* IN THE HIGH COURT OF DELHI

% Judgment reserved on : 02.04.2009

Judgment delivered on: 15.05.2009

+ CRL.A. 456/2008

S.J.CHAUDHARY Appellant
Through: Mr. Ram Jethmalani, Sr. Advocate with
Mr. Arunabh Chaudhary, Mr. Abhishek
Singh, Mr. Ankur Chawla, Mr. Sarvesh
Singh, Mr. Abhinav Lohia, Mr. Rajdeep
Banerjee, Ms. Joyeeta Banerjee,
Mr. Saurabh Gupta, Ms. P.R.Mala and
Ms. Lataa Krishnamurti, Advocates

versus

CBI Respondent
Through: Mr. P.P.Malhotra, ASJ with Mr. V.S.Shukla,
SPP, CBI and Mr. Chetan Chawla,
Mr. Gaurav Sharma, Mr. Pratap Singh
Panwar and Mr. Shanker Chabbra,
Advocates for CBI

Mr. K.T.S.Tulsi, Senior Advocate with

Mr. Karan Singh, Mr. Abhyuday Rathore
and Ms. Neha Gupta, Advocates for the
complainant

CORAM:
HON'BLE MR. JUSTICE PRADEEP NANDRAJOG
HON'BLE MS. JUSTICE ARUNA SURESH

1. Whether reporters of local papers may be allowed

to see the judgment?

2. To be referred to the Reporter or not?

3. Whether judgment should be reported in Digest?

: PRADEEP NANDRAJOG, J.

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 1 of 114

1. In a nutshell, case of the prosecution is, that having

lost in his endeavour to win back his wife Rani Chaudhary,

decree for divorce in whose favour attained finality when

Petition For Special Leave to Appeal filed by the appellant

before the Supreme Court was dismissed on 24.8.1982, the

appellant made up his mind to murder Kishan Sikand, with

whom Rani Chaudhary was residing and had decided to get

married to. Being an ex-serviceman; having knowledge of

ammunition, the appellant procured the raw ingredients to

manufacture a bobby trap bomb, and using parts of a hand-

grenade, managed to manufacture a bobby trap bomb, which

was converted into a parcel, and on 25.9.1982, at around 7.30

7.45 PM, the appellant left the parcel containing the bomb at

the staircase leading to the first floor of 98, Sunder Nagar, New

Delhi, in the rear portion whereof the deceased Kishan Sikand

was residing along with Rani Chaudhary. The bomb reached

the deceased on 2.10.1982 and since the parcel containing the

bomb was addressed to the deceased, he opened the same

and while so doing, triggered of the contraption, resulting in an

explosion. The sharpnells inside the bomb pierced the body of

the deceased who died at the spot due to the resultant

injuries.

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 2 of 114

2. The FIR was registered on the day of the incident

itself on 2.10.1982. Rani Chaudhary was at Sanawar (H.P.) on

the day of the incident and returned to Delhi the next day.

Her statement under Section 161 Cr.P.C. was recorded on

3.10.1982. She informed the police therein about her

turbulent marriage with the appellant and the divorce. She

informed the police that the appellant had been extending

threats to her to compel her to return to him and that had

even been threatening Kishan Sikand. Apart from other

persons whose statements were recorded during investigation,

the statement of one Suresh Gopal, a close friend of the

deceased and Rani Chaudhary was recorded on 5.10.1982.

Needless to state, the appellant was a suspect from the very

beginning but nothing incriminating against him could be

gathered by the police in spite of the fact that the

investigation was handed over to the Crime Branch of Delhi

Police. On 19.3.1983 investigation of the case was entrusted

to CBI.

3. On the day of the crime, after police received

information thereof, from the room on the first floor of 98,

Sunder Nagar where the deceased died a huge quantity of

debris was lifted and as noted in the seizure memo Ex.PW-69/C

was converted into 9 packets. It was noted in the seizure

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 3 of 114

memo that torn and burnt pieces of paper were a part of the

debris lifted. Three days later i.e. on 4.10.1982, some more

material was lifted from the room and converted into 4

packets. Unfortunately, the seizure memo pertaining to the

material lifted on 4.10.1982 was not made a part of the

charge-sheet and could not be proved at the trial.

4. The thirteen packets were sent to the Central

Forensic Science Laboratory on 7.10.1982 for a forensic

analysis, which as per Ex.PW-62/F commenced on 12.10.1982.

Needless to state, the first and the foremost thing required

was to segregate the debris and thereafter subject the

constituents thereof to a forensic analysis as also to try and

put together the burnt pieces of paper, as if a jigsaw is being

solved, for the reason, the said pieces of paper may have

contained a valuable information. It may be noted that

according to Rani Chaudhary and Suresh Gopal they had seen

the senders address on a slip of paper stuck to the parcel as

also had seen the name and address of the recipient on a slip

of paper stuck to the parcel.

5. According to the prosecution, from the remnants

i.e. the debris, on being segregated and reconstructed,

Dr.G.R.Prasad (PW-62) could reconstruct two slips recording as

under:-
Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 4 of 114
 Slip 1 Slip 2

PA ..OST From:

Shiri Krishan .. Delhi Met.e,

98, Sunde.agar 290, Hauz Qu.i

Delhi .0006

6. The typescript of the two slips, as per the

prosecution, was got typed by the appellant from an institute

imparting typing training at Lajpat Nagar belonging to Shri

N.D.Sethi PW-27 where the appellant had visited and got

typed, on an envelope, the name of the addressee and the

name of the sender. As per opinion of S.K.Gupta PW-75, an

examiner of questioned documents, the transcript of the two

slips matched the sample transcript S-7, obtained from one out

of the thirteen typewriters kept at the typing institute of Shri

N.D.Sethi. As per the prosecution, it was able to track the

typewriter used for typing the name and address of the

addressee and the name and address of the sender pursuant

to the disclosure statement Ex.PW-28/A made by the

appellant.

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 5 of 114

7. Seventy five witnesses were examined by the

prosecution. Apart from the police witnesses, the doctor who

conducted the post-mortem of the deceased and the forensic

experts who had analyzed the debris and the typescript on the

two slips, witnesses were examined to prove the motive; to

prove that the appellant was seen coming out of the house of

the deceased at around 7.30 7.45 PM on 25.9.1982; that the

appellant had got typed the name and address of the sender

as well as the addressee on paper which was pasted on the

parcel in question; that the appellant was an ex-armyman; that

the bobby trap bomb was created by using hand-grenades of

Pakistani origin; that the conduct of the appellant after

25.9.1982 was suspicious and suggestive of his being the

author of the crime.

8. We propose to briefly note the deposition of the

witnesses, other than formal witnesses, before analyzing the

impugned decision dated 28.4.2008, under which the

appellant has been convicted for the offence of murdering

Kishan Sikand and for the offences punishable under Section 3

& 4 of the Explosive Substance Act 1908.

9. Rani Chaudhary PW-1 deposed that she was earlier

married to Sqn. Leader Pritam Singh and out of said wedlock

two daughters, Mini and Maitri were born. On death of her

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 6 of 114
husband on 31.3.1971 she married the appellant

S.J.Chaudhary. Out of said wedlock one daughter named Sonal

was born on 24.8.1972. Her matrimonial life was turbulent as

the appellant treated her with cruelty. She lodged a report

Ex.PW-1/B with the army authorities in February March 1979.

The appellant confined her in the house on 5.8.1979 and she

had to jump out of the house. While so doing, she sprained

her ankle and had to be treated by a homeopath as per

prescription Ex.PW-1/D. On 1.9.1979 she sued for divorce in

the Court of an Additional District Judge, Delhi by filing a

petition Ex.PW-1/E. On 6.12.1979 an ex-parte divorce was

granted by the Court in her favour. She knew deceased

Krishan Sikand since 1969 71 and over a period of time they

grew fond of each other. On 12.9.1980 Krishan Sikand

proposed marriage to her which she accepted. That on 20th

September, 1980 her birthday was celebrated by Krishan

Sikand at a restaurant in Oberoi Intercontinental and Krishan

Sikand had ordered a birthday cake on which her name was

put as Rani Sikand. After dinner, as they went to the parking

where their car was parked, she saw appellant sitting in a car

in the parking area and the appellant trailed their car. On the

way, she lost track of the car of the appellant, but saw the

same parked outside her residence, at which, on the

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 7 of 114

suggestion of Krishan Sikand, she decided to spend the night

at the house of Krishan Sikand i.e. 98, Sunder Nagar.

Appellant met her in her house the next day and she informed

him that she and Krishan Sikand were planning to marry. On

23.9.1980 she met the appellant at the shop of M/s. Bhagwan

Dass Khanna and the appellant enquired from her whether a

ring which she was getting repaired from said shop was gifted

to her by Krishan Sikand. Since the appellant had been trailing

her, Krishan Sikand expressed concern about her safety and

requested her to stay with him at his house and that she

agreed. The appellant continued to keep a watch on her

movements and in July 1981 met her at Chungwa Restaurant

and told her that he would kill her and himself. She received a

telephone call on 31.7.1981 from the appellant requesting her

to meet him. She refused, but at his persistence agreed to

meet him. At the meeting, the appellant requested that she

should leave Krishan Sikand. She refused to do so. The

appellant used to constantly ring her, virtually compelling her

to leave the house of Krishan Sikand as the appellant would

threaten that unless he did so, he would kill Krishan Sikand.

That on 15.9.1981, Krishan Sikand told her that the appellant

had threatened to kill him and his father, unless she left his

house. The appellant met her once again at Chungwa

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 8 of 114

Restaurant on 24.9.1981 and reiterated his resolve to kill

Krishan Sikand, unless she left his company. On 6.10.1981

she rang up the mother of the appellant and informed her of

the conversations she had with the appellant. That the

appellant had made a complaint to the police regarding her

stay at 98, Sunder Nagar and in response, on 14.10.1981, the

police came to said house and made inquires from her; she

informed them that she was staying with Krishan Sikand with

her own free will as her marriage with the appellant had been

dissolved. On 25.9.1982 Suresh Gopal, his wife Sushma Gopal

visited Krishan Sikand and herself at 7.30 PM at 98 Sunder

Nagar. Around 9:00 PM all of them headed towards Pandara

Road Market for dinner. While descending from the first floor of

98 Sunder Nagar, Krishan Sikand and Suresh Gopal were a

little ahead of her and Sushma Gopal. Krishan saw a brownish

coloured parcel ad-measuring 5 x 3 x 2 lying on the second

lower most landing of the stairs. Krishan picked it up and

proceeded towards the car. Krishans address on the parcel

was written on a white patch of paper, which was pasted on it.

On 2.10.1982, she left to attend Founders Day Function of her

childrens school at Sanawar. Krishan Sikand could not

accompany her due to some important matter. On 2.10.1982,

at around 9:15 PM, at Sanawar School she received telephonic

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 9 of 114

information that there was an emergency and she must return

to Delhi. She took the Kalka Mail and reached Delhi the next

morning, and at the station, Anil Sikand and his wife; the elder

brother and sister-in-law of Krishan Sikand, informed her that

Krishan was no more. That the tape Ex.PW-1/P2 contained her

voice and the voice of the mother of the appellant. That the

tape Ex.PW-1/P1 contained her voice and the voice of the

appellant. That the letters Ex.PW-1/FF to Ex.PW-1/GG were

written to her by the appellant. That envelopes Ex.PW-1/001

to Ex.PW-1/14 were received by her from the appellant in

which various letters were posted by the appellant to her.

10. Dr.H.Lal PW-33 a medical officer deposed that the

prescription Ex.PW-1/D was written by him, but he could not

identify the patient.

11. Sudhir Khanna PW-10 deposed that somewhere in

July or August 1981, both Krishan Sikand and Rani Chaudhary

had told him that the appellant was threatening Rani to leave

the house of Krishan Sikand, on which he had suggested them

to report the matter to the police as well as to tape the threats

of the appellant, for which he gave them a Sony make

walkman tape recorder.

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 10 of 114

12. Kailash Nath Dwivedi PW-11 deposed that in 1981

I.J.S. Chatwal had visited him in the month of September with

his wife and daughter. His daughter Rani was mentally upset

as she wanted to re-marry but her ex-husband was

threatening her on that score, for which he suggested some

puja.

13. H.D.Sikand PW-19, father of the deceased Krishan

Sikand deposed that in mid September 1981, the appellant

had telephoned him at his office and told him that if Krishan

Sikand fails to throw Rani Chaudhary out of his house, the

appellant would cripple him i.e. Krishan Sikand and break his

bones.

14. Smt.Davinder Singh PW-32 (mother-in-law of Rani

from her previous marriage to Pritam Singh) deposed that

somewhere in 197576, Rani Chaudhary requested her to

permit her and her two daughters to stay with her as she was

facing problems with the appellant who was maltreating her.

After a year, she came back again and made a similar request

at which she kept her in her house for six months. The

appellant came to her house and requested her to advise Rani

Chaudhary to live with him. On 31.7.1979 she and Rani went

to see off Ranis daughters at the railway station, where the

appellant was also present. While returning from the railway

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 11 of 114
station, the appellant followed them to their house. The

appellant kept knocking the door and wanted to get inside the

house and insisted that he would take Rani with him. She

informed the police, upon which the police came and spoke to

the appellant and went away, but the appellant remained

there and left in the morning. She had to lodge a complaint

Ex.PW-31/A with the police.

15. Shri M.M.Thapar PW-37 (brother-in-law of Krishan

Sikand) deposed that he knew the appellant since his school

days and knew Rani after her marriage with the appellant.

After a few years of their marriage, differences arose between

them, which could not be resolved even though he tried to

reconcile them. Rani Chaudhary used to complain about her

being un-happy on account of maltreatment and that she

wanted to separate from the appellant. The appellant and

Rani used to argue in his presence and quarrel with each

other. On one occasion, the appellant even slapped Rani in his

presence.

16. Neelu Moolchandani PW-39 deposed that he knew

Krishan Sikand and Ashok Sikand as they were in the same

school and that he met Rani Chaudhary in 1980. On a couple

of occasions Krishan Sikand had mentioned to him about

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 12 of 114

threats received from the appellant to compel Krishan Sikand

to throw out Rani from his house.

17. Brig. Ashok Nath Luthra PW-42 (family friend of

Rani Chaudhary) deposed that Rani Chaudhary had introduced

him to Krishan Sikand. Thereafter, they started visiting each

others house. Rani had once mentioned to him that her

relations with the appellant were strained and that she

planned to marry Krishan Sikand. Rani had also told him that

the appellant did not like her staying with Krishan Sikand and

wanted her to leave his house and that the appellant had been

harassing Krishan Sikand to compel him to leave Rani.

18. Shri Gajbir Singh PW-44 deposed that he knew

Krishan Sikand since 1970 as he had been participating with

him in the Himalayan Car Rally. He knew Rani Chaudhary

since 1979 whom he met for the first time at 98 Sunder Nagar.

Around Diwali 1981, Krishan Sikand told him that he was

receiving telephone calls from the appellant insisting upon him

to turn Rani Chaudhary out of his house, otherwise the

appellant would kill Krishan Sikand.

19. Insp.Om Sagar PW-48 deposed that complaint

Ex.PW-1/MM was assigned to him for necessary inquiry vide

endorsement Ex.PW-48/A. He contacted complainant

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 13 of 114

S.J.Chaudhary who had come to the police station on

1.10.1981. On 13.10.1981 he came to him in afternoon and

informed that Smt.Rani Chaudhary was present at 98, Sunder

Nagar with Krishan Sikand. He went to the said place. On his

enquiry they gave explanation Ex.PW-1/KK. He submitted his

inquiry report Ex.PW-48/B.

20. It is apparent that aforenoted witnesses were cited

to establish motive on the part of the appellant. Motive being

to avenge the loss of his wife to the deceased. Through the

testimony of aforenoted witnesses, obviously, the prosecution

intended to prove that the appellant was having an obsession

with Rani and was desiring her company at all cost.

21. We need not note the cross examination of the

various aforenoted witnesses, save and except the cross

examination of Rani PW-1, who was confronted with her

statement recorded by the police under Section 161 Cr.P.C. in

which she stated that she had seen the parcel with address

thereupon written in hand and that when Krishan picked up

the parcel she warned him to leave it, lest it might be

containing a bomb and that on return from the dinner she was

anxious to know where had the parcel been kept by Krishan.

We may note that at portions marked B to B, F to F, J to

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 14 of 114

J and K to K aforesaid statements find mention in Ranis

statement recorded under Section 161 Cr.P.C.

