COMPUTATION

V= peripheral speed (ft/min)

Ns= synchronous speed (rpm)

1.) NUMBER OF POLES:

With a frequency of 60 cycles
per second and a speed of 1800
rpm, the number of poles is,
120 f
Ns

P=

120 (60)
1800

P=
4

But later, the exact dimension of

the rotor should be determined
after the air gap has been
decided upon

= 0.53

Where:

Dr= Ds-2

P= number of poles

Dr= 36-2(0.53)

f= frequency or cycles per sec

Ns= synchronous speed

Dr= 34.94
in

2.) PERIPHERAL SPEED (FPM)

For a synchronous machines
directly coupled to high speed
steam turbine, the peripheral
velocity usually exceeds 15000
fpm and may attain 26000 fpm.
Let assume peripheral velocity:
V=
16500

Where:

= length of air gap

(inches)
4.) LINE CURRENT
IL=

S
3 VL

3 x 10
= 3(6000 V )

IL= 288.68
Amp
3.) DIAMETER OF
ROTOR (inches)

The approximate diameter of

rotor would be:

Dr=
35.01 in

Dr =

( 112ft )
NS

5.) PHASE
CONNECTION (WYE OR
The armature winding should
be:

(16500 minft )( 112ft )

rev
(1800
min )

Wye
Connected

6.) VOLTAGE PER PHASE

For Wye-Connected armature
winding the voltage per phase
is:

Where:
Dr= diameter of the rotor

Vp=

VL
3

6000
3

Vp=
3464.10V
Where:
Vp= voltage per phase
VL= terminal voltage

Ic= current in armature

conductor
IL= line current
9.) ARMATURE AMPERE-TURNS
PER POLE
The formula for Armature
ampere-turns per pole would be:

7.) SPECIFIC LOADING

Referring to Article 71 for values
of specific loading as shown
below:

(TI) a=
10,396.15AT

Output of Ac
Average value
Generator
of (q)
50
450-500
100
480-550
200
530-600
500
620-700
1000
700-800
5000
800-900
10000
900-1000
The average value of q for 3MVA
Ac generator is:

Where:

q=70
0
But after solving for slot pitch
(item 19) it shown that the final
value of specific loading is:
q=

CsIc
(4 )(228.68)
=

1.57

q= 735.49

(TI) a=

q
2

==
(28.27)(700)
2

(TI) a= armature ampere-turns

per pole
= pole pitch (inches)

q= specific loading
10.) LENGTH OF AIR GAP AT
CENTER
Referring to Article 72, we can
get a preliminary idea of the
required length of air gap. We
shall, in this design, deliberately
select a high value for the air
gap
flux
density
and
if
necessary, saturate the teeth of
the rotor while keeping the
density in the armature teeth
within reasonable limits to
prevent excessive hysteresis
and eddy-current loss.
FLUX DENSITY

8.) CURRENT IN ARMATURE

CONDUCTORS
Ic=IL
Ic=
288.68 A
Where:

Frequen
cy
25 Hz

60 Hz

Lower
Limit
28000
lines/
2

Upper
limit
40000

24000
lines/
2

35000

2
lines/

2
lines/

12.) POLE PITCH

Let us try Bg= 37,000 lines/
2 which is higher than the
upper limit of the range
suggested in Article 72. The
principal advantage using high
flux densities is that the axial
length of the rotor can thus be
reduced; but if it is found later
that the selected value of Bg
leads to unduly high flux density
in the teeth, it will have to be
modified. By formula:
=1.25

( Bgq )

Ds
P

(36)
4

=28.27
Where:
=pole pitch ( inches )
Ds= internal diameter at stator
(inches)
P= number of poles

=0.53
=1.25

( (700)(28.27)
37,000 )

Distributed
Winding

Distributed
Winding

=length of air gap

q= specific loading
=pole pitch

13.) POLE ARC

14.) PERCENTAGE OF ARMATURE

COVERED BY POLES

Where:

15.) NUMBER OF INDUCTOR PER

PHASE

(Inches)
2

Bg= flux densities (lines/

11.) INTERNAL DIAMETER

Since the airgap is not likely to
be much less than 1 inch, Ds >
Dr if Dr=35.01, then let us
decide
that
the
internal
diameter
of
the
armature
approximately:
Ds= 36
in

The pole pitch is:

On the basis of q=700, the

number of conductor per phase
would be:
Z=

1
Ds q
(
)
3
Ic

Z=

1
( 36 ) (700)
(
)
3
288.68

Z= 91.41

16.) TOTAL NUMBER OF

INDUCTORS
For 3-phase alternators

Z= (3 phase) (

96 conductor

phase

Z=288
cond.

