 10 )
- =
] = b. b[Z[ c
6) Given,
- = 3 - , = 3 = 3
=
, -

OP' =
, -

, 3-
9

1
9.8
=
=
=
= 3.2666 . 3

3
3
3
= Z. ^``` dn3^
7) Given,
- = 5.98 10
= 9.8 . 3
, = 6.67 103 . 3
21
= ?
We have
=
=
,, =

(6.67 103 )(5.98 10 )

9.8
= `. Z` b[` d = `Z. ` cd

If radius is shrinks by 1 %
= 1% = 1S100 = 0.99
= 0.99 = 0.99 6.3796 10 = 6.3158 10 .

=
,
(6.67 103 ) (5.98 10 )

= 6.315 10 = 6.315 . 3
=
(6.3158 10 )
= `. Zb~ dn3^
8) Given,
= 8848 .
= 9.8 . 3
() =?
= 6.37 10 .
We have
() = 1
() = 9.8 1

2 8848
6.37 10
22
() = 9.8 (1 0.002778)

() = 9.8 (0.997222)
(k) = . Z dn3^
9) Given,
() =
=?

S2
= 6.37 10 .
We have

() =
+

=

2
+
Therefore,
+ = 2
1

=
2
+

1
=
+
2
= 2 = 2 1
= (1.4142 1) 6.37 10 = (0.4142) 6.37 10 = 2.6385 10 .

k = ^. `Z_~ b[` d = ^`Z_. ~ cd
10) The point under consideration lies inside the Earths surface, because its distance from the
centre of the earth = 3000 . = 3 10 . is less then = 6.37 10 ..
The depth of this point is, ' = = 6.37 10 3 10 . = 3.37 10 ..

Given,
= 6.37 10 .
23
= 9.8 . 3
(') = ?
We have,
(') = 1
(') = 9.8 1
'

3.37 10
6.37 10
(') = 9.8 (1 0.529)

(') = 9.8 (0.471)
() = j. `b~_ dn3^
B m2
C m3
11) Given
. = . = .! = . = . = 1
R = = = R = = 1.
OPO R = = 2 .
, = 6.67 103 . 3
A m1
D m4
=?
The gravitational potential energy of a two particles is

=
The total gravitational potential energy is
, . .

= [V + < + < + V ] + [V< + ]
V = < = < = V =
, . .
, 1 1
=
= ,
1
24
V< = =
,..
2
, 1 1
2
,
2
,
2,
= 4(, ) + 2 = 4,
2
2
= , 4
= ,4 2 = 5.4142 ,
2
= 5.4142 6.67 103

i = Z`. bb b[3bb
12) Given,
- = 7.35 10
, = 6.67 103 . 3
= 1.7 10 .
TA = ?
We have
TA = 2
But,
=
,
2, TA =

For moon,
2,-
TA =

2(6.67 103 )(7.35 10 )

TA =
1.7 10
= ^j[bdn3b = ^. j[b cdn3b
13) Given,
-H = 2 10!
= 1.5 10 .
25
, = 6.67 103 . 3
= ?
From the derivation of Keplers 3rd law,
4 !
43.14 (1.510 )!
=
=
(6.67103 )(210! )
,-

= 9.97710
= 3.158710
3.158710
'O
606024
i = Z`~. ~ n
14) Given,
. = 500
= 6.4 10 .
= 400 . = 0.4 10 . + = 6.8 10 .
= 600 . = 0.6 10 . + = 7 10 .
- = 6 10
, = 6.67 103 . 3
O P =
Initially,
= =
,- .
,- .
=
2( + ) 2 6.8 10
Finally,
@ =
Change in Energy,
,.2( + )
,- .
,- .
=
2( + ) 2 7 10
= @ =
26
,- .
,- .
+
2 7 10
2 6.8 10
,- .
1
1
2 10 6.8 7
6.67 103 6 10 500

0.2
(6.8) (7)
2 10
= j^. [jb[ .
27
1
CHAPTER 9 : - MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS
ONE MARK QUESTIONS:
1. What is elasticity of a body?

2. What is plasticity?
3. Which property of a body is responsible for regaining original shape and size of a body when deforming force
acting on it is removed?
4. Elasticity is an internal property of a matter. Is it true or false?
5. What is the cause of the elasticity?
6. What is plastic substance?
7. Give one example for plastic substance.
8. Define stress.
9. Write the expression for magnitude of the stress.
10. Write the S.I unit of the stress.
11. Write the dimensional formula of the stress.
12. Dimensional formula of stress is same as that of the pressure. Is it true or false?
13. Stress is a vector quantity. Is it true or false?
14. Define strain.
15. Why strain is unit less and dimensionless physical quantity?
16. Define longitudinal strain.
17. Write the expression for longitudinal strain.
18. Define volume strain.
19. Write the expression for volume strain.
20. Define shearing strain.
21. Define elastic limit. (yield strength.)
22. Define ultimate tensile strength.
23. What are elastomers?
24. Elastomers does not obey Hooke`s law. Is it true or false?
25. Give one example for elastomers.
26. Define modulus of elasticity.
27. Modulus of elasticity of a body is dependent on the dimensions of a body. Is it true or false?
28. Dimensional formula of modulus of elasticity is same as that of the stress. Is it true or false?
29. Define Young`s modulus.
30. Write the expression for magnitude of the Young`s modulus.
31. What is the S.I unit of the Young`s modulus?
32. Write the dimensional formula of the Young`s modulus.
33. Why steel is preferred in heavy duty machines and in structural design?
34. Why springs are manufactured in steel instead of copper?
35. Define shear modulus or modulus of rigidity.
36. Define bulk modulus.
37. What is compressibility?
38. Solid are least are compressible since they have larger value of bulk modulus. Is it true or false?
39. Young`s modulus and shear modulus are relevant only for solid. Why?
40. Young`s modulus of rubber is greater than that of steel. Is it true or false?
41. Rubber is more elastic than that of steel. Is it true or false?
42. What is the buckling of the material of the road?
43. Stretching of coil is measured by its shearing modulus. Is it true or false?
44. Why load baring bar has cross sectional shape of the type I.
45. Why pillars or columns of the bridges and buildings have distributed shape at their ends?
46. What is the value of young`s modulus for a perfectly rigid body?
47. Why liquid and gas do not posses modulus of rigidity?
48. Write the S.I for the compressibility.
49. How does modulus of elasticity vary with increase of temperature of the body?
50. The material for given load stretches to a little extent is a more elastic body. Is it true or false
2
TWO MARK QUESTIONS:
State and explain Hookes law.

Mention any two types of stress.
Mention any two types of strain.
Draw the typical stress-strain curve for a metal.
Which is more elastic-steel or rubber? Why?
Explain elastic behavior of the solid.
Write the expression for Young`s modulus of the material of the wire under stretching. Explain the terms.
Write the expression for rigidity modulus of the material. Explain the terms.
Write the expression for bulk modulus of the material. Explain the terms.
A square lead slab of side 50cm and thickness 10cm subjected to shearing force of 9X104N.Calculate the
shearing stress acting on the slab.
11. Write the expression for sag or depression of a bar when it is loaded at the middle. Explain the terms.
12. Write the expression for compressibility and explain the terms
13. Distinguish between ductile material and brittle material.
14. Write two application of elastic behavior of the material.
15. Mention two methods of decreasing the depression in the beam which loaded at the middle with weight.
16. A steel rod of area of cross section 3.14x10-4m2 is stretched by a force of 100kN. Calculate the stress acting
on the rod
17.The stress- strain graphs for two material A and B are shown in the figure
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Stress
stress
strain
strain
Which of the material has the greater Youngs modulus? And which material is more elastic?
18.Compute the fractional change in the volume of glass sphere when subjected to a hydraulic pressure of
1.013x106Nm-2. Given bulk modulus of glass is 3.7x1010 Nm-2
FOUR MARK QUESTIONS:
1.Define terms stress and strain. Draw the stress verses strain graph for a metallic wire stretched upto the
fracture point
2. Define the following terms
a) Elastic limit b) permanent set c) plastic deformation d) fracture point
3. State and explain Hookes law. Define modulus of elasticity and write its dimensional formula
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS:
1. Draw typical stress strain graph for a metal and explain the important features in it.
2. Explain the experiment to determine Youngs modulus of the material wire under stretching
FIVE MARK PROBLEMS:
1. A steel rod of radius 10mm and length 2m is stretched by a force of 100kN along its length. The elongation in
the wire is 3.2mm. Find the stress and Youngs modulus of the material of the rod.
2. The upper face of a cube of edge 1m moves through a distance of 1mm relative to the lower fixed surface
under action of a tangential force 1.5x108N. Calculate tangential stress and rigidity modulus.
3. When a rubber ball is taken in deep of 100m in sea its volume is decrease by 0.1% due to hydraulic stress. If
the density of sea water is 1000kgm-3, calculate the bulk modulus and compressibility of the rubber
4.A steel wire of length 5m and cross section 3x10-5m2 stretched by the same amount as copper of length 3.7m
and cross section 4x10-5m2 under given load. Find the ratio of Youngs modulus of steel to that of copper
5. Two wires of area of cross section 5x10-6m2, one made of steel
and the other made of brass are loaded as shown. The unloaded
steel wire of length 1.5m
length of steel wire is 1.5m and that of brass wire is 1m.
4kg
Find the elongations in each wires. Y for
Brass wire of length 1m
steel is2x1011 Nm-2 and for brass is0.91x1011Nm-2
6kg
-4
2
6.Find the force required to stretch a wire of area of cross section 2x10 m so that its length becomes 1.5 times
original length . Youngs modulus=3.6x1011Nm-2.
3
ANSWERS
1) The property of a body due to which it tends to regain its original size and shape when the deforming force is removed is
called elasticity
2) The property of a body due to which it does not regain its original size and shape when the deforming force is removed is
called plasticity
3) Elasticity
4) True
5) It is due to intermolecular forces between the molecules of the material
6) Substance which does not regain its original size and shape when the deforming force is removed is called plastic
substance
7) Putty (mud)
8) The restoring force per unit area of the body is called stress
9) Magnitude of stress =
-2
10) Nm or Pa
-1
-2
11) [Stress] = [L MT ]
12) True
13) False
14) Strain produced in a body is defined as ratio of change in dimension to the original dimension.
15) Because strain is ratio of same physical quantities
16) Longitudinal strain is defined as ratio of change in the length to the original length.
17) Longitudinal strain= where -change in the length, L-original length
18) Volume strain is defined as ratio of change in the volume to the original volume
19) Volume strain= where -change in the volume, V-original volume
20) It is the angle through which a vertical face of a body displaced when tangential deforming force applied on it.
21) The maximum stress below which Hookes law is applicable is called elastic limit OR it is the maximum stress up to
which body regain its original shape and size
22) The minimum stress needed to cause the fracture of the material is known as ultimate tensile strength
23) Material which can be stretched to a large value of strain without breaking is called elastomers
24) True
25) Rubber
26) Modulus of elasticity is defined as the ratio of stress acting on the body to the resulting strain in it.
27) False
28) True
29) Youngs modulus is defined as ratio of longitudinal stress acting on the body to the longitudinal strain produced in it.
30) Youngs modulus= Y =
-2
31) Nm or Pa
-1
-2
32) [Youngs modulus] = [L MT ]
33) Because Youngs modulus of steel is highest and is more elastic
34) Because Youngs modulus of steel is more than that of copper and hence steel is more elastic than copper
35) The ratio of shearing stress acting on the body to the corresponding shearing strain is called rigidity modulus
36) The ratio of hydraulic stress acting on the body to the corresponding volume strain is called bulk modulus
37) The reciprocal of the bulk modulus is called compressibility
38) True
39) Because only solid has length and definite shape
40) False
41) False
42) The bending of beam under a load is called buckling.
43) True
44) This shape reduces the weight and cost of the beam and is much stronger.
45) Pillars having distributed shape at the ends support more load than pillars with rounded ends.
46) Infinity.
47) Liquid and gas has no definite shape.
-1 2
-1
48) N m OR Pa
49) Modulus of elasticity decrease with increases of temperature.
50)True
2Mark questions.
1) Within elastic limit stress and strain are proportional to each other.
(1 mark)
Stress strain OR
= constant (modulus of elasticity).
(1 mark)
4
2) a) longitudinal stress b) shearing stress
3) a) longitudinal strain b) shearing strain [c) bulk strain]
4)
*E-fracture point
Stress *A-proportional limit
1 mark each
1 mark each
strain
5) Steel.
(1 mark)
Because Young`s modulus of steel is more than that of rubber.
Hence steel is more elastic than rubber.
(1 mark)
6) When solid is deformed atoms or molecule are displaced from their equilibrium position resulting change in the
interatomic distance.
(1 mark)
Due to inter molecular attraction body regain its original shape and size when deforming force is removed.
(1 mark)
7) Y = .
(1 mark)

Where M -- mass attached to the wire. L ,rinitial length and radius of the wire. L- elongation in the wire.
(1 mark)
8) G=
.
(1 mark)
Where Ftangential force. Aarea of the face. - Shearing strain.

(1 mark)
9) B=-
(1 mark)
Where P-hydraulic stress, V-initial volume and -change in the volume

2
10) Area of the face on which force is acting =A=50cmx10cm=0.5mx0.1m=0.05m
Shearing stress=
Stress=
11) =
.
.
(1 mark)
= 1.8x10 Nm
(1 mark)
-2
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
Where W-load, l-length of the span, b-breadth of the beam,

d-depth (thickness) of the beam , Y-Youngs modulus
(1 mark)
12) K = =
(1mark)
Where P-hydraulic stress, V-initial volume and V-change in the volume

(1 mark)
13)
Ductile material
Brittle material
1) The material showing large amount of plastic
The material showing small amount of
deformation b/n the elastic limit and the fracture
plastic deformation b/n the elastic limit and
point is called ductile material.
The fracture point is called brittle material.
1mark
2)They have permanent stretch without breaking
They fractured soon after the elastic limit is crossed
1mark
14) a)To estimate the maximum height of a mountain. b)In minimizing of the bending of loaded beam ((c)In
selecting metallic rope for crane) any two
(1mark each)
15)a)increasing the depth(thickness of the beam) b)increasing its breadth
(1mark each)
16) longitudinal stress= =
=. =
3.18x108Nm-2
17) Material A has larger Youngs modulus, (since it has larger slope)
Material A is more elastic (since it has large Youngs modulus)

18)B= therefore =
(1mark)
(1mark)
(1mark)
(1mark)
1mark
.
=
.
=2.74x10-5
1mark
5
Four mark questions answer;1) The restoring force per unit area of the body is called stress
Strain produced in a body is defined as ratio of change in dimension to the original dimension
*ultimate tensile strength
*B-yield point*E-fracture point
Stress *A-proportional limit
1mark
1mark
2mark
Strain
2) a)The maximum stress below which Hookes law is applicable is called elastic limit
1mark
b)When a wire is stretched more ,then it has permanent strain even when the stress is zero. Then wire is said
to have permanent set .
1mark
c) When a wire is stretched too much ,then it has permanent strain even when the stress is zero. This behavior of
the material is called plastic deformation
1mark
d)The stretched wire breaks for certain applied stress is fracture point
1mark
3) Within elastic limit stress and strain are proportional to each other.
(1 mark)
Stress strain OR
= constant (modulus of elasticity).
(1 mark)
Modulus of elasticity is defined as ratio of stress acting on the body to the resulting strain in it.1mark
-1
-2
[Modulus of elasticity]= [L MT ]
1mark
FIVE MARK QUESTION ANSWER;1) Stress and strain curve for metal is as shown in fig. When a metal
Wire is stretched, for small value of load the elongation produced
Is proportional to the load. Hence stress is directly proportional to the
*D
strain upto point A , obeying Hookes law. Stress corresponding to
*B *C
*E
*A- proportional point
the point A is called proportional limit.
B-Yield limit
When stress increased beyond A, for a small stress change, there is
C-yield strength
a large strain up to point B so that stress is directly proportional to
stress
D-ultimate tensile strength
strain. But on removal of load the body is still regain its original
E-Fracture point
shape and size , when applied load is less than certain limit. This limit is
called elasticity limit.(point B). Metals shows elasticity behavior .
If stress is increased beyond B strain further increase rapidly and if load
is removed wire does not regain its original length i.e. the stain produced
in the wire is permanent and it is said to have permanent set. Such a
strain
deformation is called is plastic deformation.
As stress increased further (beyond C) large strain is produced and wire breaks at E which is known as fracture point
2) Experimental arrangement to determine Young`s modulus of a
figure-2mark
material wire under tension as shown in the figure. Two identical
A
B
wires of same length and radius suspended side by side from a fixed rigid
support. Reference wire A carries millimetre main scale M and a pan
to place the weight. Experimental wire B also carries a pan in which
known weights can be placed. Vernier scale V is attached to a pointer
at the bottom of the experimental wire helps to find elongation of wire.
V
Both wire are given an initial small load to keep straight and initial
M
reading is noted. Now experimental wire is gradually loaded with more
weights and reading is noted. The difference between two reading gives
elongation L of the wire of initial length L and radius r for a load mass M.
2mark
The Young`s modulus of the material of the experimental wire is given by Y = .