22. Shri Anil Sikand PW-13, brother of the deceased,

deposed that on 27.9.1982 he had gone to Naldhera Golf

Course (in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh) with Bili, Shri H.S.Nath

and another person whose name he does not remember. He

saw the appellant there in a golf hut, with one Jagat Ram, a

caddy master. The next day he again saw the appellant who

sought his permission to join him and his friends for a game,

which he initially declined, but at the persistence of the

appellant made him join the game and while playing, the

appellant enquired about the well being of Krishan Sikand.

23. Birender Singh PW-43 deposed that he had gone to

Naldera Golf Club to practice for the annual match due to be

held on 2.10.1982. Besides himself, his cousin Harinder Singh

Nath and Anil Sikand and a fourth person were present. He

found the appellant practicing there and exchanged greetings

with him. The appellant enquired if he could play with them,

which offer was accepted. During the play, appellant enquired

about Krishan Sikand being fine.

24. Dalip Suri PW-60, deposed that in September 1982

he was posted in the office of Himachal Tourism. That on

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 15 of 114

22.9.1982, booking of a log hut was made in the name of

Col.S.J.Chaudhary for the period 26.9.1982 to 29.9.1982, in

tourist bungalow Naldera Complex. He was allotted hut No.6

vide permit no.Ex.PW-60/A.

25. From the evidence of the aforenoted witnesses, the

prosecution intended to establish the inquisitive conduct of the

appellant in enquiring about the well being of Krishan Sikand,

when the appellant had met Anil Sikand and Birender Singh at

the Golf Course at Naldhera Himachal Pradesh on 27.9.1982.

26. Shri Suresh Gopal PW-3 deposed that he knew the

deceased and Rani Chaudhary and he and his wife had been

visiting them at 98 Sunder Nagar, when Rani Chaudhary was

staying with Krishan Sikand. On 25.9.1982, he and his wife

visited Krishan Sikand. At that time he had seen a mechanic

working on the car of Krishan Sikand. While going up, he did

not notice any parcel lying on the stairs. He and his wife

stayed in Krishan Sikands apartment for about an hour and a

half and then the four i.e. Krishan Sikand, Rani Chaudhary, his

wife Sushma Gopal and himself went out for dinner at about

9.00 PM. While going down the first floor apartment of Krishan

Sikand, Krishan Sikand was leading them, followed by him and

thereafter by his wife and Rani. On the second last landing of

the steps, Krishan Sikand saw a parcel of brownish colour with

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 16 of 114
a white paper slip marked A1 pasted on it on which name and

address of Krishan Sikand was typed. The parcel was 5 x 3 x

3 in size. While going towards the car, Krishan opened the

mesh door of the electric meter and placed the parcel there, in

a window sill, parallel to the driveway near the entrance door.

27. Vijay Ram PW-5 deposed that he was living in the

servant quarters of 98 Sunder Nagar since 1968-69. He was

working part-time for Mr.Kock who was living in the front

portion of the first floor of 98 Sunder Nagar. Deceased Krishan

Sikand was living in the remaining portion of the first floor.

The man staircase was used by both families for going to the

first floor. Letters were left by the postman near the stairs on

the first or the second landing, and he used to pick up the

letters and deliver, those belonging to Mr.Kock to him, and

those belonging to Krishan Sikand to him. On 2.10.1982, he

was going to Sunder Nagar Market to fetch a crate of soda

water bottles for Mr.Kock and when he reached near the

meters on the landing of the staircase, he noted a brown

colour parcel lying inside the iron jali door of the meter

enclosure. The said parcel had a paper pasted on it on which

address of Krishan Sikand was written. At that time a party

was going on in the house of Ashok Sikand, the elder brother

of Krishan Sikand who was residing on the front side of the

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 17 of 114

ground floor. He gave that parcel to Shyam Lal and directed

him to deliver it to deceased Krishan Sikand. But, Shyam Lal

expressed his inability, due to his preoccupation with the

party. Thereupon, he went upstairs to the kitchen of Krishan

Sikand and delivered the parcel to him, informing that the said

parcel was found lying in the window sill of the enclosure of

the meters. After about half an hour he returned from Sunder

Nagar Market and heard an explosion when he was near the

first landing of the stairs to the servant quarter. When he

reached the room of Krishan Sikand where the explosion had

taken place, he found him lying on the floor, bleeding in the

drawing room.

28. Shyam Lal PW-6 deposed that he was working as a

sweeper in 98 Sunder Nagar with Sikand for the last 12 years.

He was working with them even for the period between

25.9.1982 2.10.1982. On 2.10.1982 he was going towards

the front side park through the driveway, when Vijay PW-5 an

employee of Kock met him, where the car was parked. He told

him that he had found a parcel in the window sill near the

meter and he wanted the same to be delivered to Krishan

Sikand, to whom it was addressed. The parcel was about 5 in

length. He expressed his inability to do so and told Vijay Ram

to deliver it himself. After about half an hour, he heard an

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 18 of 114

explosion on the first floor occupied by Krishan Sikand. He

along with other persons went upstairs where they found

Krishan Sikand lying injured and bleeding on the floor near the

dining table.

29. Mohd. Shafi PW-7, a mechanic in Sikand Motors for

the last 30 years, deposed that on 25.9.1982 he had been

requisitioned by Krishan Sikand and he had gone to examine

and repair car No.DEB -1957 at 98 Sunder Nagar at about 5.30

PM. Krishan Sikand came in that very car at about 6.00 PM

from outside, gave him the keys and went upstairs. At about

7.30 PM he saw Gopal PW-3 and his wife go upstairs.

Thereafter he took the car for a trial run up to the zoo and

when he was coming back via Sunder Nagar Market he saw the

appellant coming out of the gate of 98 Sunder Nagar and

proceed towards Sunder Nagar Market. This was after 15 20

minutes of his having left for a trial run of the car. He parked

the car near the stairs wherein he met Jaglal Shikari who told

him that he had been summoned by Krishan Sikand for shikar

and delivery of clothes. Thereafter he went upstairs and

delivered the key of the car to Krishan Sikand and informed

him of the arrival of Jaglal.

30. Relevant would it be to note that the undisputed

position is that Mohd.Shafis statement under Section 161

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 19 of 114
Cr.P.C. was recorded on 16.7.1983 i.e. after over nine months

of the date of occurrence of the offence, which took place on

2.10.1982.

31. Sanjay Sikand PW-8 son of the deceased deposed

that on 2.10.1982 his father expired due to an explosion which

took place at about 5.30 PM. At that time he was attending a

birthday party of his cousin being celebrated at the ground

floor. Fifteen minutes before the explosion Sanjay Sikand with

his friend Manu Aggarwal had taken some sandwiches and

patties for his father when he noticed a parcel lying on the

sideboard of the room which is opposite the pantry room. The

parcel was brownish in colour and had a white thread double

folded and was 5 x 3 x 3 in size.

32. Krishan Lal PW-20 deposed that he was employed

in the Delhi Golf Club since 1976 as a starter and knew the

appellant who was a member of the club. As a starter his job

was to maintain records of players as and when a game

commenced together with the particulars of the caddy at the

first tee. Entry encircled in red in the register Ex.PW-20/A was

in his hand and was dated 25.9.1982 and that it recorded that

the appellant had played golf in the company of three players

from 1.36 PM to 5.22 PM.

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 20 of 114

33. Relevant would it be to note that in cross-

examination, the witness admitted that a full game of golf

requires 7 Km to be walked and that the players take a bath

and refreshments after playing the game. That the appellant

used to leave the club normally around 7.45 PM. On 25.9.1982,

he had requested the appellant for a lift in the evening as he

lived at Bhogal which was on the way to Friends Colony and in

the car, requested the appellant to give him a bottle of rum to

entertain guests. The appellant took him to his residence in

Friends Colony and gave him a bottle of rum. On being re-

examined by the learned Special Prosecutor, the witness

stated that he had no record of leaving with the appellant at

7.45 PM on 25.9.1982 and that his deposition to said effect

was based on memory.

34. With reference to the testimony of aforenoted

witnesses, the prosecution sought to establish that Mohd.Shafi

had seen the appellant coming out of the gate of 98 Sunder

Nagar on 25.9.1982 at around 7:45 PM and that 15 minutes

prior thereto, at around 7:30 PM Suresh Gopal and his wife had

come to 98 Sunder Nagar and while going up the steps to the

first floor they did not see any parcel on the steps and that at

around 9:00 PM when they i.e. Suresh Gopal and his wife along

with the deceased and Rani were leaving the house, a parcel

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 21 of 114

was found at the staircase which was picked up by Krishan

Sikand and kept at the sill of a wire mesh enclosure containing

the electricity meters at the landing of the staircase and that

the parcel remained forgotten at the same place till it was

noticed by Vijay Ram on 2.10.1982, who requested Shyam Lal

to deliver the same to Krishan Sikand and on the refusal of

Shyam Lal to do so, Vijay Ram himself delivered the parcel to

Krishan Sikand and that the parcel exploded at around 5:30 PM

when a birthday party was being celebrated at the ground

floor of the house. It is apparent that the prosecution was

attempting to prove that the appellant had left the parcel at

the staircase of the house of the deceased on 25.9.1982.

35. N.D.Sethi PW-27 deposed that he has been running

Janta Commercial College since 1951. He had 13 English

typewriters in his establishment since 1982. Five typewriters

were for learners and the remaining for speed shooters. On

5.8.1983 CBI accompanied by the appellant had come to his

institute at about 6.00 PM to 7.00 PM and took specimen

typing from the machines of which Ex.PW-27/A was one type

specimen. The typed specimens were seized vide seizure

memo Ex.PW-28/B. That around 22nd or 23rd September 1982

a person had come with a handwritten address and an

envelope and had requested to type the address on the

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 22 of 114

envelope. He referred the person to a beginner student to do

the needful. That he could not identify the person who had

come. 8 files containing sheets typed in the year 1982 were

seized vide seizure memo Ex.PW-27/E on 9.9.1983. A machine

Ex.P-21 was seized vide seizure memo Ex.PW-27/B and that

the address on Ex.A-1 was got typed on the machine Ex.P-21.

36. Shri V.K.Tyagi PW-28 deposed that some CBI

officers had requested him and one Mr.Mehrotra to come to

their office. In his presence the appellant made a disclosure

statement Ex.PW-28/A which was reduced in writing and

signed by him and Mr.Mehrotra as also three CBI officers. The

appellant disclosed that he had got typed the address of the

addressee and the sender at a typing institute in Lajpat Nagar.

Thereafter, the appellant led the CBI officers to Janta

Commercial College and pointed out a typewriter on which the

same were typed. Thereafter, specimen of typescripts were

obtained from the machines at Janta Commercial College.

37. From the testimony of PW-27 and PW-28, the

prosecution sought to prove that pursuant to the disclosure

statement made by the appellant, CBI officers came to know

for the first time that the addresses of the sender and the

addressee on the parcel bomb were got typed by the appellant

at Janta Commercial College. (We shall be shortly noting the

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 23 of 114
testimony of the typescript expert and his report pertaining to

the sample typescript Ex.PW-27/A and the typescript on the

reconstructed slips of paper recovered from the debris of the

parcel bomb, containing the address of the sender and the

addressee).

38. Dr.G.R.Prasad PW-62 deposed that he had been

working as ballistic expert with CFSL and on 7.10.1982 he

received 13 sealed parcels from Inspector II, Crime Branch,

Delhi; out of which parcel No.3 was a cloth envelope sealed

with three seals of VM and it contained stained brown paper

pieces with remnants of address thereon. He reconstructed, to

the extent possible, two addresses by pasting together the

remnants of the paper as recorded in his report dated

20.10.1982 Ex.PW-62/G.

39. We note that the reconstructed papers as per

report Ex.PW-62/G, are as noted hereinabove in para 5.

40. Shri V.K.Khanna PW-59, Senior Scientific Officer-

cum-Assistant Chemical Examiner, CFSL deposed that certain

questioned and standard documents were sent for

examination and comparison by S.P., CBI, New Delhi vide letter

Ex.PW-59/A. These documents were retained in the

documents division on 25.10.1983 and the receipt was given

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 24 of 114

by the case assistant CFSL. The questioned writings which

were sent for examination were marked Q-1 to Q-79. The

specimen writings were marked S-767 to S-784 and admitted

writings were marked A-1 to A-55. The questioned writings

were examined and compared with the standard writing with

the help of scientific aids.

41. SK Gupta PW-75, Director, Dept. of Science and

Technology, deposed that on 6.8.1983 he received a letter

from S.P./ CIU (P) addressed to Director CFSL along with this

letter, typed documents marked S-1 to S-14 of various type

writers were received. The questioned document Q-1, Ex.PW-

62/O, on which his opinion was sought had already been

received in finger print division of the Laboratory. That the

documents marked by him as S-1 to S-14 are Ex. PW-71/A-1 to

A-14. S-7 is Ex.PW-27/A. He gave his report that the

questioned document Q-1 i.e. Ex.PW-62/O was got typed on

the same typewriting machine on which the sample typescript

S-7, exhibited as Ex.PW-27/A, was got typed.

42. Briefly noted, the report is based on identifying

certain sheets in the 8 files which were seized vide seizure

memo Ex.PW-27/E, as relatable to the same typewriter to

which the questioned typescript could be related to and

additionally the fact that the questioned typescript was found

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 25 of 114
relatable to the same typewriter on which the sample

typescript S-7 was got typed.

43. Thus, through the testimony of PW-59, PW-64 and

PW-75, the prosecution sought to establish that the addresses

on the parcel containing the bomb were typed at the instance

of the appellant from the machine Ex.P-21 belonging to Janta

Commercial College owned by PW-27.

44. Maj.R.R.Gupta PW-45, deposed that since 10.6.1983

he was the Control Officer with Central Ammunition Depot of

Government of India and that a record of ammunition was

maintained of captured ammunition. That 82420 hand

grenades of Pakistani origin were received between March

1972 to June 1972 of which 168 hand grenades had POF 1958

markings. That these hand grenades were issued to various

units and some were destroyed during tests.

45. Arun Kumar Kalsi PW-50 deposed that he has been

working in the ammunition factory since 1979 as Works

Manager. Detonator sets of N-36 hand-grenades four seconds

are also manufactured in his factory. He stated that on

2.7.1983 CBI approached him and asked him to accompany

them to enable them to have a look at the fragments of

grenades and cap chambers. He noted that the cap chambers

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 26 of 114

were broken into pieces. One piece contained the mark KF

and the other portion contained the month and year of

manufacture. He noted the month and the year marked as 3-

64. That the detonator sets were not available in the market

and could not be manufactured by anybody else. After

perusing the inspection notes and the records of the said

detonator relating to March 1964, the report Ex.PW-50/A was

prepared by him.

46. Shri Vinayak PW-61, Principal Foreman, C.I.A.

deposed that he is trained in inspection of armaments and

forensic ballistics in respect of grenade and its fragments

including grenades of Pakistan origin captured by the Indian

Army. That he had examined the remnants of the exploded

hand-grenade and his opinion is Ex.PW-61/A, as per which he

had opined that the fragments sent to him were of hand

grenade number M-36 and the base plug was of Pakistan

origin.

47. Through the testimony of PW-45, PW-50 and PW-61,

the prosecution sought to prove that the bobby trap bomb,

used as the explosive device which was the cause of the death

of Krishan Sikand was created by the use of hand grenades

manufactured in Pakistan and that some hand grenades which

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 27 of 114

were captured by the Indian Army were distributed in the

various units of the Indian Army.

48. We need not note the testimony of the various

police officers associated with the investigation as no

submissions were advanced by learned counsel for the parties

with reference to the investigation carried out. We also need

not note the testimony of the doctor who conducted the post-

mortem of the deceased, for the reason, it is not in dispute

that the deceased died when sharpnels from an explosive

device pierced his body causing excessive internal bleeding.

49. The defence produced eight witnesses.

50. Shri Rattan Sehgal DW-1, a retired IPS officer

deposed that he knew the appellant S.J.Chaudhary for over last

32 years as he was a family friend. That on 25.9.1982, Sh.

Vinod Gupta, a common friend, had hosted a party and that he

met the accused in the party at No.4, Friends Colony at about

8.30 or 9 PM.

51. Shri A.K. Nehra DW-2 deposed that on 25.9.1982 at

about 7.30 PM he had visited the house of the appellant but

the appellant was not present there. He was informed by Ms.

Kishori that the appellant was on his way back from the Golf

Club. He waited at the house of the appellant till about 8:00

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 28 of 114

PM when appellant arrived accompanied by a short and fat

fellow, wearing glasses, to whom the appellant handed a bottle

of rum. Thereafter, they stayed at the residence of the

appellant till 8.30 PM and he dropped the appellant at a party

at No.4 Friends Colony.