Ds
S

(36)
72

Where:
Z= number of conductors per
phase
17.)
NUMBER
OF
ARMATURE SLOTS PER POLE PER
PHASE

Cs= 4 conductor
per slot

In order to get the nearest

20.) NUMBER OF INDUCTOR PER

SLOT
In order to get the nearest
possible number of conductor
per phase (item 15) it is
necessary to provide:

Ns= 6 slots per pole per

phase
possible number of conductor
per phase (item 15) it is
necessary to provide:

18.) TOTAL NUMBER OF SLOTS

IN ARMATURE
For a 3-phase
alternator

S= 72
slots

S= (3) (

S= (3) (Ns) (P)

6 slots / pole

phase

(4 pole)

Where:
S= total number of slots in
armature
Ns= number of slots per pole
per phase
P= number of poles
19.) SLOT PITCH
The slot pitch is:
=1.57

21.) FLUX PER POLE (NO LOAD)

For the purpose of calculating
the flux required on open circuit,
we may use the formula:
VP
8
= 2.22 kpkdfZ x 10
Kp= sin (coil pitch x 90)= sin
coil span
slot
pole
(
)
2
5
Kp= sin ( 6 x 90=0.9659

Kd=

nb

2
sin

Distribution Factors for 3 phase

alternator
Slots
per
pole

3
6
9

Ns

1
2
3

60
30
20

1.000
0.966
0.960

12
15
18

4
5
6

15
12
10

0.958
0.956
0.955

Pitch Factor For 3-phase

Alternator
3

18
0
1

12

15

18

slot/p
ole

16
8

16
5

16
0

15
0

13
2

0.9
66
0.9
85
0.9
11

0.9
66

0.9
55

0.9
14

12
0
0.8
66
0.8
66
0.8
66
0.8
66
0.8
66
0.8
66

=
(6000V )
x 108
2.22( 0.9659)(0.866)(60)( 96)
=5.609x10^7
Maxwells
Where:
Z= conductor/phase
Vp= Voltage per phase
Kp=Pitch Factor
Kd= Distribution Factor

With the assumed value of

BG=36500 lines/in^2 the axial
length of armature core will be:

La=
BG T} = {5.609x10^7} over {( {36500 lines } over {{i

La= 54.38
inches
24.) AXIAL
LENGTH OF ARMATURE CORE
We shall attempt to ventilate
this generator by means of axial
air ducts only, which is
admittedly not in accordance
with modem practice for the
larger steam-turbine driven
generators but should be
satisfactory in connection with
this machine of comparatively
small size. If, then there are no
radial air spaces. The net length
of iron in the armature core will
be approximately:
Ln= 0.92La
Ln=0.92 (54.38)
Ln=50.03
in
Where:

F= frequency

Ln= net axial length of armature

core (inches)

22.) AVERAGE FLUX DENSITY

OVER POLE PITCH

La=gross axial length of

armature core

The assumed pole pitch,

BG=36500 lines/in^2 was
decided upon in item 10 for the
purpose of determining the
length of air gap. The final
value, BG=38000 lines/in^2
must satisfy the allowable value
for tooth density only after the
tooth and slot proportion have
been settled.
23.) AXIAL LENGTH OF
ARMATURE CORE (Gross)

25.) TYPES OF WINDING

The fact that each slot will
contain 4 conductors, an add
number, means that only a
single layer winding is possible.
Hence, there are 2 coil sides per
slot.
Additionally, there are:

6 slots
pole
phase

1coil
2 coil side

2 coil side
x
slot

28.) SLOT WIDTH

x4 poles

= 24 coils per phase

And each of the 24 coils per
phase will, therefore have:
1 turn 96 cond . phase
x
x
2 cond
phase
24 coils = 2
turns/coil
26.) CURRENT DENSITY IN
AMRATURE COND.
The current density in the
armature usually lies between
2000 and 3500A per sq. in of
cross section. The specific
loading will obviously have
some effect on the allowable
current density in the copper.
=

2 Cu strips 4 cond .
x
=8Cu strips/slot
cond
slot

1600000
1600000
= 735.49
q
2

=2175.42 amps/

Where:
q= final value of specific loading

The slot width can be computed

by:
Width of the CU strip = 0.365
Slot insulation on both sides =
0.159
Referring to Article 74, the
depth of the slot should
preferably not exceed 3 times
the width although deeper slots
can be used and may indeed, be
desirable in cases where poor
inherent
regulation
is
deliberately sought
Checking=
slot depth 1.0871 inch
=
=2.07 in
slot width
0.524
Therefore, the slot width is 2.07
times the sloth depth.
29.) SLOTH DEPTH
The cotton insulation thickness
is about 0.01 inch. Referring to
the proposed design of the
armature slot below, the total
slot
dimension
can
be
determined.