1mark

Answers to the 5mark problems
1) Stress =
=
= =
1mark
.()
= 3.18x108Nm-2
Y=
1mark
1mark
1mark
=1.96 x1011Nm-2
2) from figure tan = = 1mm/1m = 0.001 or

Shearing strain = = 0.001( small)
Shearing stress =
=
= 1.5x10 Nm
Modulus of rigidity,
.
1mark
1mark
1mark
-2
1mark
G=
1mark
=
= 1.5 x 1011Nm-2
.
3)V=0.1%of original volume V
.
= =10-3V
P=gh=1000x9.8x100=9.8x105Nm-2
B=
1mark
1mark
1mark
1mark
=9.8x108Nm-2
1mark
Compressibility=K=1/B= 0.1x10-8 N-1m2
1mark
-5
4)length of steel wire =Ls=5m , area of cross section As=3x10 m

-5 2
length of copper wire =Lc=3.7m , area of cross section Ac=4x10 m
extension of steel wire= extension of copper wire=l
Youngs modulus=Y=
For steel Ys=
For copper Yc=
1mark
1mark
1mark
1mark
=
.
=1.8
5)total load on steel wire =Fs=4+6=10Kgwt=10x9.8=98N
11
-2
-6
2
Ls=1.5m Ls=? Ys=2x10 Nm
A=5x10 m
Load on brass wire=Fb=6kgwt=6x9.8=58.8N
11
-2
-6
2
Lb=1m Lb=? Yb=0.91x10 Nm A=5x10 m
Youngs modulus=Y=
1mark
1mark
.
For steel Ys=

hence elongation for steel= Ls=
=

-4
=1.47X10 m
.
For brass Yb=
hence elongation for brass= Lb=
=
.
-4
=1.29X10 m
-4 2
11
-2
6)A=2x10 m , Y=3.6x10 Nm
Let L original length then L=1.5L- L=0.5L
Youngs modulus=Y=
1mark
. .
F=
=
7
=3.6x10 N
1mark
1mark
1mark
1mark
1mark
2mark
1mark
CHAPTER-10
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

QUESTIONS
1 marks questions
1. What are fluids?
2. How are fluids different from solids?
3. Define thrust of a liquid.
4. Define liquid pressure.
5. Is pressure a scalar quantity?
6. Write the dimensions of pressure?
7 What is the SI unit of pressure?
8. What is the atmosphere pressure at sea level in Pascal?
9. The blood pressure in human is greater at the feet then at brain
Why?
10. Write the dimensions of density?
11. What is the SI unit of density?
12. Is density scalar or vector quantity?
13. What is the density of water at 40c ?
14. Define relative density.
15. State Pascals law.
16. What is gauge pressure?
17. Write the expression for pressure exerted by a fluid .
18. Define torr.
19. Write the relation between torr & Pascal.
20. Write the relation between bar & Pascal.
21. Name the devices they work on the basis of Pascals law.
22. What is fluid dynamics?
23. Define streamline flow.
24. Define turbulent flow.
25. Write the equation of continuity.

26. State Bernoullis principle.
27. Write the Bernoullis equation.
28. What is venturimeter?
29. On what principle venturimeter works?
30. Define dynamic lift.
31. What is Magnus effect?
32. Why two streamlines cannot cross each other?
33. Define viscosity.
34. When viscosity comes to exist?
35. Define coefficient of viscosity.
36. What is the Si unit of viscosity?
37. Write the dimensions of viscosity.
38. How viscosity of liquid varies with temperature?
39. How viscosity of gases varies with temperature?
40. State Stokes law.
41. What is Reynoldss number?
42. Define surface tension.
43. Define surface energy.
44. How surface tension depends on temperature?
45. Write the expression to Measure surface tension.
46. Define angle of contact.
47. When does liquid wets the surface of solid?
48. When does liquid not wets the surface of solid?
49. Why drops & bubbles are spherical in shape?
50. Mention the expression for capillary rise.
51. What happens to the surface tension of water when soup is added to it?
Two marks Questions
1. Give two differences between liquids & gases.

2. Distinguish between liquid thrust & pressure.
3. Name the SI unit of fluid pressure & write the dimensional formula.
4. How the pressure at a point in a liquid vary with
a) Depth of the point
b) density of the liquid
5. What is the difference between atmospheric pressure & gauge pressure?

6. Mention any two application of Pascals law.
7. State & explain Archimedes principle.
8. What is a force of buoyancy? What is its effect?
9. Explain hydrostatic paradox.
10. Mention the types of flow of fluid.
11. Distinguish between stream line flow & turbulent flow.
12. State & explain equation of continuity.
13. What are the different types of energy possessed by a liquid in motion? Write their
Expressions. (any two)
14. State & explain Bernoullis theorem.
15. Write a note on uplift of an aircraft .
16. Explain the working of an atomizer.
17. Define co-efficient of viscosity & name its SI unit.
18. State & explain Stokes law.
19. Write Stokes formula & explain the terms.
20. Define surface tension & write its SI unit.
21. When does liquid wets the surface of solid? Give an example.
22. When does liquid do not wets the surface of solid? Give an example.
23. Write the expression for capillary rise of liquid & explain terms.
24. Explain formations of drops & bubbles.
25. Explain action of detergents.
4 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Derive an expression for pressure inside a liquid.
2. Explain how Pascals law is applied in a hydraulic lift?
3. a) State Stokes law.
b) Show that terminal velocity of a sphere falling through a viscous medium is proportional to
Square of its radius.
4. Explain Bernoullis principle.
5. Explain Torricelli's law (speed of efflux).
6. Derive an expression to measure surface energy of a liquid.
5 marks questions
1. State Bernoullis principle. explain the Bernoullis equation for the flow of an ideal fluid in
stream line motion. Mention any two applications.
2. Describe different types of flow of fluids. State and explain equation of continuity.
CHAPTER -10
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

ANSWERS
1 Mark answers
1. The materials that can flow are called fluids.
2. Fluid has no definite shape of its own.
3. The total normal force exerted by a fluid on any surface in contact with it is called thrust
of a liquid.
4. Liquid pressure is defined as the normal force acting per unit area.
5. Yes
6. ML-1 T-2
7. Nm-2
8. 1.013 X 105Pa
9. The height of blood column is large at the feet than at the brain as a result blood
pressure is human is grater at the feet.
10. ML-3
11. Kg m-3
12. Scalar quantity.
13. 1.0 X 103 Kg m-3
14. The relative density of a substance is the ratio of its density to the density of water at 40
C.
15. Whenever external pressure is applied on any part of a fluid contained in a vessel it is
transmitted undiminished and equally in all directions.
16. The gauge pressure is the difference of the actual pressure & the atmospheric pressure.
17. P = gh
18. A pressure equivalent of 1mm is called a torr.
19. 1 torr = 133Pa
20. 1 bar = 105Pa
21. Hydraulic lift, hydraulic brakes
22. The study of the fluids in motion is known as fluid dynamics.
23. The regular and orderly flow of a liquid is known as streamline flow.
24. The irregular & disorderly flow of a liquid is known as turbulent flow.
25. av = constant
26. The sum of the pressure, KE per unit volume & the potential energy per unit volume
remains a constant.
27. P +
+ gh = constant.
28. It is a device used to measure the flow speed of incompressible fluid.

29. Bernoullis theorem.
30. Dynamic lift is the force that acts on a body by virtue of its motion through a fluid.
31. Dynamic lift due to spinning is called magnus effect.
32. It two streamlines cross each other than at the point of intersection the liquid should
move simultaneously in two different direction this is not possible.
33. The property of a liquid by which it opposes the relative motion between its different
layers is called viscosity. It is also called fluid friction.
34. When there is a relative motion between layers of the liquid.
35. It is defined as the ratio of shearing stress to the strain rate.
36. Nsm-2 or Pa S
37. ML-1T-1
38. Viscosity of liquid decreases with temperature.
39. Viscosity of gases increases with temperature.
40. The viscous force acting on an object moving in a fluid is directly proportional to the
velocity of the object.
41. Reynolds number is a pure number which determine the type of flow of a liquid
through a pipe.
42. Surface tension is defined as the tangential force per unit length acting normally on
either side of an imaginary line drawn on the surface of a liquid.
43. The extra potential energy of the molecules in the surface of a liquid is called surface
energy.
44. The surface tension of a liquid decreases with increases in temperature.
45. S=F/2l
46. The angle between the tangent to the liquid surface at the point of contact & the solid
surface inside the liquid is called the angle of contact.
47. If angle of contact is acute ( < 900).
48. If angle of contact is obtuse ( > 900).
49. Because of surface tension.
50. h =
51. Surface tension decreases.
Two mark answers

1. a) A liquid has a definite size but not a definite shape A gas has neither a definite size
nor a definite shape.
b) A liquid is nearly incompressible. A gas is highly compressible.
2. Liquid thrust is the total normal force exerted by a fluid on walls of container where as
pressure is fluid thrust per unit area.
3. SI unit is Nm-2 & Dimensions are ML-1T-2
4. A) directly proportional B) directly proportional
5. The pressure of the atmosphere at any point is known as atmosphere pressure & gauge
pressure is the difference of the actual pressure & the atmospheric pressure.
6. Hydraulic brake, Hydraulic lift, Hydraulic press.
7. When a body is immersed completely or partially in a liquid the apparent loss of weight
of the body is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced.
8. The resultant up thrust experienced by a body immersed completely or partially in a
liquid is called buoyancy because of buoyancy weight of the body decreases.
9. The liquid pressure is the same at all points at the same horizontal level (same depth)
the result is appreciated through the example of hydrostatic paradox when different
shaped vessels are connected at the bottom by a horizontal pipe & on filling with water
the level in the three vessels is the same through they hold different amounts of water.
10. Streamline flow & Turbulent flow.
11.
Streamline flow
Turbulent flow
1. It is a regular & orderly flow of
1. It is irregular & disorderly flow of
liquid.
liquid.
2. In Stream line flow velocity of all
2. In Turbulent flow the velocity of
the liquid particles is the same at a
all the liquid particles is different at
given point.
a given point.
3. The motion of liquid particles is
3. The motion of liquid particle is not
parallel to each other.
parallel to each other.
4. Every liquid particles moves with a
4. Every liquid particles moves with a
velocity less then the critical
velocity grater than the critical
velocity.
velocity.
12. It states that the product of area of cross section & the speed of a liquid remains the
same at all points of a tube of flow.
If a is the area of cross section of the tube at a point & v is the velocity of liquid in
that region then
v
v a = constant
13.Potential energy =
gh. Kinetic energy =
v2 & pressure energy =
14.Statement : Along the streamline of an ideal fluid the sum of the potential energy
kinetic energy & pressure energy per unit mass remains constant.
i.e gh +
+ = constant
For a liquid having horizontal flow h is constant then

+
= constant.
Thus the velocity of flow at any point increases the pressure at that point
decreases & vice versa.
15. Bernoullis principle that the pressure of any fluid decreases with increase in its
velocity is used in designing air craft wings.
The shape of the wings of an air craft is such that the speed of the air above the
aircraft is greater than the speed below the wings by Bernoullis theorem it follows
that the pressure below the wing is greater than that above. As a result an upward
force is produced which lifts the air craft.
16. An atomizer works on Bernoullis principle that the pressure of a fluid decreases
with increases in its peed. It consists of a cylinder fitted with piston at one end & the
other end terminates in a small constriction. The constriction is connected to a vessel
through a narrow tube. The air in the cylinder is pushed using the piston. As the air
passes though the constriction its speed is considerably increases & consequently
pressure drops the liquid rises from the vessel & is sprayed with the expelled air.
17. Coefficient of viscosity is defined the ratio of shearing stress to the strain rate i.e
=
SI unit is poiseiulle or NSm-2 or Pa.s
18. Statement : the viscous force acting on an object moving in a fluid is directly
proportional to the velocity of the object.
Stokes showed that the viscous force F acting on a body moving in a fluid is directly
proportional to its terminal velocity v i.e F v or F = Kv
Where K is the constant of proportionality.
19 . For a spherical solid object F = 6rv
Where 6 constant
coefficient of viscosity of liquid column
r radius of the spherical object
v terminal velocity
20. Surface tension is defined as the tangential force per unit length acting normally on
either side of an imaginary line drawn on the surface of a liquid.

If F is the force acting on a length of an imaginary line drawn on the surface of a liquid
then F L or F = TL
T = SI unit is Nm-1
21. If the angle of contact is acute ie < 900 liquid wets surface Ex: water & glass.
22. If the angle of contact is obtuse ie >900 liquid do not wets the surface Ex: Mercury
&glass
23. h =
T surface tension of the liquid r radius of capillary tube

density of liquid
g acceleration due to gravity
Angle of contact
24. a liquid surface has a tendancy to have minimum surface area due to the property of
surface tension.for a given volume,the surface area is minimum for a sphere. This is
why small drops of liquid and bubbles attain spherical shape
25. When detergent is added to water it decreases the surface tension of water.Therefore
when a dirty cloth is dipped in soapwater,it penetrates in to the interior parts of cloth
and removes the dirt,
4 mark answers
1. Consider a fluid at rest in a container as shown in the fig. the point 1 is at a height h above a
point 2 & the pressures at point 1& 2 are P1 & P2 respectively consider a cylindrical element
of fluid having area of base A & height h. As the fluid is at rest the resultant vertical forces
should balances the weight of the element. The forces acing in the vertical direction are due
to the fluid pressure at the top (P1 A) ( P= ) acting downward at the bottom (P2 A) acting
upward. If mg is weight of the fluid in the cylinder we have
(P2-P1) A = F but F = mg
(P2 P1) A = mg .. (1)
If is the density of the fluid then mass of fluid is m = V = h A ( V= hA )
Equation (1) becomes
(P2-P1) A = h A g
P2-P1 = g h (2)
If point 1 is shifted to the top of the fluid which is open to the atmosphere then P1=Pa
atmospheric pressure & replace P2 by P then equation (2) becomes
P - Pa = gh
Or P = Pa + gh
2. For a confined static liquid pressure applied at any point in the liquid is transmitted equally
& undiminished in all direction throughout the liquid.
At piston P, the force F1 acts over the area A1
P1 =
At piston Q the force F2 acts over area A2
P2 =
But according to Pascals law the pressure P1 is transmitted equally to piston Q

P1 =P2
=
F2 = F1 (
Since A2 > A1 , F2 > F1
Thus a small force applied on the smaller piston appears as a large force on the larges
piston.
3. The viscous force acting on an object moving in a fluid is directly proportional to the velocity
of the object.
When a body falls through a fluid it drags the layer of the fluid in contact with it. A relative
motion between the different layers of the fluid is set and as a result the body experiences a
retarding force. Stokes an English scientist enunciated clearly the viscous drag force F as
F = 6av
When a body falls through a fluid, initially it accelerates due to gravity. As the velocity
increases the retarding force also increases. Finally when viscous force & buoyant force
becomes equal to force due to gravity the net force becomes zero & acceleration also zero.
Then the body moves with constant velocity called terminal velocity Vt is given by F =
6avt = a3 ( - ) g.
When & are densities of sphere & the fluid respectively then.
Vt =
the terminal velocity Vt is directly proportional to square of the radious of the sphere &
inversely on the viscosity of the medium.
4. Bernoullis theorem relates the speed of a fluid at a given point, the pressure at that point &
the height of that point above a reference level. consider a liquid contained between cross
sections A & B of the tube as shown in fig. The height of A & B are h1 & h2 respectively from
a reference level.
Let the pressure at A & B be P1 & P2. The velocities at A and B be V1 and V2 and the density
of the liquid is According to Bernoullis theorem.
P1 + V12 + g h1 = P2 + V22 + g h2
i.e P + V2 + g h =constant.
This is known as Bernoullis equation. Thus for incompressible non viscous fluid in steady
state flow, the sum of pressure energy, kinetic energy and potential energy per unit volume
is constant.
V2
P2
V1
P2
h2
h1
5. The word efflux means fluid out flow. Torrecelli discovered that speed of efflux from an
open tank is given by a formula identical to that of a freely falling body. Consider a tank
containing a liquid of density with a small hole in its side at a height Y1 from the bottom.
The air above the liquid is at height Y2 is at a pressure P. From the equation of continuity we
have
V1 A1 =V2 A2
V2 =
V1
A2 > > A1 , V2 0
i.e the fluid to be approximately at rest at the top.
Now applying Bernoullis equation at points 1 and 2 & noting that at the whole P1 = Pa , the
atmospheric pressure we have
Pa+ V12 + g Y1 = P + g Y2
Take Y2- Y1 = h then
V1 =
If the tank is open to atmosphere than P = Pa
Then V1 =
This is known as Torricellis law
6. Consider a liquid film held by a U shaped wire and movable wire at one side. Let l be the
length of the movable wire. Since the liquid film has two surfaces, the wire experiences a
force 2lT. If the wire is moved to stretch the surface through a distance dx then
Work done = force X displacement.
= 2lT X dx
This is equal to the energy gained by the surface, 2l dx is the increase in the surface area
of the film.
Thus surface energy = T X surface area
2lT
dx
Liquid film
5 mark answers
1. Statement: Along the stream line of an ideal fluid, the sum of the potential energy, kinetic
energy & pressure energy per unit mass remains constant.
Explanation: It is same as Q.No 4 (4 mark question)
Application: Venturimeter, Atomisers and sprayers
2. There are to type of flow of fluids (1) stream line (2) Turbulent flow.
In stream line flow velocity of all the liquid particles is the same at a given point & it is
regular & orderly flow.
In turbulent flow the velocity of all the liquid particles is different at a given point & it is
irregular & disorderly flow of liquid.
When a non viscous & in compressible liquid flow in streamline motion in a tube of non
uniform cross section then the product of the area of cross section & velocity of liquid at
any point remains constant.
If a is the area of cross section of the tube at a point & V be the velocity of liquid then
V
or Va = constant.
This is known as the equation of continuity.

Similarly let A1 & A2 be the areas of cross section at M & N respectively. Let V1 & V2 be the
velocities in these sections then according to the equation of continuity V1A1 =V2A2
N
V2
V1
A1
A2
CHAPTER - 12
THERMODYNAMICS
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
1.
What is Thermodynamics?
2.
Mention the Macroscopic variables to specify the thermodynamics.
3.
How does thermodynamics differ from Mechanics?
4.
What is thermodynamic equilibrium?
5.
Give the meaning of the term adiabatic wall.
6.
Give the meaning of diathermic wall.
7.
Name the scientist who formulated. Zeroth law of thermodynamics.
8.
Write the significance of Zeroth law of thermodynamics?
9.
Mention the factor on which internal energy depends on.
10. Mention the modes of changing internal energy.

11. What are thermodynamic state variables?
12. Mention the modes of energy transfer to a system.
13. Define Internal energy.
14. Mention the principle of first law of thermodynamics
15. Define specific heat capacity of water.
16. Write the value of specific heat capacity of water.
17. Define one calorie.
18. What is equation of state?
19. Give the equation of state of ideal gas.
20. What is isothermal curve?
21. Mention the kinds of thermodynamic state variables.
22. Give an example of extensive state variable.
23. Give an example of intensive state variable.
24. What is quasi-static process?
25. What is isothermal process?
26. What is isobaric process?
27. What is isochoric process?
1
28. What is adiabatic process?