52. Lt. General R.M.Vohra DW-3, deposed that in the

year 1971, the appellant was holding the rank of a Major in the

army and fought the 1971 war under his command. That only

officers of the Engineering Corps were trained in the

manufacture of ammunition and that at the time when he was

in command, the appellant had not undergone any such

specialized training. That the appellant was a soldier attached

to the Hudson Horse Regiment, a part of the armoured corp.

53. Col. Rajender Kumar DW-4, a retired Army Officer

deposed that he was commissioned in the Indian Army

Ordnance Core. That the shelf life of an ignitor set is only

eight years, after which it may malfunction or hang fire or may

not fire at all.

54. Retd. Brig. S.K.Grover DW-5, deposed that Ex.DW-

4/A was written by the Ordnance Director, Army Head Quarters

with regard to the shelf life of hand grenade and ignitor set on

the request of appellant.

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 29 of 114

55. Retd. Col. A.S.Sundram DW-6, deposed that when in

service, he was dealing with bobby traps, mines and

demolition. That he commanded the bomb disposal unit in

Delhi from 1982 to 1987 and had deposed in a number of

cases pertaining to bomb explosion, the last one being Rajiv

Gandhi assassination case. That he was familiar with

improvised explosive devices and was also familiar with the

functioning of hand grenades and could explain as to how a

hand grenade functions. That he had brought a chart

describing the components of a hand grenade which is about

the size of 4 inches from top to bottom and 2 to 2 inches in

diameter. For being operated, a hand grenade is held in the

hand along with its lever. The safety pin is removed to free

the lever, which is held down by the finger. Once the grenade

is released from the hand the lever flies away and the striker

of the hand grenade comes down and hits the percussion cap

which triggers the explosion.

56. Shri Darshan Dayal Goel DW-7, claiming to be an

expert in examination of questioned documents, deposed that

he had compared the questioned type script Q-1, Ex.PW-62/O,

with the specimen type script S-7, Ex.PW-27/A, and other

specimen typescripts which were seized from Janta

Commercial College. That according to him, the differences

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 30 of 114

mentioned by him in the questioned document Q-1 and sample

typescript S-7 are not reasonably accounted for. Further the

partially burnt and mutilated condition of document marked Q-

1, does not provide sufficient data for basing a definite and

irrefutable opinion that the questioned typescript marked Q-1

and the sample typescript marked S-7 have been typed on the

same typewriter. That the report Ex.DW-7/A was authored by

him

57. Dr.B.R.Sharma DW-8, deposed that the CFSL Report

Ex.PW-64/A and Ex.PW-64/B submitted by Dr.S.R.Singh were

based on an improper scientific analysis because proper

instruments were not used to examine the various

components qua which and upon which, the reports were

given.

58. Though the learned Trial Judge has noted the

testimony of all the witnesses who deposed facts that the

appellant had a motive to kill the deceased; namely PW-1, PW-

10, PW-11, PW-19, PW-32, PW-37, PW-39, PW-42, PW-44 and

PW-48, but reliance has been placed only upon the testimony

of PW-1 and PW-19. With reference to the testimony of Rani

Chaudhary PW-1 and H.D.Sikand PW-19, the learned Trial

Judge has held as under:-

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 31 of 114

 I have no reason to disbelieve the witnesses
about the threats given to Ms. Rani Chaudhary
and deceased Kishan Sikand. It is submitted by
counsel for accused that Ms. Rani has deposed
about the threats to save her skin. She was a
clever lady and wanted to grab the property of
deceased Kishan Sikand since she has already
obtained a will in her favour by influencing the
deceased. I find no merit in this argument. The
deposition of Rani Chaudary about the threats is
corroborated by the deposition of H.D.Sikand,
father of deceased, against whose testimony
nothing has been stated during the course of
arguments. Believing the deposition of Ms. Rani
Chaudhary, H.D.Sikand and other witnesses, I
find that accused had motive to kill not only Ms.
Rani Chaudhary but also deceased Kishan Sikand
so that they dont live together against the
wishes of the accsued.
59. With reference to the testimony of Major R.R.Gupta

PW-45, Dr. G.R.Prasad PW-62 and Dr. B.Moitra, PW-63 the

learned Trial Judge has held as under:-

The fact that accused S.J.Chaudhary was

Lieutenant Colonel in Indian Army has not been
disputed. PW-45 Major R.R.Gupta of Central
Ammunition Depot has deposed that in the year
1972, captured ammunition including M-36 hand
grenade (4 seconds), 1958 of POF marking were
received in their Depot. These hand grenades
were issued to various units between 1972 to
1982. This evidence has not been questioned by
the accused.
The necessary inference that can be drawn from
this fact is that the accused S.J.Chaudhary being
a military officer could lay his hands on M-36
hand grenade MK1 POF 1958. It is significant
to observe here that this is the same make of
hand grenade which has been found to be used
for the explosion which caused death of Kishan
Sikand. It is not denied by accused that he was
in service and even after his arrest on 5.8.83, he

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 32 of 114

 was produced in the court in the custody of
army.
Learned counsel for accused submitted that such
hand grenades are available in clandestine
market and this fact has been admitted by the
witnesses produced by the prosecution.
I cannot believe the version of the witness that
hand grenade of Pakistan origin captured by
Indian Army is available in clandestine market.

x x x x

However, accused being a military officer had

knowledge about hand grenade and its working.
Packing of hand grenade in a shuttle cock box of
that size after removing the safety pin shows his
expertise.
60. Discussing the issue pertaining to the senders and

addressees address on the parcel bomb i.e. the two addresses

reconstructed as per Ex.PW-62/O, noting the opinion of

Sh.S.K.Gupta PW-75 and Sh. Darshan Dayal Goel DW-7, but

without any detailed analysis of the two reports and without

even discussing the issues which were projected in relation to

expert testimony on typescripts, the learned Trial Judge has

opined as under:-

Since there were contradictory reports about

similarities and dis-similarities in the typed
address, I have perused, checked and compared
the original and photocopy of the typed address
with the respective reports. I find, reasons given
by PW-75 Shri S.K.Gupta are more sound than
reasons given by DW-7 Shri Darshan Dayal Goel,
a private expert who otherwise is an interested
Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 33 of 114
 witness. Dis-similarities could also be on account
of natural wear and tear and on account of way
and manner of typing.
61. Whether it stood established that the parcel bomb

was left at the second lower most landing of the staircase

leading to the first floor of 98 Sunder Nagar, on 25.9.1982;

with reference to the testimony of Rani PW-1, Suresh Gopal

PW-3, Mohd. Shafi, PW-7 and Krishan Lal PW-20, the learned

Trial Judge has held that the testimony of PW-20 established

that the appellant had played golf at Delhi Golf Club till 5:22

PM and that the Golf Club was at a distance of about 100 yards

from the house. The learned Trial Judge has referred to the

testimony of PW-1, PW-3 and PW-7 to return a finding that

cumulatively read, their testimony established that the

appellant was seen at 98 Sunder Nagar between 7:30 PM and

8:00 PM and that the parcel bomb was placed at the staircase

between said time.

62. Giving no reasons as to why the testimony of DW-2

Major A.K.Nehra inspired no confidence and without discussing

the testimony of the other defence witnesses who deposed

that the appellant was in his house at New Friends Colony by

8:00 PM, while ignoring the testimony of PW-20 that the

appellant remained in the club till around 7:45 PM, the learned

Trial Judge has held as under:-

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 34 of 114

 I find that PW-20 Kishan Lal has deposed that
generally accused used to leave the club at
about 7:45 PM. He has not stated that accused
was inside the club till 7:45 PM on 25.9.82. PW-
20, in his cross examination, has deposed that
he took lift from accused S.J.Chaudhary to get
one bottle of rum. If his statement is perused,
the has not deposed this fact in his examination
in chief. There is no mention of this fact in his
statement under Section 161 Cr.P.C. In his cross
examination, he has not explained as to how he
remembered the date. There is no statement
about the presence of accused from 5:22 PM to
7:45 PM on 25.9.82 in the Golf Club by PW-20
Shri Kishan Lal or anyone else. The version of
PW-20 Shri Kishan Lal as deposed in his cross
examination and of DW-2 Major A.K.Nehra
cannot be accepted. If what is stated by PW-20
Shri Kishan Lal was correct, he ought to have
deposed the same in his examination in chief
that he left with accused in connection with
bottle of rum on 25.9.82. He should have
explained in his examination in chief rather than
deposing in the cross examination. This
indicates that he wants to help the accused.
Hence, silence of PW-20 Kishan Lal at the time of
examination in chief and the version of PW-20
Kishan Lal, in the cross examination, leads me to
hold that no reliance can be placed on this part
of his evidence. Similarly, the deposition of DW-
2 Major A.K.Nehra also cannot be given any
weight.
63. The fact that the statement of Mohd. Shafi PW-7

under Section 161 Cr.P.C. was recorded as late as on

16.7.1983 (the date of offence being 2.10.1982), the defence

argument that the witness was planted has been negated as

under:-

I find that accused S.J.Chaudhary has been

noticed by PW-7 Mohd. Shafi coming out of the
gate of 98, Sunder Nagar on 25.9.82. His
Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 35 of 114
 statement under Section 161 Cr.P.C. was
recorded on 16.7.83. The investigation of the
present case was entrusted to CBI on 19.3.83.
None of the investigating officers of CBI had
hostility towards the accused. It is only after CBI
officials made enquiries from PW-7 Mohd. Shafi
that he explained whatever he recollected. This
accounts for alleged delay in recording his
statement.
64. Under what circumstances the parcel reached the

hands of the deceased on 2.10.1982, the learned Trial Judge

has relied upon the testimony of Vijay Ram PW-5 who claimed

to have seen the parcel bomb on the ledge behind a wire mesh

housing the electricity meters of the house and having handed

over the same to the deceased in the evening of 2.10.1982.

65. With reference to the testimony of Anil Sikand PW-

13 and Birender Singh PW-43, the two persons who had met

the appellant at the Golf Club at Naldhera, Shimla on

27.9.1982, the learned Trial Judge has held as under:-

Why such an enquiry was made by accused

from Anil Sikand particularly when he was not
happy with Smt. Rani Chaudhary living with
deceased Kishan Sikand. The accused has not
denied that he made a specific quesry to Anil
Sikand as to when he last spoke to deceased
Kishan Sikand. This admitted circumstance
indicates that the accused wanted to enquire as
to how his actions have not shown results yet. It
also indicates mens-rea of accused to kill Smt.
Rani Chaudhary or deceased Kishan Sikand or
both. A person who is exchanging pleasantries
in normal course is not expected to inquire in the
manner in which the enquiry was made by
accused S.J.Chaudhary from Anil Sikand.

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 36 of 114

66. It seriously not being disputed that the deceased

died due to a bomb explosion and that the splinters recovered

from his body at the time of post-mortem were similar to the

splinters gathered from the spot, the learned Trial Judge has

concluded as under:-

1. On 2.10.82, at about 5:30 PM an

explosion took place on the first floor of 98,
Sunder Nagar and Kishan Sikand died in that
explosion.
2. In the post-mortem, the cause of death
has been opined as shock and haemorrhage as a
result of injuries caused to heart, lungs, kidney
and brain which are ante mortem in nature and
caused by an explosive device, likely from a
grenade and necessarily fatal.
3. The death of deceased Kishan Sikand
was caused due to explosion of hand grenade of
M 36 MKI POF 1958 and the hand grenade is of
Pakistan origin. The base plug recovered from
the spot on 3.10.82 bears the marking No.36-
M-MK.1-3-POF-1958.
4. Smt. Rani Chaudhary, wife of accused
was, residing at 98 Sunder Nagar with deceased
Kishan Sikand despite the threats by the accsued
not to stay with him. Hence, accused
S.J.Chaudhary had the motive for commission of
this offence.
5. Accused S.J.Chaudhary was Lieutenant
Colonel in Indian Army. Ammunitions including
M-36 hand grenades (4 seconds) of Pakistan
origin of POF marking were captured during the
war of 1971. It was received in Central
Ammunition Depot in 1972 by PW-45 Major
R.R.Gupta. These hand grenades were
distributed to various units between 1972 to
1982.

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 37 of 114

 6. Accused S.J.Chaudhary was in Army at
the time of occurrence of the incident and could
easily lay hands on Hand Grenade No. M 36 MKI
POF 1958. It is not possible for a lay man to
procure a hand grenade of Pakistan origin from
clandestine market.
7. On 25.9.82, accused S.J.Chaudhary
played golf in Delhi Golf Club till 5:22 PM at Delhi
Golf Club, which is 100 yards away from 98,
Sunder Nagar, place of occurrence. Accused was
in close proximity to place of occurrence of
incident on 25.9.82.
8. On 25.9.82, accused was seen coming
out of gate of 98 Sunder Nagar at about 7:30 PM
by PW-7 Mohd. Shafi, the car mechanic who had
come there to repair the car of deceased Kishan
Sikand.
9. On 25.9.82, deceased Kishan Sinad
accompanied by Ms.Rani, Shri Suresh Gopal and
his wife Mrs. Sushma Gopal, while coming down
from the first floor of 98, Sunder Nagar, noticed a
parcel lying on the second landing of the
staircase at about 9 PM. The parcel was
addressed to deceased Kishan Sikand. He kept it
in the window sill near the meter jalli. Ms. Rani,
Shri Suresh Gopal and Smt. Sushma Gopal
notices the brown colured parcel wherein the
address of deceased Kishan Sikand, 98, Sunder
Nagar was typed on a white paper slip pasted on
the parcel and the senders name was of some
metal industry. They saw deceased Kishan
Sikand keeping the parcel in the window sill near
the meter jalli.
10. Acccused S.J.Chaudhary was seen at 98,
Sunder Nagar on the same day on which the
parcel was seen for the first time at the second
landing of the staircase by the deceased Kishan
Sikand, Smt. Rani Chaudhary and Shri Suresh
Gopal on 25.9.82.
11. Accused S.J.Chaudhary had personal
grudge against the deceased since the deceased
was living with his wife and had no reason to visit
the house of deceased Kishan Sikand. Therefore
Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 38 of 114
 it can be said with reasonable definiteness that
the accused had come to 98, Sunder Nagar to
keep the parcel which had been addressed to
deceased Kishan Sikand.
12. It has also been established that the
accused got the address of the deceased Kishan
Sikand typed on a white paper from Janta
Commercial College, Lajpat Nagat to paste the
same on the parcel.
13. Accused S.J.Chaudhary went to Naldhera
on 26.9.82 on the next day, after the parcel was
placed and seen at 98, Sunder Nagar.
14. In the golf club at Naldhera, on 28.9.82
accused S.J.Chaudhary had a talk with Shri Anil
Sikand, brother of deceased Kishan Sikand. The
specific query made by accused to Anil Sikand as
to how was the deceased and when he spoke to
him last conclusively establishes the mens-rea of
the accused and that the accused was anxious to
know about results of his action.
15. On 2.10.82, at about 5 PM, PW-5 Vijay
Ram, servant of Mr. Kock, tenant in front portion
of first floor of 98, Sunder Nagar, noticed the
brown coloured parcel lying in the window sill
near the meter jalli. Since it was addressed to
deceased Kishan Sikand. PW-5 Vijay Ram
handed over the said parcel to deceased Kishan
Sikand.
16. On 2.10.82 at about 5:15 PM, PW Sanjay
Sikand, son of deceased Kishan Sikand went
upstairs on the first floor to give patties and
sandwiches to his father Kishan Sikand and
inquired about the brown coloured parcel lying
on the side table.
17. The description of the parcel given by
Smt. Rani Chaudhary, Shri Suresh Gopal who had
seen the same on 25.9.82 and the description of
the parcel given by Vijay Ram and Sanjay Sikand
who saw it on 2.10.82, is the same.

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 39 of 114

 18. The death of Kishan Sikand was caused
after he opened the parcel which had been
handed over to him by PW-5 Vijay Ram.
19. It has been established that the parcel
which was handed over byVijay Ram to deceased
Kishan Sikand contained a shuttle cock box and
the moment the hand grenade was taken out it
blasted because of the pressure release system.
The safety pin of the grenade was missing and it
has been established that the hand grenade
could have been packed only by a person who
had thorough knowledge about ammunitions and
in particular about hand grenades.
20. It has therefore been conclusively
established that he parcel that was placed by the
accused at the second landing the staircase at
98, Sunder Nagar on 25.9.82 was the same
parcel which kept lying in the window sill near
the meter jalli and was handed over to deceased
Kishan Sikand on 2.10.82 by PW-5 Vijay Ram and
the same parcel contained the hand grenade
which exploded and caused death of deceased
Kishan Sikand.

