SSPC-Guide 16

August 1, 2003

SSPC: The Society for Protective Coatings

Guide 16

1. Scope

effective area is calculated by subtracting the area occupied

by the filters (sum of the areas of the number of the bags)
from the total cross sectional area of the filter chamber.

1.1 This guide will assist end-users in the selection of

dust collectors to be used in conjunction with containment
systems to control emissions to the environment, enhance
visibility, and reduce worker exposures within the containment. It will discuss the purpose of dust collector use in
painting projects; define dust collector terminology; describe the types of dust collectors and the mechanisms of
collection; and discuss efficiency, operation, and maintenance of dust collectors.

Dust Collectors: A subset of a larger group of gas

cleaning devices. Dust collectors are used to remove large
amounts of particulate matter (typically greater than 1 grain
per cfm) from gas streams and come in a wide range of
designs to meet various industrial applications. For the
purpose of this document, the gas stream is assumed to be
air at ambient temperatures.
Dust Load: The quantity of dust in the air stream.
Usually expressed as grains of dust per cubic foot of air
(grains/cfm).

2. Definitions
The definitions below do not appear in the SSPC
Protective Coatings Glossary.

ft/min: feet per minute, units of speed (velocity).

Aerosol: A system of small liquid or solid particles
suspended in a gas, in this case air. The aerosol particle
can be a single particle or an aggregate of connected
smaller particles. The size of these particles can be in the
range of 0.002 to 100 micrometers in diameter. Particles
that are of the most significant health concern are between
0.2 and 5.0 micrometers in aerodynamic equivalent diameter.

Grains: A measure of the mass of particles in the air.

One pound contains 7,000 grains.
Inches of Water: Units of pressure equal to the pressure exerted by a column of liquid water an inch high at
standard temperature. Typically expressed in inches
w.c.

Air to cloth ratio: A size or rating of the fabric filter

media that is expressed in terms of air flow capacity versus
fabric media area, in units of cubic feet per minute per
square feet of fabric. The ratio represents the average
velocity of the gas stream through the filter media and is
sometimes referred to as the filtration velocity in feet per
minute (ft/min).

Inlet Loading: The amount of material going into the

collector. Extremes of high or low loading might allow slightly
higher can velocities.
Static pressure (SP): The flow potential force within a
duct or device that acts in all directions and is measured
relative to the surrounding atmospheric pressure. Static
pressure can be positive or negative with respect to the
external atmosphere.

Can Velocity: Also known as Approach Velocity.

The velocity of the dust-laden air as it passes upward
between the filter media. The can velocity is calculated by
dividing the volume of air of the system (cfm) by the
effective cross-sectional area of the filter chamber. This

Velocity pressure (VP): The pressure required to accelerate air from zero velocity to a given velocity, proportional to the kinetic energy of the air stream. Velocity pres1

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Guide to Specifying and Selecting Dust Collectors

SSPC-Guide 16
August 1, 2003

sure can only be exerted in the direction of airflow and is

always positive.

selecting the dust collector and will be discussed as needed to

aid in the understanding of dust collector functions.

Total pressure (TP): The algebraic sum of the static

pressure (SP) and the velocity pressure (VP); typically in
inches of water. TP can be positive or negative.

4. Types of Dust Collectors

Velocity: The time rate of movement including the

direction of movement; feet per minute (ft/min).

4.1 Centrifugal Collectors: These collectors separate particulates from air streams by gravitational, inertial,
or centrifugal force. Collection efficiency is affected by
particle size, particle velocity, collector design, and dust
concentration. Centrifugal collectors can be designed to
remove large particles effectively and economically; however, they are not generally suitable for the collection of fine
particles. Most centrifugal collectors (e.g. cyclones) are
used in stationary applications; however, some vacuum
systems incorporate centrifugal collectors.

3. The Purpose of the Dust Collector

The purpose of a dust collector is to remove entrained
particulate matter from air streams to maintain compliance
with particulate emission laws and to reduce damage caused
by dust to people, equipment, the finished product, or
adjacent property. The concept is very simple; however, the
process of separating particulate from air can be complex.
The complexity arises from the extremely heterogeneous
nature of the size and physical characteristics of particles
and from the quality and quantity of the air stream that is to
be cleaned. A thorough understanding of the purpose and
intended use of the dust collector is needed before selection of a dust collector can be made.
The dust collector is a critical component of the containment system for the maintenance painting process. The
exhaust fan attached to the dust collector draws contaminated air into the collector. This creates negative pressure
inside the containment that draws clean air into the containment from the outside. The airflow through the containment
helps to remove contaminants from the breathing zone of
the workers. Airflow can also improve visibility inside the
containment. The ability of the dust collector to provide both
negative pressure and airflow within the containment is
directly related to the design, construction, and maintenance of the containment system, dust collector, and supporting parts (e.g. duct work). To prevent contaminants
from being released into the environment, all air leaving the
containment should pass through the dust collector. The
containment system is only as good as the weakest element
that makes up the containment system.
The primary purpose of the containment system is to
contain debris and protect the environment. The primary
purpose of the dust collector is to provide airflow through
the containment to reduce worker exposure to airborne
dust, improve visibility, and maintain an inward airflow
(negative pressure).