29. When does gas absorb heat and does work during isothermal process?
30. When does gas release heat and work is done by the surrounding?
31. Mention the condition for work done by the gas in an adiabatic process.
32. Mention the condition for work done on the gas in an adiabatic process.
33. What is the work done in isochoric process?
34. Mention the expression for work done in isobaric process.
35. What is the work done in cyclic process?
36. What is heat engine?
37. Define the efficiency of a heat engine.
38. Mention the expression for coefficient of performance of refrigerator
39. Mention the expression for amount of heat released to the heat reservoir.
40. What is Heat pump?
41. Mention the thermodynamic process in which highest efficiency is possible.
42. Mention the thermodynamic process in which lowest efficiency is possible.
43. What is Carnot engine?
44. Who designed the Carnot engine?
45. What is Carnot cycle?
46. Name the working substance used in Carnot cycle.
TWO MARK QUESTIONS :
1.
State and explain Zeroth law of thermodynamics.
2.
Justify the statement A gas in a given state has a certain amount of work.
3.
Justify the statement A gas in a given state has a certain amount of heat
4.
State and explain First law of thermodynamics.
5.
Explain isothermal process by applying first law of thermodynamics.
6.
Explain isobaric process by applying first law of thermodynamics.
7.
Write the equation of state for ideal gas. Explain the terms.
8.
Show that molar specific heat of solids, C = 3R.
9.
Mention the two ways of Mechanism of conversion of heat into work.
10. State both forms of second law of thermodynamics.
11. According to II law of thermodynamic, what are the limitations of efficiency and
co-efficient of performance.
12. What is reversible process? Give an example.
13. What is irreversible process? Give an example.
14. Mention the causes of irreversibility.
QUESTIONS CARRIES 4 OR 5 MARKS.
1. Using first law of thermodynamics, arrive at the relation, Cp-Cv = R.
2.
What is isothermal process? Obtain the equation of isothermal process

OR
What is isothermal process? Obtain the expression for work done by isothermal
process.
3.
What is adiabatic process? Obtain the expression for work done in adiabatic
process.
4.
Explain the features of a heat engine with schematic diagram.
5.
Distinguish between isothermal and adiabatic process.
6.
Describe the Carnot cycle of operation using PV diagram.
7.
Discuss the Carnot cycle of operation and deduce the expression for efficiency.
8.
What is refrigirator? Explaine the working of refrigerator with schematic diagram.
PROBLEMS :
1.
A cylinder with a movable piston contains 3 moles of hydrogen at constant

temperature and pressure. The walls of a cylinder are made up of a heat insulator,
and the piston is insulated by having a pile of sand on it. By what factor does the
pressure of a gas increases if the gas is compressed to half its original volume?
2.
In changing the state of a gas adiabatically from an equilibrium state A to another

equilibrium state B, an amount of work equal to 22.3 J is done on the system. If
the gs is taken from state A to B via a process in which the net heat absorbed by
the system is 9.35 cal., how much is the network done by the system in the later
case? (Take 1 cal = 4.19J)
3.
An electric heater supplies heat to a system at the rate of 10W. If the system
performs work at a rate of 75 joules per second. At what rate is the internal energy
increasing ?
4.
A steam engine delivers 5.4 x 108J of work per minute and services 3.6 x 109J of
heat per minute from the boiler. What is the efficiency of the engine? How much
heat is wasted per minute?
5.
A perfect Carnot engine utilizes an ideal gas. The source temperature is 500 K and
sink temperature is 375K. If the engine takes 600K cal per cycle from the source,
compute:
(a) the efficiency of the engine.
(b) Work done per cycle.
(c) Heat rejected to the sink per cycle.
6.
A refrigerator has to transfer an average of 263 J of heat per second from

temperature - 100C to 250C. Calculate the average power consumed assuming
ideal reversible cycle and no other losses.
What is the coefficient of performance ( ) or a Carnot refrigerator working
7.
between 300C and 00C?

8.
A certain volume of dry air at NTP is allowed to expand 4 times of its original
volume under (a) isothermal conditions (b) adiabatic conditions. Calculate the
final pressure and temperature in each case = 1.4.
9.
In a refrigerator, heat from inside at 277 K is transferred to a room at 300K. How

many joules of heat will be delivered to the room for each joule of electric energy
consumed ideally?
ANSWER TO ONE MARK QUESTIONS

1.
The branch of physics that deals with the concept of heat and temperature and
inter-conversion of heat and other forms of energy.
2.
Pressure, Volume, Temperature, mass and composition.
3.
Mechanics deals with motion of particles under the action of forces, while
Thermodynamics concerned with internal Microscopic state of the body.
4.
The system is said to be in the Thermodynamic equilibrium when the macroscopic

variables do not change with time.
5.
It is an insulating wall (can be movable) that does not allow flow of energy (heat)
from one system to another.
6.
It is a conducting wall that allows energy flow (heat) from one system to another.
7.
R.H. Fowler in 1931.
8.
It signifies the concept of temperature.
9.
It depends on state of system
10. Heat and work.

11. Variables like Pressure, Temperature, internal Energy which determines the
Thermodynamic state are called Thermodynamics state variables.
12. Heat and work.
13. Internal energy is the sum of molecular kinetic and potential energies in the frame
of reference relative to which the centre of mass of the system is at rest.
14. Law of conservation of energy.
15. Specific heat capacity of water is equal to the amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of 1kg of water by 1K.
16. 4186Jkg-1K-1
17. One calorie is defined to be the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of
1g of water from 14.50C to 15.50C.
18. The relation connecting between state variables is called equation of state.
19. PV = RT for moles of ideal gas.

20. The pressure- volume curve for fixed temperature is called isothermal curve.
21. Extensive variables and intensive variable.
22. Volume, Mass, Internal Energy etc.
23. Pressure, Temperature, Density etc.
24. The process in the system the variables (PTV) changes vary slowly so that the
system remain in thermal and mechanical equilibrium with its surrounding
throughout is called quasi-static process.
25. A process in which the temperature of the system is kept constant throughout is
called isothermal process. (i.e. T = 0)
26. A process in which the pressure is kept constant is called isobaric process.
(i.e. P=0)
27. A process in which the volume is kept fixed is called isochoric process
(i.e. V=0)
28. A process in which no heat flows between system and its surrounding is called
adiabatic process. (i.e. Q = 0)
29. during isothermal expansion.
30. during isothermal compression.
31. during adiabatic expansion.
32. during adiabatic compression.
33. Zero Joule (because heat absorbed by the gas is entirely utilized to change its
internal energy only).
34. W = P(V2 - V1)
35. Total work done is equal to total heat absorbed.
36. Heat engine is a device by which a system is made to undergo a cyclic process
that results in conversion of heat into work.
37. It is defined as the ratio of useful work done (W) to the heat input (Q1)
38.
Q2
W
39. Q1 = W + Q2
40. A device used to increase the temperature of a system is known as heat pump.
41. Reversible process.
42. Irreversible process.
43. A reversible heat engine operating between two temperatures is called a Carnot
engine.
44. N.L. Sodi Carnot - a French Engineer.
45. The sequence of steps constituting one cycle of operation of Carnot Engine is
called Carnot cycle.
46. Ideal Gas.
TWO MARK QUESTIONS :
1.
Statement: two systems in thermal equilibrium with a third system separately are
in thermal equilibrium with each other.
Explanation : If A and B are two systems are equilibrium with system C then
TA = TC and TB = TC.
This implies that TA = TB i.e. the system A and B are also in thermal equilibrium.
Thus we arrived the concept of temperature formally via the Zeroth Law.
2.
No, A gas in a given state has a certain amount of internal energy is a

meaningful statement.
3.
No, A certain amount of heat is supplied to the system or a certain amount of

work was done by the system is a meaningful statement.
4.
When an amount of heat energy is supplied to the system, part of it increases

internal energy of the system and remaining is utilized by the system to do work.
Explanation: If Q is heat supplied to the system by the surrounding, u is
change in internal energy of the system and w is work done by the system on the
surrounding.
Then according to first law of thermodynamics Q = u + w
7
* It is the principle of the conservation of energy.

5.
For isothermal process temperature remains constant i.e. u = 0.

Therefore according to first law of thermodynamics Q = w Heat supplied to
the system is used up entirely by the system in doing work on environment.
6.
For isobaric process pressure remains constant. W = P V i.e. work done by the
system. Then we write first law of thermodynamics as Q = u + P V.
7.
For an ideal gas, the equation of state is PV = RT., where P is pressure, V is

volume, R is universal gas constant and T is absolute temperature and is number
of moles.
8.
Consider a solid of N atoms, each vibrating about its mean position. An oscillator
in one dimension has average energy of 2 x kBT = kBT. For a mole of a solid.
The total energy, U = 3kBT x NA = 3 RT
At constant pressure, Q = u + P V U
Since for a solid V is negligible. Therefore, molar specific heat.
C=
9.
Q U
=
= 3R
T T
C = 3R
*The system is heated by an external furnace as in steam engine.

*The system is heated internally by an exothermic chemical reaction as in internal
combustion engine.
10. Kelvin-Planck statement: No process is possible whose sole result is the

absorption of heat from a reservoir and the complete conversion of the heat into
work
Clausius statement: No process is possible whose sole result is the transfer of
heat from a colder object to a hotter object.
* It can be proved that the two statements above are completely equivalent.
11. According the II Law,
*efficiency never be unity or never exceed unity.
*Coefficient of performance never be infinite.
12. A process is reversible only if it is quasi-static and non dissipative.
Eg. A quasi-static isothermal expansion of an ideal gas in a cylinder fitted with a
frictionless movable piston is reversible process.
13. A process which takes the system to the non equilibrium state is called irreversible
process.
*It cant be retraced in the reverse direction.
Eg. The Free expansion of gas. The combustion reaction of mixture of petrol and
air, ignited by a spark.
14. Friction, viscosity and other dissipative effect.
QUESTIONS CARRIES 4 OR 5 MARKS.
1.
According to 1st law of thermodynamics Q = u + P V,

consider one mole of ideal gas, if Q is the amount of heat absorbed at constant
volume then V = 0.
and molar specific heat of gas at constant volume becomes
Q
U
U
Cv =
=
=
--------------- 1
T V T V T
Where the subscript v is dropped in the last step, since U of an ideal gas depends
only on temperature.
If Q is the amount of heat absorbed at constant pressure then
Q
U
V
Cp =
=
+ P
T p T p T p
or
Q U V
Cp =
=
+ P
---------------2
T T T
Since U of an ideal gas depend only on T.

For one mole of ideal gas PV = RT
V
= R --------------- 3
T p
which gives P
substituting equations 1 and 3 in equation 2, we get

Cp = Cv + R
=> Cp - Cv = R
[This relation is called Mayers relation. Where R is universal gas constant and Cp
and Cv are molar specific heat capacities of an ideal gas at constant pressure and
constant volume respectively.]
2.
A thermodynamic process which takes place at a constant temperature is called an

isothermal process.
For an ideal gas in isothermal process, the equation of state for mole of gas is
PV = constant => PV = RT
The gas under goes isothermal expansion from (P1V1) to (P2V2), at any
intermediate stage with pressure P, and volume changes from V to V + V
Then work done W = P V.
Taking ( V 0) and summing the quantity W over the entire process.
V2
W = PdV
V1
V2
= RT
W=
dV
V2
=
RTln
V
V1
V1
RTln
V2
V1
This is the expression for work done during isothermal expansion.

3.
A thermodynamic process during which no heat enters or leaves the system is

known as an adiabatic process.
Consider moles of ideal gas undergoing a adiabatic expansion from V1 to V2.
For adiabatic process PV = constant, where is the ratio of specific heats at
constant pressure and at constant volume. i.e. =
Cp
Cv
If gas under goes change in its state adiabatically from (P1, V1) to (P2, V2)
Then = P1V1
P2 V2
The work done in adiabatic change of an ideal gas from the sate (P1, V1, T1) to the
state (P2, V2,T2) is
V2
W = PdV
V1
V2
dV
V +1
= constant x = cons tan t x
V
1
V1
10
V2
V1
cons tan t 1
1
x 1 1
(1 )
V1
V2
From equation (1) the constant is P1V1 or P2 V2 then
=
W =
cons tan t 1
1
x 1 1
(1 )
V1
V2
P2 V2 P1V1
1
x
W =
(1 ) V 2 1 V1 1
or W =
1
(P2 V2 P1V1 ) = R (T1 T2 )
(1 )
1
R (T1 T2 )
1
is the expression for work done by the gas in adiabatic process.
W =
4.
Heat engine is a device by which a system is made to undergo a cyclic process

that results in conversion of heat to work.
* It consists of a working substance-the system. Eg. a mixture of fuel vapour and
air in a gasoline.
* The working substance goes through a cycle consisting of several processes. In
some of these processes, it absorbs a total amount of heat Q1 from an external
reservoir at some high temperature T1.
* In some other processes of the cycle, the working substance releases a total
amount of heat Q2 to an external reservoir at some lower temperature T2.
* The work done (W) by the system in a cycle is transferred to the environment
via some arrangement like cylinder with piston system and is as shown in fig.
W
Hot
Reservior
T1
Q1
Q2
Cold
Reservior
T2
The cycle is repeated again and again to get useful work for some purpose.
11
5.
1. Temperature remains constant
1. Heat energy exchange is 0.
2. It is a slow process
2. It is sudden process.
3. It is represented by
3. It is represented by
equation PV = constant.
equation PV =Const.
4. Slope of PV graph is
4. Slope of PV graph is
comparatively large( time)
comparatively small.
5. Work done W = RT ln
6.
V2
V1
5. W =
R (T1 T2 )
1
Carnot cycle consists of two adiabatic and two isothermal processes, all are
reversible. To describe the carnot cycle, assume the working substance or ideal
gas contained in a cylinder fitted with a movable piston.
* The cylinder walls and piston are non-conducting.
Step 12 :
Isothermal expansion of the gas taking its state from (P1, V1, T1) to
(P2, V2, T1).
Thus the work done ( w12 ) by the gas on the environment is
w12
Step
23 :
= Q1 = RT1 ln
V2
V1
--------- (1)
Adaibatic expansion of the gas from (P2, V2, T1) to (P3, V3, T2).
Thus the work done ( w 23 ) by the gas is
w 2 3 =
Step 34 :
R (T1 T2 )
--------- (2)
1
Isothermal compression of the gas taking its state from

(P3, V3, T2) to (P4, V4, T2).
Heat released (Q2) by the gas to the reservior at temperature T2.
Thus the work done ( w 34 ) on the gas by the environment is
w 34 = Q2 = RT2 ln
V3
V4
--------- (3)
12
Step 41 :
Adaibatic compression of the gas from (P4, V4, T2) to (P1, V1, T1).
Thus the work done ( w 41 ) on the gas is
w 41 =
R (T1 T2 )
1
--------- (4)
From equation (1) to (4) total work done by the gas in one complete cycle
W = w12 + w 23 - w 34 - w 41
W = RT1 ln
V2
V
- RT2 ln
V1
V
3
4
The efficiency of the carnot engine is
W
Q
= 1 2
Q1
Q1
V3
ln
T2 V 4
------------(5)
= 1
T1 ln V 2
V1
Step
2 3 :
is an adiabatic process
Then T1 V2 1 = T2 V3 1
1 /( 1)
V T
i.e. 2 = 2
V3 T1
Similarly in Step
------------(6)
is an adiabatic process
41
Then T2 V4 1 = T1 V1 1
1/( 1)
V T
i.e. 1 = 2
V4 T1
------------(7)
From equations (6) and (7) we get
V3 V2
=
V4 V1
------------(8)
13
From equations (8) and (5) we get
= 1
T2
T1
------------(9)
is the expression for efficiency of carnot engine.

Note : (i) The interesting aspect of of Carnot engine is that it is independent of the
nature of the working substance. But Carnot used an ideal gas operation
which is not strictly followed by real gases or fuels.
(ii) Theoretically can be 100%.
(iii) The efficiency of Carnots ideal engine depends only on the temperatures of
the source and the sink.
(iv) Efficiency of any reversible engine working between same two temperatures
is same.
7.
Discuss the Carnot cycle of operation and deduce the expression for efficiency.
Carnot engine is works on the principle of Carnot cycle made up of four stages are
represented as shown in (PV) diagram.
1) Isothermal expansion (LM): The
gas is allowed to expand isothermally.
During the expansion gas absorb an
amount of heat Q1 from the source at T1,
(2)Adiabatic expansion (MN): The gas is
allowed to expand adiabatically till the
temperature of gas falls to T2, the
L( V1 , P1, T1 )
M (V2 , P2 , T1 )
P
O(V4 , P4 , T2 )
N( V3 , P3 , T2 )
temperature of the sink,

V
(3) Isothermal compression (NO): The
gas is compressed slowly at constant
temperature T2. During this process a certain amount of heat Q2 is rejected into the
sink,
(4) Adiabatic compression (OL): The gas is further compressed adiabatically till
it returns to its initial state L.
The cycle of operations, LM, MN, NO and OL is called the Carnot cycle. It is
represented by the closed loop LMNOL.
14
8.
A refrigerator is the reverse of a heat engine. Here the working substance extracts
heat Q2 from the cold reservoir at temperature T2, some external work W is done
on it and heat Q1 is released to the hot reservoir at temperature T1.
W
Hot
Reservior
T1
Q1
Q2
Cold
Reservior
T2
In a refrigerator the working substance (usually, in gaseous form) goes through

the following steps:
(a)
Sudden expansion of the gas from high to low pressure which cools it and
converts it into a vapour-liquid mixture,
(b) Absorption by the cold fluid of heat from the region to be cooled converting
it into vapour.
(c)
Heating up of the vapour due to external work done on the system, and
(d) Release of heat by the vapour to the surroundings, bringing it to the initial
state and completing the cycle.
The coefficient of performance (a) of a refrigerator is given by =
SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS :
1.
since the process is adiabatic
P1V1 = P2 V2
V1 2
= , = 7 / 5 for hydrogen
V2 1
Factor by which the pressure of the gas increases

P2 V1
=
=>
P1 V 2
=>
15
P2
7/5
= (2)
P1
2
W
2.
Since, the system is going from A to B and then back to A, it is undergoing a

cyclic change. Now in cyclic change there is no change in internal
energy U = 0 .
From first law of thermodynamics
Q = U + W = W
[ Q U = 0]
The amount of heat absorbed by the system

Q = 9.35cal - 22.3J
= (9.35 x 4.19 - 22.3)J

= 16.87J
The net work done by the system W = 16.87J

3.Given : heat supplied per second, Q = 100J
Work done by the system per second W = 75J
Increase in internal energy per second = U ?
From the first law of thermodynamics
Q = U + W
U = 100 J 75 J
U = Q W
U = 25J per second.
or U = 25 W
4.
Given : Q1 = heat absorbed from the boiler per minute = 3.6 x 109J
W = work done per minute by the steam engine = 5.4 x 108J
Q2 = heat wasted / rejected per minute = ?
= percentage efficiency of the heat engine =?
We have = % =
W
x100
Q1
5.4 x108 J
=
x 100
3.6 x109 J
3
x 100 = 15%
20
Also heat absorbed Q1 =W+Q2

heat wasted Q2 = Q1 - W = 36 x 108 - 5.4 x 108
= 30.6 x 108J/min. = 3.06 x 109J/m
= 3.1 x 109J/min.
16
5.
Given : T1 = 500K
T2 = 375K
Q1 = Heat absorbed per cycle = 600K cal.
We have = 1
T2
T1
T1 T2
500-375 125
=
=
= 0.25
T1
500
500
% = 0.25 x 100 = 25%
Suppose W = work done per cycle

from the relation , =
W
we get
Q1
W= Q1 = 0.25 x 600 K cal.