67. The decision of the learned Trial Judge may be

summarized as under:-

A. The appellant desired the return of Rani Choudhary and

since the deceased was a stumbling block in the way of the

appellant, the appellant had a motive to commit the crime i.e.

to remove the deceased from the appellants path.

B. The conduct of the appellant of enquiring on 27.9.1982

from Anil Sikand and Birender Singh the well being of the

deceased was an indication of his inquisitive mind to know the

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 40 of 114

result of his action (of delivering the parcel bomb to the

deceased on 25.9.1982), the inquisitive mind being a guilty

mind desirous of knowing the consequences of the act

motivated by the guilty mind.

C. The military background of the appellant from which a

presumption could be raised about his knowledge of

ammunition. The fact that the parcel bomb had remnants of a

base plug bearing marking No.36-M-NK.1-3-POF-1958 and

that hand grenades of M 36 MK1 POF 1958 were seized by

the Indian Army and distributed to various units of the army in

India in the year 1972, justified an inference to be drawn that

the appellant could have accessed hand grenades captured by

the Indian Army and that the same were used to manufacture

the parcel bomb.

D. That the appellant was in Delhi on 25.9.1982 and had

played golf at the Delhi Golf Club till around 5:30 PM; the golf

club being about being 100 yards away from 98 Sunder Nagar;

the appellant was seen leaving the house at around 7:45 PM

and prior thereto when Suresh Gopal entered the house, he

saw no parcel bomb and when he i.e. Suresh Gopal along with

his wife, the deceased and Rani left the house at around 9:00

PM, the parcel bomb was seen on the steps leading to the first

floor of the house. Thus, it was the appellant who delivered

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 41 of 114
the parcel bomb on 25.9.1982. Linking the further evidence to

the events of 2.10.1982, the finding returned is that the

testimony of Vijay Ram PW-5 established that the parcel bomb

remained unattended at the ledge behind the wire mesh at the

staircase on the ground floor till 2.10.1982, when it was

noticed, per chance, by Vijay Ram who handed over the same

to the deceased.

E. The address of the sender and the addressee on the

parcel bomb was got typed from Janta Commercial College and

said fact came to the knowledge of the police pursuant to the

disclosure statement of the appellant; the proof of the

addresses being got typed from Janta Commercial College was

the opinion of S.K.Gupta PW-75.

68. It is no doubt true that from the testimony of Rani

Choudhary PW-1, Sudhir Khanna PW-10, Kailash Nath Dwivedi

PW-11, H.D.Sikand PW-19, Smt.Davinder Singh PW-32, Shri

M.M.Thapar PW-37, Neelu Moolchandani PW-39, Brig. Ashok

Nath Luthra PW-42, Shri Gajbir Singh PW-44 and Insp. Om

Sagar PW-48, an inference can be drawn that the appellant

had a strong desire, bordering on an obsession, to have Rani

Choudhary back with him in his house as his wife and since

Rani Choudhary, who had obtained a divorce from the

appellant, was contemplating a matrimonial bond with the

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 42 of 114
deceased, the appellant had a motive to kill the deceased.

But, three letters dated 20.10.1980, 16.11.1980 and 3.3.1982

being Ex.PW-1/FF, Ex.PW-1/GG and Ex.PW-1/NN, written by the

appellant to Rani Choudhary, throw light on something else.

The three letters read as under:-

Ex.PW-1/FF

22 Oct 80

Dearest Rani

Having tried, in vain, to obtain an opportunity of

speaking with you, I am resorting to this letter as I
do not want a lack of communication between us
to be a cause for my not being able to convey,
properly, my feelings to you. You can tear this
letter up right now in case you feel it is a waste
of your time or dwell upon its contents and
arrive at a considered decision, if you see any
sense in it.

I have known you long enough to know what you

value in life. I also know the extent to which you
will rebel if something is forced upon you hence
this hones and final suggestion I make for your
consideration.

Notwithstanding all that has happened up till

today, let us forgive and forget each others
mistakes. If for no other reason then at least for
the sake of those who we have brought into this
world.

My suggestion is briefly as under:-

1. We give our marriage on last chance in the

manner prescribed hereafter.

(a) We live together

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 43 of 114

(b) I will bear all expenses, and liabilities of running a
home

(c) I will NOT interfere with your way of living, your

lifestyle, your choice of friends, your choice of
leisure and entertainment or any other thing that
you may be accustomed to and will agree to abide
by any other conditions that you may wish to
stipulate.

(d) I will reduce to a legal document, if so desired by

you, so as to make the above conditions binding.

(e) If after ONE year of our living together, you are

not happy or satisfied to continue, I will arrange a
divorce or conditions mutually agreeable to us
both.

2. In case the above makes sense then we can

discuss with each other, in the presence of your
friends/relatives or any one else, if necessary, the
exact modalities involved.

Rani I love you very much and I would be failing if

I did not draw your attention to the fact that NO
sacrifice is too great for those who we have
brought into this world. To scar them with
complexes resultant of a broken home is neither
justifiable nor sensible particularly as both of us
have the basic intelligence and capacity to be able
to concede to one anothers point of view.

I am offering you a blank cheque and you have no

need to forgo anything nor alter radically your way
of life as my proposal involves an honest attempt
and that too for only ONE year. After all one
year will rob neither you nor me of any thing to
valuable yet it may provide our children a
multitude of blessing and benefits of a home.

I do hope, Rani, you will give this letter of mine

the consideration it deserves and will let me know
your decision in due course.

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 44 of 114

 I love you.

Yours

Jiti

x x x x x

Ex.PW-1/GG

16/11/80

Dearest Rani,

It is always difficult to put words to paper yet I

keep trying.

I am back in Bangalore couldnt see you before

leaving. Hope you had a nice shoot and were not
too tired at the end of it. How does your back
take it? I am sure the only way to build it back to
its original strength would be to exercise it in just
this manner actually driving out into the country
and let it take a bit of a bashing.

Back to the subject Rani must we fight each

other & to what end?

I learnt from Mani and Nita of your visit to Thapar

House (a couple of weeks ago) it left me very
sad to think of you having to face the hostile
environment that you so keenly seem to want to
adopt. Why? And to what purpose? Just look
around you and see what riches you already
have.

Two lovely girls from Peter Papa and an

adorable one from Jiti Papa. Mimi the lovely
one who is having her periods on time (4th?)

It warmed my heart to tears to know that life is

actually progressing around us and we seem to
be moving backwards. Shortly she (Mimi) will

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 45 of 114

 have the normal problesm of an adolescent (sp!)
and who does she turn to Mama no doubt
but there is always a need to talk to an
understanding Papa Who will that be now that
Peter Papa is not with us. Surely Jiti Papa
could have done? Then in next to no time it will
be Mytri exactly the same processes evolution
does not stand still for marital problems to be
resolved. Then what? What gain if you or I win
our personal battle against each other if we were
to lose the Campaign? And that is a certainty
this litigation will only prove the age old adage
settling out of court is always better than trying it
within.

What is there to settle for? I see you, Rani, as a

woman in a period in life that you have not been
able to deny yourself the grand sweeping
p0assion, (illicit or otherwise) the last flush of
your youth, the final careless autumn that
preceeds middle age the desire to prolong what
you feel you have missed out on attention,
adulation and pursuit by millions of elligibles and
to take it all before accepting the ultimate
inevitable role of a family figure-head a mother -
! doling out love, affection and guidance to those
you have brought into the world. Well whats
wrong with that & who am I to deny you all that?
- Take it all Rani live your life to let no regrets
remain but do return to your anchor before you
destroy it the anchor is none other than the
home & family that you already have. M, M & S
with J hanging around hovering in the
background. In many ways even I will have to be
grateful to Krishan for having kept you involved
enough to prevent you making a spectacle of
yourself In giving you a zest for appreciating
things that I failed to like shooting, running a
home and invoking an arousal of that motherly
instinct that no woman can be or do without. For

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 46 of 114

 that alone you owe it to him to see that you do
not let him down too suddenly he has already
been hurt badly once. But what has to be done,
has to be done and you have to make that
decision your own self. You have to weigh your
family against the untold unhappiness that could
be brought about by your continuing to live with
him. You do not, surely, want him to be isolated
or alienated from his own Kin, as that would
inevitably be, should you choose to stick to him.
The choice therefore really is to let him find
someone more readily mergeable with his family
and for you to salvage what little you have
already rather than start everything afresh
jeopardizing the happiness of both his kin and
ours. Let us review what the essentials are and
take what God has given us with gratitude and
thanks.

Should you choose to return to your own family

both you & I stand to lose a little face in society
but not too much that cannot be erased.

The other alternative defies my powers to foresee

what all it could entail.

It is not easy for me to put this to pen but better

that I do so than risk a stone being left unturned.

Whatever I love you or not is now totally

immaterial the point is do you and I love
enough, those that we have, and do we have it
within us to sacrifice for them, our individual
loves?

Deliberate and only then act. Try to keep at least

this letter to yourself. I continue to love you as
before.

Yours,

Jiti

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 47 of 114

 P.S. Please acknowledge

- I would hate to have this go astray.

x x x x x

Ex.PW-1/NN

3/3/82

Bangalore

Deares Rani,

Congratulations! You should win!!

Your lawyer sounded more convincing than mine.

For whatever wrongs I might have done to you
advertently or inadvertently have been paid for
(fully) by me thro the humiliation I suffered
walking to and fro up the aisle of the Supreme
Court to which you were a witness. We are now
Quits!! I wish you well as I love you as you fully
well know. Neither you nor I can control the
destiny set for us be happy & most of all be at
peace with your mind.

My cross shall be that Ill love you more and

more as the time goes by I pray that GOD gives
me the strength to bear it.

Love, Goodbye

Jiti

69. Each letter brings out, not only the poet in the

appellant, but a desire to have Rani Choudhary back in the

house; not for himself, but for the sake of the three daughters,

two born to Rani Choudhary from her previous marriage and

the third born to Rani Choudhary and the appellant. The

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 48 of 114

letters bring out that the appellant had reconciled to the fact

that his finances could not feed the luxurious life style to which

Rani Choudhary had got accustomed to. The appellant had

reconciled to Rani Choudhary continuing a relationship,

plutonic as well as physical, with her friends. They bring out

the desire of the appellant to have Rani Choudhary returning

to the house, not as a wife, but as a mother; for the sake of the

well being and future of the three daughters who were

budding flowers and required the emotional support of a

mother.

70. Unfortunately, the learned Trial Judge has totally

eschewed a reference to the afore noted three letters, the last

of which was written when arguments were concluded before

the Supreme Court in the proceedings which had emanated

out of the petition seeking divorce filed by Rani Choudhary. It

shows that the appellant had understood the mood of the

Bench and had congratulated Rani Choudhary for having a

better counsel than him. The letter shows that the appellant

had reconciled to the inevitable will of God.

71. Thus, there is scope for an argument that inasmuch

as there is evidence wherefrom a motive can be attributed to

the appellant; there is an equal scope for an argument that

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 49 of 114

there is evidence on record wherefrom said motive gets

negated.

72. But, for the purposes of our decision we proceed on

the basis that the appellant had a motive to kill the deceased

and that the prosecution has successfully established the

motive.

73. It is no doubt true that conduct of an accused is

relevant and admissible evidence under Section 8 of the

Evidence Act.

74. With reference to the testimony of Anil Sikand PW-

13 and Birender Singh PW-43, the learned Trial Judge has held

that by the fact that the appellant enquired from them on

28.9.1982, the well being of the deceased, is a circumstance

which indicates that the accused wanted to enquire as to how

his actions have not shown results yet. The learned Trial Judge

has further held that the same also indicates mens rea to kill

the deceased or Rani Chaudhary or both.

75. We find a process of convulted reasoning adopted

by the learned Trial Judge while drawing inferences against the

appellant on the testimony of PW-13 and PW-43. As per the

testimony of the said witnesses the appellant was more than

an acquaintance; he was a friend. He desired to play a game

of golf with them, to which they agreed. Anil Sikand is the

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 50 of 114

brother of Kishan Sikand. By extending the usual courtesy

expected from a friend by a friend i.e. of asking the well-being

of the family, we find no scope to infer the desire of a guilty

mind to know as to why the acts motivated by the guilty mind

have not achieved the desired result.

76. In a somewhat similar circumstance, in the decision

reported as 2005 (11) SCC 600 State (NCT of Delhi) vs. Navjot

Sandhu, where a few days after the attack by terrorist on the

Parliament of India, accused S.A.R.Gilanis brother-in-law had

inquisitively asked S.A.R.Gilani over the telephone as to how

were things in Delhi, to which S.A.R.Gilani had responded that

things were looking fine, the inference drawn by the Trial

Judge that S.A.R.Gilani was telling his brother that his grand

design was achieving its end; an inference negated by a

Division Bench of this Court as a perverse inference, was

affirmed by the Supreme Court to be a perverse inference.

77. Logic guides us that to justify an inference being

drawn from a fact, the same has to be the only inference

possible, negating any other inference which may be drawn.

From the mere fact of the appellant enquiring about the health

and well being of the deceased from Anil Sikand and Birender

Singh on 28.9.1982, no logical person can say that the only

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 51 of 114

inference possible is the desire of the appellant to know as to

why his acts have not borne the requisite consequences.

78. It has to be noted that the deceased was no

ordinary person. He was the son of a reputed business family

in Delhi. His death, that too a violent death was bound to

attract media coverage, a fact which actually took place on

3.10.1982 i.e. media coverage of the death of Kishan Sikand.

The appellant was thus not expected to rely upon information

given to him by PW-13 and PW-43, for the reason he would

have received the necessary information through the media.

Be that as it may, de-hors this line of reasoning, which may be

speculative (we concede), we hold, for the reasons given in

para 75 to 77 above, that the inference of a guilty mind drawn

by the learned Trial Judge with reference to conduct of the

appellant is contrary to logic and the principles of law on which

inferences are required to be drawn. Said incriminating

circumstance has thus to be removed while listing the

incriminating evidence and circumstances against the

appellant.

79. The evidence on record does establish that the

remnants of a base plug bearing marking No.36-M-NK.1-3-

POF-1958 were recovered from the debris at the spot by SI

Vishnu Madan PW-69 who had reached the first floor of the

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 52 of 114

house where the explosion took place on 2.10.1982. The

evidence on record also establishes that in the year 1972 hand

grenades seized by the Indian Army of Pakistan origin of the

make M 36 MK1 POF 1958 were distributed to various army

units in India. The evidence on record also establishes that the

appellant was a soldier attached to Hudson Horse Regiment, a

part of the armoured corp of the Indian Army.

80. But, from said four facts, is it possible to draw the

inference that the only conclusion possible is that the

appellant had accessed hand grenades captured by the Indian

Army and had knowledge to fabricate the bobby trap bomb by

using the ill gotten hand grenades accessed by him.

81. We have already held above that the theory of logic

guides us that to draw an inference from facts, the inference

drawn should be the only one possible and if there are more

than one inferences which can be drawn from a given set of

facts, it would be impermissible to draw only one inference.

82. There is no evidence that any hand grenade of

Pakistan make which was handed over to the various units of

the Indian Army was stolen or was missing. Unless said fact

was proved, we see no scope to draw any inference of

somebody misusing any such hand grenade. Thus, the very

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 53 of 114

foundation on which the inference has been drawn by the

learned Trial Judge is knocked out.

83. Besides, merely because the appellant was an ex

army man, is no ground to draw an adverse inference that he

had knowledge of ammunition to manufacture or assemble the

bobby trap bomb. There is a difference in having knowledge

of use of ammunition and knowledge of manufacture of

ammunition. The evidence on record is that the appellant was

attached to a regiment which was a part of the armoured corp

of the Indian Army. The armoured corp does not sit in the

ordinance factory. It is stationed either at the garrison or at

the forward posting. Its members are taught the use of arms

and ammunition. They are not imparted the knowledge of

manufacturing ammunition. DW-6 an expert at bomb disposal,

having commanded the bomb disposal unit in Delhi from 1982

to 1987, has deposed with respect to the complexities of a

hand grenade. Indeed, his testimony brings out the

complexities of the knowledge required to be imbibed before a

person can dismantle a live hand grenade and use its

components to create a bobby trap bomb.

84. It is unfortunate that the learned Trial Judge has not

even bothered to look into the testimony of DW-6.

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 54 of 114

85. We are noting that the learned Trial Judges are

short circuiting defence witnesses, holding that they are

interested witnesses. Indeed, in the instant case, the learned

Trial Judge has trivialized most of the defence witnesses by

inserting a line qua them that they are interested witnesses.

