FIRST DIVISION

[G.R. No. 142612. July 29, 2005.]

OSCAR ANGELES and EMERITA ANGELES petitioners, vs . THE HON.
SECRETARY OF JUSTICE and FELINO MERCADO , respondents.

Leonardo G. Ragasa, Jr. for petitioners.

Cayetano T. Santos & Associates for private respondent.
SYLLABUS

1.POLITICAL LAW; COURT OR TRIBUNAL; WHEN ITS ACT CONSTITUTES GRAVE ABUSE OF
DISCRETION; EXPLAINED. An act of a court or tribunal may constitute grave abuse of
discretion when the same is performed in a capricious or whimsical exercise of judgment
amounting to lack of jurisdiction. The abuse of discretion must be so patent and gross as
to amount to an evasion of positive duty, or to a virtual refusal to perform a duty enjoined
by law, as where the power is exercised in an arbitrary and despotic manner because of
passion or personal hostility.
2.REMEDIAL LAW; SPECIAL CIVIL ACTIONS; CERTIORARI; FILING OF PETITION REQUIRES
PRIOR FILING OF MOTION FOR RECONSIDERATION; EXCEPTIONS. A previous motion
for reconsideration before the ling of a petition for certiorari is necessary unless: (1) the
issue raised is one purely of law; (2) public interest is involved; (3) there is urgency; (4) a
question of jurisdiction is squarely raised before and decided by the lower court; and (5)
the order is a patent nullity.
3.CIVIL LAW; CONTRACTS; CONTRACT OF PARTNERSHIP; FAILURE TO REGISTER DOES
NOT INVALIDATE A CONTRACT THAT HAS THE ESSENTIAL REQUISITES OF
PARTNERSHIP. Mere failure to register the contract of partnership with the SEC does
not invalidate a contract that has the essential requisites of a partnership. The purpose of
registration of the contract of partnership is to give notice to third parties. Failure to
register the contract of partnership does not affect the liability of the partnership and of
the partners to third persons. Neither does such failure to register affect the partnership's
juridical personality. A partnership may exist even if the partners do not use the words
"partner" or "partnership."

DECISION
CARPIO , J :
p

The Case
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This is a petition for certiorari 1 to annul the letter-resolution 2 dated 1 February 2000 of the
Secretary of Justice in Resolution No. 155. 3 The Secretary of Justice af rmed the
resolution 4 in I.S. No. 96-939 dated 28 February 1997 rendered by the Provincial
Prosecution Of ce of the Department of Justice in Santa Cruz, Laguna ("Provincial
Prosecution Of ce"). The Provincial Prosecution Of ce resolved to dismiss the complaint
for estafa led by petitioners Oscar and Emerita Angeles ("Angeles spouses") against
respondent Felino Mercado ("Mercado").
Antecedent Facts
On 19 November 1996, the Angeles spouses led a criminal complaint for estafa under
Article 315 of the Revised Penal Code against Mercado before the Provincial Prosecution
Of ce. Mercado is the brother-in-law of the Angeles spouses, being married to Emerita
Angeles' sister Laura.
In their af davits, the Angeles spouses claimed that in November 1992, Mercado
convinced them to enter into a contract of antichresis, 5 colloquially known as sanglaangperde, covering eight parcels of land ("subject land") planted with fruit-bearing lanzones
trees located in Nagcarlan, Laguna and owned by Juana Suazo. The contract of antichresis
was to last for ve years with P210,000 as consideration. As the Angeles spouses stay in
Manila during weekdays and go to Laguna only on weekends, the parties agreed that
Mercado would administer the lands and complete the necessary paperwork. 6
After three years, the Angeles spouses asked for an accounting from Mercado. Mercado
explained that the subject land earned P46,210 in 1993, which he used to buy more
lanzones trees. Mercado also reported that the trees bore no fruit in 1994. Mercado gave
no accounting for 1995. The Angeles spouses claim that only after this demand for an
accounting did they discover that Mercado had put the contract of sanglaang-perde over
the subject land under Mercado and his spouse's names. 7 The relevant portions of the
contract of sanglaang-perde, signed by Juana Suazo alone, read:
xxx xxx xxx
Na alang-alang sa halagang DALAWANG DAAN AT SAMPUNG LIBONG PISO
(P210,000), salaping gastahin, na aking tinanggap sa mag[-]asawa nila G. AT
GNG. FELINO MERCADO, mga nasa hustong gulang, Filipino, tumitira at may
pahatirang sulat sa Bgy. Maravilla, bayan ng Nagcarlan, lalawigan ng Laguna, ay
aking ipinagbili, iniliwat at isinalin sa naulit na halaga, sa nabanggit na mag[-]
asawa nila G. AT GNG. FELINO MERCADO[,] sa kanila ay magmamana, kahalili at
ibang dapat pagliwatan ng kanilang karapatan, ang lahat na ibubunga ng lahat
na puno ng lanzones, hindi kasama ang ibang halaman na napapalooban nito,
ng nabanggit na WALONG (8) Lagay na Lupang Cocal-Lanzonal, sa takdang
LIMA (5) NA [sic] TAON, magpapasimula sa taong 1993, at magtatapos sa taong
1997, kaya't pagkatapos ng lansonesan sa taong 1997, ang pamomosision at
pakikinabang sa lahat na puno ng lanzones sa nabanggit na WALONG (8) Lagay
na Lupang Cocal-Lanzonal ay manunumbalik sa akin, sa akin ay magmamana,
kahalili at ibang dapat pagliwatan ng aking karapatan na ako ay walang ibabalik
na ano pa mang halaga, sa mag[-] asawa nila G. AT GNG. FELINO MERCADO.
aIAHcE