27.) SIZE OF CONDUCTOR

It is well laminated the
conductor in a direction parallel
to the slot leakage flux and we
may build up each other
conductor of 2 flat strips each
0.365 by 0.045 in giving a total
cross section of 0.0325 sq. in
per conductor. That is also,
there will be:
To compute for the total
thickness of the Cu strips,

0.025thick
x
Cu strip
8Cu strip
=0.2 inches
slot
To compute for the total
thickness of the cotton
insulation that is placed on the
top and bottom part of each Cu
strip,
2 cotton insu. 0.01thick 8 Cu strip
x
x
Cu strip
cotton insu.
slot
=0.16in
To determine the slot insulation,
formula in Article 13 should be
used since it applies to machine
voltage below 2000V (the
machine voltage in my design is
6000V) The total thickness of
slot insulation (one-side) in mills
is:
E
50+ 55 =50+

6000 V
55

=159.09 or 159 mils

Where:
E= terminal voltage
Mils to inches
159 mils x

1000 mils =0.159

in
This
insulation
is
placed
between
the
wedge
and
conductors, between the coil
sides and the bottom of the slot,
hence making a total thickness
of 3x0.159= 0.477 inches. The
thickness of wedge might be
0.25 inch and we shall this
design, allow an extra slot depth
of 0.2 inch above the wedge
with a view to increasing the
slot inductance and so limiting
the instantaneous current in the
event of a short circuit. This
increased armature inductance

might have been obtained by

using a smaller width and
greater
depth
of
copper
conductor, but in as much as
the width of teeth will probably
be sufficient, the proposed
design of slot has the advantage
that the eddy current loss in the
armature inductor will be very
small. In assuming, the overall
depth is:
Total thickness of Cu strip = 0.2
inch
Total thickness of cotton
insulation = 0.16 in
Total thickness of slot insulation
= 0.477
Thickness of Wedge = 0.25
Extra slot depth for limiting
eddy current loss = 0.20
TOTAL=1.087 inches
30.) APPARENT TOOTH DENSITY
(NO LOAD AT CENTER TOOTH)
On the basis of Bg= 38000
lines
, and a sinusoidal flux
2

distribution over the pole pitch,

the apparent tooth density
would be:
BT=

Bg la} over {2twln}

Where:
BT= apparent tooth density (
lines
2
)

Bg= average flux density (

lines

2
=sloth pitch (in)
la= gross axial length of
armature core

ln= net axial length of armature

core
tw= tooth width (in), average
To compute for the average
tooth width, get the diameter a
section halfway down the tooth
or say 0.5 in from the top. That
is
DT=Ds+ (2 x half of the tooth
depth)
DT= 36 in + (2x0.51 in)
DT= 37 inches
To continue, the average tooth
witdh will be tw=tooth pitch-slot
width
Tw=
slot width x no . ofteeth
( no .DT
of teeth )

Tw=

37 )
( 60 (teeth
)0.592

Tw= 1.345
Now we can solve for the
apparent tooth density.
1.57

54.38

50.03

BT=
2 ( 1.345 n )
lines
38000

( ))

BT= 75,733.766 (
lines

Which is
not too
high as suggested in Article 72.
The tooth density is rarely
lines
higher than 115 000
in
2

25 cycles machines and 100

lines
000
in cycles machine.
2
31.) FLUX DENSITY IN
ARMATURE CORE
As stated in Article 79, the flux
density in armature core is
lines
2
usually 50 000

In 60 cycles, increasing to 65
000 or even 70 000 in 25 cycles
generators. So let assume
lines
2
Bco= 60 000

32.) RADIAL DEPTH OF

ARMATURE CORE BELOW SLOTS
On the basis of the assume
value of flux density in armature
lines
core, Bco= 60 000
2 the
net radial depth of the stamping
below the slots will be:
RDNET=
2 Bco ln} = {5.609x {10} ^ {7} maxwells} over {2(60

RDNET=9.342 inches
Where:
RDNET= net radial depth
armature core below slots
=

flux

per

pole

at

of
no

load( maxwells)
Bco= flux density in armature
lines
core ( 2
ln= net axial length of armature
core (inches)
The actual radial depth should
be greater than this to allow the
reduction of section due to the
presence of axial vent ducts.