Defence witnesses are entitled to be treated at par with the

witnesses of the prosecution and their evidence has to be

discussed and analyzed on the same process of reasoning

which is adopted to discuss and analyze the testimony of the

witnesses of the prosecution.

86. The learned Trial Judge has held that explosive

devices were not freely available in the market, as was

projected to by the defence.

87. The year of the offence is 1982. It was the peak of

terrorism in the State of Punjab and the State of Jammu &

Kashmir. Ammunition to manufacture bombs is obviously not

available in the open market. It has to be procured from the

underworld. Indeed, in the year 1982 explosive devices were

being freely used by terrorists not only in the State of Punjab,

the State of Jammu & Kashmir, but all over India. Delhi had

witnessed a series of transistor bomb blasts in the year 1982.

The learned Trial Judge could not have ignored said historical

facts.

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 55 of 114

88. Since there is no evidence to show that the

appellant was imparted knowledge or had acquired knowledge

in the making of ammunition and that there is no evidence

that any hand grenade of Pakistani origin distributed in the

year 1972 to the various regiments of the Indian Army was

stolen, we hold that the inference drawn by the learned Trial

Judge with reference to the army background of the appellant,

as the author/manufacturer of the parcel bomb is incorrect.

We hold that said incriminating circumstance against the

appellant has to be excluded.

89. Did the appellant leave the parcel bomb at the

steps of 98 Sunder Nagar on 25.9.1982? With reference to the

testimony of Suresh Gopal PW-3, Rani Choudhary PW-1,

Mohd.Shafi PW-7 and Kishan Lal PW-20, the learned Trial Judge

has held that the said fact stood established.

90. Briefly put, the reasoning of the learned Trial Judge

is that the testimony of Suresh Gopal PW-3 establishes that he

and his wife reached the house at around 7:30 PM and saw

Mohd.Shafi PW-7 repair the car of the deceased and when

Suresh Gopal and his wife went upstairs to reach the first floor

of the house where the deceased resided they did not see any

packet. Mohd.Shafi drove the car which he was repairing for a

test drive and returned after a few minutes and saw the

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 56 of 114

appellant leave the house of the deceased. Thereafter, as

deposed to by Suresh Gopal and Rani Chaudhary, when the

said two witnesses along with the wife of Suresh Gopal and the

deceased descended from the first floor to go out for dinner at

Pandara Road Market, at around 9:00 PM, the parcel

(containing the bomb) was noticed.

91. The most crucial witness for the prosecution as also

the defence, is obviously Mohd.Shafi PW-7.

92. We propose to discuss the creditworthiness of

Mohd.Shafi before discussing the creditworthiness of the

testimony of Rani Choudhary and Suresh Gopal on said issue.

93. At the outset it assumes some significance that

Mohd.Shafis statement under Section 161 Cr.P.C. was

recorded on 16.7.1983 i.e. after nearly nine and a half months

of the incident. It is also of some significance that Mohd.Shafi

is an employee of Sikand Motors, the family concern of the

deceased and his father and brothers. It is also significant to

note that in the statement of Suresh Gopal recorded on

5.10.1983 under Section 161 Cr.P.C. he has not stated that

when he came to the house of the deceased on 25.9.1983, he

had seen Mohd.Shafi. We note that when cross-examined,

Suresh Gopal stated: I did tell to both crime branch about my

seeing a mechanic working on the car on 25th Sept.

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 57 of 114

(confronted with Ex.PW-3/DC and DD where it is not so

mentioned). Now, one of the two situation has to exist. Either

Suresh Gopal did not inform the police and hence it was not

recorded in his statement by the police that he had seen a

mechanic, or he had said so. If Suresh Gopal did not state so,

it is apparent that he was made to improve upon his statement

to afford a good ground to justify the introduction of

Mohd.Shafi, who otherwise would appear to be a planted

witness. Alternatively, if Suresh Gopal had told the police of

having seen a mechanic working upon the car of the deceased,

we see no scope for the police not questioning the mechanic

who was seen by Suresh Gopal.

94. Under both circumstances, we feel, it to be our

duty, to now carefully analyze the testimony of Mohd.Shafi.

95. We quote from his testimony:-

.It was about 7:30 PM when I was about to set

the bonnet of the car after having repaired it. I saw
Gopal and his wife come there and go upstairs. I knew
them prior thereto. Thereafter to have a trial run I
took that car out up to zoo and was coming back via
the Sunder Nagar Market when I saw one Jiti near the
gate of 98 Sunder Nagar coming out of the said 98,
Sunder Nagar and going towards the Sunder Nagar
Market. It was after 15 20 minutes of my going for a
trial run of the car. Said Jiti is the accused person in
the Court. I have never seen the accused at 98
Sunder Nagar, prior thereto. I knew the accused prior
thereto. I parked the car at the same place near the
stairs. Thereafter Juglal, Shikari of Dharu Hara
(Haryana) came there whom I had known for quite
some time. He had told me that he had been

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 58 of 114

 summoned by Kishan Sikand for shikar and for
delivery of clothes. Thereafter, I went and delivered
the key of the car to Kishan Sikand and informed him
of the arrival of Juglal who told me that Juglal be
handed over a blue coloured pant given to me by
Kishan Sikand and he told that shikar program would
take effect a fortnight hence of which he would be
informed and I then came back informed Juglal
delivered the pant and then both of us came.

96. Going by the testimony of Mohd.Shafi, it is apparent

that after he had seen the appellant leave 98 Sunder Nagar

and after he parked the car outside the gate, after the trial

run, he went upstairs to deliver the key of the car to Kishan

Sikand. If any parcel had been left on the staircase by the

appellant, it had to be before Mohd.Shafi went upstairs.

Mohd.Shafi has not deposed of having seen any parcel on the

staircase. As per the prosecution the size of the parcel was 5

x 3 x 3, a size which could not have gone unnoticed by

Mohd.Shafi. Further, Mohd.Shafi has categorically deposed

that he knew the deceased prior thereto i.e. prior to

25.9.1982. The only capacity in which Mohd.Shafi could have

known the appellant would be that he was the ex-husband of

Rani Sikand, who was living with his Master i.e. Kishan Sikand.

Being an employee of Kishan Sikand, we find it strange that

Mohd.Shafi did not voluntarily informed the police of having

seen the appellant coming out of the house of the deceased.

The manner in which the crime was committed would have

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 59 of 114

raised the eyebrows of many and especially those who were

associated with the deceased. As layman, their instincts would

search for the suspect. Natural human conduct of Mohd.Shafi

would be to suspect the involvement of the appellant and

report the presence of the appellant at the house of the

deceased on 25.9.1982. The conduct of Mohd.Shafi in not

doing so in another factor which has weighed with us while

considering the evidentiary worth of the testimony of

Mohd.Shafi.

97. Let us dovetail the testimony of Rani Chaudhary

into the testimony of Mohd.Shafi. She claims to have seen a

parcel at the second step at the ground floor. She disclaimed

four statements attributable to her as recorded in her

statement under Section 161 Cr.P.C. on 3.10.1982. The four

statements are:-

A. The parcel found had an address written by hand

thereon.

B. When Krishan picked up the parcel I warned him

lest it might be containing a bomb.

C. After return from dinner I was anxious to know

where said parcel had been kept by Krishan.

D. I did not know where the parcel had been put by

Krishan.

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 60 of 114

98. The learned Trial Judge has accepted Rani

Chaudharys statement in Court that aforesaid four statements

were not made by her.

99. It has to be noted that after the initial investigation

was conducted on 2.10.1982 by SI Vishnu Madan PW-69, the

investigation on the following day i.e. 3.10.1982 was taken

over by Insp.R.P.Kochar, In charge of the Crime Branch, who

deposed that on 3.10.1982 he recorded the statement of Rani

Chaudhary. We note that Insp.R.P.Kochar has not stated that

he incorrectly recorded the statement of Rani Chaudhary.

100. It was not the murder of an ordinary man. A

socialite and a scion of a rich industrialist family was the

victim. The family clout or otherwise the pressure on the

police, to solve the crime is evidenced by the fact that the very

next day of the crime i.e. on 3.10.1982 the investigation was

handed over to the special cell i.e. the Crime Branch Cell

dealing with homicidal death of Delhi Police. The pressure on

Insp.R.P.Kochar to crack the case and his reputation being at

stake would make him all the more cautious, ruling out the

possibility of Insp.R.P.Kochar incorrectly recording the

statement of Rani Chaudhary.

101. There is obviously something more than meets the

eye in the testimonies of PW-1, PW-3 and PW-7, who have

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 61 of 114

obviously spoken to corroborate each other, but in a manner,

and especially with reference to their statements under

Section 161 Cr.P.C., which suggests that PW-3 has made

improvements so that the presence of PW-7 is corroborated.

PW-1 has disclaimed her statements which are uncomfortable

to the prosecution as they demolish the theory of the parcel

lying unattended for 7 days behind the wire mesh on the

ground floor where the electricity meters were housed.

Indeed, the four statements of Rani Chaudhary in her

statement under Section 161 Cr.P.C. establish her anxiety qua

the parcel. It shows her concern for the parcel even when

everybody returned after the dinner. It is not possible that

everybody forgot about the parcel for 7 days. That apart, Vijay

Ram PW-5 has deposed that the letters meant for Mr.Kock and

the deceased who were residing on the first floor of the house

used to be left at the staircase by the postman and he used to

distribute the same i.e. those addressed to Mr.Kock used to be

handed over to him and those addressed to the deceased used

to be handed over to him. This shows that the residents of the

first floor had a habit to keep a look out for letters delivered by

the postman, and addressed to them. Keeping in view said

habit it becomes all the more improbable that a parcel of the

size 5 x 3 x 3 would remain unnoticed for 7 days.

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 62 of 114

102. Kishan Lal PW-20 has been partially believed by the

learned Trial Judge. His testimony that the appellant had

played golf at the Delhi Golf Club from 1:36 PM to 5:22 PM on

25.9.1982 has been accepted by the learned Trial Judge; and

for good reason, inasmuch as the entry in the register Ex.PW-

20/A so recorded. From the fact that 98 Sunder Nagar is at a

distance of 100 meters from the Delhi Golf Club, the learned

Trial Judge has opined that the testimony of PW-20 establishes

the presence of the appellant near Sunder Nagar in the

evening of 25.9.1982. The testimony of Kishan Lal that all

those who play a full game of golf, covering 7 kms, usually

freshen up by taking a bath and some refreshment at the club

and that the appellant did so has been disbelieved by the

learned Trial Judge as also his further testimony that on

25.9.1982 he had gone to the house of the appellant from the

club; they had left at 7:30 PM and he had taken a bottle of rum

from the appellant at New Friends Colony. The reasoning

given by the learned Trial Judge is that the witness has

introduced said facts during cross examination and that they

do not find mentioned in his statement under Section 161

Cr.P.C.

103. The scope of cross examination by an accused is

fairly wide. In examination in chief, a witness answers only

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those questions which are put to him by the prosecutor. If the

prosecutor chooses to selectively examine a witness, it does

not mean that the accused has to restrict the cross

examination within the bounds of the examination in chief.

104. The test of an ordinary prudent person and how an

ordinary prudent person carries out his affairs has been

evolved by Courts to probablize the contemporaneous events,

in respect whereof evidence is brought before a Court, through

the testimony of witnesses. Indeed, the test of an ordinary

prudent person is based on a rational and a logic, being that, a

presumption arises that ordinary course of events are followed

by ordinary human beings. Thus, that a man took breakfast in

the morning would be accepted by the Court without any

proof, inasmuch as ordinary human conduct is to take

breakfast in the morning.

105. The month of September, in the city of Delhi, is a

hot month. Summers close in Delhi by mid October and

autumn commences by that time of the month. The

documentary record i.e. Ex.PW-20/A shows that the appellant

and his friends had played golf from 1:36 PM to 5:22 PM i.e. for

nearly 4 hours. They walked a distance of 7 kms. Without

any further proof, on basis of ordinary human conduct, we find

substance in the testimony of PW-20 that like all other

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 64 of 114

members and as on all other days, after playing the game of

golf, the appellant refreshed himself by taking a bath at the

club followed by some refreshments.

106. But, that would still leave scope for an argument

that still, the possibility of the appellant being at 98 Sunder

Nagar at around 7:45 PM cannot be ruled out. We concede

this position.

107. It takes us back to the testimony of PW-1, PW-3 and

PW-7.

108. For our reasons noted hereinabove, while

discussing certain features of the testimony of said 3

witnesses, and keeping in mind the principle of law that at a

criminal trial, wherever two views are possible or a doubt

arises, the benefit of the view favourable to the accused and

benefit of doubt to the accused has to be given; it cannot be

ignored that there is every possibility of Mohd.Shafi being

introduced as a witness and through his mouth padding up the

case of the prosecution cannot be ruled out. Further, finding it

destructive of their theory of the parcel bomb being delivered

on 25.9.1982, Rani disowning her statements recorded under

Section 161 Cr.P.C. by the police cannot be ruled out. As

regards PW-3, his improving upon his statement under Section

161 Cr.P.C. to corroborate the presence of Mohd.Shafi is also

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 65 of 114

suggestive of the attempt made by the prosecution to make

the 3 witnesses speak in tandem.

109. A question would arise, why would the prosecution

do so? Indeed, this question would arise in all such cases

where a Court finds that the evidence has been padded up.

The answer to this question is difficult to be answered because

there are hundreds and hundreds of reason why human beings

tell lies. But, in the instant case, we may venture an answer

which is reasonable and probable.

110. The accused had met Anil Sikand, the brother of the

deceased, at Naldhera Golf Club in Shimla on the 27 th and 28th

of September, 1982. Anil Sikand would have told said fact to

Rani Chaudhary and even the police personnel. The appellant

had a booking for a log hut at the Golf Club in Shimla till the

29th September, 1982. Nobody knew his whereabouts after

30th September, 1982, the day he would have left the Golf Club

at Shimla by afternoon. (Check out time is 12:00 noon the day

after the night of the booking). It would have been fatal for

the prosecution to have floated a theory that the parcel bomb

was delivered by the appellant on 2nd October, 1982, for if he

was not in Delhi on said day, the plea of alibi would possibly

have been established with lethal precision. Thus, the

prosecution, possibly centering on 25.9.1982 as the relevant

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 66 of 114

date is explainable because on said date, evidenced by Ex.PW-

20/A, there was unimpeachable evidence to show the

appellants presence in Delhi. If we now view Ranis statement

under Section 161 Cr.P.C., it makes perfect sense for her to

have told the police that the parcel was suspected by her to be

containing a bomb and it was at her insistence that the

deceased left the parcel at the sill behind the wire mesh

housing the electricity meters. But unfortunately for her, the

said statement, though in harmony with her statement,

demolishes the case of the prosecution that the parcel

remained unattended as an innocent object. Her statement

under Section 161 Cr.P.C. would be in conformity with human

conduct. If a man, going out for dinner, finds a parcel of

dimension 5 x 3 x 3, the normal conduct would be to pick

up the parcel and either go back to the living apartment and

keep it inside or carry it along and place it in the car in which

the onward movement of the man and his friends took place,

unless stopped by somebody from doing so.

111. It is not an insignificant fact that, as deposed to by

Sanjay Sikand PW-8, the son of the deceased, a birthday party

of Veeraj Sikand, the nephew of the deceased, was being held

at the ground floor on 2.10.1982. At the party friends and

guests would be invited. So is the presumption. There is a

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 67 of 114

greater likelihood of the parcel in question being transported

to the premises on said date, for the reason, many a times,

those, who for some reason or the other cannot attend a

birthday party, do send a present through a carrier. The party

was a perfect occasion for somebody to sneak in the parcel.

112. The testimony of PW-20 and the register Ex.PW-

20/A are good evidence to prove that from 1:36 PM to 5:22 PM

on 25.9.1982, the appellant was playing golf with his friends at

the Delhi Golf Club. Is this the normal activity of a human

being who is carrying a bomb with him with a mission to plant

the bomb at a place where the victim is targeted? A scheming

and a plotting mind i.e. an evil mind would be looking for an

opportunity to give effect to the ill conceived desire. Even

hardened criminals would be strategizing and planning the

execution of their intent at a point of time, immediately

preceding the act committed by the body. The conduct of the

appellant in being merry with his friends in playing a game of

golf for nearly 4 hours on 25.9.1982 is an indication that the

mind was neither scheming, nor plotting, nor designing. No

strategies were being plotted in the mind. In the midst of

nature, at the golf course, the mind was free of the worldly

affairs except the pleasure of the game of golf.