4.2 Wet Collectors: Wet collectors separate particulates from air streams by impacting the particles with water
spray. They are commonly referred to as scrubbers. Wet
collectors are typically used for high temperature and moisture-filled gas streams. Neither of these conditions typically
exists in maintenance painting applications.
4.3 Electrostatic Precipitator Collectors (EPCs):
EPCs separate particulates from the air by introducing a
charge into the atmosphere and using a negatively charged
plate to precipitate (attract) the charged particles. EPCs are
primarily used for heavy-duty dust applications such as
utility boilers and cement kilns. While they have the ability
to effectively filter the concentration of interest to the
industrial painting industry, they generally cannot handle
the size range of dust typically generated by industrial
painting operations.
4.4 Fabric or Cartridge Filter Collectors: This type of
collector separates particulate from air streams by straining, impaction, interception, diffusion, and electrostatic
charge. Air must pass through a specially designed fabric
that retains the dust on the fabric but allows the cleaned air
to pass through. Fabric dust collectors are the type of
collector used most frequently in the industrial painting
industry.
Fabric dust collectors (hereafter called dust collectors)
are further broken down into two primary types based on the
filter configuration (bag and cartridge dust collectors), both
of which are used heavily in the painting industry. Both bag
and cartridge systems can attain capture efficiencies of

Containment systems and methods of monitoring releases are discussed in detail in SSPC-Guide 6, Guide for
Containing Debris Generated During Paint Removal Operations. Knowledge of the containment structure is critical in
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There are four major types of dust collectors: centrifugal, wet, electrostatic, and fabric collectors. Each of these
will be briefly discussed.

SSPC-Guide 16
August 1, 2003

accumulates on the interior surface. Shaker systems rely

on a vibrating mechanism to shake the filters. This creates
a sine wave along the top of the bag that ripples down the
length causing a portion of the dust cake to change shape
and fall into the hopper. Pressure drops across the baghouse
determine the shake interval. Typical shake intervals range
from 10 to 30 seconds. Shaking speed and frequency are
dependent upon the diameter and length of the bag. Multiple baghouse filters are packaged in separate compartments in the dust collector. During cleaning, one compartment at a time is shut down for the shaker process, while the
remaining compartments remain in operation. This is called
off-line cleaning. Shaker systems have a low air-to-cloth
ratio (A/C). This means that the units are typically oversized
(i.e., requiring high air volumes) and many bags are required in order to maintain filtration efficiency during the
cleaning cycle. Additionally, because shaker baghouses
have multiple bags per compartment, the time necessary
for filter replacement is increased.

99+% of particles over the entire size range of 0.1 to 100

micrometers. Fabric filtration systems are normally designed to collect dry particulate; therefore, their use with
wet removal processes requires careful consideration.
4.4.1 Baghouses: Baghouses or bag collectors account for more than 80% of the fabric dust collection
systems used in all dust collection applications today (primarily fixed plant facilities, although they are also used in
abrasive recycling equipment). Baghouse dust collectors
use vertically mounted tubes or bags of fabric media ranging from five to twelve feet in length to remove contaminants. They can filter a wide variety of materials (e.g.
fibrous, particulate, moisture laden, and hydroscopic materials). They are used at temperatures up to 500 F and can
handle extremely heavy dust loads. Many abrasive recycling systems utilize baghouse collection systems due to
the heavy to extremely heavy particulate loading (2 to
greater than 10 grains per cubic feet of air per minute (gr/
cfm), and varying particulate size (0.1 to 100 micrometers).

5.2 Reverse Pulse Systems: Reverse pulse systems

have largely supplanted shaker systems and are currently
being replaced by pulse jet systems. The design of the dust
collector for reverse pulse systems allows the dust-laden
air to enter at the top of the unit. The dust collects on the
interior of the bags or cartridges. Heavy particles fall into
the hopper, helping to extend bag life. The filtered air is then
vented to the atmosphere. Reverse pulse systems are
multi-compartment systems. Cleaning is accomplished by
isolating one compartment at a time (while the others
continue to operate). Pulses of compressed air enter through
a venturi nozzle, which creates a shock wave. The wave
causes the dust cake on the inside of the bags to fracture
and fall into the hopper. Typical pulse durations range from
30 seconds to several minutes. Reverse pulse systems are
considered the least aggressive cleaning method, but one
which extends bag life.

4.4.2 Cartridge Collectors: Cartridge dust collectors

are used on dry dust applications or when high concentrations of small (less than 1 micrometer) particulate are likely,
but are capable of filtering a broad range of particulate sizes
(0.1 to 30 micrometers). Most mobile dust collectors utilize
cartridge collector systems. While the abrasive blasting process generates particulate ranging from 3 to 100 micrometers
in size, the dust collection system is primarily responsible for
removing fine particulate suspended in the air (i.e., small
particulate).
Cartridges are composed of rigidly pleated elements
providing a large amount of filter area in a comparatively
small housing. Cartridges are typically mounted either
horizontally or vertically within the filter housing. Cartridge
systems should not be used when the loading is expected
to exceed 3 gr/cfm.

5. Types of Cleaning Mechanisms

5.3 Pulse Jet Systems: Pulse jet systems are considered

to be the most aggressive and effective filter cleaning approach.
An FHWA publication, Lead-Containing Paint Removal, Containment and Disposal (FHWA-RD-94-100)1, published in
February 1995, indicated that only those dust collectors using
pulse jet cleaning mechanisms were effective over the duration
of the study. Pulse jet systems are the only systems where
cleaning occurs while contaminants are entering the compartment.
In pulse jet systems, the inlet air stream enters the unit
and passes vertically between the bags or cartridges. Dust
accumulates on the outside surfaces of the filters. Pulse jet

Dust collectors are typically classified by their

cleaning mechanism. There are three common types:
shaker, reverse pulse, and pulse jet. Baghouses utilize
either shaker, reverse pulse, or pulse jet systems. Cartridge collectors utilize either reverse pulse or pulse jet
systems. In the industrial painting industry, almost all current equipment uses pulse jet systems.
5.1 Shaker Systems: In shaker systems, dirty air
enters at the center of the bag area and the dust cake
1

Lloyd M Smith and Gary L. Tinklenberg, Lead-Containing Paint Removal, Containment and Disposal, FHWA RD 94-100, Federal Highway
Administration, McLean, VA , February 1995.