In this machine, it is proposed to

ventilate, if possible with axial
ducts only and a fairly large
cross section of air passage
must, therefore be allowed. An
adequate supply of air will
probably be obtained if the total
cross section of air dust through
the body of stampings in square
inches is not less than 0.005 x
cubic inches of iron in stator
below slots. In this case, the
volume of iron in the stator ring
will be approximately:

And so, the total cross section of

air ducts in the stampings
should be:
AAIR DUCTS= 0.005 x Vring
AAIR DUCTS= 0.005 x72, 729.3
2
AAIR DUCTS= 363.65 inches

The actual radial depth of

stamping below the teeth can
be calculated by assuming that
the air ducts reduce the gross
depth by an amount equal to:
A AIR DUCTS
RD= Average circumference

RD=

363.652

(47.516)

Thus, the gross radial depth is:

RD= Rdnet+RD
Vring= Vouter- Vinner

RDgross= 9.342+2.43= 11.77 in

2
2
Vring= ( 4 Dout ln ( 4 Din ln )

Also,
provide
vent
ducts
arranged generally as shown
below, where there are 5 holes
per slot, each 4/5 inch diameter,
making a total air ducts cross
section
in
the
armature
stampings of:

Vring=

ln(Dout 2Din2 )
4

Dout= diameter of the outer

(inches)
Dout= Ds+ 2(RDNET + slot depth)
Dout= 36+2(9.342+1.087)
Dout= 56.858 inches

4
(
A AIR DUCTS=
DAIR DUCTS 2
no. of

x no. of slots x

holes
slot

Din= diameter of the inner ring

Din= Ds+ 2(slot depth)
Din= 36 in + 2 (1.087)
Din= 38.174 inches
Vring=

(50.03 ) ( 56.8582 38.1742 )

4

Vring= 72,729.3

inches2

4
(0.8)^2) x72
A AIR DUCTS=
slots x 5

holes
slot )

A AIR DUCTS

180.95 sq. in

Also, using the density of iron

0.28 lb/in^2, the weight (mass)
of the iron in teeth is:
MTEETH= Density (Fe) x ln

(Dout 2Din2 )
4
-ASLOT)

Where:
Dout=Din= 38.174 inches
Din=Ds= 36 inches
ASLOT= no. of slots x slot width x
slot depth
ASLOT= 72 x 0.524 x 1.087
33.) WEIGHT OF IRON LOSS
Given the density of iron 0.28
lb/in^3, the weight (mass) of
the iron core is:
Mcore= Density (Fe) x
Volume(core)
Mcore= Density (Fe) x (Area
(core) x ln)
Mcore=Density (Fe) x ln (

( Dout 2Din2 ) A AIR DUCTS

4
Where:
Dout= Ds+ 2 (slot depth+
Rdgross)
Dout= 36in+2 ( 1.08in+11.77in)
Dout=61.714 inches
Din=Ds+ (2xslot depth)
Din= 36in+(2x1.087in)
Din=38.174in

ASLOT= 41.01

MTEETH= (0.28) (50.03) (

(38.1742 362 )
4
MTEETH = 1,774.15 lb.
35.) TOTAL CORE LOSS,
INCLUDING TEETH (KW)-OPEN
CIRCUIT.
Taking the approximate flux as
previously calculated in items
30 and 31 and referring to the
iron loss curve in Figure 67,
page 139, the iron loss per
pound for careful assembled
high-grade armature stamping
is found to be 4.32 and 2.88
watts in teeth and core,
respectively. The figure as read
of the curve have been reduced
by 20%.
BT= 75,734

Mcore=(0.28)(50.03) (

(61.714 238.1742 )180.952

4
Mcore=25,689.1
lbs
34.)
WEIGHT OF IRON IN TEETH

lines
, reading =
2

0.09 watts/lb/cycle
Bco= 60,000

lines
, reading =
2

0.06 watts/lb/cycle
Teeth= 0.09 watts/lb/cycle x 60
cycle x 0.8

Teeth= 4.32 watts/lb

Core= 0.06 watts/lb/cycle x 60

cycle x 0.8
Core= 2.88 watts/lb

The loss in the teeth is:

4.32 watts
x 1774.15 lb=7664.33 W
lb

probably be bent back and

secured in position by insulated
clamps in order to resist the
mechanical forces which tends
to displace or bend the coils
when a short circuit occurs:
37.) RESISTANCE PER PHASE
The cross section of the
conductor 4 strips in parallel is
2
0.35 or:

In the core below slots:

2.88 watts
x 25,568.5 lbs
lb

d2

CM=

73,637.28W

Making a total iron loss of:

Ploss = 7664.33W+73,637.28W
Ploss = 81,301.61W or
81kW

in mills

Area of conductor sq .
4
d 2=

()

d 2=

( 4 )( 0.35 )( 1000linesmils )
2

^2

CM= 445, 000 cir mils

36.)
LENGTH MEAN TURN OF
ARMATURE WINDING
In a machine of so large, an
output as the one under
consideration the weight and
cos of copper should be
determined
by
making
a
drawing of the armature coils
and
=0.0075
carefully

measuring
the
length
required. Since this design is
being worked out for the
purpose of illustration only, we
shall use the formula 71 of page
188 and assume the length per
turn of armature winding to be:

The number of turns per phase is:

2 turns 12 coils 24 turns

x
=
coil
phase
phase
And since the resistance per
circular-mil-inch at 60 C is 1 ,
the resistance per phase at 60 C
is:
140 in x

24 turn
1
x
phase
phase

38.) IR DROP PER PHASE (FULL

LOAD CURRENT)
The IR drop per phase is
IR= Ip x R

2 la +2.5+(2xkv)+6

IR= 288.68 x 0.0075 =

Mean length per turn=

2(54.38)+2.5(1.57)+2(6)+6

2.179V

Mean length per turn =

130.685W

IR= IR drop per phase (volts)

It will be safer to use the figure

140 inches for this mean length,
because all the coils will

Where:

Ip= per phase current (amps)

R= resistance per phase
(ohms)

Or say 3 volts in order to include

the effect of eddy current in the
conductor

8
(IX)ends= 2 fNsCsPx 10
Since my design is a single layer

winding, the factor 2 must e

39.) TOTAL ARMATURE COPPER

LOSS (FULL LOAD CURRENT)
The

I2 R

loss in armature

2
(288.68) 2 )(3) )(3.5)

winding is
2
Pcu = 3 I p R

Pcu = 3 x

introduced into formula (79),

whence with the current Ic=
288.68 Amps
the reactive
voltage due to cutting of end
flux, with full load current is:

(288.68 amps) (0.0075

2
8
(0.9659)2 (60) ( 6 x 4 ) ( 2.98 ) x 10

= 2.6 volts

Pcu= 1887.56W

The
equivalent
average
projection
of
the
winding
beyond the ends of the slots
may be computed by nothing
that, with a mean length per
turn of 140 in the average
projection beyond ends of slot
will be:

Which should be increased about

50% as stated in Article 79, to
cover sundry in determinate load
losses. The total full load armature
copper loss may, therefore be
estimated at 2850W or 0.1%
percent of the rated full load
kilovolt-ampere output.

40-41.) These Are included

because they would be required
in connection with the design of
a self- ventilated, slow speed,
open type generator for which
the
calculation
are
made
generally as for a dc generator
(refer Art. 60) In the case of a
turbo-generator coded by forced
ventilation,
the
necessary
supply of air to be passed
through the machine would be
calculated after all the losses,
including those in the rotor
winding, have been determined.
42.) IX DROP (ENDS), VOLTS PER
PHASE WINDING
The reactive voltage drop per
phase due to the cutting of the
end
flux
cannot
be
predetermined accurately, but we
use the empherical formula (75)
of Article 78.

l=

1402(54.38+28.27)
4

l= 2.98cm
Approximate value for the k The
value factor for k depends upon
the iron in the path of magnetic
flux linking with the end
connection.
It cannot be easily calculated
and
is
really
empherical
coefficient. A still suggest the
value of k=1.7 for slow and
medium speed salient pole and
k=3.5 for high speed turbogenerators.
43.) FULL LOAD
VOLTS PER PHASE

DEVELOPED

OED=
(O Et cos+ E tP)2 +(O Et sin+ PEd)2
OEt=3464 V

The power factor is specified as

80%
EtP=3V
PEd=26 V

OED=
(3464( 0.8)+3)2 +(3464 sin 36.87+26)2
OED=3482.
05V

The length of the vector EtP

(Figs. 89 and 90) is easily
calculated, but the numerical
value of IX(the vector Ped) is not
easily estimated, Consider first
what is to be understood by the
term armature reactance