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 68 of 114

113. Regretfully, the learned Trial Judge has made no

attempt to give a 360 look to the evidence of the relevant

witnesses who have deposed facts pertaining to the delivery of

the parcel bomb by the appellant on 25.9.1982. For our

reasons noted hereinabove, we are of the opinion that if not

more, the appellant is entitled to a benefit of doubt, for if not

wholly untrustworthy, the testimony of the witnesses on said

aspect is not free from doubt and is not of a kind which

inspires full confidence. We thus hold that the conclusion

arrived at by the learned Trial Judge that the evidence

conclusively establishes that the appellant had left the parcel

containing the bomb on 25.9.1982 is not justified in the facts

and circumstances of the instant case. We may add that we

are ignoring the testimony of the defence witnesses who have

deposed that the appellant had attended a party at 4, Friends

Colony at 9:00 PM and prior thereto was in his house at around

8:00 PM.

114. We reach the last and the most crucial stage of the

evidence. The evidence pertaining to Ex.PW-62/O i.e. the

recreated slips, in a damaged condition, painstakingly pasted

together from the remnants of the explosion by G.R.Prasad

PW-62. The same, as recreated, are as under:-

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 69 of 114

 Slip 1 Slip 2

PA ..OST From:

Shiri Krishan .. Delhi Met.e,

98, Sunde.agar 290, Hauz Qu.i

Delhi .0006

115. PW-75 has deposed that his report Ex.PW-75/C is

correct and that as per him the typewriter used for typing the

sample typescript S-7 is the typewriter on which Ex.PW-62/O

has been got typed. On the contrary DW-7 Darshan Dayal

Goel has opined that in view of the inadequacy of the sample

to be tested, no conclusive opinion can be given. He has

referred to various dissimilarities noted by him.

116. Unfortunately for us, the learned Trial Judge has

just not discussed the law on the subject pertaining to the

appreciation of evidence of a witness who opines on a subject

of science. The learned Trial Judge has not noted the intrinsic

merits and demerits of the report of the two experts. In a

cryptic manner, the learned Trial Judge has returned a finding:

Since there were contradictory reports about similarities and

dis-similarities in the typed address, I have perused, checked

and compared the original and photocopy of the typed address

with the respective reports. I find, reasons given by PW-75

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 70 of 114

Shri S.K.Gupta are more sound than reasons given by DW-7

Shri Darshan Dayal Goel, a private expert who otherwise is an

interested witness. Dis-similarities could also be on account of

natural wear and tear and on account of way and manner of

typing.

117. At the outset, we see no reason for the learned Trial

Judge to record a perfunctory finding that DW-7, a private

expert is an interested witness. What is the interest of DW-7,

has not been brought out. We have noted hereinabove in para

85 that defence witnesses are entitled to the same respect

and consideration as the witnesses of the prosecution and that

there is no presumption that the defence witnesses tell lies.

The credibility of every witness and the evidentiary worth of

the testimony of a witness has to be evaluated on the

recognized principles of evaluation of evidence, be it the

witnesses of the prosecution or the defence.

118. Thus, we carry out the task of evaluating the

creditworthiness of the testimony of PW-75 and DW-7. We

shall be critically looking at the testimony of PW-75, but before

that, we need to note the law on the subject, pertaining to the

testimony of a person who claims to be an expert on an issue

of scientific or technical knowledge.

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 71 of 114

119. In Frye vs. United States 54 App.D.C. 46 (1923) the

Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia described the

device concerning the admissibility of evidence of an expert,

on a subject of science, technology or special knowledge, in

the following words:-

Just when a scientific principle or discovery crosses

the line between the experimental and
demonstrable stages is difficult to define.
Somewhere in this twilight zone the evidential force
of the principle must be recognized, and while
courts will go a long way in admitting expert
testimony deduced from a well-recognized scientific
principle or discovery, the thing from which the
deduction is made must be sufficiently established
to have gained general acceptance in the particular
field in which it belongs.
120. Since its formulation, in the year 1923, the

general acceptance test (in the legal field known as the

Fryes test) has been much debated and the scholarship

on its scope and application is legion.

121. But various known texts, on the issue of

admissibility of expert evidence, such as P. Gianelli & E.

Imwinkelried: SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE; J.Weinstein & M.

Berger : WEINSTEINs EVIDENCE and Scientific Evidence

by Lacey agree, that at a trial, while admitting expert

evidence on a matter of science, technology or

specialized knowledge, it has to be ensured that the

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 72 of 114

testimony of the expert is not only relevant but

additionally is also reliable. (Underline emphasized).

122. Since evidentiary reliability is based on

scientific validity, the standard under which the test of

reliability of the evidence is: Whether the principles on

which the testimony is based has general acceptance in

the field to which it (the opinion of the expert) belongs

and that the expert has based his opinion keeping into

account the said principles.

123. Thus, an expert opinion based on a methodology,

which diverges significantly from the procedures accepted by

recognized authorities in the field would not be evidentially

reliable.

124. Pertaining to evidentiary reliability of an expert

opinion, the Fryes test has three fundamental components:-

(a) It has to be satisfactorily shown that the expert

evidence/opinion relates to a scientific, technical or other

specialized knowledge and that the theory or technique

applicable to the science, technology or specialized field is

based on a methodology, hypothesis or tests which has/have

been subjected to peer review and publication i.e. there exists

standards controlling the techniques operation and the same

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 73 of 114

are generally accepted and additionally that it has been

accepted that the relationship of the technique to methods has

been established to be reliable keeping into account known or

potential rate of error.

(b) The author of the opinion qualifies to be called an expert;

by knowledge, skill, experience, training or education. It has

to be kept in mind that the level of expertise may not affect

the admissibility of evidence of the expert but certainly affects

the weight to be accorded to the opinion of the expert.

(c) The proffered experts testimony must reveal that the

methodology, hypothesis or techniques applicable and the

theory behind the principles applicable have been applied by

the expert and that the expert is mindful of the known or

potential rate of error in the derivative of the technique or

methodology to the subject thereof.

125. Indeed, an expert evidence can be both powerful

and at the same time quite misleading because of the difficulty

in evaluating it.

126. Though, in many countries, by way of legislative

enactments, rules have been enacted governing the

admissibility and relevance of expert testimony, but the basic

principles laid down in Fryes test continue to apply because of

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 74 of 114

the inherent strength of logic in the principles enunciated in

Fryes test.

127. How the Fryes test continues to be preserved in

such jurisdictions where legislative enactments exist codifying

the rules on the subject can best be illustrated with reference

to the decision of the US Supreme Court in the decision

reported as William Dallbert vs Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals

Inc. (1993) 123 L. Ed. 2d 469. The Federal Rules of Evidence

were the subject matter of consideration in said decision on

the issue of admissibility and relevance of expert testimony on

matters of science, technology and specialized knowledge.

128. Rule 702 of the Federal Rules of Evidence,

governing expert testimony, reads as under:-

If scientific, technical, or other specialized

knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand
the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a
witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill,
experience, training, or education, may testify
thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise.

129. Noting that the words general acceptance in the

particular field in which it belongs, an integral part of Fryes

test, do not find mention, express or implied, in the rule, the

US Supreme Court opined that the language of Rule 702

places no restriction of general acceptance in the field to

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 75 of 114

which the opinion of the expert belongs and therefore all

scientific testimony or evidence is admissible. But, the Court

immediately cautioned that issue of reliability of scientific

testimony has to be duly considered. To quote from the

decision:-

The primary locus of this obligation is Rule 702,

which clearly contemplates some degree of
regulation of the subjects and the theories about
which an expert may testify. If scientific, technical
or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier
of facts to understand the evidence or to determine
a fact in issue an expert may testify thereto. The
subject of an experts testimony must be scientific
knowledge. The adjective scientific implies a
grounding in the methods and procedures of
science. Similarly the word knowledge connotes
more than subjective belief or unsupported
speculation. The term applies to any body of
known facts or to any body of ideas inferred from
such facts or accepted as truths on good grounds.
.. In order to qualify as scientific
knowledge, an inference or assertation must be
derived by the scientific method. Proposed
testimony must be supported by appropriate
validation i.e., good grounds based on what is
known. In short, the requirement that an experts
testimony pertaining to scientific knowledge
establishes a standard of evidentiary reliability.

130. With reference to the words will assist the trier of

fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in

issue, the words which find mention in Rule 702, it was

opined:-

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 76 of 114

 This entails a preliminary assessment of whether
the reasoning or methodology underlining the
testimony is scientifically valid and of whether that
reasoning or methodology properly can be applied
to the facts in issue. Ordinarily, a
key question to be answered in determining
whether a theory or technique is scientific
knowledge that will assist the trier of fact will be
whether it can be tested. . Another pertinent
consideration is whether the theory or technique
has been subjected to peer review and publication.
. The fact of publication (or lack thereof) in a
peer-reviewed journal thus will be a relevant,
though not dispositive, consideration in assessing
the scientific validity of a particular technique or
methodology on which an opinion is premised.

131. It is apparent to every logical mind that the key to

determine whether a theory or technique is scientific

knowledge which will assist the trier of fact is whether the

theory or technique can be and has been tested. Thus, while

summarizing the impact of the legislation on Fryes test, the

Court concluded as under:-

To summarize: general acceptance is not a

necessary precondition to the admissibility of
scientific evidence under the Federal Rules of
Evidence, but the Rules of Evidence do assign to
the Trial Judge the task of ensuring that an experts
testimony both rests on a reliable foundation and is
relevant to the task at hand. Pertinent evidence
based on scientifically valid principles will satisfy
those demands.

132. Since trier of a fact i.e. a Judge or a Jury is not

expected to be an expert, the relevance of publication in a

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 77 of 114

peer-reviewed journal was highlighted by the US Supreme

Court. Not only that, the US Supreme Court cautioned that

with reference to standard text, known rate of errors must be

kept in mind while deciding the evidentiary value of an expert

opinion. To quote:-

Additionally, in the case of a particular scientific

technique, the court ordinarily should consider the
known or potential rate of error, see, e.g., United
States v. Smith, 869 F2d 348, 353-354 (CA7 1989)
(surveying studies of the error rate of
spectrographic voice identification technique), and
the existence and maintenance of standards
controlling the techniques operation. See United
States v. Williams, 583 F2d 1194, 1198 (CA2 1978)
(noting professional organizations standard
governing spectrographic analysis), cert denied,
439 US 1117, 59 L Ed 2d 77, 99 S Ct 1025 (1979).

133. The science relating to typescripts is of recent

origin. In the year 1952, in the decision reported as AIR 1952

SC 343 Hanumant vs. State of MP the Supreme Court held

that an opinion of an expert on a typescript was inadmissible

in evidence. But, with the advancement of technology, it

became acceptable that certain parameters could be

identified, if not absolute, on a probability to identify features

of a typing machine. The reason is that typewriters are

manufactured in industrialized countries by many makers who

have made individual approaches to the problem of producing

a reliable and effective machine. Despite its simplicity of

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 78 of 114

operation, a typewriter is a fairly complicated machine having

a complicated mechanism of operation, for it is assembled

from approximately two thousand parts which require

something like twenty thousand different operations to

produce the result i.e. the typescript. Not only are typewriters

assembled from many components, but their action is the

resultant of a number of interlocking adjustments which have

to be made before the machine can be taken into service.

Further, when a typist is typing at a rate of sixty words a

minute, he or she motivates about two hundred working parts

a second, so that the creation of a line of transcript is the end

product of many motions.

134. Once a machine is put into use, it suffers wear and

tear which has an increasing effect on the work it produces.

135. Those who had a concern with a typewriter started

realizing that if typescripts from machines of different

manufacturers is compared, certain differences in the design

of the typeface will be apparent, because few manufacturers

have identical views on what is the most pleasing and

serviceable design for type characters.

136. This means that in most cases it is possible to

identify the make of the machine for a particular specimen of

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 79 of 114

typescript by taking into consideration the design of the type.

Thus, the science pertaining to a typescript has a high level of

accuracy if it has to be determined as to which particular

brand of typewriter has been used to type the script. For this,

the experts in the field, have, as noted by Wilson R. Harrison in

the book Suspect Documents: Their Scientific Examination,

created a databank of different manufacturers of typewriters

as also the characteristics of the design of the letters

introduced by them over the years.

137. Wilson R. Harrison has a post-graduate degree as

also a masters degree in Forensic Sciences and for twenty

four years served with Forensic Science Laboratories before

retiring as the Director, Home Office, Forensic Science

Laboratory, Llanishen Cardiff. Since January 1938 he served

as the Director of the Laboratory till he wrote the book

Suspected Documents in the year 1958. He is considered to

be an authority on suspect documents including typescripts.

Pertaining to the ease with which the science of typescript can

be used to identify the particular make of a machine, at page

242 of the book (Fourth Indian Reprint 2008), the learned

Author opines:-

If typescript from machines of different

manufacturers is compared, certain differences in
the design of the typefaces will be apparent,
Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 80 of 114
 because few manufacturers have identical views on
what is the most pleasing and serviceable design
for type-written characters. This means that in
some cases, at least, it will be possible to identify
the make of the machine used for a particular
specimen of typescript by taking into consideration
the design of the type.

138. As noted above, once put to use, a typing machine

suffers wear and tear which has an increasing effect on the

work it produces. The effect has been penned by the learned

Author, Wilson R. Harrison, at pages 245, 246 and 247 as

under:-

If an examination is carried out on specimens of

typescript from well-worn machines, it will be
observed that in some of the specimens every
example of certain letters or figures will be found to
be defective. Portions of the character will be found
to be missing altogether, or there will be obvious
distortion of the outline. . Typescript derived
from a machine in poor condition will be found to
print very unevenly, the depth of the impression
being variable over the surface of the character.
This defect will be the more apparent when the
touch has been light and the ribbon well used.
Some characters will be found to be more heavily
imprinted at the bottom, the top being hardly
visible, whilst with others the reverse is the case.
.. When the line of type is inspected as a whole,
it will become apparent that not all of the
imperfections in the typescript are associated with
the manner in which the outlines of the character
are reproduced. One of the most obvious defects is
the occurrence of errors in the lateral spacing of the
typescript along the line. These errors in horizontal
alignment, as they are termed, are mostly
noticeable because any crowding of the characters
is associated with neighbouring gaps which throw
the overcrowding into relief.

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 81 of 114

139. But, the learned Author hastens to caution at page

248 as under:-

Finally, it must not be assumed that all variation in

alignment characteristics is due to wear and loose
bearings, for lack of rhythm on the part of the typist
may be responsible, more especially for variation in
horizontal alignment characteristics.

140. Thus, it is apparent that to be treated as

characteristic of a typewriter, alignment variations require a

careful scrutiny to check whether the same are a result of lack

of rhythm on the part of the typist or attributable as a

characteristic to the machine. To put it differently, a clever

person can prepare a sample typescript by cleverly timing the

rhythm so as to recreate alignment variations and give an

appearance that the same are characteristic of a typewriter.

Thus, in relation to variations in alignment, expert opinion

must show that the expert has kept in mind, whether the

alignment variation is attributable to the machine or to the

typist.

141. Analyzing the determination of characteristics of

the letters of a typewriter, to a further scrutiny, at page 250,

the learned Author opines that the characteristics (noted in

para 20 above) have to be further analyzed in great detail so

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 82 of 114

that some estimation may be made of their value. While so

doing, the learned author has prefaced the further discussion

by drawing the attention to five limitations in the process of

further analysis, one of them being; to quote (the last line of

the third para at page 251):-

This limitation also applies when but a small

amount of transcript is in question.

142. The reason for the limitation afore-noted is given by

the learned author at page 261; to quote:-

When a typeface is imperfect, a corresponding

defect must occur in every printed character made
while it is in this condition. As already pointed out,
defects in the outline of the printed character are
occasioned by factors other than faulty typeface.
Many of these factors, such as faulty ribbon, are
temporary, whilst others, such as those due to a
pitted platened, are sporadic in their influence on
the outline of the printed characters. The test of
consistency must be applied before any defect in
outline can be attributed to a faulty typeface.
.. The test of consistency cannot be applied
when only a limited amount of transcript is in
question, for few, if any, other specimens of the
characters with defective outlines may be available
for comparison.

143. As per the learned Author (see page 256),

characters such as o, O, e and u are of little diagnostic

value and the search must begin with letters such as a, g, t

and r which are chosen because of the wide variation in

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 83 of 114

design which is encountered in different makes of machines

pertaining to said letters.

144. It is apparent even to a layman who has seen a

typewriter in operation, if the typeface is struck at an angle,

distortion of the outline of letters is the fallout. The learned

Author says (at page 258):-

Flattening of the outline on a typeface is generally

caused by a blow which falls normally on to its
surface; if the typeface is struck at an angle,
distortion of the outline rather than flattening is
likely to be the consequence. The portions of the
typeface liable to become damaged in this way are
the serifs, which may be bent, and the curved
outlines of the ovals of such letters as g, a and
d become unsymmetrical.