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SSPC-Guide 16
August 1, 2003

so small (0.001 to 0.1 micrometer in diameter) that they will

pass right through a typical dust collector filter. A special
air-cleaning device is needed for such operations. Specialty air cleaning devices will not be covered in this guide.

systems continuously remove some dust from the bag or

cartridge through an adjustable cleaning frequency dictated
by a timer or differential pressure across the filters. When
the differential pressure point is reached, a high-pressure
jet of compressed air is directed inside the filter for 0.1 to
0.15 seconds at intervals ranging from 1 to 30 seconds. The
pulse creates a shock wave similar to that used in the
reverse pulse system, causing the dust cake to fracture and
fall into the hopper. Proper adjustment of the cleaning
frequency in these systems is necessary for optimal particulate removal efficiency. If the duration of the pulse is too
short, cleaning is inefficient. If the duration of pulsing is too
long, the bag life is reduced. For optimal operation, the
frequency of cleaning should be adjusted so that differential
pressure across the collector ranges from 3 to 6 inches
water column (w.c.). Some manufactures employ timers
rather than differential pressure drops to determine the
cleaning sequence.
The pressure of the compressed air at the delivery tube
can severely affect bag life. Too high a pressure or a
misdirected jet of air due to misalignment of the delivery
tube can damage the top several feet of the bag or cartridge. Average compressed air pressures range from 40 to
90 pounds per square inch (psi).
One of the popular features of pulse jet systems is the
on-line cleaning feature, which allows work to continue
without interruption of project operations. However, if high
can velocities are present, on-line cleaning can have negative
impacts due to gravity settling problems and re-entrainment
of fine dust on the adjacent row of filters. During on-line
cleaning, particles may stay suspended in the air due to the
continuous upward movement of air. This can affect filter
efficiency and overstress the system, because particulates
are not removed from the air stream. Solutions to these
potential problems would be to conduct off-line cleaning or
to utilize a pulse-jet system equipped with multiple compartments (usually in a row).

6.2 Dust Particle Size and Health: The size of particles is important for three reasons: health, settling velocity, and filtration. The dust collector user should be aware
that particle size determines the deposition site within the
respiratory tract. Smaller particles will travel further and be
deposited deeper within the lung. Air coming from the dust
collector may contain aerosols that are hazardous to health.
6.3 Dust Settling Velocity: Size will affect the rate at
which the particle falls through the air. The smaller the
particle, the longer it will stay airborne. For all practical
purposes, the extremely small particle will behave more like
a gas, staying airborne indefinitely. A particle with an
aerodynamic equivalent diameter (AED) of one micrometer
will fall at a rate of 0.04 feet per minute. It would take 200
minutes for a 1-micrometer particle to drop 8 feet. If the dust
collector is working properly and removing the air from the
containment system, the aerosols inside the containment
will be removed within minutes after the paint removal has
occurred. However, high concentrations of small AED aerosols may remain inside the containment for hours if the
ventilation system is improperly designed, operated, or
maintained.

7. Dust Collector Selection Criteria

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7.1 Fan Performance: Fan performance is dependent on the design of the fan blades. Different fan designs
will yield different characteristic performance curves. However, the performance of a fan can be generalized and
discussed in relatively simple terms. The performance of a
fan can be described by a graph of the airflow capacity (x-axis,
abscissa) and the resistance to airflow or static pressure
(y-axis, ordinate), as illustrated in Figure 1.
Fan characteristics can be evaluated experimentally
for different fan revolutions per minute (rpm). For the
present discussion, assume the fan and motor have been
matched and sold as a unit. In the extreme, when running
the fan with the outlet closed off, and reducing the flow rate
to zero, the pressure developed inside the duct would, for
all practical purposes, be the maximum that the fan could
deliver. This pressure is called the static no delivery (SND)
pressure. At the other extreme, if the fan were running
without any obstructions, at zero resistance, with minimal
connecting ductwork, the fan would be operating at maximum air movement. This is called the free delivery or wideopen operating condition. The SND and the wide-open

6. Background on Dust
6.1 Dust Characteristics: Dust particles are generated by many maintenance painting processes. Of particular concern are those particles generated during the removal of potentially toxic paint (e.g. lead-based paint) from
structures. It is important to understand the process that
creates the particles to obtain an estimate of resulting
particle size. In general, the majority of particles generated
from mechanical action ranges from 3 to 100 micrometers.
The larger particles will not stay in the air long enough to
cause any great concern. Smaller particles are generated
as well, but in smaller quantities. Very small particles (for
example, fumes generated during the burning of paints) are
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SSPC-Guide 16
August 1, 2003

curved fan is typically used in dust collectors for this

industry. It is intended to move air after filtration. For moving
air laden with dust, a more rugged fan design, such as a
radial tip wheel, should be considered. Other fan types
include: propeller fans, tube-axial fans, vane-axial fans,
centrifugal fans, multiple-blade fans, forward-curved
multivane fan, paddle-wheel fans, and airfoil fans.
7.4 Can Velocity: Can velocity is generally described
as the upward velocity of the air through the entire body of
a dust collector including the open area between the filters.
Can velocity is an important factor in the proper design
and functioning of a dust collector. If the can velocity is too
high the dust pulsed off of the filters during the cleaning
cycle will not fall downward into the hopper area. Rather the
dust will be held suspended in the air stream and reattach
to the filters. This will result in a greater drop in pressure
(reduced air flow), excessive use of compressed air, and
shortened filter life. High can velocity can be almost impossible to correct on an existing collector.
Can velocities are an important consideration when
deciding the location of the inlets on the collector body. If
the inlets are placed low on the collector and dust-laden air
is introduced into the hopper area, the velocities will be
highest at the very bottom of the filters. If the can velocities
are too high, this could form a barrier for the dust falling from
the filters. High velocities in the hopper area could also
cause dust already settled in the hopper to be reintroduced
into the air stream. This could be further exaggerated if the
hopper is not emptied on a regular basis.
To optimize can velocity within the collector, the designer must consider the size of the collector body and the
spacing between filters. The designer must also consider
such variables as inlet loading, bulk density, particle size,
and particle characteristics.

points would be the two limits of the fan performance curve.