Na ako at ang mag[-]asawa nila G. AT GNG. FELINO MERCADO ay nagkasundo

na ako ay bibigyan nila ng LIMA (5) na [sic] kaing na lanzones taon-taon sa loob
ng LIMA (5) na [sic] taon ng aming kasunduang ito.
Na ako at ang mag[-]asawa nila G. AT GNG. FELINO MERCADO ay nagkasundo
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na silang mag[-]asawa nila G. AT GNG. FELINO MERCADO ang magpapaalis ng

dapo sa puno ng lansones taon-taon [sic] sa loob ng LIMA (5) [sic] taonng [sic]
aming kasunduang ito. 8

In his counter-af davit, Mercado denied the Angeles spouses' allegations. Mercado
claimed that there exists an industrial partnership, colloquially known as sosyo industrial,
between him and his spouse as industrial partners and the Angeles spouses as the
nanciers. This industrial partnership had existed since 1991, before the contract of
antichresis over the subject land. As the years passed, Mercado used his and his spouse's
earnings as part of the capital in the business transactions which he entered into in behalf
of the Angeles spouses. It was their practice to enter into business transactions with other
people under the name of Mercado because the Angeles spouses did not want to be
identified as the financiers.
Mercado attached bank receipts showing deposits in behalf of Emerita Angeles and
contracts under his name for the Angeles spouses. Mercado also attached the minutes of
the barangay conciliation proceedings held on 7 September 1996. During the barangay
conciliation proceedings, Oscar Angeles stated that there was a written sosyo industrial
agreement: capital would come from the Angeles spouses while the pro t would be
divided evenly between Mercado and the Angeles spouses. 9
The Ruling of the Provincial Prosecution Office
On 3 January 1997, the Provincial Prosecution Of ce issued a resolution recommending
the ling of criminal information for estafa against Mercado. This resolution, however, was
issued without Mercado's counter-affidavit.
Meanwhile, Mercado led his counter-af davit on 2 January 1997. On receiving the 3
January 1997 resolution, Mercado moved for its reconsideration. Hence, on 26 February
1997, the Provincial Prosecution Of ce issued an amended resolution dismissing the
Angeles spouses' complaint for estafa against Mercado.
The Provincial Prosecution Office stated thus:
The subject of the complaint hinges on a partnership gone sour. The partnership
was initially unsaddled [with] problems. Management became the source of
misunderstanding including the accounting of pro ts, which led to further
misunderstanding until it was revealed that the contract with the orchard owner
was only with the name of the respondent, without the names of the
complainants.
The accusation of "estafa" here lacks enough credible evidentiary support to
sustain a prima facie finding.
Premises considered, it is respectfully recommended that the complaint for estafa
be dismissed.
RESPECTFULLY SUBMITTED. 1 0

The Angeles spouses led a motion for reconsideration, which the Provincial Prosecution
Office denied in a resolution dated 4 August 1997.
The Ruling of the Secretary of Justice
On appeal to the Secretary of Justice, the Angeles spouses emphasized that the document
evidencing the contract of sanglaang-perde with Juana Suazo was executed in the name of
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the Mercado spouses, instead of the Angeles spouses. The Angeles spouses allege that
this document alone proves Mercado's misappropriation of their P210,000.
aHTDAc