145. But, the learned Author immediately cautions at

page 258 itself:-

When a serif is seen to be either bent, or twisted,

there can be no doubt that the typeface is faulty,
but when the serif is not reproduced in the printed
character, it cannot likely be assumed that this is
due to the outline of the typeface being defective.

146. Thus, it is apparent that mere absence of a serif i.e.

it not being reproduced in the printed character is no ground

by itself to assume the same to be a distinctive characteristic

of the machine. As per the learned author, at page 259:-

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 84 of 114

 This means that it is unsafe to regard a typeface
as being characterized by a defective serif, unless
the stroke from which the serif is missing is seen to
have been deeply printed without any trace of the
serif being apparent. Missing serifs are far more
common than other defects such as gaps in the
outline, and consequently are of less evidentiary
value in characterizing the work of a typewriter.

147. Thus, apart from the little diagnostic value of the

letters o, O, e and u, missing serifs have little evidentiary

value while determining the peculiar characteristics of a

typewriter.

148. Since quality of a ribbon, the force with which a

typist punches the keys of a typewriter and the quality of

paper; all affect the quality of the print, the learned author

opines that three copies of the specimen text should be

prepared with a light, medium and a heavy touch respectively

and at least one specimen should be prepared on same or

similar paper. Otherwise, the imperfect impressions which

occur due to the quality of the paper as also imperfect

impressions which occur due to the touch on the key may be

attributed to the machine.

149. The learned author further notes that lateral,

vertical and slope misalignments are often noted in

typescripts. A lateral misalignment means that two letters are

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squeezed with a resultant and a noticeable gap between the

said two letters and the next. Vertical misalignment means

that letters are printed above or below the line of type. Slope

misalignment means that letters are printed with a slant i.e.

appear with a slope.

150. But, the learned Author cautions that such defects

have to be appreciated in light of the possible reasons thereof,

all of which do not necessarily relate to the machine and

hence to its identity.

151. Non-rhythmic operation of a machine is a likely

cause of errors in horizontal alignment. At page 263, the

learned author opines:-

Some authorities go so far as to declare that errors

in horizontal alignment are practically useless for
identifying the work of a machine, but in the
experience of the author this is not the case, and to
neglect the presence of any consistent errors in this
regard is to disregard evidence which may prove of
the greatest value, especially when small amounts
of typescripts are in question.

152. It is apparent that pertaining to errors in horizontal

alignment, the experts are not in agreement on their

evidentiary worth. The learned author, based on experience,

feels to the contrary. We may hasten to add that the learned

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 86 of 114

author has not given any reasons for the note of disagreement

and has preferred to rest his opinion on his experience.

153. As per the learned author, errors in vertical

alignment pertaining to capital letters have not to be put at

par with errors in vertical alignment pertaining to small letters.

As per the learned author vertical misalignments pertaining to

capital letters are usually occasioned due to the typist failing

to sufficiently depress the shift key, required to be punched, to

print the capital letters or due to the typist striking the key of

the next letter to be printed before the carriage on the type

basket has had time to resume its normal position. Hence,

vertical misalignments or error in vertical alignment pertaining

to capital letters has minimal evidentiary value.

154. Discussing error in slope alignment, the learned

Author, at page 265, cautions:-

This error in alignment must not be confused with

the deliberate slope of a degree or so, given to such
characters as t and f to correct the optical illusion
which would make these characters appear to slope
if they were adjusted to be perfectly upright.

155. Pertaining to errors in slope alignment as being

distinctive of a characteristic, explaining the cause thereof i.e.

the reason behind, the learned Author writes:-

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 87 of 114

 Obvious and consistent defects in slope are caused
by the twisting of the type bars, which causes them
to depart from their correct alignment and
consequently to print a character with an incorrect
slope. Slope misalignment due to this defect is
outside the control of the typist, so that constant
errors of this description enable the work of the
machine to be characterized.

156. It is thus apparent that there is unanimity amongst

the authors that subject to certain letters which are given a

deliberate slope such as t and f (to correct the optical

illusion) a consistent defect in slope alignment can be

attributed as a peculiar characteristic of a machine. Vertical

misalignments of capital letters are of not much use while

attributing a peculiar characteristic to a machine. Pertaining

to horizontal misalignments, there is no unanimity of opinion

amongst the various authors as to their evidentiary value.

But, based on his experience the learned author feels that

horizontal misalignments have good evidentiary value and

need to be taken into account especially when a limited

quantity of typescript is available.

157. At pages 265 to 267, the learned author discusses

faults in typescripts pertaining to double impressions, irregular

margins, letter and line spacing. Pertaining to double

impressions, the learned author opines that the fault is

comparatively rare and the presence of a double impression is

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 88 of 114

an identifying feature of some importance. The theory behind

a double impression is that if a key is sharply struck in a

normal manner, the momentum of the heavy typeface will

cause the thin steel type-bar to bend when its motion is

arrested, so that the typeface follows on to deliver a single

sharp blow to the ribbon which has been thrust between it and

the paper. If a machine is defective, the vibration of the type

bar would result in a second fainter blow being struck. Since

the extremes of motion of the carriage of a typewriter are

controlled by margin stops which get thrown out of action by

pressure on the appropriate release keys, sometimes carriages

tend to rebound from the stop which controls the left hand

margin. When the motion of the carriage is stopped by the

right hand stop, the keys are locked to prevent further

characters being printed. With a defective machine this may

not happen, so that the lines of type will exhibit a number of

superimposed letters at the extreme right. This betrays the

typewriter by revealing its identity. Letter and line spacing, as

per the learned author are the result of the numbers of the

letters to an inch. For example, in the most popular style

known as pica, ten letters get printed in one inch space. In the

style known as elite, twelve letters get printed in an inch.

Letter spacing is governed by the escapement, which in turn

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 89 of 114

governs the movement of the carriage. When the escapement

is faulty, crowding and irregularity of the type becomes

evident. These are also characteristics attributable to a worn

out machine and hence can identify and relate a particular

print to a machine.

158. The concluding remarks by the learned author are

important. They summarize the pitfalls i.e. inherent limitation

of the science of typescript. At page 275 the learned author

writes:-

When the comparison of two specimens of

typescript has been completed, the examiner must
sum up the evidence in order to form his conclusion
as to whether both were typed on the same
machine or not. His task is almost invariably
complicated by the fact that typewriters are subject
to variation; it is extremely unlikely, that any two
specimens of typescript, even when derived from
the same machine at the same time, are ever
perfect replicas, and when an interval elapses and
the effects of wear, misuse and repair have to be
taken into account, they may differ superficially in
many respects. Any information which might be
forthcoming concerning the interval which has
elapsed between the typing of the two specimens,
which is the older, the amount of use the machine
receives, and any repairs which may have been
effected, will be of considerable assistance, so that
efforts should be made to provide enlightenment on
these points.
The examiner finds his greatest difficulty when he
has to assess the significance of consistent
differences in the two specimens of typescript.
Some he may safely attribute to the condition of
the ribbon, the state of the platen and the nature of
the surface of the paper. Other he may dismiss as

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 90 of 114

 being due to the way in which the machine was
operated, but when this has been done, there will
often remain some dissimilarities for which there is
no easily demonstrable explanation.
If the two specimens of typescript have little in
common in the way of outstanding characteristics
such as broken and defective typefaces, gross
errors in alignment or obviously defective
impressions, it may be that these slight differences
indicate that two different machines of the same
model and not a single machine are concerned.

159. To summarize, the text suggests that where the

dispute relates to an issue whether interpolations have been

made on a typescript after it was typed and a different

typewriter has been used, it is easy to answer the same

because of the ease with which differences can be spotted.

Similarly, where the issue is, whether with the use of the same

typewriter additions and interpolations have been made after

the document was drawn up and executed, it becomes easy

for an expert to detect the same because of the spacing of the

words typed later on because it is very difficult to so adjust the

paper on the same typewriter so that the space between the

two lines is the same. Similarly, the margins also let the cat

out of the bag. Further, where the dispute pertains to the

make, the brand and the year of manufacturer of the

typewriter; with reference to the databank created by

accredited agencies pertaining to the features of typewriters

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 91 of 114

manufactured by different companies and features introduced

from year to year in different models, it is easy to determine

the make of the typewriter used for typing the script. But,

where the dispute pertains to the issue whether the disputed

typescript is the result of the use of a particular typewriter, the

question is beset with problems and even for an expert is not

easy to be answered. Further, for resolution of this dispute,

one has not to jump to easy conclusions and the opinion has to

be with reference to the various cross checks and balances

noted herein above, keeping into account the minimal

evidentiary value of certain features and greater evidentiary

value of some.

160. A rule of caution to be observed by the expert has

been brought out by Elbridge W. Stein, an examiner of

documents in Philadelphia, and an internationally renowned

expert on typescripts has written an article title Type writing

as Evidence which summarizes the various steps which a

typescript expert must follow to arrive at a conclusion with

reference to the opinion sought pertaining to a typescript. He

writes, inter alia, as follows:-

An enlarged photograph correctly designed and

accurately made of a document or of the
particular part in dispute may alone end a law
suit. A photograph may present facts to a jury
more effectively than any verbal testimony. As
Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 92 of 114
 was said in a recent decision, But no statement
the witness could have made would have made
the impression created by the pictorial
presentation of his criticisms and conclusion.

Accurate enlarged photographs make a

permanent record of physical facts as seen
through the microscope and have a distinct
advantage for court use, as they show an entire
letter or signature in permanently enlarged form,
while the microscope shows only a small part of it
to one observer. A juryman without experience in
the use of a microscope usually has difficulty in
seeing and understanding what it discloses, but
an enlarged photograph may be as easy for him
to see and understand as newspaper print.

With modern highly corrected lenses, color

sensitive plats, proper contrast light filters and
specially constructed cameras, it is possible to
make scientifically accurate photographs. Colored
obscuring stamps or defacing marks on a
document may be made invisible in a photograph;
and faint writing or writing in blue, yellow or green
ink may be made more legible. Finally, and
perhaps most important of all, photographs
permit of a side-by-side arrangement of genuine
and disputed writings in such a way as to make
comparison easy which would be impossible with
the original writings.

161. As noted above, in India, till the year 1952 expert

opinion pertaining to a typescript was held to be inadmissible

in evidence and the position continued to be the same till the

year 1996, when in the decision reported as (1996) 2 SCC 428

S.J.Choudhry Vs. CBI it was held that keeping in view the

advancement in science and technology world over, it was

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 93 of 114

accepted that the study of transcript was a science and hence

evidence of an expert pertaining to a typescript was

admissible in evidence. But, no decision probably exists (in

any case, none was cited before us), where a court of record in

India had considered the evidentiary value of the testimony of

an expert pertaining to a typescript. Even decisions abroad

show very few case law on the subject. We shall discuss the

same soon after, but would note at the outset that the

decisions show that where the fact in issue was whether two

typewriters were used to create the transcript in dispute, the

question was answered with ease with reference to the

testimony of the expert witnesses. But, whenever the

question was to the identity of a typewriter, considerable

difficulty was encountered. Only one reported decision has

been noticed by us where said issue was considered and in

said decision certain guidelines for appreciation of evidence of

the expert by the jury were set out. The decision shows that

probably, even the so called experts in the field are not aware

of the norms developed in the field pertaining to a typescript

and in particular when the question relates to the identity of a

particular typewriter as the source of the transcript.

162. During argument of the appeal, Sh.K.T.S.Tulsi,

learned senior counsel cited:-

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A. 36 ALR 4th 598

B. 1952 OK 104 In Re CRAVENS ESTATE. CRAVENS et

al. V. CRAVENS.

C. 209 NYS 88 The People of the State of New York,

Respondent Vs. Henry H. Werblow, Appellant.

D. 1999 ORE 571 State Vs. Swank.

E. 498 PA 267 In Re ESTATE OF Paul CIAFFONI.

F. 214 NY 75 The People of the State of New York,

Respondent Vs. Edwin H. Risley, Appellant.

163. Sh.Ram Jethmalani learned senior counsel for the

appellant cited 83 F.Supp.2d 515 United States Vs. Van Wyk.

164. Whereas Sh.K.T.S.Tulsi urged that the decisions

cited by him establish that the science of typescripts has

attained perfection of the highest order reaching the level of

100% accuracy and that a good expert can with 100%

accuracy determine the source of a typescript; Sh.Ram

Jethmalani urged to the contrary and submitted that in certain

fields the science pertaining to analysis of typescripts, at best,

would probabilize the likely source of the origin of a typescript

and it is impossible to identify the source with 100% accuracy.

Thus, Sh.Ram Jethmalani, learned senior counsel for the

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 95 of 114

appellant urged that the rule of prudence requiring

corroboration to the identity of the typewriter used to generate

the typescript should be followed.

165. Analyzing the decisions cited by learned senior

counsel, it would be relevant to note that the first decision

cited by Sh.K.T.S.Tulsi did not relate to the question of identity

of the typewriter with reference to the disputed document but

related to the authorship thereof and the Court was discussing

the attributes of a typewriter relating to typing technique and

the linguistics with reference whereto the expert had testified

to show the authorship of the document in dispute. It was

noted that stylistic similarities, such as use of colon,

punctuation mark etc. can bring out the personal traits of the

author of the document i.e. the typist, and with reference to

the writings of the author, i.e. expressions used, it was

possible to identify the author of the document.

166. The decision on said aspect of the matter hardly

relates to the issue at hand for the reason even without a

typewriter being used, even if the document was scribed in

any other manner, such kind of styles could be detected by

any linguistic expert to identify the authorship of the

document.

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 96 of 114

167. The second facet of dispute noted in the said

decision pertained to whether it was possible to determine

whether certain pages of a document were replaced. It was

opined that where the question is whether the document is the

result of a typescript emerging from one or two typewriters, it

is possible to answer the same for the reason it is difficult to

use a second typewriter, while changing a page or two of a

document, and have identical margins, besides, it is easy to

note extensive dissimilarities when two typewriters are used.

168. The second decision i.e. in CRAVENS ESTATEs case

also related to two typewriters being used; the second being

used after erasing parts of a typescript and retyping thereon.

In the decision in Henry H. Werblows case the question again

related to use of two typewriters. The same is the position in

Swanks case.

169. The decision in Paul Ciaffonis case, once again

pertained to the issue of authorship of the will with reference

to issues of stylistic deviations.

170. The decision in Edwin H. Risleys case, makes an

interesting reading, and relates to the identity of the

typewriter being the source of the document in dispute. By a

split verdict, 2:1, the Court of appeals set aside the verdict of

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 97 of 114

the jury and remanded the matter to the jury for fresh

adjudication.

171. It was alleged against Edwin H. Risley that he had

used an Underwood machine in his office to make

interpolations in a document. He denied having done so. Two

experts were cited by The People of the State of New York to

prove that he had done so. One was a typescript expert and

the other a professor of Mathematics having expertise in the

theory of probability. The evidence of the typescript expert, as

noted in the decision was as under:-

There was a sharp conflict at the trial on the

important question of fact whether the words
claimed to have been forged were written upon the
defendants typewriter. The Peoples case in that
respect depends almost wholly on expert evidence,
offered to show that certain alleged defects in the
defendants typewriter corresponded with defects in
the typewritten words; and that evidence, so far as
it was visualized for the jury, consisted of exhibits
prepared by the Peoples expert. Of the thirteen
similar defects testified to by him, two were variable
and concededly may be eliminated, one was the
slant of the letter t, which the Peoples witnesses
admitted was a common occurrence, and ten were
due to alleged defects in the type. The Peoples
expert witnesses who examined the type of the
defendants machine with a microscope were able
to name five defects, which their testimony on
cross-examination tended to show were common on
used machines. Those defects existed in three
letters most generally used. The photographs, ten
diameters enlarged, are claimed to show five other
defects, consisting of the letter s being heavy in
the upper and lighter in the lower parts, the letter
a being heavy in the lower and lighter in the
Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 98 of 114
 upper parts, and an almost imperceptible swerve in
one of the down strokes of the letter m .
172. The professor of Mathematics; Prof. Snyder,

deposed that the probability of the combination of said defects

occurring in another typewriter was once in 400,00,00,000

(Four Hundred Crores).