The intermediate points on the airflow versus pressure
graph describe the slippage characteristics of the fan. This
graph is a universal way of describing fan performance,
however, this information can also be given in tables.
7.2 Fan Power: Power considerations for driving the
fans propeller are usually addressed by the fan manufacturer. An end-user will normally purchase the fan and
engine (or motor) in combination. Increasing the number of
fan rpm increases the capacity of the fan to move air or
overcome static pressure. However, there are limits to the
rpm at which each fan is rated to operate. Exceeding the
rpm rating can reduce the life of the fan and may become a
safety hazard. The fan and motor should be matched to
meet the needs of the operations.

7.5 Off-line versus On-line Cleaning (Pulse Jet):

One of the reasons that pulse jet systems are so popular in
the industrial painting industry is the ability for the filters to
be cleaned on-line without interrupting production. If the
system is equipped with only one compartment, on-line
cleaning can have high suspended dust levels and ineffective cleaning that ultimately increases static pressure. In a
single compartment design, the on-line cleaning process
can prevent effective gravity settling of the particulate due
to the continuous upward movement of air (can velocity). It
also fosters the re-entrainment of smaller dust particles
(less than 10 micrometers) into the air and onto adjacent or
recently cleaned filter media. As a result, the overall filter
efficiency and filter life may be reduced. Consideration
should be given to specifying multi-compartment pulse jet
systems to maintain the benefits of on-line cleaning (i.e.,

7.3 Fan Selection: The selection of a fan for a given

application is best done by a professional. In most cases,
the fan is located downstream from the filtration housing,
protecting it from air streams that are heavily loaded with
dust. In order for the dust to be transported to the dust
collector, duct velocities (called transport velocity) of 4,000
ft/min or higher are needed. The high transport velocities
are needed to keep the dust airborne so that it does not
settle out in the duct. The higher the duct velocity, the
higher the resistance to airflow. High velocities commonly
result in large losses of static pressure, 5 inches w.c. or
more. Thus, the fan must be rugged and have the capacity
to overcome high static pressure losses. A backward5
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Figure 1
Fan Curve

SSPC-Guide 16
August 1, 2003

regular basis, the higher dust bed levels will keep dust
suspended in the air stream. A hopper that is too small can
also result in higher can velocities, which could cause
turbulence and higher abrasion on filters and metal parts.

production) while reducing the effect on the filtration system. These compartments or dividers are usually the length
of the filters and separate the filters by row.
7.6 Top versus Side Access (Pulse Jet): Pulse jet
systems can be provided with top or side access to the filter
media. Top loading systems allow the easiest access for
visual observation for filter leaks and tears by providing a
view down the inside of the filter. Top access systems also
allow the operator to inspect on the clean side of the filter
system, rather than the dirty side.
In side access systems, the exterior of the filters is
easily viewed. This would provide easier inspection of the
filters for determining the amount of abrasion. Since visual
observation of filter leaks is also important, a properly
designed side-access system should provide a man-way or
other access into the top (clean) portion of the collector for
this purpose.
The end-user should verify that the dust collector
provides adequate access to both the clean and dirty side
of the unit for inspection and maintenance.

7.10 Design of Filter Cleaning Jets (Pulse Jet): Poor

design of the venturi in the pulse cleaning systems can
cause bags and cartridges to abrade or rupture when they
are moved or shocked by the pulse. Additionally, the air
delivery tube (at the top of each filter) should be secured to
prevent misalignment after filter replacement.
7.11 Mixing Chamber: Some units employ a mixing
chamber between the tube inlets and the cartridge filters.
This slows the incoming air prior to it reaching the filters,
allowing larger particles to drop out of the air stream and
better dispersion of incoming air across all of the filters in
the collector. Slowing the incoming air also allows for lower
can velocities and less abrasion on the filters.
7.12 Blast Plates (Diffusers): All units should have a
blast plate (diffuser) mounted across the inlet duct to
reduce direct abrasive impact on the filter media and to
reduce approach velocities. The diffuser should be inspected for wear regularly.

7.7 Horizontal versus Vertical Filter Mounting: Some

of the older dust collectors currently in use on abrasive blast
cleaning projects utilize horizontally mounted filters. Most
new models utilize vertically mounted configurations. In
horizontally mounted filter systems, the cleaning mechanism pulses the dust from the filters and it falls onto the
filters below. Therefore, many of the filters never properly
release their dust cake. This will result in decreased air
velocity and premature filter wear and clogging.
Filters mounted vertically allow the dust cake to fall
directly into the hopper without impacting other filter banks.

8.1 Air-to-Cloth Ratios: Another factor in selecting

the size of the dust collector for a specific application
relates to the air-to-cloth ratio (A/C), which is the size of the
filter media expressed in terms of dust collector capacity
(cubic feet per minute [liters per second]) versus fabric
media surface area (square feet [square meter]). This is
also called filtration velocity, and defines the average velocity of the air stream through the filter media. A low A/C
ratio denotes a large unit (in terms of air volume). Selection
of dust collector A/C ratios is typically based upon particulate loading and particle size distribution, as well as the type
of filter (bags or cartridges). A lower A/C is better within
each range. Generally, a lower A/C ratio is desired when the
particle size distribution includes a higher concentration of
small particles or when the particulate loading is high, both
of which are factors to be considered in the industrial
painting industry. Actual A/C ratios also vary greatly based
on the type of collection system and filter media utilized.
Pulse jet systems generally operate with higher A/C ratios
of 5:1 to 10:1; shaker systems generally require A/C ratios
ranging from 3:1 to 6:1; and reverse pulse systems generally require A/C ratios of 2:1. Closely pleated filters typically
require an A/C ratio of 3:1, while lightly pleated or nonpleated filter materials would allow for higher A/C ratios.

