Flat Slabs Handouts

Flat slabs 28 Nov 2016
Flat Slabs
Webinar from The Concrete Centre
28th November 2016
12.30 Start
Paul Gregory
Structural Engineer
MSc MBA CEng MICE MIStructE
pgregory@concretecentre.com
Ch 7. Flat slabs
Outline
Basics of Flat Slabs
Initial sizing
Design Methods
Design Constraints
Construction Methods
Outline
Initial sizing
Design Methods
Design Constraints
Basics
What are flat slabs?
Solid concrete floors of constant thickness
They have flat soffits
Punching shear
Basics
Column Head
Drop Panel
Waffle Slab
Waffle mould
Basics
Voided Slabs
1. COBIAX
http://www.cobiax.com/home
2. BUBBLEDECK
http://www.bubbledeck-uk.com/
Basics
Hybrid (PC & In-situ) flat slabs
Basics
Hybrid (PC & In-situ) flat slabs
Basics - Voided Slabs
Basics
Voided Slabs
Basics
Voided Slabs
Pour in two stages. Bottom 70mm to 100mm first.

After initial set pour rest of slab.
Basics
Where are they used?
Commercial offices
Residential
Apartments
Hotels
Student residencies
Hospitals
Schools
Basics
Why are they used?
1. Speed of construction
Probably the fastest method of insitu construction
Fast due to the

formwork systems
Tower - 4 legs
Flat table forms are quick to erect and move
Basics
Table Form/ Flying Form
Basics
Horizontal Panel Systems
Basics
Horizontal Panel Systems
Basics
Horizontal Panel Systems Drop Heads
Hit with hammer

and
Panel drops
Prop stays in
position
Basics
Exposed soffit with supporting props
Slab to be cast
Falsework
Slab just cast
Basics - Cost
Formwork can be up to 50%
of the total frame cost.
Formwork
Reinforcement
Concrete
Approximate relative breakdown of costs
Basics
Why are they used?
2. Economy
Thin structure
Reduced building height
Reduced cladding area
Fast construction reduces cost
10
Basics
Concept is free to download from www.concretecentre.com
Basics
Why are they used?
3. Low sound transmission
Acoustic Test Summary:
Floors
250mm of concrete with a stuck down
carpet and no ceiling finish beneath
Impact
Passed by 5db
Airborne
Passed by 5db
ie Suitable for a robust detail
Walls
180mm concrete with a 2mm plaster skim
finish
Airborne
Passed
11
Basics
Basics
Why are they used?

4. Low vibration characteristics
5. Fire resistance
6. Simple services distribution compared with slab
on downstand beams
Potential 15%
reduction in M&E
contractors installation
quote
Outline
Initial sizing
Design Methods
Design Constraints
12
Initial sizing
Imposed Load, Qk (kN/m2)
2.5
7.5
10
Multiple Span
28
26
25
23
3 methods:
1. Simple span to depth table
2. Use Economic Concrete Frame Elements
Table
Graph
Initial sizing ECFE Graph
265
13
Initial sizing - ECFE Table
Average 265mm
Initial sizing
3 methods:
1. Simple span to depth table
2. Use Economic Concrete Frame Elements
3. Use Concept.xls
Concept is free to download from www.concretecentre.com
14
Initial sizing
Initial sizing
Grid line
15
Initial sizing Equivalent Frame
Equivalent frame method
Grid line
8m
Outline
Initial sizing
Design Methods
Design Constraints
16
Design Methods - Analysis

Equivalent Frame Method (Elastic Plane Frame)
Design moments and shears from an elastic
analysis of a plane frame or sub-frame
Design moments and shears using coefficients in
a table, the Tabular Method.
Finite Element Analysis
Elastic method
Yield Line
Plastic method of design, upper bound.
Design Methods Analysis EC2

Elastic Plane Frame Equivalent Frame Method
Apply in both directions Y and Z
Method of Analysis for Bending Moments & SFs
Equivalent Frame - the Beams are the Slab width
Kslab = use full panel width for vertical loads.
Kslab = use 40% panel width for horizontal loads. Annex I.1.2.(1)
17
EC2: Load cases & combinations