= 150K cal
= 150 x 103 x 4.2 J
= 6.3 x 105 J.
Suppose Q2 = heat rejected to the sink.
Then W = Q1 - Q2, we get
Q2 = Q1-W = 600 - 150 = 450 K cal.
6.
T1 = 25 + 273 = 298 K
We have
Q1 T1
=
Q 2 T2
T2 = -10 + 273 = 263 K

Q 1=
T1
298
x 263
x Q2 =
T2
263
Q1 = 298Js-1
Average power consumed = Q1 - Q2
= (298 - 263) Js-1
= 35 W
17
Q2 = 263 JS-1
7.
Given : T2 = 00C = 273 K

T1 = 300C = 273 + 30 = 303 K
= ?
We have =
8.
T2
T1 T2
273
273
=
= 9.1
303 273 30
Given : V1 = V
V2 = 4V
P1 = 76cm of Hg.
P2 = ?
= 1.4
T1 = 273 K
T2 = ?
For isothermal expansion

P1 V1 = P2V2
P2 = P1
=
V1
V2
76
= 19 cm of Hg.
4
As the process is isothermal, therefore the final temperature will be the same as the
initial temperature.
i.e. T2 = 273K
For Adiabatic expansion: P1V1 = P2V2
V1
P2 = P1
V
2
1.4
1
P2 = 76
4
= 76 x (0.25)1.4
= 10.91 cm of Hg.
18
Also
T1V1
= T2 V2
V1
T2 = T1
V2
=
9.
1.4 1
1
T2 = 273
4
273
= 156.8 K
( 4 ) 0.4
T2 = 277K, T1 = 300 K, Q1 =?, W = 1 J

T2
T1 T2
277
277
=
=
= 12.04
300 277 23
We have =
Also
Q2 Q2
=
W
1
We get = Q2
Q2 = 12.04 J
Now
W = Q1 - Q2
or Q1 = W + Q2
i.e. Total heat delivered to the room,
Q1 = 1 + 12.04 = 13.04 J
*****
19
KINETIC THEORY
ONE MARK OUESTION:
1.Name any one scientist who explained the behavior of gases considering it to be made up of tiny
particles.
2.Based on which idea kinetic theory of gases explain the behavior of gases?
3.Mention any one measurable property of gas.
4.Name any one scientist who suggested that matter consists of indivisible constituents.
5.What is an ideal gas or a perfect gas?
6.Draw P-V curve or diagram for Boyles law.
7.Draw P-V curve for Charles law.
8.What is the value of universal gas constant R?
9. On what factor does the internal energy of a gas depend on?
10.On what factors does internal energy of the gas doesnt depend?
11.Define degrees of freedom.
12.How many degrees of freedom a mono atomic gas molecule possess?
13.How many degrees of freedom a di-atomic gas molecule possess?
14.State the law of equipartition of energy.
15.What is the value of Boltzmanns constant?
16.What is the value of ratio of specific heats for a mono atomic gas molecule?
17.What is the value of ratio of specific heats of di-atomic gas molecule?
18.Write the general formula for ratio of specific heats for poly atomic gases.
19.Write the equation connecting Cp,Cv & R.
20.Define mean free path.
21. Write the equation for pressure of an ideal gas.
22.Write the order of mean free path in gases .
[1]
TWO MARK QUESTION:

23.Show that specific heat of solids C=3R.
24.What are the important characteristics of an ideal gas?
25.State and explain Boyles law.
26.State and explain Charles law.
27.Write the perfect gas equation and explain the terms.
28.State and explain Daltons law of partial pressures.
29.Write the equation for mean free path and explain the terms.
30.Explain the term free mean free path.
FOUR MARK QUESTION:

31.Mention the salient features of kinetic theory of gases developed by Maxwell and Boltzmann.
32.Derive the equation P= /
33.Deduce the expression PV=RT.
34.Determine the specific heat capacity of a mono atomic gas molecule.
35.Determine the specific heat capacity of a di-atomic gas molecule treated as a rigid rotator.
36. Deduce the equation =

37.Apply law of equipartition of energy to a monoatomic gas molecule.
38.Apply the law of equipartition of energy to a di-atomic gas molecule treating it as a rigid rotator.
FIVE MARK QUESTION:
39.Mention any five assumptions of kinetic theory of gases.
40.Derive an expression for pressure of an ideal gas.
41.From kinetic theory of gases explain the kinetic interpretation of temperature.
42.Define mean free path and hence derive the expression l=

[2]
ANSWERS:1.Newton,Boyle.
2.Gases consist of rapidly moving atoms or molecules .
3.Viscosity,conduction,diffusion,pressure.
4.Kanada,Damocritus.
5.Is one which obeys Boyles law and Charls law at all values of temperature and pressure.
6.
V
7.
T
8. 8.314 J
9. Temperature.
10.Pressure,volume.
11.Number of co-ordinates required to specify the position of a molecule.
12.Three translational degrees of freedom.
13.Three translational degrees of freedom and two rotational degrees of freedom.
14.It states that for any system in thermal equilibrium,the total energy is equally distributed among its
various degrees of freedom and the energy associated with each molecule per degree of freedom is

T.

15. 1.38*10 J
16.
17.

!
[3]
18. "

19. (#$ -#% )=R
20.The average distance travelled by a gas molecule between two successive collisions .

21. P= nm&'
22.
1000(
23.For a mole of solid U=3 T)* "3RT

At constant pressure , " / 1
. C=0 =0 =3R
24.The molecules of a gas are point masses, inter molecular force among molecules is zero.
25.At constant temperature T, the volume V of a given mass of gas is inversely proportional to its

pressure P i.e V2 3 or PV=K.

26.At constant pressure P , the volume V of a given mass of gas is directly proportional to its absolute
temperature T i.e
4
0
=constant or V=KT.
27. PV= where P is the pressure ,V volume , number of moles, R gas constant T temperature.
28.The total pressure of a mixture of ideal gases is the sum of the partial pressures
Consider a mixture of two ideal gases number of moles of gas 1, number of moles of gas 2
At a temperature T ,pressure P
PV=( )RT
P=
50
4
+
P=6 +6

29. l=
50
4
where 6 is pressure of gas 1 and 6 is pressure of gas 2
where n is number of moles ,d diameter of the molecule .
30.During the motion of molecules of a gas, the molecule suffers number of collisions with other gas
molecules .During two successive collisions , a molecule of a gas moves in a straight line with constant
velocity and the average distance travelled by a molecule during all collisions is known as mean free
path.
31. A gas consist of large number of tiny particles called molecules which are perfectly rigid and elastic
[4]
The molecules are in a state of continuous random motion moving in all directions with all
possible velocities
At ordinary temperature and pressure, the size of the molecules is negligible compared with the
average distance between the molecules.
The molecules have velocities ranging from 0 to ,so that average velocity of random motion is
zero.
The collision between the two molecules is perfectly elastic that is the kinetic energy remains
conserved in the collision .
There is no inter molecular force of attraction between the molecules of the gas .
Between two successive collisions a molecule traverses straight line path with constant speed
called mean free path of the molecule.
32. Perfect gas equation is PV=RT where R=)* , )8 number of moles in the sample, Boltzmann
constant
9
Choosing Kelvins we have " 9 " ;

:
<
,M is mass of the gas containing N molecules , is molar
mass
9
9 50
PV== 9 RT or P = 4 .9
=
Or p= RT
9
:
33. From Boyles law V 2
9
4
where

3
"
>
OR V=3 (1)
at constant temperature
From Charles law V2 at constant pressure

OR V= KT ..(2)
0
From equation (1) and(2) V2 3 OR
34
0
=constant
For one mole of gas, the constant has same value for all gases and is called universal gas constant R
.
34
0
=R ie PV=RT
For number of moles PV=.

34. A mono atomic gas molecule has three translational degrees of freedom. The average energy of a

molecule at temperature T is T

Total internal energy U= T)* = RT

1
The molar specific heat at constant volume #% =0 = R

[5]
We have #$ = #% ? " R+R=

C
@A
. ratio of specific heats = @ = =

C
35. Di-atomic gas molecule has three translational degrees of freedom and two rotational degrees of
freedom, totally five. Average energy U= )* = RT

1
#% =0 = R
!
#$ =#% +R=R+R=R
"
@A
@B
!C 5

C 5
Note: If the di-atomic molecule is not a rigid rotator, it has a additional vibration mode
!
U= D T + E )* = RT

#% =
1
0
= R
#$ " #% +R
. "
@A
@B
"
FC 5

!C 5

=!
36. For poly atomic gas molecule, there are three translational three rotational and f vibrational
degrees of freedom .

The average internal energy U=[ T + + f X T] )*

=(3+f) )* =(3+f)RT
1
#% =0 =(3+f)R
#$ " #% +R
=(3+f)R+R = (4+f)R
"
@A
@B
=

37. A monoatomic gas molecule is free to move in space and has 3 translational degrees of freedom .

Each translational degree of freedom contributes for the total energy and = .
[6]
The kinetic energy of a monoatomic molecule is

H0 = mIJ + m&K +mIL

For a gas at temperature T, average value of energy is denoted by <H0 >

<H0 >= mIJ + mIK +mIL = T

Since there is no preferred direction < mIJ > = < mIK > = <mIL > = T .
38.Diatomic molecule has three translational degrees of in addition to that ,it can also rotate about its
center of mass i.e, two independent rotational degrees of freedom . Since the diatomic molecule is
treated as a rigid rotator , the molecule does not vibrate. Each degree of freedom contributes to the
total energy consisting of translational energy HM and rotational energy HN .

HM ? HN " mIJ + mIK +mIL + O +

O
where and are angular speeds about the axes 1and 2, O and O are corresponding moment of
inertia.
39.The following are the assumptions
a) A gas consists of large number of tiny particles called molecules which are perfectly rigid and
elastic.
b) The molecules are in a state of continuous motion moving in all directions with all possible
velocities.
c) At ordinary temperature and pressure, the size of the molecule is negligible compared with the
average distance between the molecules.
d)The molecules have velocities ranging from 0 to
,so that average velocity of random motion
is zero.
e)The collision between two molecules is perfectly elastic that is kinetic energy remains conserved in
he collision.
f)Between two successive collisions, molecules traverse a straight line path with constant speed
called free path of the molecule.
g)There is no inter molecular force of attraction between the molecules of the gas.
h)The collisions are almost instantaneous and the molecules obey Newtons laws of motion.
[7]
40. Consider a gas enclosed in a cube of side l . Let the axes be parallel to the sides of the cube. A
molecule with velocity (IJ, IK ,IL ) hits the planar wall parallel to y z plane of area . Since the collision is
elastic , the molecule rebounds with same velocity, its y and z components do not change in the
collision, but the x component reverses its sign. Velocity after collision is given by (RIJ , IK , IL ).
Change in momentum of the molecule is given by -mIJ -(+mIJ )=-2mIJ .
By the principle of conservation of momentum, the momentum imparted to the wall=2m IJ .In a small
time, interval t a molecule with a velocity IJ will hit the wall if it is in a distance IJ t from the wall.
That is all molecules with in the volume AIJ t only can hit the wall in time t. On an average half the
molecules move towards the wall and the other half away from the wall.
No of molecules with velocity (IJ, IK ,IL ) hitting the wall in a time t is AIJ t n
where n-no of molecules per unit volume. The total momentum transferred to the wall by these

molecules in a time t is Q=(2mIJ

AIJ t n).
The force on the wall is the rate of momentum transfer
/
/
U
and pressure is the force per unit area.
P=* U =(2mIJ
AIJ t n)/A t
Or P=nmIJ .
Actually all the molecules in a gas do not have same velocity. The above equation gives pressure due to
a group of molecules with speed IJ in the x direction and n stands for number density of that group of
molecules.
The total pressure is obtained by summing over the contribution due to all the groups.
[8]
VVVV where I
VVVV is the average of I . By symmetry
P=nmI
J
J
J

VVVV = &
VVVVV
VVVVV
I
J
K =IL . Therefore

VVVV +&
VVVVV
VVVVV
P=nm[I
J
K +IL ]/3

VVVV where
P= nmI

VVVV +&
VVVVV
VVVV =I
VVVVV
I
J
K +IL .

VVV ---(1)
41. The pressure exerted by a gas is given by P= nm&

Multiplying by V on both sides,

VVV
PV=nmV&
VVV
---(2)
PV= N m&

Where N=nV, no of molecules in the sample.

The average translational kinetic energy of the molecules is the internal energy E of the ideal gas.
VVV
----(3)
E=Nm&

(2)PV=E----(4)
Combining (4) and perfect gas equation PV=RT

E= RT =N T---(5)

From (3) and (5),
W VVV

= m& = T
;
Therefore average kinetic energy of a molecule is proportional to absolute temperature of the gas but is
independent of pressure ,volume or nature of the ideal gas.
42. The Consider a gas in a container having XY molecules per unit volume . Let d be the diameter of a
molecule A which is assumed to be motion , while other molecules are at rest. The molecule A collides
with other molecules like B and C whose centres are at a distance d from the centre of the molecule A
as shown in the figure. If the molecule moves a distance L , then this molecule makes collisions with all
molecules lying inside the cylinder of volume Z[ L .
[9]
If n be the number of molecules per unit volume , then total number of molecules =n X Z[ L
.Therefore number of collisions suffered by the molecule A =total number of molecules =ZX[ L Now
Y
0\M8] ^_M8`a
MN8%a]]a
mean free path of a molecule is given by " ;bcdaN \ `\]]^_^\_ _b aNa
e
==
In the above derivation ,it is assumed outer molecules to be at rest . Taking in to consideration the
motion of all gas molecules , the mean free path is given by
=

B
d
A
ZZ
[10]
[11]
CHAPTER 14 :OSCILLATIONS
One mark questions
1. Define frequency of periodic motion.
2. Give an example for a non-simple harmonic periodic motion.
3. What is the SI unit of frequency?
4. Give the relation between period and frequency of periodic motion.
5. What is the mean position(or equilibrium position) of an oscillating body?
6. Define the phase of particle in oscillatory motion.
7. What is the net external force acting on the body at its equilibrium position?
8. Where will be the force acting on a particle executing SHMmaximum?
9. Define amplitude of simple harmonic motion.
10. What is the SI unit of angular frequency?
11. Give the relation between angular frequency and frequency.
12. Mention the relation between angular frequency and period.
13. Write the relation between m, and k, where the terms have usual meaning.
14. Give the expression ofthe force law (Hookes law)fora particle executingSHM.
15. Mention the expression for velocity of a particle executing SHM.
16. What is the phase difference between velocity and displacement of a particle executing SHM?
17. What is the phase difference between acceleration and displacement of a particle executing
SHM?
18. Write the relation between velocity amplitude v, the displacement amplitude A and the
angular frequency
of SHM.
19. Give the expression for acceleration of a particle executing SHM.
20. Give the expression for kinetic energy of the particle executing SHM at mean position.
21. What is the minimum value of kinetic energy of a particle executing SHM?
22. Does the total mechanical energy of a harmonic oscillator depend on time?
23. When will the motion of a simple pendulum be simple harmonic?
24. The time period of simple pendulum is T, What is the time period when mass of the bob is
doubled?
25. How does the time period of a simple pendulum vary when it is taken from equator to poles?
26. What happens to the time period of a simple pendulum when it is taken from earth to the
moon?
27. How does the time period of simple pendulum vary with its length?
28. How is the time period of the pendulum affected when it is taken to hills or in to mines?
29. What is the cause for damped oscillations?
30. What happens to the mechanical energy of the particle executing damped oscillations?
31. Whether the amplitude increase or decrease or remains same in damped oscillations?
32. What is resonance?
33. What is the frequency of oscillation of a simple pendulum mounted in a cabinthat is freely
falling under gravity?
34. What is the condition for resonance?
Two marks questions