7.8 Access Area for Inspection (Shaker, Reverse

Air, and Pulse Jet): Regardless of whether the system
provides top or side load access, the access area should be
large enough to allow personnel entering it to wear supplied-air respirators as required by confined space regulations (29 CFR 1910.146). Many older systems do not allow
sufficient room for maintenance personnel to wear the
required respiratory protection when entering the access
area to perform cleaning and maintenance.
7.9 Hopper Size (Shaker, Reverse Air, and Pulse
Jet): If the hopper height is too shallow it could result in dust
accumulation and resulting turbulence, causing particulates to remain in suspension and the pulse jet systems to
energize more frequently. This can lead to accelerated
deterioration of the media and leakage through the filters.
It also has the effect of increasing the static pressure of the
system. If the end-user does not empty the collector on a
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8. Filter Selection Criteria

SSPC-Guide 16
August 1, 2003

collector filters are generally specified for applications requiring higher negative pressure levels. These characteristics also allow bag filters to be pulse-cleaned at higher
pressures ranging from 80 to 100 psi.

Most cartridge dust collectors currently in use in the industrial painting industry have standard A/C ratios ranging from
3:1 to 3.5:1, dependent upon the type of filter media utilized.
8.2 Filter Efficiency and Permeability: Fabric filter
selection is a careful balance between maintaining permeability (the ability of the fabric to allow air to pass through)
and filter efficiency (the amount of dust captured). The best
filter efficiency (and worst permeability) occurs right before
the filters are cleaned. The highest inefficiency or penetration typically occurs during start-up and immediately after
reconditioning. Fabric permeability typically ranges from 25
to 40 cfm/ft2. Choosing filter material with better efficiency
or greater permeability but lower filter efficiency is not as
critical as it may seem. The efficiency of a particular fabric
filter is only relevant when first put into service. Once the
fabric filter has been in service for any length of time, the
dust cake on the filter performs almost all of the filtration.
Particulate that is all the same size is difficult to filter,
as it creates a dense mass that restricts the flow of air
through the filter (reduced permeability). Fine particles
(less than 10 micrometers in size) may be too small for
some filter media to collect and can bleed through the filter
and exit the collector, resulting in emissions. In some
cases, pulse jet systems preferentially retain small particles (less than 1 micrometer) during the cleaning process.
Another consideration is the effect of filter permeability
on total dust collector airflow. Heavily caked filters can
reduce the airflow generated by the dust collector by 50%
or more. As most dust systems are used for multiple
purposes (i.e., to improve visibility, reduce worker exposures, prevent emissions to the environment) the designer
and/or operator must be aware of these diametrically opposed conditions. Maximum efficiency in filtration may
result in inadequate airflow in the containment. Therefore,
careful balancing of all factors is required for optimal dust
collector operation.

8.3.2 Cartridges: Cartridge filters use rigidly pleated

elements making it possible to accommodate a larger
amount of surface area in a smaller filter. Pleated filter
cartridges provide as much as a 300% increase of filtration
surface area, resulting in lower air-to-cloth ratios without
increasing the size of the collector body. They are typically
used for dry dust applications and exhibit high efficiency
when used on moderate concentrations of dry dust such as
is generated from ventilating abrasive blast cleaning containments. Cartridge systems are typically used for low to
moderate dust loading conditions (approximately 3 gr/cfm ).
Cartridge type filters are usually pulse-cleaned at pressures
ranging from 75 to 85 psi.
Cartridge filters may not be appropriate for moist or
hydrocarbon environments or for wet methods of removal,
due to the impact of moisture on some types of filter
material. Cartridge filters made of cellulose or paper may be
damaged by moisture, causing filter failure or solidification
of the dust cake, affecting cleaning and filtration efficiency.
For wet applications, use of moisture resistant materials
such as Teflon or polyester may be necessary. However,
regardless of the filter type and filter material used, reduction in filter efficiency and problems with dust-cake release
are still very likely in wet applications. Suitability of specific
cartridge filters for use during wet applications should be
confirmed with the filter media provider prior to project start-up.
8.4 Filter Materials: Filters may be constructed of any
fibrous material (natural or synthetic) that can be spun,
woven, felted, or impacted to create a filtering mass. Woven
fabrics are typically characterized by thread count and
weight of fabric per unit area (ounces per square foot). The
weave pattern of woven fabrics can influence the porosity
of the dust cake accumulating on the fabric surface. Gaps
between the weave can be more than 50 micrometers in
size. Woven media can be used in all three types of dust
collector systems. Felted media is comprised of randomly
oriented fibers attached to an open weave material (i.e., a
scrim). Felted fiber media is primarily used in pulse jet
systems.
Many media manufacturers apply a coating to woven or
felted media to improve certain characteristics such as heat
or abrasion resistance. One of the more common material
additives is Teflon. The application of Teflon to filter media
reduces fiber-to-fiber abrasion, and improves dust-cake
release and its ability to handle hydroscopic (e.g., water
attracting) particles. 100% Teflon or blended Teflon coated