The Secretary of Justice found otherwise. Thus:

Reviewing the records of the case, we are of the opinion that the indictment of
[Mercado] for the crime of estafa cannot be sustained. [The Angeles spouses]
failed to show suf cient proof that [Mercado] deliberately deceived them in the
"sanglaang perde" transaction. The document alone, which was in the name of
[Mercado and his spouse], failed to convince us that there was deceit or false
representation on the part of [Mercado] that induced the [Angeles spouses] to part
with their money. [Mercado] satisfactorily explained that the [Angeles spouses] do
not want to be revealed as the nanciers. Indeed, it is dif cult to believe that the
[Angeles spouses] would readily part with their money without holding on to some
document to evidence the receipt of money, or at least to inspect the document
involved in the said transaction. Under the circumstances, we are inclined to
believe that [the Angeles spouses] knew from the very start that the questioned
document was not really in their names.
In addition, we are convinced that a partnership truly existed between the [Angeles
spouses] and [Mercado]. The formation of a partnership was clear from the fact
that they contributed money to a common fund and divided the pro ts among
themselves. Records would show that [Mercado] was able to make deposits for
the account of the [Angeles spouses]. These deposits represented their share in
the pro ts of their business venture. Although the [Angeles spouses] deny the
existence of a partnership, they, however, never disputed that the deposits made
by [Mercado] were indeed for their account.
The transcript of notes on the dialogue between the [Angeles spouses] and
[Mercado] during the hearing of their barangay conciliation case reveals that the
[Angeles spouses] acknowledged their joint business ventures with [Mercado]
although they assailed the manner by which [Mercado] conducted the business
and handled and distributed the funds. The veracity of this transcript was not
raised in issued [sic] by [the Angeles spouses]. Although the legal formalities for
the formation of a partnership were not adhered to, the partnership relationship of
the [Angeles spouses] and [Mercado] is evident in this case. Consequently, there is
no estafa where money is delivered by a partner to his co-partner on the latter's
representation that the amount shall be applied to the business of their
partnership. In case of misapplication or conversion of the money received, the
co-partner's liability is civil in nature (People v. Clarin, 7 Phil. 504)
WHEREFORE, the appeal is hereby DISMISSED. 1 1

Hence, this petition.

Issues
The Angeles spouses ask us to consider the following issues:
1.Whether the Secretary of Justice committed grave abuse of discretion
amounting to lack of jurisdiction in dismissing the appeal of the Angeles
spouses;
2.Whether a partnership existed between the Angeles spouses and Mercado even
without any documentary proof to sustain its existence;
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3.Assuming that there was a partnership, whether there was misappropriation by

Mercado of the proceeds of the lanzones after the Angeles spouses
demanded an accounting from him of the income at the of ce of the
barangay authorities on 7 September 1996, and Mercado failed to do so
and also failed to deliver the proceeds to the Angeles spouses;

4.Whether the Secretary of Justice should order the ling of the information for
estafa against Mercado. 1 2

The Ruling of the Court

The petition has no merit.

Whether the Secretary of Justice Committed

Grave Abuse of Discretion
An act of a court or tribunal may constitute grave abuse of discretion when the same is
performed in a capricious or whimsical exercise of judgment amounting to lack of
jurisdiction. The abuse of discretion must be so patent and gross as to amount to an
evasion of positive duty, or to a virtual refusal to perform a duty enjoined by law, as where
the power is exercised in an arbitrary and despotic manner because of passion or personal
hostility. 1 3
The Angeles spouses fail to convince us that the Secretary of Justice committed grave
abuse of discretion when he dismissed their appeal. Moreover, the Angeles spouses
committed an error in procedure when they failed to le a motion for reconsideration of
the Secretary of Justice's resolution. A previous motion for reconsideration before the
ling of a petition for certiorari is necessary unless: (1) the issue raised is one purely of
law; (2) public interest is involved; (3) there is urgency; (4) a question of jurisdiction is
squarely raised before and decided by the lower court; and (5) the order is a patent nullity.
1 4 The Angeles spouses failed to show that their case falls under any of the exceptions. In
fact, this present petition for certiorari is dismissible for this reason alone.

