Math 20C Cheat Sheet

Formulas for Midterm 1
Length of a vector v
(a,b, c) is a 2
b2
c2
Vector equation of line through point P and direction v
r (t )
Scalar equations when P
P1
tv1, y
tv
(P1, P2, P3 ), v
P2
tv2, z
(v1, v2, v3 )
P3
tv3
Vector equation of line through two points P and Q is
r (t ) P
r (t ) Q
t(Q P ) (1 t )P tQ
t(P Q ) (1 t )Q tP
Intersection point of two lines r1(t ) and r2(t ):

Solve r1(t )
r2(s)
Remark: Lines can fail to have an intersection point
or

Dot/scalar product of v
v1w1
(v1, v2, v3 ), w
v2w2
(w1, w2, w3 )
v3w3
Remarks: The rules for dot products are
v w
w v
u (v
w)
u v
u w ( u) v
(u v)
Cosine/angle formula for dot product
v w
v w cos
Remark: The vectors are orthogonal if their dot product is zero.

Angle is obtuse if dot product is negative and acute otherwise.
Projection u|| of vector u onto vector v
u||
(u ev )ev
u v
v
v v
Orthogonal Projection
u||
( u cos )ev

Cross/Vector product of vectors u and v
u v
(u2v3
u3v2, u1v3
u3v1, u1v2
u2v1 )
Remarks: The rules for cross products are
v w
w v v
v 0
u (v w ) u v u w
v ( w)
(v w )
Remarks: Recall u v is orthogonal to both u and v and points
in the direction defined by the right hand rule.
Geometric properties of cross product:

v
v w sin
[Areaofparallelogramwithsidesvandw]
u (v w )
11
[Volofparallelepipedwithsidesu, vandw]
Equation of a plane with normal vector n through point P:
n (x , y, z )
So if
(a,b, c) and n
rx
sy
n P
(r , s, t ) then the equation is

tz
ra
sb ct

12 Equation
of plane through three points P, Q and R not all on one

line: use the following normal vector at P:
PQ PR
Equation of plane through point P and line
r (t ): pick two points Q
and R on the line and use the normal vector above.

Equation of plane through two lines: pick points P, Q and R not all
on the same line and use the normal vector above.
13
Intersection of line r (t ) and plane ax
by
cz
d:
substitute the general point (x(t ), y(t ), z(t )) on the line into
the plane equation
solve for t
then the intersection point is r(t ), unless line and the plane
dont intersect or line is contained in the plane.
13
Intersection of two planes:
solve the simultaneous equations of the planes for two variables

in terms of the third
then let the third variable be t to get the line of intersection of
the planes, unless the planes dont intersect or are equal

Position vector/Curve/Path
r (t )
Velocity vector/Derivative
r (t )
Speed
Integral
r (t )
x (t )2
r (t ) dt
y (t )2
(x (t ),y(t ), z (t ))
(x (t ), y (t ), z (t ))
z (t )2
x (t ) dt,
y(t ) dt,
z (t ) dt
c1,c2,c3
Length of a curve/path/arc length/distance travelled

Length of curve from a to b:
b
a
r (t ) dt
Definition of the limit

lim
(x ,y ) (a,b)
if and only if for all

f (x, y )
f (x , y )
> 0 there exists
whenever (x a )2
(y b)2
> 0 such that

and (x, y) (a,b)
Definition of continuity
f (x , y ) is continuous at a point (a,b) in the domain of f if and only if
lim
(x ,y ) (a,b)
f (x , y )
f (a,b)
Proving limits
Using squeeze theorem, polar co-ordinates, and the definition.
Showing limits do not exist

Using lines y
mx or polar co-ordinates.
Definition of partial derivatives

The partial derivatives of f at (a,b) are
fx (a,b)
fy (a,b)
f
(a,b)
x
f
(a,b)
y
h,b) f (a,b)
h
h 0
f (a,b h ) f (a,b)
lim
h
h 0
lim
f (a
To compute fx treat y as a constant and do ordinary differentiation.
Definition of Differentiability and Tangent Planes

A function f is differentiable at (a,b) if and only if
f (x , y ) f (a,b) fx (a,b)(x a ) fy (a,b)
lim
(x a )2
(x ,y ) (a ,b)
(y b)2
exists.
If the limit exists then the equation of the tangent plane to the surface
z
f (x ,y ) at the point (a,b) is

z
f (a,b)
fx (a,b)(x a )
fy (a,b)(y b)
Gradient vector
The gradient of f at (a,b) is
f
f
(a,b), (a,b)
x
y
f (a,b)
This is the direction of greatest increase of the surface z
f (x ,y )
Directional derivative
Let u
(u1,u2 ) be a unit vector. Then the directional derivative of f at
(a,b) in the direction of u is

Du f (a,b)
lim
It is the slope of the surface z

If
f (a
hu1,b
hu2 ) f (a,b)
h
f (x ,y ) in the direction of u .
is the angle between u and the gradient

Du f (a,b)
f (a,b) u
f (a,b) , then
f (a,b) cos
Chain Rule
If f (y1,y2,..., yn ) is a function and y1,y2,..., yn are a functions of (x1,..., xm ) ,
then for any xi ,
f
xi
f y1
y1 xi
f y2
y2 xi
In particular, if we have f (x,y, z ) where x

f
x (t )
x
f (t )
f yn
yn xi
x (t ),y
f
y (t )
y
y (t ), z
z (t ) then
f
z (t )
z
Implicit Differentiation and Tangent Planes

A surface z
f (x, y ) can be represented by F (x , y, z )
the tangent plane at point P
0 . The equation of
(a,b,c) is
F (a,b,c) (x, y, z )
F (a,b,c) (a,b,c)
The partial derivatives of z are

z
x
The gradient of surface z
Fx
Fz
z
y
Fy
Fz
f (x ,y ) given by F (x, y, z )
f (a,b)
Fy
Fx
,
Fz
Fz
0 at point (a,b) is

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Formulas for Midterm 1

Vector equation of line through point P and direction v

Scalar equations when P

Vector equation of line through two points P and Q is

Intersection point of two lines r1(t ) and r2(t ):

Remark: Lines can fail to have an intersection point

Formulas for Midterm 1

Remarks: The rules for dot products are

Cosine/angle formula for dot product

Remark: The vectors are orthogonal if their dot product is zero.

Projection u|| of vector u onto vector v

Formulas for Midterm 1

Remarks: The rules for cross products are

Geometric properties of cross product:

Equation of a plane with normal vector n through point P:

(r , s, t ) then the equation is

Formulas for Midterm 1

of plane through three points P, Q and R not all on one

Equation of plane through point P and line

r (t ): pick two points Q

and R on the line and use the normal vector above.

Intersection of line r (t ) and plane ax

Intersection of two planes:

solve the simultaneous equations of the planes for two variables

Formulas for Midterm 2

Length of a curve/path/arc length/distance travelled

Definition of the limit

if and only if for all

> 0 there exists

> 0 such that

Showing limits do not exist

Definition of partial derivatives

To compute fx treat y as a constant and do ordinary differentiation.

Definition of Differentiability and Tangent Planes

f (x ,y ) at the point (a,b) is

This is the direction of greatest increase of the surface z

(u1,u2 ) be a unit vector. Then the directional derivative of f at

(a,b) in the direction of u is

It is the slope of the surface z

is the angle between u and the gradient

In particular, if we have f (x,y, z ) where x

Implicit Differentiation and Tangent Planes

f (x, y ) can be represented by F (x , y, z )

the tangent plane at point P

The partial derivatives of z are

The gradient of surface z

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