EC2: Cl 5.1.3 gives one simplified option:
EC2: Load cases & combinations

Design BM is max sagging BM from any load arrangement
18
UK NA: Arrangement of Actions

Alternate spans loaded
1.5 Qk
1.35 Gk or
1.25 Gk
1.5 Qk
1.35 Gk or
1.25 Gk
All spans loaded
1.5 Qk
1.35 Gk or
1.25 Gk
UK NA: Arrangement of Actions

Alternate spans loaded
1.5 Qk
1.35 Gk or
1.25 Gk
1.5 Qk
1.35 Gk or
1.25 Gk
For slabs design BM can be BM from this single load case

All spans loaded
1.5 Qk
1.35 Gk or
1.25 Gk
19

Load cases
NA can use single load case provided:
Variable load 1.25 x Permanent load
Variable load 5.0 kN/m2
Condition of using single load case is that Support BMs should be
reduced by 20% except at cantilever supports
End BM
= 100 kN.m
N1 = 800 kN.m
Mt,max
Limitation of negative moments

BS 8110 cl 3.7.2.6

(N1 + N2)/2 + P nl2(l1-2hc/3)2/8
N1
N2
P
TR 64 Figure 14
Reduction in maximum hogging moment
at columns
20
Design Methods
Flat Slabs EC2
EC2 Part 1-1
Section 9.4 Flat slabs

Annex I Analysis of flat slabs
Design Methods EC2

EC2: Figure I.1
Concise: Table 5.2
Division of panels in flat slabs
21
Design Methods EC2

EC2: Table I.1
Concise: Table 5.2
Distribution of moments
Design Methods EC2

EC2: Cl. 9.4
Concise: 12.4.1
Arrangement of reinforcement should reflect behaviour

under working conditions.
At internal columns 0.5At should be placed in a width =
0.25 panel width.
At least two bottom bars should pass through internal
columns in each orthogonal directions.
22
Design Methods EC2

EC2: Figure 9.9, I.1.2(5)
Concise Figure 5.12
Design reinforcement at edge and corner reinforcement

should be placed within be
A is the
slab edge
cz
cz
cy
cy
be = cz + y
be = z + y/2
The maximum moment that can be transferred from the

slab to the column should be limited to 0.17bed2fck
Design Methods EC2

8m
23

N1
N2
P
TR 64 Figure 14
Reduction in maximum hogging moment
at columns
Design Methods EC2

Distribution of Design Bending Moments, Annex I
Table I.1
Column Strip
Middle Strip
Negative
60 - 80%
40 - 20%
Positive
50 - 70%
50 - 30%
At = Reinforcement area to resist full negative moment. Cl
9.4.1
24
Design Methods EC2

Distribution of Design Bending Moments - Example
Table I.1
Column Strip
Negative
75%
Middle Strip
25%
At = Reinforcement area to resist full negative moment. Cl 9.4.1

= 6400 mm2
Column strip = 4800 mm2
Middle strip = 1600 mm2
400 mm2/m
800 mm2/m
1600 mm2/m
800 mm2/m
400 mm2/m
Design Methods EC2

25

Equivalent frame method - Elastic Plane Frame
Computer software normally used to
assess bending moments and shear forces
Design for full load in both directions
RC spreadsheet TCC33.xls will carry out
the analysis and design
Design Methods
RC Spreadsheet
Enter design data
Full sub-frame analysis
is carried out
Redistribution can be
adjusted
Deflection checks are
undertaken
Checks on detailing
rules included
RC Spreadsheet TCC 33
26
Design Methods
RC Spreadsheet TCC 33

Equivalent frame method - Tabular Method
Table with BM and SF

coefficients in Concise
Tables 15.2 and 15.3
Similar to coefficients in
Table 3.12 of BS 8110
27
Design Methods -
Tabular Method
e.g. use coefficients from Concise Tables 15.2 or 15.3 to determine bending
moments and shear forces. BM = coeff x n x span2 SF = coeff x n x span
Design for full load in both directions