1. What is periodic motion? Give
ive an example.
2. Define period of periodic motion.State
motion.
its SI unit.
3. On an average a human heart is found to beat 75 times in a minute. Calculate its frequency
and period.
4. A particle takes 32s to make 20
20 oscillations. Calculate time period and frequency.
5. Which of the followingfunctions of time represent (a) periodic and(b) non-periodic
non
motion?
Also give
ive the period foreach in case of periodic motion [is anypositive constant].
(a) sin3t
(b) sint+ cost
(d) 3 cos(/4 2t)
(e) sin t
(c) sint+ cos2t + sin4t
(f) sin t
(g)e
(h)) log (t)
6. Give the expression for the displacement of a particle executing

executing simple harmonic motion.
mo
7. Plot the graph of x(t) as a function of time for the motion represented by the equation
x(t) = A cos(t+ ),Where A, and
are constants.
8. The displacement of a particle executing SHM is given by x(t) = Acos(t+
).
Writethe expression for velocity and acceleration.
9. Does the function sintcos
cos t represent SHM?Find its (i) period and (ii) phase angle.
angle
10. Mention the expression for kinetic energy of a particle executing SHM.. Explain the terms.
11. Where is the kinetic energy of a particle executing SHM (i) minimumand
and (ii) maximum?
12. Give the expression for the time period of a simple harmonic oscillator
scillator (spring system).
13. Draw the free-body
body diagram of the simple pendulum showing the forces acting on the bob.
14. Mention the expression for potential energy of a particle executing SHM.
SHM Explain the terms.
15. Where is the potential energy of a particle executing SHM (i) minimum and (ii) maximum?
maximum
16. Give the expression for total mechanical energy of a particle executing SHM.
SHM
17. Mention the expression for time period of simple pendulum. Explain the terms.
18. What is the length of a simple
e pendulum, which ticks seconds?
seconds
19. Write the expression for time period of oscillations of loaded spring. Explain the terms.
20. What are free oscillations? Give an example.
21. What are damped oscillations?
scillations? Give an example.
22. What are forced or driven oscillations? Give an example.
23. What are the two basic characteristics of a simple harmonicmotion?
24. What is the ratio of maximum acceleration to the maximumvelocity of a simple harmonic
oscillator?
25. What is the ratio between the distance travelled by the
oscillatorin one time period and amplitude?
26. The displacement-time
time curve for a particle executing
S.H.M. is given. (i) What is the time period of S.H.M? (ii)
What is the phase of the particle at t = 2s?
27. Give the expression for damping force. Explain the terms.
28. Draw the displacement time graph for damped oscillations.
29. Write the expression for angular frequency of damped oscillator. Explain the terms.
30. Give the expression for total mechanical energy of the damped oscillator.
Explain the terms.
31. A man with a wristwatch on his hand falls from the top of a tower. Does thewatch give correct
time during the free fall?And
And why?
32. Give the graphical representation
ation ofthe variation of potential
p
energy,, kinetic energy and the
total energy as functions of position x for a linear harmonic oscillator with amplitude A.
Four/Five marks questions

1. State force law definition
ition of simple harmonic motion and hence obtain the expression for
angular frequency.
2. Plot the velocity-time
time graph and acceleration-time
time graph of a particle executing SHM
whose displacement is given by x(t) = A cos(t).
Also give the expressions for the velocity and acceleration.
3. Arrive at the expression for time period of oscillation of
of a mass attached to a spring.
4. Explain simple harmonic motion with reference to uniform circular motion with the help of a
diagram.
5. Show that in simple harmonic motion, the acceleration is directly proportional to its
displacement at the given instant of time.
6. Derive the expression for the kinetic energy and potential energy of a harmonic oscillator.
7. Arrive at an expression for the time period of simple pendulum.
8. Discuss the effect of damping force on a system (a mass attached to a spring)executing
spring)
SHM
in a viscous medium and obtain an expression for displacement of the damped oscillator.
oscillator
Four/Five marksProblems
1. A particle executing S.H.M. has a maximum speed of 30 cm/s and a maximum acceleration of
60 cm/s2. Calculate
alculate the period of the oscillation.
2. A particle oscillates with SHM according to the equation:x
equation = 5 cos(2t + /4) metre.
At t = 1.5 s, calculate the (a) displacement, (b) speed and (c) acceleration of the body.
3. A 5 kg collar is attached to a spring of spring constant 500 Nm
N 1. It slides without friction over
a horizontal rod.The collar is displaced from its equilibrium position by 10.0 cm and released.
Calculate (a) the period of oscillation, (b) the maximum speed and (c) maximum acceleration
of the collar.
4. A spring balance has a scale that reads from 0 to 50 kg. The length of the scale is 20cm. A
body suspended from this balance, when displaced and released, oscillateswith a period of
0.6 s. What is the weight of the body?
body
5. A spring having a spring constant of 1200 Nm1 is mounted on a
horizontal table as shown in the figure. A mass of 3 kg is attached to
the free end of the
he spring. Themass is then pulled sideways to a
distance of 2.0 cm and released.
Determine (i) the frequency of oscillations,
(ii) maximum acceleration of the mass and (iii) the maximum speed of the mass.
6. A particle executes SHM along the x-axis,
x axis, its displacement varies with the time according to
the equation: x(t) = 2.5 cos(4
t + /6), where x(t) in metre and t is in second.
second
Determine the amplitude, frequency,
frequency period and phase constantof
of the motion.
motion
2
7. The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of moon is 1.7 ms . What is the time period of
a simple pendulum on the surface of moon if its time period on the surface of earth is 1.5s.
8. A particle describes SHM with amplitude of 5 cm and a period of 0.2 s. Find the acceleration
and velocity of the particle when the displacement is (a) 5cm, (b) 3 cm and (c) 0 cm.
9. A block of mass is 1 kg is fastened to a spring. The spring has a spring constant of 50 Nm1.
The block is pulled to a distance x=
= 10 cm from its equilibrium position at x= 0 on a
frictionless surface from rest at t=
= 0. Calculate the kinetic, potential and total energies of the
block when it is 5 cm away from the mean position.
10. The piston in the cylinder head of a locomotive has a stroke (twice the amplitude) of 1.0 m.
If the piston moves with simple harmonic motion with an angular frequencyof 200 rad/min,
what is its maximum speed and maximum acceleration?
acceleration
Answers to one mark questions

1. The number of repetitions that occur per unit time (second) is called the frequency of the
periodicmotion.
2. Rotation of earth about its axis, Revolution of earth around the sun, etc..
3. hertz (Hz).
1
1
or T = , where is frequency and T is time period.
T
5. It is a position of the particle where the net force acting on it is zero.

6. Phase of a vibrating particle is defined as state of vibration regarding position and direction
4. =
of motion at that instant of motion.

7. Zero.
8. At the extreme positions.
9. The magnitude of the maximum displacement ofthe particle in either direction of SHM is
called the amplitude.
10. radianper second (rad/s).
11. = 2 , where is frequency and is angular frequency.
12. =
2
, where is angular frequency and T is time period.
T
13. Angular frequency: =
k
m
14. F(t) = k x(t).

15. Velocity: v(t) = Asin(t+ ).
16. /2 or 90o.
17. or 180o.
18. v = A.
19. Acceleration : a(t) = 2A cos (t+ )= 2x(t)
20. Kinetic energy at mean position(maximum value) = Kmax =
1
1
m2 A2 or Kmax = k A2
2
2
21. Zero (at extreme positions of displacement).

22. No, the total mechanical energy of a harmonic oscillator is independent of time.
23. The motion of a simple pendulum swinging through small angles is approximately SHM.
24. Time period = T, since the time period of simple pendulum is independent of mass of the bob.
25. The time period decreases as the value of g is more at the poles than that at equator.
26. The time period increases as the value of g is less on the moon than that on earth surface.
27. Time period of simple pendulum is directly proportional to the square root of its length.
28. The time period increases as the value of g is less on hills or in mines than that at surface.
29. Air drag, viscous force and friction at support oppose the oscillations are main causes for
damping.
30. Mechanical energy of the particle decreases.
31. Amplitude decreases gradually in damped oscillations.
32. The phenomenon of increase in amplitude when the driving frequency (applied) is close to
the natural frequency of the oscillatoris called resonance.
33. Frequency is zero since the gravity disappears for free fall.
34. d= , where is natural angular frequency and d is driven angular frequency
ORd=, where is natural frequency and d is driven frequency
Answers to Two marks questions

1. The motion that repeats itself at regular intervals of time is called periodic motion.
E.g.: The motion of leaves and branches of a tree in breeze,orbital motion of planets in the
solar system, oscillations of loaded spring, movement of the pendulum of a clock.
2. The smallest interval of time after which the motion is repeated is called time period.
SI unit of period is second(s).
3. The beat frequency of heart = 75/(1 min) = 75/(60 s) = 1.25 s1 = 1.25 Hz
The time period T= 1/(1.25 s1) = 0.8 s
Total time
32 s
4. Time period =
=
= 1.6 s
Number of oscillations
20
1
1
Frequency =
=
= 0.625 Hz
Time period 1.6
5. (a) sin3t is a periodic function.
Period of the function is 2/3
(b) sint+ cos tis a periodic function.

sint+ cos t = 2 sin (t+ /4)
Now
2 sin (t+ /4)= 2 sin (t+ /4 +2)
Period of the function is 2/.
= 2 sin [ (t + 2/) + /4]
(c) sint+ cos 2t + sin 4tis a periodic function.

sinthas a period of 2/, cos2t has a period of 2/2and
sin 4thas a period of 2/4.
Period of the function is 2/.
(d) 3 cos (/4 2t)is a periodic function.
Period of the function is 2/2= /
(e) sin2t= ( cos 2t) is a periodic function. Period of the function is 2/2 = /
(f) sin3t is a periodic function.
Period of the function is 2/
(g) e
is a non-periodic function.
t
e decreases monotonically with increasing time and tends to zero as t and
never repeats its value.
(h) log (t) is a non-periodic function.
log(t) increases monotonically with time t. Itnever repeats its value.
As t ,log(t) diverges to . It cannot represent any kind of physicaldisplacement.
6. x(t) = Acos(t+ ),
Where x(t) is displacement as a function of time,
A is Amplitude, is angular frequency,
isphase constant and (t+ ) is phase.
7. Displacement :x(t) = Acos(t+ ),
The graph of x as a function of time for the SHM is shown in the adjacent figure.
8. Displacement :x(t) = Acos(t+ ),
Velocity: v(t) = Asin (t+ )andacceleration: a(t) = A2cos(t+ )
9. The function sintcostrepresents SHM.
Because sin t cos t = sin t sin (/2 t)= 2 cos (/4) sin (t/4)= 2 sin (t/4)
This function represents a simple harmonic motion having a period T = 2/ and
a phase angle (/4) or (7/4).
1
1
m2 A2 sin2 ( t + ) or K = k A2 sin2 ( t + )
2
2
Where m is mass of the particle executing SHM, is angular frequency,Ais Amplitude,
10. Kinetic energy: K =
is angular frequency,
is phase constant,
(t+ ) is phase and k is force constant.
11. (i) Minimum at extreme positions (ii) maximum at mean position.

12. The time period of a simple harmonic oscillator:T = 2
m
k
Where m is the mass of the load attached andk is the force constant.
13. Free-body diagram of the simple pendulum is shown in the
adjacent diagram.
Where m is the mass of the bob of the pendulum,
L is the length of the pendulum,
T is the tension in the string,
Fg(= mg) is the gravitational force
Fgcos radial component of gravitational force and
Fgsin is the tangential component of gravitational force.
1
1
1
k x2 = m2 A2cos2 ( t + ) or U = k A2cos2 ( t + )
2
2
2
Where m is mass of the particle executing SHM, is angular frequency,A is Amplitude,
is angular frequency, is phase constant, (t+ ) is phase and k is force constant.
14. Potential energy U =
15. (i) Minimum at mean position (ii) maximum at extreme positions.

1
1
1
16. Total mechanical energy: E = K + U = m2 A2 sin2 ( t + ) + m2 A2cos2 ( t + ) = kA2
2
2
2
Where A is Amplitude and k is force constant.
17. Time period of oscillation of the pendulum:T = 2
L
g
Where L is the length of the pendulum and g is acceleration due to gravity.

18. Time period of oscillation of the given pendulum:T = 2 s
Time period:T = 2
g T2
OR L =
4 2
L
g
9.8 22
=
2
4 3.142
= 0.9927m 1 m
19. Time period of oscillation of loaded spring: T = 2
m
,
k
Where m is the mass of the load attached and k is the spring constant.
20. The oscillations made by a body (particle) when it is left free itself, it oscillates with a
frequency of its natural frequency are called free oscillations.
E.g.: The oscillations of a pendulum, the oscillations of loaded spring,
oscillations of the prongs of a tuning fork, etc..
21. The oscillations of a simple pendulum (or any other oscillating particle) are opposed by air
drag and friction at its support. As a resultpendulum makes oscillations with decreasing
amplitude. Such oscillations are called damped oscillations.
E.g.: The oscillations of a pendulum, the oscillations of loaded spring,
oscillations of the prongs of a tuning fork, etc..
22. The oscillations in which the amplitude

a
of the oscillation is maintained/sustainedwith
/sustainedwith the help
h
of external agency (force) are called forcedor driven oscillations.
E.g.: When the stem of vibrating tuning fork pressed on a table, table executes forced
oscillations with a frequency equal to frequency of tuning fork.
23. The
he two basic characteristics of a simple harmonicmotion:
(i) Restoring force is proportional to the displacement of the particle from mean position,
pos
(ii) Restoring force is directed towards the meanposition.
24. Maximum acceleration: am= A 2.(1)
Maximum velocity: vm = A .....(2)
.....(2)
Required ratio, (1)(2) gives am/vm = , isthe angular frequency.
25. Ratio
atio between the distance travelled by the oscillatorin
oscillatorin one time period and amplitude:
Distance travelled in by the oscillatorin one time period is 4A,
A, where A is Amplitude.
Required ratio = 4A/A = 4
26. (i) Time period of S.H.M is 4s
(ii)The
he phase of the particle at t = 2s is
27. Damping force : Fd = b v

Where b is damping constant (always positive)
and v is velocity.
Note:The negative
ve sign indicates that the force is opposite
posite to the velocity at every moment.
28. Displacement-time graph for damped
oscillations is as shown in the
adjacent figure.
29. Angular frequency of damped oscillator: ' =
k
b2
m 4m2
Where b is damping constant, m is the mass and k is the force constant.
1
30. The total mechanical energy of the damped oscillator:
oscillator E = k A2 e bt /m
2
Where A is Amplitude, k is force constant, m is the mass and b is damping constant.
constant
31. Yes,the
he clock gives correct timeduring
time
the free fall.
The motion in the wristwatch depends on spring action and has nothing to do with
acceleration due to gravity.
i.e., The motion of spring in the watch is not affected by
acceleration due to gravity.
32. The graphical representation
ation ofthe variation
variatio of potential
energy U(x), kinetic energy K(x) and the total energy E as
functions of position x for a linear harmonic oscillator
with amplitude A is as shown in the adjacent diagram.
Answers to Four/Five marks questions

1. Simple harmonic motion is the motion executed by a particle subject to a force, which is
proportional to the displacement of the particle and is directed towards the mean position.
Consider a particle of mass m executing SHM with an angular frequency .
From Newtons second law: F(t)
F = ma= m2x(t)..(1) since acceleration a= 2x(t)
The restoring force Facting
acting on the particle F(t) = k x(t)..(2)
)..(2) , k is force constant.
From (1) and (2), k = m2 =
k
m
2. The diagram(a) Represents Displacementtime

Displacement
graph,
The diagram(b) Represents velocitytime
velocity
graph and
The diagram(c) Represents accelerationtime
acceleration
graph.
Displacement: x(t) = A cos (t)
(
Velocity: v(t) = Asin (t)
Acceleration: a(t) = A2cos(t)
( .
Where A is Amplitude, is angular
a
frequency,
and (t) is phase.
3. Derivation of expression for time period of oscillation

of a mass attached to a spring:
Consider the small oscillations of a block of mass
mfixed
fixed to a spring, which in turnis fixed to a support.
From Newtons second law,
F(t) = ma ,
but acceleration a= 2x(t)
i.e., F(t)= m2x(t)....(1)

....(1)
The magnitude of the restoring forceacting
force
on the massis
is proportional to the
deformationor the displacement and acts in opposite direction
i.e., F(t) = k x(t)..(2)
..(2)
From (1) and (2), k = m2 or =
Time period of oscillation: T =
k
m
2
m
= 2
4. The motion of a reference particle P executing a uniform

circular motion with constant angular speed in a reference
circle is shown in the adjacent figure.
figure
The radius Aof
of the circle is the magnitude of the particles
position vector.
( + ),
At any time t,, the angular position of the particle is (t
where is its angular position att
at = 0.
The projection of particle P on the x-axis is a point P,, which we can take as a secondparticle.
The projection of the position vector ofparticle P on the x-axis
axis gives the location x(t) ofP.
Thus we have,x(t) = Acos (t+ ).
This showsthat if the reference particle P moves in auniform circular motion, its projection
particleP executes a simple harmonic motion along adiameter of the circle.
ThusSimple
Simple harmonic motionis the projection of uniform circular motionon a diameter of the
circle in which thelatter
helatter motion takes place.
place
5. Consider the a particle executing SHM,

Let the displacement: x(t) = A cos(t
cos( + )
Differentiating displacement w.r.t. t,
t
Velocity: v(t) =
d
[ x (t)] = Asin(t+ )
dt
Differentiating velocityw.r.t.
w.r.t. t,
t
d
[ v(t)]
dt
= A2cos(t+ ) = 2x(t)
Acceleration: a(t) x(t)
In SHM, the acceleration is proportional to thedisplacement at any instant of time.
Acceleration: a(t) =
6. Derivation of expression for the kinetic energy of a harmonic oscillator:

1
Kinetic energy: K = mv2 where v = velocity= Asin(t+ ) , m is mass of the particle
2
,
1
1
m2 A2 sin2 ( t + ) = k A2 sin2 ( t + ) , where k = m2
2
2
Derivation of expression for potential energy of a harmonic oscillator:
1
Potential energy: U = k x2 where x = A cos( t + )and k is force constant
2
1
1
i.e., U = k A2cos2 ( t + ) = m2 A2cos2 ( t + )
2
2
Whereis angular frequency,Ais
A Amplitude,
is angular frequency,
is phase constant and (t+ ) is phase.
i.e.,K =
7. Derivation of the expression for the time period of simple pendulum:

Let mbe the mass of the bob of the simple pendulum executing
oscillations about the mean position as shown in the diagram.
L be the length of the simple pendulum,
Tbe the tension
ension in the string,
Fg(= mg) be the gravitational force acting vertically down,
Fgcosbe the radial component of gravitational force and
Fgsinbe the tangential component of gravitational force.
Torque = L (mgsin)) and from rotational motion, = I
I = mgLsin, whereis the angular acceleration and
Iis
is thependulums rotational inertia of the system about the pivot point.
mgL
=
or small value of , sin
sin and for