Whether a Partnership Existed

Between Mercado and the Angeles Spouses
The Angeles spouses allege that they had no partnership with Mercado. The Angeles
spouses rely on Articles 1771 to 1773 of the Civil Code, which state that:
Art. 1771.A partnership may be constituted in any form, except where immovable
property or real rights are contributed thereto, in which case a public instrument
shall be necessary.
Art. 1772.Every contract of partnership having a capital of three thousand pesos
or more, in money or property, shall appear in a public instrument, which must be
recorded in the Office of the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Failure to comply with the requirements of the preceding paragraph shall not
affect the liability of the partnership and the members thereof to third persons.
Art. 1773.A contract of partnership is void, whenever immovable property is
contributed thereto, if an inventory of said property is not made, signed by the
parties, and attached to the public instrument.
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The Angeles spouses' position that there is no partnership because of the lack of a public
instrument indicating the same and a lack of registration with the Securities and Exchange
Commission ("SEC") holds no water. First, the Angeles spouses contributed money to the
partnership and not immovable property. Second, mere failure to register the contract of
partnership with the SEC does not invalidate a contract that has the essential requisites of
a partnership. The purpose of registration of the contract of partnership is to give notice
to third parties. Failure to register the contract of partnership does not affect the liability
of the partnership and of the partners to third persons. Neither does such failure to
register affect the partnership's juridical personality. A partnership may exist even if the
partners do not use the words "partner" or "partnership."
cSIADH

Indeed, the Angeles spouses admit to facts that prove the existence of a partnership: a
contract showing a sosyo industrial or industrial partnership, contribution of money and
industry to a common fund, and division of pro ts between the Angeles spouses and
Mercado.

Whether there was

Misappropriation by Mercado
The Secretary of Justice adequately explained the alleged misappropriation by Mercado:
"The document alone, which was in the name of [Mercado and his spouse], failed to
convince us that there was deceit or false representation on the part of [Mercado] that
induced the [Angeles spouses] to part with their money. [Mercado] satisfactorily explained
that the [Angeles spouses] do not want to be revealed as the financiers." 1 5
Even Branch 26 of the Regional Trial Court of Santa Cruz, Laguna which decided the civil
case for damages, injunction and restraining order led by the Angeles spouses against
Mercado and Leo Cerayban, stated:
. . . [I]t was the practice to have all the contracts of antichresis of their partnership
secured in [Mercado's] name as [the Angeles spouses] are apprehensive that, if
they come out into the open as nanciers of said contracts, they might be
kidnapped by the New People's Army or their business deals be questioned by the
Bureau of Internal Revenue or worse, their assets and unexplained income be
sequestered, as . . . Oscar Angeles was then working with the government. 1 6

Furthermore, accounting of the proceeds is not a proper subject for the present case.
aSIATD

For these reasons, we hold that the Secretary of Justice did not abuse his discretion in
dismissing the appeal of the Angeles spouses.
WHEREFORE, we AFFIRM the decision of the Secretary of Justice. The present petition for
certiorari is DISMISSED.
SO ORDERED.

Davide, Jr., C.J., Quisumbing, Ynares-Santiago and Azcuna, JJ., concur.

Footnotes

1.Under Rule 65 of the Rules of Court.

2.Penned by Secretary of Justice Serafin R. Cuevas.
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3.Series of 2000.
4.Penned by 4th Assistant Provincial Prosecutor Carlos I. Acain, recommended for approval by
1st Assistant Prosecutor Felipe L. Arcigal, Jr., and approved by Provincial Prosecutor
George C. Dee.
5.Article 2132 of the Civil Code provides: "By the contract of antichresis the creditor acquires the
right to receive the fruits of an immovable of his debtor, with the obligation to apply
them to the payment of the interest, if owing, and thereafter to the principal of his credit."
6.Rollo, pp. 24, 26.
7.Ibid., pp. 24, 26-27.
8.Ibid., p. 75.
9.Ibid., pp. 30-32.
10.Ibid., p. 53.
11.Ibid., pp. 21-22.
12.See Rollo, p. 9.
13.Intestate Estate of Carmen de Luna v. IAC , G.R. No. 72424, 13 February 1989, 170 SCRA 246
citing Litton Mills, Inc. v. Galleon Trader, Inc., No. L-40867, 26 July 1988, 163 SCRA 489.
14.JUSTICE JOSE Y. FERIA (RET.) AND MARIA CONCEPCION S. NOCHE, 2 CIVIL PROCEDURE
ANNOTATED, 473 (2001).
15.Rollo, p. 21.
16.Ibid., p. 125.

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