Frame lateral stability must not be dependent on slab-col connections
There must be at least three approx equal spans.
Note: No column BMs given in table.
Design Methods
Finite Element Method
Suitable for:
irregular layouts
slabs with service openings
post tensioned design
(specialist software)
Common pitfalls:
Use long term E-values (typically 1/3 to 1/2 short term value)
Use cracked section properties (typically 1/2 gross
properties) by adjusting E-value to suit
Therefore appropriate E-values are usually 4 to 8 kN/mm2
28
Design Methods
Finite Element Method
Design moment is the integral of the section through the contour
plot or the bay width
Grid line
2
Grid line
3
Integral
for bay
width
Peak
moment
Design Methods
Finite Element - Design moments
29
Distribution of top reinforcement
Bending moment (kNm/m)
Assume a total area of steel, At = 8000 mm2

Distribution 75% Column strip & 25% Middle strip
6000 mm2
2000 mm2
60
0
50
0
Centre column strip:

4000 mm2 or 2000 mm2/m
40
0
Outer column strip:

0.75 x 8000 4000
= 2000 mm2 or 1000 mm2/m
30
0
20
0
Middle strip:
0.25 x 8000 = 2000 mm2
or 500 mm2/m
10
0
0
0
Distance (m)
Outline
Initial sizing
Design Methods
Design Constraints
30
Design Constraints
Which ever design method is used the following
checks are necessary:
Deflection
Moment transfer
Punching shear
Bending strength (often not critical)
Design Constraints
Deflection:
Wherever possible use the
span/effective depth ratios,
cl 7.4.2 (2)
Span is based on the longer
span and the K factor is 1.2
Reduction factor for brittle
finishes for spans greater
than 8.5m
Ch 7 How to Design Concrete Structures
31
Moment transfer
Edge and corner columns have limited
capacity to transfer moments from slab
redistribution may be necessary
Figure 8
Design Constraints
Moment Transfer from slab to column:
Edge and corner columns have limited capacity to transfer moments
from slab redistribution may be necessary (Annex I.1.2 (5), EC2 cl
9.4.2 & TR 64)
Mt max = 0.17 be d2 fck
Effective
width, be.
32
Design Constraints
Punching Shear - EC2: cl 6.4 and cl 9.4.3
Traditional links
Shape 22
Shape 51
Shear Rails
Shape 47
Design Constraints
Punching Shear
Holes have major
influence
Several methods of dealing
with punching shear
Traditional links
Use TCC13.xls
33
Design Constraints
Punching Shear
Shear Rails
Design to manufacturers
literature
Shear stirrups
Design to ACI code
Design Constraints
Punching Shear
Structural steel
shearheads
Design to ACI code
Further
help
34
Punching shear
EC2
Punching Shear
EC2: Cl. 6.4
Figure 8.3
Punching shear does not use the Variable Strut inclination method
and is similar to BS 8110 methods
The basic control perimeter is set at 2d from the loaded area
The shape of control perimeters have rounded corners

2d
2d
2d
u1
u1
u1
2d
bz
by
35
Punching Shear Reinforcement (1)

EC2: Cl. 6.4.5
Outer control
perimeter
Figures 12.5 & 12.6
Outer perimeter of shear

reinforcement
0.75d
kd
1.5d (2d if > 2d from

column)
The outer control perimeter at

which shear reinforcement is not
required, should be calculated
from:
0.5d
uout,ef = VEd / (vRd,c d)

The outermost perimeter of
shear reinforcement should be
placed at a distance not
greater than kd ( k = 1.5)
within the outer control
perimeter.
Outer control
perimeter
0.75d
0.5d
kd
Section A - A
u0
u1
uout
Punching Shear Reinforcement (2)