I
mgL
I
We have,2 =
2
as they are similar.
similar
comparing this equation with a = xas
mgL
I
Time period: T =
mgL
I
2
I
= 2
mgL
The string off simple pendulum is massless.

mass
So moment of inertia of the bob is I= mL2
Time periodof the simple pendulum is T = 2
L
g
8. Let the damping force: Fd= b v
(1)
Where b is a positive constant called damping constant and v is velocity of the particle.
The negative sign indicates that the force is opposite to the velocity at every moment.
When the mass mis attached to the spring and released, the spring will elongate a little and
the mass will settle at some height. This position is the equilibrium position of the mass. If
the mass is pulled down or pushed up a little, the restoring force on the block due to the
spring is FS = kx, where xis the displacement of the mass from its equilibrium position. Thus
the total force actingon the mass at any time tis
F = k xb v.....(2)
If a(t)is the acceleration of the mass at time t, then by
Newtons second law of motion F = ma(t)
(2) ma(t)= kx(t) bv(t) .......(3)
Using a(t) =
We get, m
d2 x
dt
d2 x
dt
and v(t) =
+ b
dx
in (3)
dt
dx
+ k x = 0 ... (4)
dt
The solution of equn.(4) describes the motion of the block under the influence of a damping
force which is proportional to velocity.
The solution of the equn.(4) is of the form,
x(t)= A eb t/2mcos( t + )(5)
where Aeb t/2mis the amplitude and is the angular frequency of the damped oscillator.
Solutions to Four/Five marks Problems

1. Given, maximum velocity:
vm = A = 30 cm/s = 0.3m/s
2
maximum acceleration: am= A = 60 cm/s = 0.6m/s

(2)(1) = 2
or
2/T = 2
.(1)
.....(2)
T = second.
2. A body oscillates with SHM according to the equation:x = 5 cos(2t + /4) metre.
At t = 2.5 s,
(a) Displacement = 5 cos [(2) 2.5 s + /4]
= 5 cos [(5 + /4)] =5 cos(/4) = 50.7071m = 3.536 m
(b) Differentiating x = 5 cos(2t + /4) w.r.t. t,
Velocity: v =
dx
= 5 [sin(2t + /4)](2) = 10sin(2t+ /4)
dt
At t = 2.5 s,
Velocity = 10sin[2(2.5)+ /4)] = 10sin(5+ /4) =10sin(+ /4)= 10sin(/4)
= 10(3.142) (0.7071) = 22.22 m/s
(c) Differentiating velocity v= 10sin(2t+ /4) w.r.t. t,

Acceleration: a =
dv
2
= 10 [cos(2t + /4)] (2) = 20 sin(2t + /4)
dt
At t = 2.5 s,
2
2
2
Acceleration: a = 20 cos[2(2.5)+ /4] = 20 cos(5+ /4) = 20(3.142) cos(/4)
= 139.6 m/s2
3. Given mass m = 5 kg, Spring constant k= 500 Nm1 and amplitude A= 10.0 cm= 0.01m
(a) The period of oscillation as given byT = 2
m
5
6.284
= 2(3.142)
=
= 0.6284 s
k
500
10
k
= 0.1 500 = 1 m/s
m
5
k
(c) The maximum acceleration: amax = 2A= A = 500 0.1 = 10 m/s2
m
5
(b) The maximum speed: vm=A= A
4. The spring constant: k =

Time period: T = 2
F
l
mg
l
50 9.8
0.2
= 2450 N/m
m
m
0.6 = 2
m = 22.34 kg
k
2450
Weight of the body is W= m g = 22.34 9.8 = 218.9 N

5. Given spring constant k =1200 Nm1, mass m= 3 kg and amplitude A =2.0 cm = 0.02m
(i)The frequency of oscillations:
=
1 1 k
=
T 2 m
1
1200
1
20
=
400 =
= 3.183 Hz
6.284
3
6.284
6.284
(ii) The maximum acceleration of the mass: am= 2A=
(iii) The maximum speed of the mass: vm=A= A
k
1200
A=
0.02 = 8.0 m/s2
m
3
k
= 0.02 1200 = 0.04 m/s
m
3
6. Displacement: x(t) = 2.5 cos(4t + /6).

Comparing it with, x(t) = A cos( t + )
Amplitude A =2.5m,
Angular frequency:=
Frequency =
2
= 4 Time period: T = 0.5s
T
1
1
=
= 2 Hz and phase constant =/6.
T 0.5
7. The time period of oscillation of simple pendulum: T = 2

On earth surface: T1= 1.5 = 2
On moon surface: T2= 2
(2)(1)
T2
L
=
1.5
1.7
L
g
L
.(1)
9.8
L
.(2)
1.7
9.8
9.8 T = 1.5 2.401= 3.601 s
=
2
L
1.7
8. Amplitude A =5 cm = 0.05 m and time period T = 0.2 s.

2 2(3.142)
=
= 31.42 rad/s
Angular frequency:=
T
0.2
(a) Displacement x =5 cm = 0.05 m
Here displacement=amplitude, so to find acceleration and velocity at extreme positions
At extreme positions the acceleration is maximum and the velocity is minimum.
2
Maximum acceleration = amax= A =0.05 31.422 = 49.36 m/s2

Minimum velocity = vmin = 0
(b) Displacement x= 3 cm= 0.03 m,
Displacement: x(t) = 0.05cos(t)
But given x(t)= 0.03m 0.03 =0.05cos(t)
cos(t)= 3/5 and hence sin(t)= 4/5 = 0.8

The velocity of the at x= 3 cm is v=Asin(t) = 0.05 (31.42) 0.8 = 1.257 m/s
(c) Displacement x=0 cm, which is the mean position.
At mean position acceleration is minimum and velocity is maximum.
Minimum acceleration = amin = 0

Maximum velocity = vmax = A =0.05 31.42 = 1.571 m/s
9. Mass m = 1 kg, spring constant k=50 Nm1, Amplitude A =10cm=0.1m and x= 5 cm=0.05 m.
Angular frequency: =
k
=
m
50 = 7.071 rad/s
1
Displacement: x(t) = 0.1 cos (7.071t)

But given x(t) = 5 cm = 0.05m 0.05 = = 0.1 cos (7.071t)
3
= 0.866
2
cos (7.071t) = 0.5 = and hence sin(7.071t) =
The velocity of the at x(t) = 5 cm is v=Asin (t) = 0.1 (7.071) 0.866 = 0.6123 m/s
1
1
Kinetic energy: K = mv2 = (1)(0.6123)2 = 0.1874 J
2
2
1
1
Potential energy: U = k x2 = (50)(0.05)2 = 0.0625 J
2
2
Total energy of the block: E= K+U = 0.1874+0.0625 = 0.2499 J
1.0 m
= 0.5 m, angular frequency: = 200 rad/min = 200rad/60s=10/3 rad/s,
2
10
The maximum speed: vm=A= 0.5
= 1.667 m/s
3
10. Amplitude: A =
10
2
The maximum acceleration: am= A =0.5 = 5.556 m/s2
3
I PUC PHYSICS
CHAPTER - 15
Waves
One Mark questions.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What is a wave?
What is a progressive wave?
Does, all the waves requires a material medium for their propogation?
Does, a wave carry energy?
Name the properties of a medium which are responsible for the propogation of a
mechanical wave?
6. What are matter waves?
7. Name the kind of wave that are employed in the working of an electron microscope?
8. Define amplitude of a wave.
9. Define period of a wave.
10. Define frequency of a wave.
11. Define wavelength of a wave.
12. Define wave velocity.
13. Define phase of a vibrating particle?
14. Define propogation constant (or) angular wave number.
15. How is propogation constant related to wavelength of a wave?
16. Name the factors which determine the speed of a propogation of an electromagnetic
wave?
17. Name the quantity associated with a wave that remains unchanged when a wave
travel from one medium to another?
18. Name the quantities associated with a wave, that changes when a wave travels from
one medium to another.
19. What is sound?
20. How is sound produced?
21. Why do we see the flash of lightening before we hear the thunder?
22. What is a stationary wave?
23. How much energy is transported by a stationary wave?
24. What is a node?
25. What is an antinode?
26. What is a segment (or) loop in a stationary wave?
27. What is the length of a loop in a stationary wave in terms of wavelength?
28. How much is the distance between a node and its neighbouring antinode?
29. How much is the distance between a node and its neighbouring node.
30. What happens to a wave, if it meets a rigid boundary?
31. What happens to a wave, if it meets a boundary which is not completely rigid?
32. What is the phase angle between the incident wave and the wave reflected at a rigid
boundary?
33. What is the phase angle between the incident wave and the wave reflected at a open
boundary?
34. Give the relation between phase difference and path difference.
35. What are normal modes of oscillation in a stationary wave?
1
36. What is the meaning of the fundamental mode (or) first harmonic of oscillation in a
stationary wave?
37. What are harmonics in a stationary wave?
38. What are overtones in a stationary wave?
39. What is resonance?
40. What are beats?
41. What is beat period?
42. What is Doppler effect?
43. Which harmonics are absent in a closed organ pipe?
44. Give the formula for speed of transverse wave on a stretched string.
45. What is the increase in the speed of sound in air when the temperature of the air rises
by 1oC?
46. Why a transverse mechanical wave cannot travel in gases?
47. How does the velocity of sound in air vary with temperature?
48. How does the velocity of sound in air vary with pressure?
49. Give the dimensional formula for propogation constant.
50. The fundamental frequency of a closed pipe is 80Hz. What is the frequency of first
overtone.
51. Calculate the wavelength of a wave whose angular wave number is 10 radian m-1?
52. The distance between a node & an next antinode in a stationary wave pattern is
0.08m. What is the wavelength of the wave?
53. How is the frequency of an air column in an open pipe related with the temperature of
air?
54. A sound wave has a velocity of 330 ms-1 at one atmospheric pressure. What will be
its velocity at 4 atmospheric pressure?
55. What happens to the frequency of the wave when it travels from water to air?
56. Give the relation between time period and frequency of a wave.
57. Is Doppler effect observed for sound waves only?
58. What is the distance between two consecutive antinodes in a stationary wave of
wavelength 2m?
59. How does speed of a transverse wave on a stretched string vary with its tension?
60. With what velocity does an electro magnetic wave travel in vacuum.
Two Mark questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
What are mechanical waves? Give two examples.

What are non-mechanical waves? Give two examples.
What are longitudinal waves? Give two examples
What are Transverse waves? Give two examples.
Obtain the relation connecting v, and where symbols have their usual meaning.
Calculate the period of a wave of wavelength 0.005 m which travels with a speed of
50 cm.s-1.
7. The frequency of a tuning fork is 256 Hz and sound travels a distance of 25m while
the fork executes 20 vibrations. Calculate the wavelength and velocity of the sound
wave.
8. Velocity of sound in air is 340 ms-1. Two sound waves of frequency 1 KHz each
interfere to produce stationary wave. What is the distance between two successive
nodes?
9. When is the fundamental frequency of the sound emitted by a closed pipe is same as
that emitted by an open pipe?
10. A closed pipe & open pipe have same frequency for the first overtone. What is the
ratio of their lengths?
11. For what wavelength of waves, does a closed pipe of length 30 cm emit the first
overtone?
12. The second overtone of closed pipe of length 1 m is in unison with the third overtone
of an open pipe. What is the length of the open pipe?
13. The velocity of a sound wave decreases from 330 ms-1 to 220 ms-1 on passing from
one medium to another. If the wavelength in the first medium is 3m. What is the
wavelength in the second medium?
14. Can sound waves of wavelength 33mm be heard in air? Justify.
15. At what temperature will the velocity of sound becomes 1.25 times that at 27oC?
16. A musical note produces 2 beats per second. When sounded with a tuning fork of
frequency 340Hz & 6 beats per second when sounded with a tuning fork of frequency
344 Hz. Find the frequency of the musical note?
17. At which positions (or) locations of the stationary wave, the pressure changes are
maximum and minimum.
18. At which positions (or) location of the stationary wave, the displacement is maximum
and minimum.
19. Calculate the velocity of sound at -30oC and 30oC given the velocity of sound at 0oC
is 330 ms-1.
20. Give any two applications of Dopplers effect?
21. With what velocity should a sound source travel towards a stationary observer so that
the apparent frequency may be double of the actual frequency.
22. A bat emits ultrasonic sound of frequency 1000KHz in air. If sound meets a water
surface, what is the wavelength of a) reflected sound
b) transmitted sound?
(Given speed of sound in air is 340 ms-1 & in water 1486 ms-1?
23. The sitar strings A & B playing the note Ga are slightly out of tune & produce beats
of frequency 6 Hz. The tension in the string A is slightly reduced & the beat
frequency is found to reduce to 3 Hz. If the original frequency of A is 324 Hz. What
is the frequency of B?
24. A sinusoidal wave propogating through air has a frequency of 200 Hz. If the wave
speed is 300 ms-1, how far apart are the two points (path difference) with a phase of
difference of 60o.
4 and 5 marks questions :
1. Give the differences between progressive and stationary waves.
2. Give the differences between mechanical and a non mechanical (electromagnetic)
waves.
3. Give the differences between longitudinal and transverse waves.
4. Write Newtons formula for speed of sound in a gas. Discuss Laplace correction &
arrive at the formula modified by him.
5. Mention the characteristics of a progressive mechanical wave.
6. Mention the characteristics of a stationary wave.
7. What are beats? Give the theory of beats.
8. What is Doppler effect? Derive an expression for the apparent frequency when a
source moves towards a stationary listener.
3
9. What is Doppler effect? Derive an expression for the apparent frequency when a
listener moves towards a stationary source.
10. What is Doppler effect? Derive an expression for the apparent frequency when the
source and listener are moving in the same direction.
11. Discuss the effect of pressure, temperature & humidity on the velocity of the sound
through air.
12. Discuss different modes of vibration on a stretched string.
13. Discuss different modes of vibration (first three harmonics) produced in a open pipe.
14. Discuss different modes of vibration (first three harmonics) produced in a closed
pipe.
5 marks problem.
1. A stone dropped from the top of tower of height 300 m high splashes into the water of
a pond near the base of a tower. When is the splash heard at the top given that the
speed of sound in air is 340 ms-1? (given g = 9.8 ms-2)
2. A transverse harmonic wave on a string is described by y(x, t) = 3 sin (36 t + 0.018x
+
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
) where x & y are in cm and t is in s.

4
i)
Is the wave traveling (or) stationary.
ii)
What is the direction of its propogation
iii)
What is its frequency?
What is its initial phase?
iv)
v)
What is the distance between two consecutive crests in the wave?
The transverse displacement of a string (clamped at both ends) is given by
2
y(x,t) = 0.06 sin
x cos(120 t) where x, y are m & t is in s. The length of the
3
string is 1.5 m & its mass is 3 x 10-2 kg.
i)
Does the function represent a traveling wave (or) a stationary wave?
ii)
Interpret the wave as a superposition of two waves traveling in opposite
directions what is the wavelength, frequency and speed of each wave?
iii)
Determine the tension in the string.
2t x
A progressive wave is described by the equation y = 1.2 sin where x & y
5 4
are in m and t is in s. Determine the amplitude, wavelength, time period & speed of
the wave?
A closed pipe of length 0.42 m and an open pipe both contain air at 35oC. The
frequency of the first overtone of the closed pipe is equal to the fundamental
frequency of the open pipe. Calculate the length of the open pipe and the velocity of
sound in air at 0oC. Given that the closed pipe is in unison in the fundamental mode
with a tuning fork of frequency 210 Hz.
Two cars are moving with speeds of 54 kmhr-1 & 18 kmhr-1 in opposite direction
along a straight road. The faster car sounds the horn with a note of frequency of 240
Hz. Calculate the number of waves received per second by a listener sitting in the
other car when it (i) approaches (ii) recedes from the listener if the speed of the
sound in air is 340 ms-1.
y = 1.4 sin (300t x) represents a progressive wave where x, y are in m & t is in s.
Calculate the wave velocity & the phase difference between oscillatory motion of two
points separated by a distance of 0.25 m.
4
8. Compare the time taken by sound to travel a given distance in air and argon at NTP.
Given that the density of air and argon are 1.293 & 1.789 respectively ratio of
specific heat capacity for air and organ are 1.402 & 1.667 respectively.
9. The speed of sound in hydrogen is 1270 ms-1. What will be the speed of sound in a
mixture of oxygen and hydrogen mixed in a volume ratio 1: 4?
10. A wire stretched between two rigid supports vibrates in its fundamental mode with a
frequency of 45 Hz. The mass of the wire is 3.5 x 10-2 kg & its linear density is
4 x 10-2 kg m-1 . What is i) the speed of wave on the string. ii) the tension in the
string?
*************
CHAPTER 15: WAVES

1 mark Answers
1. A wave is a sort of disturbance which is transmitted in a medium without the bulk
movement of particles of the medium.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Or
A wave is a sort of disturbance when a group of particles of the medium are
disturbed, the pattern of disturbance that travels through the medium due to the
periodic motion of the particles of the medium about their equilibrium position, with
the transfer of energy and momentum and without the transfer of matter(particles) is
called a wave.
A wave (disturbance) that travels continuously from one point of medium to another
is called a progressive wave.
No
Yes
Elastic and Inertial properties of medium
The wave associated with moving material particles are called matter waves.
Matter waves associated with electrons.
Amplitude is the maximum displacement of the particle on either side of the
equilibrium position during wave propogation.
It is the time taken by a wave to move through a distance of wavelength during wave
propagation.
10. It is the number of waves crossing a given cross section per second during wave
propagation.
11. The distance between two consecutive particles of medium which are in the same
state of vibration (phase) is called as wavelength.
12. Wave velocity is defined as the distance traveled by the wave in one second.
13. The phase of a vibrating particle at a given instant of time is the state of vibration of a
particle at that instant of time with reference to its equilibrium position.
14. It is the number of waves that can be accommodated per unit length.
2
15. K =
16. Permitivity and permeability of the medium