8.3 Filter Types

8.3.1 Bags: Bag collector filters are typically long
tubular shaped filters consisting of woven and non-woven
fibers. They are hung vertically in rows and typically are
approximately 4.5 to 8 inches in diameter with standard
lengths of 5 to 12 feet. Because of their simple (nonpleated) shapes, thicker fabrics can be used. Employing
thicker fabrics can provide a longer filter life and higher
abrasion resistance. Bag filters accommodate many types
of media including hydroscopic, sticky, fibrous, and moisture-laden dusts. Because of their smooth shape, they will
release their dust cakes more readily than pleated designs.
Due to their shape and the ability to use thicker fabrics, bag
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SSPC-Guide 16
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8.5 Filter Selection: Most filter media is now available

to fit almost any dust collector. However, the selection of a
particular type (e.g. cartridge or bag) or material (e.g. felted
or Teflon coated) should be made through an analysis of the
actual dust characteristics that will be encountered. For
plant operations using dust collectors for air pollution control, the engineer typically quantitatively assesses a variety
of characteristics using EPA Methods before specifying
either the dust collector or filter media. Factors that are
typically identified include: particulate loading, particulate
size, inlet air temperatures, moisture and particle content,
particle composition, available space for the dust collector,
desired life expectancy of the filters, and maintenance
issues.
In the industrial painting industry, filter media is often
selected using one size fits all approach or based upon
cost considerations rather than dust characteristics.
Selection of different filter media may be warranted
based upon the process or removal methods. In the industrial painting industry, most of the particles generated
during mechanical action (i.e., abrasive blast cleaning,
power tool cleaning) typically range from 3 to 100 microme-

Table 1
FILTER MEDIA PROPERTIES1

Generic
Name

Common
Name

Tensile
Strength

Abrasion
Resistance

Moisture
Resistance

Natural Fiber,
Cellulose

Cotton

Good

Good

Good

Polypropylene

Polypropylene

Excellent

Excellent

Average

Polyamide

Nylon

Excellent

Excellent

Good

Rugged fiber

Acrylic

Orlon

Good

Good

Good

Good in acid conditions

Dacron

Excellent

Excellent

Average

High tensile strength

Teflon or
Teflon-coated

Average

Average

Excellent

Excellent chemical and moisture

resistance

Fiberglass

Excellent

Average to
Poor

Average

Least expensive, prone to

abrasion in pulse jet systems

Polyester
Fluorocarbon

Fiberglass

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Fiber
Characteristics
Good permeability

Strong fiber, low moisture

absorption

--```,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

should be used. If the dust collector has a high can velocity,

the user may want to select a thicker fabric media to reduce
leaking due to abrasion.

filter media should be considered during wet removal applications. Typical materials and their characteristics are
summarized in Table 1.
Dust collector manufacturers in the industrial painting
industry typically equip their systems with polyester or
cellulose fabrics. However, as most filter material is interchangeable (can be used in most dust collectors), contractors
can select more or less efficient media for filter replacement.
Consideration should be given to specifying the type of filter
material for specific operations (i.e., wet methods). Note
that blended materials are also available that can combine
multiple filter characteristics (e.g. 80% cellulose/20% Teflon).
Felted materials are usually thicker than cellulose or
blended materials. They cannot be pleated as heavily as
the thinner materials. Having less pleats within a cartridges
diameter would mean less filtering area per cartridge and
thereby a higher A/C ratio if the collector size is maintained.
This is not necessarily a negative as the thicker material
may provide desirable characteristics that the thinner material cannot. Some projects are of a short duration and
require filter disposal at the end of the job; in such instances, a less expensive filter could be the best choice. In
other projects where the unit may be on site for an extended
period of time and/or the production schedule will not allow
for down time to change filters, or if the unit is located where
physical access to change filters is limited, a premium filter

SSPC-Guide 16
August 1, 2003

ters in size. Filters used for these applications must be

capable of handling a wide range of particulate sizes without clogging the media. For wet methods, a water-resistant
media such as Teflon should be considered.

9.4 Filter Cleaning Efficiency: This is the measure of

the ability of the collector to clean the filters while in use. It
should be noted that no filter cleaning system completely
cleans the filters. Some residual dust, along with dust cake,
will fall from the filters during shutdown and movement of
the collector, sometimes resulting in the assumption that
the collector was not emptied after the last use. A new dust
cake will build up on the filters at the beginning of the next
use of the collector.
Operating dust cake thicknesses and filter differential
pressures vary with the type of filter or cartridge in use and
the model and type of dust collector. Pressure differential
over the filter is usually measured using a static pressure
gauge such as a magnehelic gauge or manometer. The
greater the operating filter differential pressure, the less
pressure is available for moving the air through the containment area. Therefore, two collectors with the same overall
pressure rating but different pressure differentials at the
filter will have different air flow capacities.

9. Verification and Measurement

9.1 Base Filter Capacity: This test is designed to
determine the true dust collection capacity of the dust
collector filter media. With the dust collector running at its
designed speed, a measured amount of test dust can be
introduced into the unit, with the filter cleaning system (e.g.
pulse jets) turned off. Dust is added until an amount sufficient to restrict the airflow to the advertised airflow capacity
is reached. At this point, the amount of dust consumed
versus the airflow restriction across the filters is recorded.
This indicates how much dust the unit can store in its filter
media during operation before it has a negative impact on
air flow capacity.
9.2 Dust Load Capacity: This test is designed to
determine the active dust load that the unit can handle while
still maintaining its advertised capacity. Unlike the Base
Filter Capacity test, the dust collector is in full operational
mode with the automatic filter cleaning system engaged. A
test dust load is introduced into the collector until the
advertised flow rate is reached, and the load continues at
that rate for a predetermined amount of time. Any subsequent drop in airflow rate is recorded during this time. This
sustainable dust load rate is a true measure of the Dust
Load Capacity of the unit. This number will tell the user if the
dust load to be generated may overwhelm the unit. At the
end of the test, the unit is shut down, and the amount of dust
collected in the filter hopper is measured. The difference
between the amount of dust input and the amount removed
indicates the amount of dust retained by the filters.