173. The Court discussed the issue as under:-

Even assuming that the alleged eleven defects,

variable as they were in extent and character in the
disputed writing and the standards, had some
resemblance to defects in the defendants
typewriter, the likelihood of similar defects in type
recurring in another typewriter would depend on the
dies from which they were made, on the process of
manufacture, on the greater likelihood of particular
parts, such as serifs, being broken by use, on the
material composing the type, on the way in which
the machine had been used, and doubtless on many
other things which do not now occur to me; and yet
the problem was sought to be determined by a so-
called law of mathematical probability regardless of
actual experience, physical facts or the element of
human agency, and on the assumption manifestly
false that a given thing was as liable to happen as
not to happen. Upon selected data, which may or
may not have been the ones involved in the
problem, it was computed that the same slant of the
letter t would occur once in 256 times, like
computation were made as to each of the alleged
defects and by compounding the results it was
computed that all would occur in combination once
in 4,000,000,000 times. Thus the happening of a
past even was sought to be established not by
witnesses of the fact, not by proof of the
circumstances surrounding it or the causes
contributing to it, but by an abstract doctrine of
chances, which was put before the jury as a
demonstration to a mathematical certainty.

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 99 of 114

174. The aforesaid decision brings out the extreme

importance of confirming the expert testimony within proper

limits in a case admitting of such opportunity to err. It is

important to note that the likelihood of a similar defect in a

type recurring in another typewriter not only depends on the

manner in which a typewriter is used and with passage of time

deteriorates but also depends on the dies from which the

characters are produced; the process of manufacture; the

material composing the type; the likelihood of particular parts

such as serifs being broken, etc. The decision also guides us

that where an expert has eschewed a consideration of said

factors, the report would be a poor report. The decision also

brings out that where the issue is the identification of a

particular machine as the source of a typescript, the answer to

the question is beset with many problems.

175. The decision in Van Wyks case cited by Sh.Ram

Jethmalani is a decision of recent origin rendered by the Third

Circuit Court in the year 2000. The question related to the

identity of a typewriter as the source of a transcript. The

expert Mr. Fitzgerald had testified under Rule 104 of the

Federal Rules of Evidence. The methodology applied by

Fitzgerald for his opinion, as noted in the decision is as under:-

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 100 of 114

 Fitzgerald testified to the specific methodology he
uses in determining authorship. First, he normally
separates and catalogs the writings either
chronologically or by victim. In this case, because
there were handwritten and typewritten writings, he
divided them into four categories: Known Typings
(KT), Known Writings (KW), Questioned Typings
(QT), and Questioned Writings (QW). Then he
read the twenty-two letters to obtain a sense for the
feel of the writings. Third, he color coded the
issues contained in the writings into four categories:
(1) punctuation and spelling; (2) threat; (3)
interesting phrases; and (4) correct or incorrect
trip phrases such as use of there or their, use
of to, two, or too, and your, or youre.
Next, Fitzgerald created a chart and determined
whether a particular word, abbreviation, or phrase
was used correctly or was an idiosyncrasy. His
results were reviewed by two other law enforcement
officers. No sources outside the FBI have reviewed
his reports.

176. Commenting upon the expert opinion the Court

observed:-

Although Fitzgerald employed a particular

methodology that may be subject to testing, neither
Fitzgerald nor the Government has been able to
identify a known rate of error, establish what amount
of sample is necessary for an expert to be able to
reach a conclusion as to probability of authorship, or
pinpoint any meaningful peer review. Additionally, as
defendant argues, there is no universally recognized
standard for certifying an individual as an expert in
Forensic Stylistics.
Various judicial decisions regarding handwriting
analysis, while not identical to text analysis, are
instructive because handwriting analysis seems to
suffer similar weaknesses in scientific reliability,
namely the following: no known error rate, no
professional or academic degrees in the field, no
meaningful peer review, and no agreement as to how

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 101 of 114

 many exemplars are required to establish the
probability of authorship.

177. The decision in Van Wyks case pertains to the

expert testimony to the authorship of a document i.e. in the

field of Forensic Stylistics, but guides us the pitfalls of the

science with reference to identification of a criteria to

determine, inter alia known rate of errors; lack of text accepted

by the experts in the field on the question of adequacy of a

sample; no criteria published by any accredited agency to

determine as to who could possibly hold himself out to be an

expert because professional or academic degrees in the field

are not awarded.

178. Perusing the testimony of S.K.Gupta PW-75, as

deposed to in his examination in chief, he has a Masters

degree in Chemistry from Calcutta University. As admitted by

him in his cross examination his only training in the mechanism

of a typewriter is, to quote: I had received three days training

in Godrage Typewriter manufacture at Bombay. The

training of three days at Bombay done by me was at the

manufacturing plant relating to assembly of the typewriters. I

did not work with any other company manufacturing

typewriters to study the characteristics of the typewriters from

the stand point of classification. When questioned as to in

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 102 of 114

how many cases he has opined with reference to typescripts he

stated that besides the instant case he has given his opinion in

two other cases but his opinions were not considered by the

Courts in said two cases because in one case he was

discharged without being examined and in the other case the

Court did not take into account his opinion because of the then

existing law which did not make admissible expert evidence

pertaining to typescripts. Though PW-75 claimed to have

authored articles on the subject of typescripts, but failed to

disclose particulars of any articles published by him.

179. It is apparent that PW-75 fails to satisfy the second

of the three fundamental components of Fryes test namely the

requirement of the author of the opinion qualifying to be called

an expert, by knowledge, skill, experience, training or

education. Admittedly, PW-75 has no formal education in the

science of typescripts, in respect whereof we find a big

problem because no university is awarding degrees or

diplomas in the field of typescripts. Further, in India, we have

no accreditation agency where one can register oneself an

expert on a typescript. The witness has led no evidence of any

special knowledge gained by him except for a three days stint

with Godrage, a company which manufactures typewriters.

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 103 of 114

Analyzing three typescripts (including the one in question) is to

meager an experience.

180. As noted in para 141 above, as per Wilson R.

Harrison, there are five limitations in the analysis of a

typescript, one of the five being: this limitation also applies

when but a small amount of transcript is in question. It would

be interesting to note that PW-75 when cross examined on

28.1.1997 admitted that Wilson R. Harrison is a leading

authority on typescripts.

181. Whereas the defence expert i.e. Sh.Darshan Dayal

Goel has been candid in deposing: I am of the opinion that it

is not possible to express definite and irrefutable opinion that

the questioned typescript mark Q-1 and the sample typescript

S-7 have been typed on one and the same type machine.

PW-75 has not been candid on the subject. As per Wilson R.

Harrison, and as noted in para 148 above, since the force with

which a typist punches the keys of a typewriter, the quality of

a ribbon and the quality of paper, all affect the quality of the

print; a good expert, to rule out unforeseen errors occurring

due to said three attributes, should obtain three sample

typescripts, one each with a light, medium and heavy touch

respectively and at least one specimen should be prepared on

same or similar paper. If not so done, according to the learned

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 104 of 114
author: Otherwise, the imperfect impressions which occur due

to the quality of the paper as also imperfect impressions which

occur due to the touch on the key may be attributed to the

machine. PW-75 has thrown to the winds the said rule of

caution. The further problem in the instant case has emerged

in the admission of PW-75, who on being cross examined on

21.3.1977 admitted: It is correct that the questioned

document does not contain clear impressions due to

mutilation.

182. Thus, we have a three-fold problem. The first is the

inadequacy of the typescripts. The second is that the

questioned document does not contain clear impression due to

it being mutilated. The third is that PW-75 has not taken three

prints of the specimen text, one each, with a light, medium

and a heavy touch, nor has he obtained a sample on the same

or similar paper. In our opinion, said three factors are by

themselves sufficient justification to not base a conclusive

opinion on the issue with reference to expert testimony. In

fact the admission by PW-75 that the questioned document

does not contain clear impressions due to mutilation is a very

important facet to be taken notice of, for the reason the whole

analysis of a typescript when the issue is to the identity of a

typewriter as the source of the transcript, is heavily dependent

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 105 of 114

upon the identification of features in the letters of the keys

when punched and commonsense tells us that where a

document is mutilated and the impressions are not clear due

to said reason, it would be most unsafe, unless corroborated

by other evidence, to base the decision on the testimony of

the expert. Missing serifs, slopping letters, broken type faces

etc. are the keys to locate the individual characteristic

acquired by a machine over a period of time i.e. the result of

wear and tear. To identify the same with a degree of

certainty, the blurring of the impressions due to a questioned

paper being mutilated resulting in clarity of the imprints being

blurred would certainly impede the certainty of the said

features. Lastly, we find another problem in the manner in

which PW-75 have attempted to analyze the questioned

typescript. We find from the record that he has simply

obtained a photograph of the questioned document on the

same scale as it exists, without enlarging the same. The

decision in Edwin H. Risleys case (supra) shows that the

experts abroad enlarge the photographs by ten diameters. It

is obvious that a safe analysis can be done with enlarged

photographs for the reason the distinctive characteristics of

the keys of a typewriter have to be determined with reference

to the typescript and clarity is brought about by enlargement.

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 106 of 114

PW-75, was cross examined on the issue of enlargement of

photographs on 17.3.1997. He stated: I agree with Osborn

observation on the role of enlarged photography as a period

message that is relevant during those periods. (Vol. but in

modern days examinations are made direct from original

documents with microscope etc.). I prepared notes at the time

of examination. (Vol. after making the final notes I destroyed

the loose notes. My report in this case Ex.PW-75/C is based

on those notes prepared by me). We note that the next

question put to the witness was as to why did he destroy his

notes, when he knew that he would be examined in Court. He

responded that this was his usual practice. The third

component of the Fryes test is that the proffered experts

testimony must reveal that the methodology, hypothesis or

techniques applicable and the theory behind the principles

applicable have been applied by the expert and that the

expert is mindful of the known or potential rate of error in the

derivative of the technique or methodology to the subject

thereof; a test which appears to have been not successfully

passed by PW-75. It is not out of place to record here that

when PW-75 was cross examined with reference to the

nuances of his techniques applied to which he responded that

he had destroyed his notes. It is apparent that a crucial piece

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of evidence i.e. the notes and observations of the expert were

not available before the Court and the enlarged photographs,

being not taken, it would be virtually impossible for the Court

to check the veracity of the report, unless the Court calls for a

microscope and sits down as an expert to carry out the

exercise of analyzing the typescript.

183. We note that in his cross examination on 21.3.1977

PW-75 admitted the following:-

(i) It is correct that the letters r and i in the word

Krishan in Q-1 (Ex.PW-62/O) are not touching each other. It is

also correct that the combination of the letters r and i in the

word Krishan in specimen writings S-7 Ex.PW-27/A are

touching each other.

(ii) It is correct that the letter h in the word Krishan in

Q-1 Ex.PW-62/A is complete and without any break. It is

correct that the letter h similarly placed in word Krishan in S-

7 Ex.PW-27/A is not complete.

(iii) It is correct that the base of letter u in word

Sunder in S-7 Ex.PW-27/A is higher than the base of letter S

in the word Sunder. It is correct that it is not so in Q-1 Ex.PW-

62/O in the word Sunder.

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 108 of 114

(iv) It is correct that the difference of two tangents of

9 and 8 in S-7 encircled X in Ex.PW-27/A is more than Q-1.

(v) There is a difference between the circular formation

of the lower loop of letter g in agar in Q-1 Ex.PW-62/O and in

S-7 Ex.PW-27/A. It is more elongated in Q-1 than in S-7.

(vi) It is correct that the gap between the letters n d

in the word Sunder in Q-1 is lesser than the gap between the

two letters in S-7 at portion Z and Z-1.

(vii) It is incorrect that the right part of the lower serif in

p in S-7 is missing. Volunteered : It is present to some

extent.

(viii) It is correct that the serif of lower curve in the letter

S in OST in Q-1 is raised upwards.

(ix) It is correct that there is smudging of ink in the

body of letter A in the top line in Q-1. Similar smudging of ink

to that extent is not there in S-7.

(x) It is correct that there is a regular gap between the

letters o and m in the word From in Q-1, whereas the

combination of the letters o and m in the word From in S-7

at portion A in S-7 are touching each other at point A.

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 109 of 114

(xi) It is correct that the gap in the curve of letter p in

Q-1 in the top line is smaller than similar letter p in S-7.

(xii) It is also correct that the space inside the oval of O

in S-7 is bigger than the similar letter O in Q-1.

(xiii) It is correct that the lower base of F in the word

From in S-7 is lower than the base of the letter r.

184. In his report Ex.PW-75/C, Shri S.K.Gupta PW-75 has

opined:-

However, I have observed three differences between

Q-1 and S-7 which are described below:-

(i) The upper serif of h is clear in Q1 whereas it is

missing in S7.
(ii) The i dotting of the letter small i is almost
touching its body in Q1 whereas it is separate
in S7. The right serif at the base of the letter
small i in Q-1 is shorter than the left side serif
but in S7 it is clear and almost equal on both
sides.
(iii) The lower loop of the letter g differs in its
shape between Q1 and S7.

185. Thereafter, Shri S.K.Gupta has proceeded to explain

the reasons for the said differences and as to why the same do

not reveal dissimilarities. It is relevant that inasmuch as

similarities are relevant to prove the identity, existence of

dissimilarities displaces the proof of identity. This is simple

logic.
Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 110 of 114
186. Having admitted thirteen dissimilarities during

cross-examination, ignoring by us twelve other dissimilarities

which were put to the witness, which he denied, no attempt

has been made by S.K.Gupta to explain the said thirteen

dissimilarities, which he admitted, as being consistent with the

proof of identity of the machine in question being the source of

the disputed typescript as also the source of the sample

typescript.

187. A Judge is not expected to be an expert and

therefore we do not take upon ourselves the mantle of being

an expert. But, it is our duty to test the credibility and the

evidentiary worth of a report of an expert with reference to

internationally accepted text to satisfy the judicial conscious

that the caution required to be observed; the cross checks to

be carried out; the pitfalls to be avoided and the possibility of

the known rate of error occurring have been kept in view by

the expert.

188. Cumulatively seen, for the reasons noted herein

above in paras 182 to 186, we hold that it would be unsafe to

return a finding on the identity of the typewriter with reference

to the testimony of PW-75, unless we find corroboration by

other independent evidence.

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 111 of 114

189. Do we have any?

190. N.D.Sethi PW-27 is the witness whose testimony

needs to be considered. He has deposed that around 22nd or

23rd September 1982 some person had come with a

manuscript address and an envelope and had requested to

type it and he referred him to a student who was a beginner to

do the needful and he did the same. He admitted that he had

not read the manuscript nor could be identify the person

concerned.

191. From the aforesaid inchoate testimony of PW-27, it

cannot be inferred that the appellant was the person who had

gone to his typing school on 22nd or 23rd September 1982 with

a request to type the senders and addressees address on

Ex.PW-62/O. Any person could have gone on said dates and

got anything typed.

192. The witness is clear and very categoric that the

person who came got the senders and the addressees name

typed on an envelope. In the instant case the address of the

addressee and the sender is on slips of paper pasted on a

sheet of paper used as a wrapper to wrap the parcel bomb.

193. It is relevant to note that CBI officers had first

contacted N.D.Sethi, as deposed to by him, on 5.8.1983 i.e.

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 112 of 114

after nearly ten months of 22nd or 23rd September 1982. It is

difficult to believe that a trivial customer who got performed a

trivial act at the typing school i.e. got typed, on a single sheet

or two sheets, the address of the addressee and the address of

the sender, for which work not a farthing was paid, would be

within the contemplation of N.D.Sethi. There is every

probability and possibility that N.D.Sethi has gone along with

the CBI under compulsion and with a heavy heart, evidenced

by the fact that he has spoken the bare minimum and inchoate

facts, probably to satisfy CBI officers, and at the same time

live with his conscience.

194. To conclude, the only admissible evidence which

remains against the appellant is that of motive. That too, by

ignoring the three letters of the appellant, contents whereof

have been noted in para 68 above and our analysis of what

emerges from the said three letters as discussed in para 69

above. But, motive, being presumptive evidence is weak

evidence and by itself cannot form a chain of circumstances so

complete that the only inference possible is the guilt of the

accused; ruling out his innocence.

195. It is unfortunate that a crime is going unpunished,

but we cannot hang any person for the crime unless our

judicial conscience is satisfied that the evidence on record

Crl.A.No.456/2008 Page 113 of 114
conclusively establishes the guilt of the person charged for the

offence and brought before us. Our decisions have to be

based on legally admissible evidence, properly brought before

us and analyzed on the known principles of law.

196. The appeal is allowed. Impugned judgment and

order dated 28.4.2008 is set aside. The appellant is acquitted

of the charge of having murdered Kishan Sikand as also of the

charge under Section 3 and 4 of the Explosive Substance Act

1908.

197. The appellant is directed to be set free, unless

otherwise required in any other case.

PRADEEP NANDRAJOG, J.

ARUNA SURESH, J.
May 15, 2009
mm

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