17. Frequency of the wave
18. Wavelength and velocity of the wave.
19. Sound is a form of energy that produces a sensation of hearing.
20. Vibrating bodies surrounded by a material medium produces sound.
21. Because speed of light is much greater that the speed of sound.
22. When two progressive waves of equal amplitude, frequency and speed traveling in a
medium along the same line but in opposite direction superimpose, the resulting
waveform appears to be stationary pattern, such a wave is called stationary wave.
23. zero
24. Nodes are certain location (position) in a stationary wave, where the particles of the
medium are completely at rest (zero displacement)
25. Antinodes are certain location (position) in a stationary wave, where the particle of
the medium vibrate with maximum displacement.
6
26. The wave form (or) region between two consecutive node in a stationary wave is
called a loop (or) segment.
27.
28.
29.
(or) half of the wavelength
2
30. The waves gets reflected (assuming that there is no absorption of energy by the
boundary)
31. A part of the incident wave gets reflected and part of incident wave gets transmitted
into the other medium (assuming that there is no absorption of energy by the
boundary)
32. radian (or) 180 degree
33. No phase change (or) zero.
2
34. Phase difference =
path difference

Where is the wavelength of the wave.
35. In a stationary wave, the possible frequencies of oscillation of the system is
characterized by a set of natural frequencies called as normal modes of oscillation.
36. In a stationary wave, the oscillation of the system with lowest possible natural
frequency is called as fundamental frequency (or) first harmonic.
37. For a vibrating system the frequencies which are integral multiples of fundamental
frequency are called harmonics.
38. For a vibrating system, frequencies greater than fundamental frequencies are called
overtones.
39. In case of forced vibration, when the frequency of the external agent causing
vibration (applied force) becomes equal to natural frequency of the vibrating body.
The body vibrates with maximum amplitude. This phenomena is called Resonance
40. The periodic waxing (increase (or) rise) and waning (decrease (or) fall) in the
intensity of sound due to superposition of two sound waves of nearly same
frequencies traveling in same direction are called beats.
41. The time interval between two consecutive waxing (or) waning is called as beat
period.
42. The apparent change in the frequency (pitch) of sound heard by the listener due to
relative motion between the source producing the sound and the listener is called as
Doppler effect.
43. Even harmonics.
T
44. V =
where T is the tension in the string
is the linear mass density

45. The speed of sound increases approximately by 0.61 ms-1 per degree centigrade rise
in temperature.
46. Shear modulus of elasticity is absent in gaseous medium, which is necessary for the
propogation of transverse wave.
47. V T i.e. velocity of sound in air is directly proportional to square root of its
absolute temperature.
48. Velocity of sound in air is independent of pressure provided temperature remains

constant.
49. [L-1]
50. Frequency of I overtone in closed pipe = 3 (fundamental frequency )
= 3 x 80 = 240 Hz
2
2
51. =
=
= 0.2 m
k
10
52. The distance between node & an next antinode is
= 0.08
4
= 0.32 m
53. Frequency of air column in an open pipe is directly proportional to square root of its
absolute temperature ( v T )
54. 330 ms-1
55. Frequency remains the same
1
56. Time period =
frequency
57. No
58. 1 m
59. Speed of a transverse wave on a stretched string is directly proportional to square of
its tension. i.e. V T
60. 3 x 108 ms-1
2 Marks
1. The waves that requires material medium for their propogation (transmission) are
called as mechanical waves. Eg. Waves on a surface of water, sound waves, seismic
waves etc.
2. The waves that do not require material medium for their propogation are called as
non-mechanical waves. Eg. Radio waves, light waves, x-rays etc.
3. The waves in which the particles of the medium oscillates parallel (along) to the
direction of wave propogation are called longitudinal waves. Eg. Sound waves,
waves set up in air column
4. The waves in which the particles of the medium oscillate perpendicular to the
direction of wave propogation are called Transverse waves. Eg. Light waves, waves
on the surface of water, waves on a string.
5. Consider a wave traveling with a velocity V let be its frequency & be its
wavelength. In a time equal to its time period T, the wave covers a distance equal to
its wavelength .
By the definition of wave velocity we have
dis tan cetravelled
Wave velocity V =
timetaken
V=
V =
T
(because
1
= )
T
6. Given = 0.005 m ; V = 50 cm s-1 = 50 10-2 ms-1

We have V =
0.005
T=
=
= 0.01 s.
V
50 10 2
25
7. Wavelength =
= 1.25 m
20
V =
V = 256 1.25
V = 320 ms-1
8. Given V = 340 ms-1 ; = 1 KHz = 1000 Hz.
V
We have =
340
=
= 0.34m
1000
0.34
= 0.17 m
2
2
9. Let l o & l c be the length of open & closed pipe respectively
Given (fundamental)
=
(fundamental)
Open pipe
closed pipe
V
V
=
2l o
4l c
lc
1
=
lo
2
l
lc = o
2
10. Let l o & l c be the length of open and closed pipe respectively
Given & (first overtone) =
(first overtone)
closed pipe
open pipe
3V
2V
=
4l c
2l o
lc
3
=
lo
4
11. The frequency of the first overtone in a closed pipe is given by
3V
3V
V
=
=
=
4l
4 30 40
Distance between two successive node =
But V =
40
= 40 cm
12. Given (II overtone )
= (III overtone )
Closed pipe
open pipe
5V
4V
=
4l c 2l o
lo =
lo =
8
lc
5
8
(1) = 1.6 m
5
13. We have V =
V
1 = 1
V2 2
Where V1 & V2 are velocity of sound in first and second medium respectively and 1
& 2 are the corresponding wavelength.
V
2 = 2 1
V1
220
2 =
3
330
2 = 2m
V
14. frequency () =
330
= 10 KHz
33 10 3
Since this wave belong to audible range of sound they can be heard.
15. We have V
T = t + 273
Given Vt o C = 1.25 V27 o C
=
Vt oC
V27o C
1.25V27o C
V27o C
t + 273
27 + 273
=
t + 273
300
o
t = 195.75 C
16. We have b = 1 ~ 2
Given I case 1 = 340 Hz & b = 2 beats per second
possible values of 2 = 342 Hz (or) 338 Hz.
II case 1 = 344 Hz & b = 6 beats per second
possible values of 2 = 338 Hz (or) 350 Hz
frequency of the musical note is 2 = 338 Hz.
17. Pressure changes are maximum at Node and pressure changes are minimum at
antinode.
18. Displacement is maximum antinode and displacement is minimum at node.
19. We have V
T
V o
30 + 273
30 C =
V0o C
0 + 273
V 30o C = 311.3 ms-1
10
V30o C
V0o C
30 + 273
0 + 273
V 30o C = 347.7 ms-1

20. Sonography, echocardiogram and speed of vehicles.
21. When a source travel towards a stationary listener, apparent, frequency is given by
V
= o
V VS
V
2o = o
V VS
V
VS =
2
V
22. reflected sound = air
340
=
1000 10 3
= 3.4 10-4 m
V
transmitted sound = water
1486
t =
1000 10 3
t = 1.486 10-3 m
23. We have b = A - B
I case b = 6 Hz, A = 324 Hz
possible values of B = 318 Hz (or) 330 Hz
II case when tension in the string A is reduced, its frequency (A) also decreases,
the new beat frequency is given to be 3 Hz. This is possible only if B = 318 Hz.
24. Given = 200 Hz ; V = 300 ms-1
Phase difference = 60o (or)
We have =
radian
300
= 1.5 m
200
phase difference
2
1.5
path difference =
2 3
Path difference =
Path difference = 0.25m
11
4 and 5 Marks
1.
Progressive Wave
a) The wave travel continuously with certain
velocity called wave velocity
2.
3.
Stationary wave
The waves does not move. It remains
localized.
b) The propogation of the disturbance from

particle due to elastic properties of the
medium give rise to a progressive wave.
The superposition of two identical

waves traveling in opposite direction
along the same line results in a
stationary wave.
c) Amplitude of vibration is the same for

every particle of the medium along the
wave
d) Different particles over a distance
different phases at a given instant
of time.
The amplitude of vibration varies

from zero at node & maximum at
antinode.
All particles lying in a loop have
same phase at a given instant of time.
e) No particles in the medium is completely

at rest.
The particles at node are

permanently at rest.
f) There is a net transfer of energy in the

direction of propogation of wave.
There is no net transfer of energy

across any section of the medium.
g) The wave equation is of the form

y(x, t) = A sin(wt-kx)
i.e , y(x, t) = f(x, t)
The wave equation is of the form.

y(x,t) = 2A cos (Kx) sin wt.
i.e. y(x,t) = f(x). g(t)
Mechanical wave
a) Requires a material medium for their
propogation
Non-mechanical wave
Do not require a material medium
for their propogation.
b) Particles of the medium oscillate.
Electric and magnetic field oscillate.
c) Can be longitudinal (or) transverse

in nature.
Are always transverse in nature.
d) Travels at relatively lower speed in a

medium.
Travels at relatively higher speed in

a medium
e) Doppler effect is asymmetric

Eg. Sound waves
Doppler effect is symmetric

Eg.Light waves.
Longitudinal wave
a) The particles of the medium oscillate
along (parallel to) the direction of
propogation of the wave.
Transverse wave
The particles of the medium (electric
& magnetic fields) oscillate at right
angles (perpendicular) to the
direction of the propogation of the
waves.
12
b) These waves travels in alternate

compression & rarefaction.
(compression are the region of
higher density & rarefaction are
the regions of lower density).
These waves travels in alternate

crests and troughs. (crests are highly
raised portions of a wave & troughs
are highly depressed portion of a
wave).
c) Are always mechanical wave.
They are either mechanical (or) non

mechanical wave.
d) The pressure and density varies

as the wave propogates
The pressure and density donot vary

as the wave propogates.
e) They can travel in solids, liquids and

gases.
They can travel in solids and on the

Surface of liquids, if the waves are
mechanical.
f) These waves cannot be polarized.
These waves can be polarized.
g) Velocity of a longitudinal wave in a

B
where B is
gas is given by v =
Velocity of a transverse wave on a

T
stretched string is given by v =
the bulk modulus and is the density.

Eg. Sound waves.
4.
Where T is the tension & is linear

Density.
Eg. Waves on a string. Light wave.
Velocity of sound waves is determined by the elastic and inertial properties of

the medium and in a given medium sound travels as a longitudinal wave.
Newtons formula : According to Newton, velocity of sound wave (longitudinal
E
wave) in any medium is given by V =
(1) where E is the modulus of
elasticity and is the density of the medium.

For solids , E = Y (Youngs modulus) and for a gaseous medium E = B (bulk
modulus). Therefore, according to newton velocity of sound in a gaseous medium is
B
given by v =
(2) [ from equation (1) ]
P
(3) where the
V
V
V
changes in pressure P produces a volumetric strain
V
When sound waves travel through a gas, alternate compression and rarefaction are
produced.
In a compressed region, volume decreases & pressure increases and in a rarefied
region, volume increases and hence pressure decreases. Thus, propogation of sound
waves in a gaseous medium is accompanied by continuous changes in pressure and
The Bulk modulus of the medium is defined by B = -
13
volume and newton assumed that these changes in pressure and volume takes place under
ISOTHERMAL condition that is at constant temperature.
Further, for an isothermal process, the relation between pressure (p) & volume(v)
is given by pv = constant
Differenting ; p.v + p . v = 0
p
Or P =
V
V
And hence from equation (3) we have B = P
P
equation (2) becomes V =
(4)
Equation(4) is called as newtons formula for velocity of sound wave in a gaseous

medium
For air at STP, P = 1.013 105 Pascal (Nm-2)
= 1.293 kg m-3
1.013 10 5
= 280 ms-1
1.293
But, the experimental value of velocity of sound in air at STP is found to be 331
ms-1. Thus, the value of velocity of sound in gas obtain by newtons formula does not
agree with the experimental value and this has a discrepancy of about 16%. Hence
Newtons formula was discarded. However, newtons formula needs a correction and
this correction was given by Laplace.
Laplace correction (or) Newton-Laplace formula
According to Laplace the condition prevailing to the compression and rarefaction
is ADIABATIC & not ISOTHERMAL. This is because, the vibration (compression &
rarefaction) of layer of air are so rapid, that there is hardly any time for the exchange of
heat between the layers and also air is a bad conductor of heat.
Under adiabatic condition, the relation between pressure(p) & volume (v) is given
by pv = constant (5) where is the ratio of specific heat capacities at constant
Cp
pressure to constant volume i.e =
Cv
p
Differentiating equation (5) we get, pv-1 =
v
v
And hence from equation (3) we get B = p.
p
equation (2) becomes V =
(6)
velocity of sound in air at STP from equation (4) is V =
( )
Equation (6) is called Newtons laplace formula.

7
For air =
= 1.4
5
from equation (6) velocity of sound in air at STP is given
1.4 1.013 10 5
= 331.3 ms-1
1.293
This is in close agreement with the experimental value.
5. Characteristics of a progressive mechanical wave.
by v =
14
6.
The waves (disturbance) produced at any point in a medium is propogated by

continuous periodic oscillation of the particles about their mean positions.
The elastic and inertial properties of the medium are responsible for wave
propogation.
There is a transfer of energy and momentum from the source of vibration
away from it in the form of disturbance. However, the particles of the matter
themselves do not move away and they perform only simple harmonic motion
about their mean position.
Waves in a homogeneous medium travel with constant velocity at a given
temperature. However, particle velocity is different.
Every particle along the wave vibrate with same frequency and amplitude
about their mean position but the phase of the different particles are different
at given instant of time.
The waves undergo reflection, refraction, interference and diffraction.
Longitudinal waves do not show polarization whereas the transverse waves
show polarization.
Wave propogation is longitudinal inside the liquids and gases. Wave
propogation can be transverse on a liquid surface and on the strings. Wave
propogation can be either longitudinal (or) transverse inside a solid.
Characteristics of a stationary wave.

Stationary wave remain localized between two fixed points. i.e., waves do not
move in a medium
In a stationary wave, there exist certain points called Nodes and antinodes. At
a Node, the amplitude of vibration is zero and at an antinode, the amplitude of
vibration is maximum.
Nodes and antinode are equally spaced. The distance two consecutive nodes
(or) antinodes is equal to half the wavelength () [i.e.,
]
2
Always a node exist between two successive antinodes and vice-versa. The
1
distance between a node and next antinode is
4
th
the wavelength () i.e.,
7.
4
The amplitude of vibration increases from zero to maximum between a node
and an neighbouring antinode.
Except at nodes, all the points of the medium in a segment (or) loop vibrate
with the same phase, but the points in the adjacent segment vibrate in opposite
phase.
There is no net transfer of energy across any segment of the stationary wave.
This is a phenomena based on the principle of superposition of waves. The periodic

waxing (rise) and waning (fall) in the intensity of sound due to superposition of two sound
waves of nearly the same frequencies (but not equal) traveling in the same direction are
called beats.
15
Consider two sound waves of same amplitude (a) and nearly equal angular
frequencies 1 &. 2 such that 1 > 2
Let S1 & S2 be the longitudinal displacement of the particles of the medium at a
time t due to these two waves and hence these two waves can be represented as
S1 = a cos 1t and S2 = a cos 2 t
According to principle of superposition of waves, the resultant
displacement is given by
S = S1 + S2
S = a cos 1t + a cos 2t
S = a (cos 1t + cos 2t)
A+ B
AB
Using cos A + cos B = 2 cos
. cos
we get,
2
2
2
2
S = 2 a cos 1
t . cos 1
t
2
2
This can be rewritten as
2
+ 2
& a = 1
S = 2a cos bt . cos wat ; where b = 1
2
2
This equation is similar to S = RA cos t.
Here RA = 2a cos bt is the amplitude of the resultant wave and = a is the average
angular frequency of the resultant wave.
If |1 2| < < 1, which means a >>b.
Here the amplitude and hence intensity of resultant wave is maximum (longest) when the
term cos bt = t 1 (or) 1
i.e., the intensity of the resultant wave waxes and wanes with a frequency which
is 2b = 1 2
since = 2
the beat frequency is given by beat = 1 - 2
8. The apparent change in the frequency of the sound heard by the listener due to relative
motion between the source producing the sound and the listener is called as Doppler effect.
(convention Take the direction from the observer to the source as the positive
direction of velocity)
Consider a source S producing the sound waves. Let the speed of the waves of
frequency and period To, both measured by an observer at rest with respect to the
medium be V and we assume that the observer has a detector that counts everytime a
crest reaches it.
Observer
Source
Vs
L
(L+VSTo)
(VSTo)
O
S1
S2
As shown in figure at time t = 0, the source is at S1 located at a distance of L from an
L
observer at rest, emits a crest & this crest reaches the observer at a time t1 =
V
16
At a time t = To, the source has moved through a distance VSTo and is at a point S2
located at a distance of (L +VSTo) from an observer.
At S2, the source emits the second crest this crest reaches the observer at
(L + VS To ) .
t2 =To+
V
Similarly at a time t = nTo, the source emits (n+1)th crest and this crest reaches the
observer at a time
(L + VS To )
tn+1 = nTo +
V
Hence in a time interval of (tn+1 t1) observers detector counts n crest and this
( L + nVS To ) L
time interval is given by nTo +

V
V
Therefore, observer records the time period of the wave as T given by

( L + nVS To ) L

nTo +
V
V
T=
n
VS To
T = To +
V
VS
T = To 1 +
V
This equation can be rewritten in terms of the frequency o that would be measured if the
source and observer at rest and the frequency observed when the source moves with a
speed VS as
1
V
= o 1 + S
V
If VS is small compared to the speed of the wave V, taking binomial expansion to terms
V
V
in first order in S & neglecting higher power we get, = o 1 S .
V
V
Note: For a source approaching the observer, we get
V
= o 1 S . (that is by replacing VS by -VS )
V
motion between the source producing the sound and the listener is called as Doppler
effect.
crest reaches it.
Observer Vo
Source
17
VoTo
(L VoTo)
O
O1
When the observer is moving with a velocity Vo towards a stationary source, the source
and medium are approaching at a speed of Vo and the speed with which the wave
approaches is Vo+V.
As shown in figure at time t = 0, the source is at S located at a distance of L from
an observer, emits the first crest, now since the observer is moving the velocity of the
wave relative to the observer is V+Vo and therefore the first crest reaches the observer at
L
a time
t1 =
V + Vo
At a time t = To, the observer has moved through a distance VoTo and is at a position O1
located at a distance of (L-VoTo) from the stationary source, now the source emits the
( L VoTo )
second crest, and this crest reaches the observer at t2 = To +
(V + Vo )
th
Similarly, at a time t = nTo, the source emits (n+1) crest and this crest reaches
the observer at a time
( L nVoTo )
tn+1 = nTo +
(V + Vo )
Hence in a time interval of (tn+1 t1) observers detector counts n crest and this time
interval is given by
( L nVoTo ) L
nTo +
-
(V + Vo ) V + Vo
Therefore, observer records the time period of the waves as T given by
( L nVoTo L
nTo +