EC2: Cl. 6.4.5
Figure 8.10
Where proprietary systems are used the control perimeter at which

shear reinforcement is not required, uout or uout,ef (see Figure) should be
calculated from the following expression:
uout,ef = VEd / (vRd,c d) uout,ef
uout
2d
> 2d
1,5d
1,5d
d
36
Outline
Initial sizing
Design Methods
Design Constraints
Reinforcement rationalisation:
Optimum cost
depends on:
Material cost
Labour
Plant
Preliminaries
Finance
Team decision
required
Figure in Best Practice guides
37
Proprietary systems Carpet Reinforcement
COLUMNS?
Interaction of temporary and permanent works
For economy the contractor will strike the formwork at the
earliest opportunity
The temporary works designer will require information from the
permanent works designer
Temporary
loadcases may
be more onerous
than permanent
loadcases
Backpropping is
used to share
the loads
between floors
Figure in Best Practice guides
38
Summary
Flat slabs are used on a wide variety of projects
for the following reasons:
Speed
Economy
Plus the inherent beneficial properties of concrete
There are a variety of methods for initial sizing

and detailed design
Deflection and punching shear govern the design
Further information & Resources
39
Further Information
Guide to the Design and

Construction of RC Flat Slabs,
Concrete Society TR No. 64,
2007
Further Information
Best practice guides for in-situ concrete framed buildings
Early striking and improved

backpropping
Rationalisation of flat slab

reinforcement
Prefabricated punching shear

reinforcement for flat slabs
Flat slabs for efficient concrete

construction
All are free to download from www.concretecentre.com
40
Further Information
Further Information
41
Cost Model Studies
COST
MODELstudies
STUDIES
Cost model
All are free to download from www.concretecentre.com
42
Economic Concrete Frame

Elements to EC2
Concept - Excel program

Free to download from
www.concretecentre.com
2009 EC2 version
Spreadsheets
TCC 33 Flat slabs
TCC 33X Flat slabs
TCC 13 Punching shear
Trial spreadsheets free to

download at:
43
Formwork
End
Thank you for your attention
Questions
pgregory@concretecentre.com
44

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Flat slabs 28 Nov 2016

Flat slabs 28 Nov 2016

Flat slabs 28 Nov 2016

Flat slabs 28 Nov 2016

Flat slabs 28 Nov 2016

Basics - Voided Slabs

Flat slabs 28 Nov 2016

Pour in two stages. Bottom 70mm to 100mm first.

Flat slabs 28 Nov 2016

Fast due to the

Flat table forms are quick to erect and move

Flat slabs 28 Nov 2016

Flat slabs 28 Nov 2016

Hit with hammer

Flat slabs 28 Nov 2016

Approximate relative breakdown of costs

Flat slabs 28 Nov 2016

Concept is free to download from www.concretecentre.com

Flat slabs 28 Nov 2016

Why are they used?

Flat slabs 28 Nov 2016

2. Use Economic Concrete Frame Elements

Initial sizing ECFE Graph

Flat slabs 28 Nov 2016

Initial sizing - ECFE Table

Concept is free to download from www.concretecentre.com

Flat slabs 28 Nov 2016

Flat slabs 28 Nov 2016

Initial sizing Equivalent Frame

Equivalent frame method

Flat slabs 28 Nov 2016

Design Methods - Analysis

Design Methods Analysis EC2

Apply in both directions Y and Z

Method of Analysis for Bending Moments & SFs

Equivalent Frame - the Beams are the Slab width

Kslab = use full panel width for vertical loads.

Flat slabs 28 Nov 2016

EC2: Load cases & combinations

EC2: Load cases & combinations

Flat slabs 28 Nov 2016

UK NA: Arrangement of Actions

All spans loaded

UK NA: Arrangement of Actions

For slabs design BM can be BM from this single load case

Flat slabs 28 Nov 2016

Design Methods Analysis EC2

Limitation of negative moments

Design Methods Analysis EC2

Flat slabs 28 Nov 2016

EC2 Part 1-1

Section 9.4 Flat slabs

Design Methods EC2

Concise: Table 5.2

Division of panels in flat slabs

Flat slabs 28 Nov 2016

Design Methods EC2

Concise: Table 5.2

Design Methods EC2