(V + Vo ) V + Vo
T=
n
VoTo
T = To V + Vo
Vo
T = To 1
V + Vo
V
T = To 1 + o
V
This can be rewritten in terms of frequency o that would be measured if the source and
observer at rest and the frequency , observed when the observer is moving with a
velocity of Vo as
V
= o 1 + o
V
18
V
Note: For an observer moves away from the source at rest we get = o 1 o
V
(that is by replacing Vo by Vo)
motion between the source producing the sound and the listener is called as Doppler
effect.
crest reaches it.
Let the source and the observer be moving with a speed of VS & Vo respectively as
shown below. Vo
VS
O1
O2
S1
S2
L
[L +(VS Vo)To]
VoTo
VsTo
Observer
source
At a time t = 0, the source is at S1 located at a distance of L from an observer at
O1, emits the first crest. Now, since the observer is moving, the velocity of the wave
relative to the observer is (V+Vo) and therefore the first crest reaches the observer at a
L
time
t1 =
.
(V + Vo)
At a time t = To, both the observer and source has moved to other new position O2
and S2 respectively. The new distance between the observer and source O2S2 is given by
[L+(VS-Vo)To].
At S2, the source emits second crest, this crest reaches the observer at a time
[ L + (VS Vo )To ]
t2 = To +
V + Vo
At a time t = nTo, the source emits (n+1)th crest and this reaches the observer at
time
[ L + n (VS Vo )To ]
tn+1 = nTo +
(V + Vo )
Hence, in a time interval of (tn+1 t1) observers detector counts n crests and this time
interval is given by
[ L + n (VS Vo )To ]
L
nTo +
(V + Vo )
(V + Vo)
Therefore, observer records the time period of the wave as T given by
19
[ L + n (VS Vo )To
L
(V + Vo )
(V + Vo )
T=
n
(VS Vo )To
T = To +
(V + Vo )
nTo +
(V Vo )
T = To 1 + S
(V + Vo )
V + VS
T = To
V + Vo
V + V0
Thus the frequency observed by an observer is given by = o
V + VS
11. Pressure: Let p be the pressure and v be the volume of a given mass m of the gas. If
m
is the density of a gas (air) then v =
. If the temperature of the gas remains constant,
then, according to Boyles law, we have pv = constant

pm
= constant
Since m is constant we get
= constant
But, by newtons laplace formula, velocity of sound in gas is given by v =

As is constant and
is constant, then
p
is also constant. Therefore velocity of sound
remains constant. Hence, the velocity of sound in a gas, is independent of pressure

provided temperature remains constant (same)
Temperature: Consider a given mass m of the gas at a pressure p, volume v, and
temperature T. Then, from perfect gas equation we have pv = RT (1)
m
If is the density of gas, then v =
(1) becomes
pm
= RT
RT
m
p RT
=
(2)
m
=
By newtons laplace formula, the velocity of sound in gas is given by V =

V=
RT
m
(from equation (2) )
20
Since , R and m are constant we get, v T . Hence, the velocity of sound in gas is
directly proportional to the square root of the absolute temperature.
Humidity : Humidity is a measure of water content in air. Under same conditions of
temperature and pressure, experimental observation shows that humid air is less denser
than dry air. In otherwords, the density of humid air ( H) is less than that of dry air
( d)
[i.e., H < d]
But, by Newton laplace formula, we have v = velocity of sound in gas is given by
p
v=
.
As the humidity increases, density decreases and hence velocity of sound

increases and vice-versa. Hence, the velocity of sound in gas depends directly on
humidity.
12. Consider
a string of length L fixed at either ends A & B. when such a string is plucked
at any part of its length, the transverse wave of velocity V, frequency , & wavelength
travel towards each end of the wire and gets reflected at the fixed ends, this reflected
wave superpose with the incident wave, forming a stationary wave, such that always at
the fixed ends, nodes are formed and the string oscillates in such a way that it is divided
into an integral number of equal loops which is characterized by a set of natural
frequencies called as normal nodes of oscillations 3 modes are as shown below.
These stationary wave formed is given by

y = 2a sin Kx cos t where 2a sin Kx gives its amplitude, therefore the positions
of nodes are given by sin Kx = 0
and hence Kx = n where n = 0, 1, 2, 3,
2
n
since K =
; we get , x =
where n = 0, 1, 2, 3,
2
In the same way, the positions of the antinodes are given by
Sin Kx = 1
1
& hence Kx = n + where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, .

2
2
1
Since K =
; we get, x = n + , where n = 0, 1, 2, 3,
2 2
Taking x = 0 and x = L as the positions of node, the condition for node at x = 0 is

already satisfied & at x = L, the condition for node requires that the length L is related to
wavelength by
21
n
2
Thus the possible wavelengths of stationary wave, formed in different modes of
2L
oscillations are given by =
where n = 1, 2, 3, with corresponding
n
nV
frequencies given by =
where n = 1, 2, 3,
2L
Thus, for fundamental mode of oscillation (or) I harmonic, n = 1 and
V
corresponding frequency is given by 1 =
;
2L
2V
For second mode of oscillation n = 2 and corresponding frequency is given by 2 =
;
2L
this mode is called as I overtone (or) II harmonic. Similarly, for third mode of oscillation
3V
n =3 & corresponding frequency is given by 3 =
; this is called as II overtone (or) III
2L
harmonic and so on.. Therefore, 1 : 2 : 3 : ..= 1 : 2 : 3........
L=
Closed pipe A pipe which is closed at one end, such that always a node is
formed at the closed end and an antinode is formed at the open end is called as a closed
pipe.
13. Consider a closed pipe of length L, which encloses certain specific amount of air called
as air column. This air column is set into vibrations by holding a vibrating tuning fork
near its mouth. These longitudinal waves of frequency & wavelength travel with a
velocity of v through the pipe and gets reflected at the other end, because the other end
acts like a boundary and this reflected wave traveling in opposite direction superpose
with incident wave forming a stationary wave such that a node is formed at the closed
end and an antinode at the open end, which is characterized by a set of natural
frequencies called as normal modes of oscillation. The first 3 nodes of oscillations are as
shown below.
The stationary waves formed is given by

y = 2a sin kx cos t where 2a sin Kx gives its amplitude, therefore the positions of nodes
are given by sin Kx = 0
2
n
; we get , x =
where n = 0, 1, 2, 3,
since K =
2
Sin Kx = 1
22
& hence Kx = n + where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, .

2
1
2
Since K =
; we get, x = n + , where n = 0, 1, 2, 3,
2 2
Taking the closed end of the pipe to be x = 0, the condition for node is satisfied
and the other end of the pipe to be x = L where an antinode is formed, requires that the
1
length L to be related to wavelength given by L = n +

for n = 0, 1, 2, 3.
2 2
Thus, the possible wavelengths of stationary wave formed in different modes of

oscillation are given by
2L
=
where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ..and corresponding frequencies are
(n + 1 )
2
1
V
given by = n +
where n = 0, 1, 2, 3,.
2 2L
Thus, for fundamental mode of oscillation (or) I harmonic n = 0, and

corresponding frequency is given by
V
1 =
4L
3V
; this
For second mode of oscillation n =1, corresponding frequency is given by 2 =
4L
is called as I overtone (or) III harmonic.
Similarly, for third mode of oscillation n =2, corresponding frequency is given by
5V
3 =
; this is called as II overtone (or) V harmonic and so on
4L
Therefore, 1 : 2 : 3 : .= 1 : 3 : 5:.
Thus, a closed pipe produces odd harmonics i.e., the ratio of frequencies of
overtone to that of fundamental frequency are odd natural numbers.
14.
Open pipe A pipe which is open at both ends such that always antinodes are formed at
their open ends is called as open pipe.
Consider a open pipe of length L, which encloses a certain specific amount of air called
as air column. This air column is set into oscillation by holding a vibrating tuning fork at
one of its ends. These longitudinal waves of frequency & wavelength travel with a
velocity of V through the pipe and gets reflected at the other end, because the other end
acts like a boundary and this reflected wave traveling in the opposite direction superpose
with the incident wave forming a stationary wave, such that always antinodes are formed
at their open ends which is characterized by a set of natural frequencies called as normal
modes of oscillation.
The first three nodes of oscillations are as shown below.
23
The stationary waves formed is given by

y = 2a sin Kx cos wt where 2a sin Kx gives its amplitude, therefore the positions of nodes
are given by sin Kx = 0
2
n
; we get , x =
where n = 0, 1, 2, 3,
since K =
2
Sin Kx = 1
1
& hence Kx = n + where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, .

2
2
1
Since K =
; we get, x = n + , where n = 0, 1, 2, 3,
2 2
Since at both the ends, antinodes are formed in different modes of oscillation, the
possible wavelengths of stationary waves formed indifferent modes of oscillation is given
2L
nV
where n = 1, 2, 3, 4,.& corresponding frequencies are given by =
by =
n
2L
where n = 1, 2, 3,..
Thus, for I mode of oscillation (or) I harmonic n =1 & the corresponding
V
frequency is given by 1 =
.
2L
For II mode of oscillation, n =2 & the corresponding frequency is given by 2 =
2V
; this is called as I overtone (or) II harmonic and similarly,
2L
3V
for III mode of oscillation n = 3 and the corresponding frequency is given by 3 =
;
2L
this is called as II overtone (or) III harmonic and so on..
Therefore, 1 : 2 : 3 := 1 : 2 : 3 : .
Thus, open pipe produces both odd & even harmonics. i.e the ratio of frequencies of the
overtones to that of fundamental frequency are both even and odd natural numbers.
5 marks problems answers :
1. Let time taken by stone to reach the surface of water dropped from top of the tower of
height 300 m be t1
1
we have x = o t1 + at12
2
1
-300 = o (t1) + (-9.8) t 12
2
t1 = 7.82 s
24
Let the time taken by sound to reach the person on the top of tower be t2.
dis tan ce cov ered by sound wave
t2 =
velocity of sound wave
300
t2 =
= 0.88 s
340
The splash of sound is heard after a time (t) equal t1 + t2.
i.e., t = t1 + t2
= 7.82 + 0.88
T = 8.7 s
)
(1)
4
This equation is of form y (x, t) = a sin ( t + kx + )
(2)
i) It is a traveling wave
ii) It travels from right to left (i.e, along the negative x direction)
iii) Comparing equation (1) & (2) we get
= 36
2 = 36
36
=
2
= 5.73 Hz
iv) Initial phase = radian

4
v) Distance between two consecutive crests is its wavelength ()
Comparing (1) & (2) we have
2
K=
= 0.018
2
=
0.018
= 349 cm
= 3.49 m
2
3. Given equation is y(x, t) = 0.06 sin
(1)
x. cos(120 t)
3
Given equation is of form y(x, t) = 2a sin kx cos t
(2)
i) It is a stationary wave
2
2
ii) Comparing equation (1) and (2); we get K =
=
3
= 3m
= 2 = 120
= 60 Hz
V = = 60 3 = 180 ms-1
V = 180 ms-1
iii) Given m = 3 10-2 kg
l = 1.5 m
m 3 10 2
linear density = =
= 2 10-2 kg m-1
l
1.5
2. Given equation is y =(x, t) = 3 sin (36t + 0.018x +
25
We have v =
T = V2
T = (180)2 2 10-2
T = 648 N
2t x
4. Given equation is y = 1.2 sin
5 4
2t x
(1)
It can be rewritten as y = 1.2 sin

4
5
This equation is of the form y = a sin ( t kx) (2)
Comparing equation (1) & (2)
We get, a = 1.2 m
2
K=
=
4
=8m
2
2
=
=
T
5
T = 5 s.
T
8
V = = 1.6 ms-1
5
V = 1.6 ms-1
5. Let l c & l o be the length of closed pipe and open pipe respectively
Given l c = 0.42m t = 35oC
(frequency of first overtone)
= (fundamental frequency)
Closed pipe
3V
V
i.e., 35 C = 35 C
(1)
4l c
2l o
Fundamental frequency of closed pipe = 210 Hz
V
i.e., 35 C = 210 Hz
(2)
4l c
4lc
from (1) we get, l o=
6
4(0.42)
lo=
6
l o = 0.28 m
From (2) we get V35 C = 210 4 l c
= 210 4 0.42
V35 C = 352.8 ms-1
V=
We have V
T
26
open pipe
VO oC
V35o C
0 + 273
35 + 273
273
V35o C
308
273
=
352.8
308
= 332.15 ms-1
V0o C =
V0o C
V0o C
6. The frequency () as heard by an observer due to motion of source and observer is

given by
V + Vo
= o
Vo = Vsecond Car = 18 km h-1
(1)
V + Vs
i)
O
Vo = 5 ms-1
V + Vo
= o
V + Vs
18 7000
3600
Vo = 5 ms-1
VS = 15 ms-1
VS = Vfirst car = 54 km h-1

=
Here Vo = +ve
& VS = -ve
V + Vo
equation (1) becomes = o
V Vs
340 + 5
= 240
340 15
= 254.76Hz
ii)
O
Here Vo = - ve
Vs = +ve
V Vo
equation (1) becomes = o
V + Vs
340 5
= 240
340 + 15
= 226.47Hz
7. Given equation is y = 1.4 sin (300 t x)
This can be rewritten as y = 1.4 sin (300 t - x) (1)
This equation is of the form y = a sin ( t kx) (2)
We have V = (3)
Comparing equation (1) & (2)
We get, = 2 = 300
27
54 1000
= VS = 15 ms-1
3600
= 150 Hz
2
=
K=
= 2m
from (3) V = 150 2
V = 300 ms-1
We have phase difference =
(path difference)
(0.25)
2
=
(0.25)
2
radian
=
4
8. Given distance traveled by sound in air = distance traveled by sound in argon.
i.e., dair = dargon
air
air 1.293
1.402
=
&
=
arg on 1.667
arg on 1.789
& we know that Vsound =
We have
t air
t arg on
d air t arg on
Vair
=
Varg on t air d arg on
Varg on
Vair
t air
t arg on
t air
t arg on
p
(1)
arg on p air
arg on air p
(from (1))
arg on air
arg on air
1.667 1.293
1.402 1.789
t air
= 0.927
t arg on
9. If m is the molecular mass of the given gas then, we have velocity of sound in gas is
given by
RT
V=
m
mhydrogen
V
RT
mixture =
Vhydrogen
mmixture
RT
Vmixture
=
Vhydrogen
mhydrogen
mmixture
(1)
28
(32 1) + (2 4)
1+ 4
mmixture = 8
V
equation (1) becomes mixture =
Vhydrogen
mmixture =
2
8
1
Vhydrogen
2
1270
=
2
Vmixture = 635 ms-1
Vmixture =
10.
Length of the wire L =
mass of the wire

Linear density
3.5 10 2
4 10 2
L = 0.875 m
When the wire vibrates in its fundamental mode then
L=
L=
= 2 0.875
= 1.75 m
speed of the transverse wave on the string is
Given V = = 45 1.75
V = 78.75 ms-1
T
ii) V =
T = V2
T = (78.75)2 4 10-2
T = 248 N
*************
29

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Chapter I

10. Discoveries in physics generates new technology . Give an evidence to this.

Weak nuclear force

Strong nuclear force

Stronger nuclear force

26. Does the laws of nature change with time?

10. How many base units are there in SI system?

15. Express the relation for solid angle.

   !

16. Mention some direct method of measuring length

31. What are the types of error?

41. What is percentage error?

43. Define astronomical unit (AU)

(b) 2.65 x 103 kg

(c) 0.2309 m-3

49. Round off the following result to three significant figures

50. Define dimension of a physical quantity.

51. Write the dimensions of work.

Two marks question

1. Mention the base quantities in SI system

2. Name any two derive SI unit with the name of scientist.

3. What are sources of systematic error?

4. Explain the method of reducing systematic error.

5. Give any two methods of reducing least count error.

9. Find the relative error in Z ,if Z = A3 B1/2 / C D3/2

11. Write the dimension of universal gravitational constant.

writing the dimensions, [G] =

15. Mention any two constants which have dimensions.

16. Mention any two applications of dimensional analysis.

17. Mention any two limitations of dimensional analysis.

Let D be the diameter of the

the angle made by two

angle. If d is the distance of moon from earth , then

Using this relation the size of moon can be determined

Here errors are least count errors

= 100 x 0.027 = 2.7%

3. Check the correctness of following equation by dimensional analysis.

dimension of at2 = [LT-2] [T2] = [L] here is a constant having no dimension.

Fx = [M L T-2] [L] = [M L2 T-2]

For RHS, dimensions of mv2 = [M] [L T-1] 2 = [M L2 T-2]

Where K is dimensionless constant.

[T] = [L]a [M]b [L T-2]c

; [M L T-2] = [Ma Lb+c T-b]

7. Check the correctness of the relation , Sn = u +

(2n -1) where u is the initial velocity,

(2n -1) = L T -1 + L T -2 (T)

Chapter - 3. (Motion in a straight line)

When is an object said to be in motion?

What is rectilinear motion?

What is required to specify the position of an object?

What is meant by path length?

What is meant by uniform motion?

What is the position - time graph?

Define average velocity.

10. Define average speed.

13. What does the slope of position - time graph represent?

Distinguish between distance and displacement.

The displacement (in metre) of a particle moving along x - axis given by

A ball is thrown vertically upward and it reaches a height of 90 m.

Define relative velocity with an example.

!

16.Xk = }~ Y = Y2/uwhereY-speed of the object