9.5 EPA Reference Methods: The EPA has established several methods for evaluating fabric filter performance used in stationary source applications. The total
filterable particulate mass emission rate can be measured
using EPA Reference Method 5 or EPA Reference Method 17.
The total filterable PM-10 emissions can be determined by
EPA Reference Method 201 or 201a.2 While these methods
are commonly used in stationary source evaluation of dust
collectors, several problems may limit the applicability of
these test methods on filtration systems. The testing is
expensive, ranging from $3,000 to $5,000 per set of three
runs. Other problems are related to the fact that most
mobile dust collectors do not have conventional stacks to
support the required test equipment.

10. Sizing of Dust Collectors

9.3 Dust Cake Release Test: This simple test is
designed to determine how the filters will clean in an offduty mode. After completion of the Dust Load Capacity test
(see Section 9.2), the duct inlets are closed and the blower
shut down. The unit is allowed to pulse down the filters for
a specified period of time or number of pulse cycles. After
the pulse down cycle, the hopper is unloaded again and
the amount of dust released from the filters measured.
Then, the unit is run again to determine its refreshed
airflow rate and pressure drop across the filters. This
determines how well the unit cleans between work cycles.

10.1 Dust Collector Capacity: The amount of air a

dust collector can process is dependent on both the exhaust capacity (volume of air in cfm) and the resistance to
airflow (static pressure in inches of water) the system must
overcome. The resistance of the system includes pressure
drop within the dust collector as well as pressure drops from
ductwork, air inlets, and all other parts connected to the
dust collector. The fan performance curve and all the
pressure drops of the system must be considered in order

US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20460. Text of EPA Reference Methods
may be downloaded from http://www.epa.gov/ttn/emc/promgate.html (3/03)

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SSPC-Guide 16
August 1, 2003

straight runs of duct for each of elbow (e.g. bends) in the

system. The Industrial Ventilation Manual provides information on calculating static pressure losses based upon
these factors.

to estimate the actual air flow rates within the system for
each given application.
A fan, which is the central component of a dust collector, operates in accordance with a specific curve corresponding to a specific fan speed (rpm). The actual exhaust
capacity in the field is based upon where the system static
pressure loss intersects the fan curve. For example, a dust
collector rated at 40,000 cfm may only provide 30,000 cfm
exhaust capacity at 14 inches of static pressure loss (see
Figure 2). Typical static pressure losses include loss through
air inlets, duct work and the dust collector itself.

10.4 Static pressure loss through the dust collector:

Design features such as inlet sizes, the total area of the
filters, spacing between rows of filters, the volume (cubic
feet) within the dirty side of the collector body, the volume
(cubic feet) within the clean side of the collector body,
reinforcements and other objects within the air stream, and
the design and shape of the transition duct from the collector body to the fan, all affect the amount of air passing
through the filters and therefore the static pressure created
by a dust collector. New filters create a slight static pressure
ranging from 1 to 2 inches w.c., while older, dirty filters may
have a static pressure as high as 6.0 inches w.c. In most
instances, design calculations that allow a pressure drop of
4.0 inches w.c. for the filters is reasonable.

10.2 Static pressure loss through air inlets: The

major containment design factors that may affect dust
collector performance are the location and the configuration (i.e. area) of the make-up air inlets and the type of
exhaust port (i.e. duct type) entry point(s).
Air inlet openings are typically sized to provide inward
air velocity ranging from 200 to 600 ft/min. As a basis of
design, static pressure losses for air inlet openings are
estimated between 0.25 to 0.50 inches w.c. by the ACGIH
Industrial Ventilation Manual.3
Exhaust ports or hoods (i.e. the way in which the duct
is attached to the enclosure) also affect static pressure.
Although there are a variety of designs, the three most
common types are the plain duct end (duct is placed into the
enclosure without any hood), flanged duct end (duct is
connected to flat sheet metal or plywood), and tapered duct
end (duct is connected to tapered hood or plenum). The
Industrial Ventilation Manual establishes formulas for calculating static pressure losses based upon the type of
configurations utilized.

Figure 2
Fan Curve

10.3 Static pressure loss through ductwork: When

air is drawn through a duct, two types of pressure are
associated with airflow; static pressure (SP) and velocity
pressure (VP). The ductwork system that connects the
exhaust equipment to the containment is frequently the
largest contribution to static pressure loss.
10.3.1 Static pressure (duct work): This is the pressure exerted on the walls of the ductwork by the dust
collector or by friction related losses. Static pressure losses
are a function of ductwork configuration, air velocity in the
duct, roughness of the duct surface, duct diameter, and air
density and viscosity. To determine static pressure loss
through ductwork, the total equivalent length must be
calculated. This method factors in duct diameter, the total
length of straight runs of duct, and the equivalent length of
3

The ACGIH Industrial Ventilation Manual may be obtained from the American Council of Governmental and Industrial Hygienists, 1330
Kemper Meadow Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio 45240, 513-742-2020, or online at http://www.acgih.org.

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10.3.2 Velocity pressure duct work: This is the

pressure associated with the speed of the airflow through
the duct.

SSPC-Guide 16
August 1, 2003

velocities (whether too much or too little). For example,

Federal Highway Administration research involving air
movement inside containment when removing lead paint by
abrasive blast cleaning (FHWA RD-94-100) found no significant differences in worker lead exposures at crossdraft
velocities of 70 to 300 ft/min.
ANSI Z9.2 indicates that large solid particles usually
cannot be captured by conventional airflow patterns, but
that airflow patterns should ensure that hygienically significant particle sizes (i.e. less than 10 micrometers in size) are
captured. It suggests that the larger particle sizes should be
allowed to fall to the floor to be removed through housekeeping practices. As a result, when designing ventilation
systems for containment, primary consideration should be
given to the movement of the hygienically significant particle sizes through the enclosure to the exhaust hood in
combination with good housekeeping practices to remove
the heavier particles. ANSI Z9.2 states that when data on
control velocity and volume of air are not available in
reliable published information, control velocity and volume
can be determined by measurement of actual airflow velocities. As a result, the specifier may consider allowing the
contractor to demonstrate that the proposed air velocity
inside containment will provide the necessary and desired
controls (i.e. reduced worker exposures, control of emissions, etc.) to comply with the OSHA Lead Standard mandate for engineering controls.
The size of the dust collector is based on the crosssectional area of the containment and the selected control
velocity of the air according to the equation:

10.5 Sample Calculations: By determining static pressure throughout the make-up air inlets, through containment, and through the ductwork, air filters, the system static
pressure that the fan must overcome can be calculated.
Duct friction-loss tables can be obtained from duct suppliers and general tables can be found in the Industrial

Ventilation Manual.
Using the fan curve in Figure 2, one would expect the
following:
System Static Pressure Estimate
Based on (3) 20 diameter exhaust ducts @ 15,667 cfm per duct
50-ft section of 20 diameter duct @3.02/100
Three 90 elbows @ 46 equiv. lineal feet each
Loss through containment
Loss through fabric filters

1.54
4.25
1.65
4.00

w.c.
w.c.
w.c.
w.c.

Total Estimated System Static Pressure

Total Available Exhaust Capacity

11.44 w.c.
47,000 cfm

The fan curve presents the fans capacity to deliver

varying volumes of air. This capacity depends upon the
static pressure. The designer must match the calculated
static pressure for the design system to the fan curve. In this
case, the designer has calculated losses from ductwork,
elbows, and filters to be 11.44 inches w.c. of static pressure. This requires 47,000 cfm of exhaust air from the dust
collector to achieve design goals.

Q=VxA

10.6 Calculating Air Flow: Once the actual capacity of

the dust collector is known, calculations can be performed
to verify that dust collector capacity and proposed containment area will achieve the recommended air flow (or control
velocity) in feet per minute. It must be noted that definitive
guidance on recommended airflow does not exist. The
preamble to 29 CFR 1926.62 states that it believes an
exposure reduction factor of 50% will be achievable through
mechanical ventilation systems but does not provide a
minimum number. The construction industry ventilation
standard (29 CFR 1926.57) refers to ANSI Z9.2 Exhaust
Systems Abrasive Blasting Operations Ventilation and
Safe Practice.4 ANSI Z9.2 provides suggested downdraft
velocities of 60 to 90 ft/min or 100 ft/min crossdraft when
removing coatings containing toxic metals by dry abrasive
blasting.
SSPC recognizes that fixed abrasive blast rooms are
not the same as field containment structures, and this guide
makes no recommendations regarding the suitability of the
4

Where:
Q is the amount of air exhausted (cfm), i.e., the size
of the dust collector
V
is the velocity of air (ft/min), and
A
is the cross-sectional area of the containment (ft2)
For example, if a containment were 20 feet high by 40
feet wide by 80 feet long, it would be normal to decide to
move the air along the length of containment (i.e. crossdraft).
The cross-sectional area of containment (the area through
which the air will pass), therefore, is 20 ft x 40 ft, or 800 ft2.
The control velocity selected is 100 ft/min. The size dust
collector needed is:
Q=VxA
= (100 ft/min) x (800 ft2) = 80,000 cfm

American National Standards Institute, 1819 L Street, NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036. Standards downloadable from www.ansi.org
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SSPC-Guide 16
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When the module is isolated before the reverse air

damper opensAny reading other than zero is an
indication that the damper is not sealing properly.
When the reverse air is energizedShould be consistent with the manufacturers recommended differential (typically 1 to 4 inches w.c.)
During the null period after reverse airShould be
sufficient duration to allow particulate to fall into
the hopper (visually observed)
When the module is returned to service (typically 1 to
4 inches w.c.)

One method for obtaining the desired control velocity

when there is insufficient dust collector capacity to match
the size of the containment is to reduce the cross-sectional
area of the containment by such methods as hanging
interior tarps inside the containment and moving the air
intakes and exhausts to the working portion.

--```,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

If Q is within the calculated capacity of the dust collector, the system is designed adequately. If not, the crosssectional area can be reduced to meet the target airflow.

11. Operation and Maintenance

11.2 Hoppers: Manufacturer procedures indicate that
dust should not be allowed to be stored in the hopper (which
frequently occurs on industrial painting projects) and should
be removed daily. Storing of material in the hopper can lead
to dust build up and solidification, particularly if moisture is
drawn into the system. This reduces air velocity and the
particulate can be drawn back into the filtration system,
shortening the filter life. Solidification in the hopper can also
lead to overloading and malfunction of the waste removal
system (i.e. auger).

11.1 Differential (Static) Pressure: Differential pressure across the filters is a critical operational issue and can
be an early indicator of potential system failure. Differential
pressure is measured using a magnehelic gauge with ports
located within the filter housing, one port in the dirty side,
and one port in the clean side. Most systems are designed
to operate in the range of 1 to 4 inches w.c. (pulse-jet systems
operate at a slightly higher range). Both high and low differential pressures can have a negative effect on overall system
performance.
Potential causes of high differential pressure can include insufficient compressed air, improper (low) pressure
regulator settings, mis-rotated compressed air delivery
tubes (pulse jet), filters exceeding their useful life, insufficient filter area, and full hoppers. The effects of the high
differential pressure can result in filter damage, reduction in
total system air volume, and excess filter caking.
Potential causes of low differential pressure can include leakage or blockage of air in the delivery tubes,
fittings, and valves, using less than the required amount of
delivery tubes (i.e. 1 of 4 available inlets), clogged or
obstructed air lines leading to the magnehelic gauge, a
faulty magnehelic gauge, a partially closed outlet damper
on the fan (if the fan is equipped with one), over-cleaning of
the filters, or a very low dust loading. A unit may have low
differential pressure and still have high total system static
pressure (as would be the case if only one of four available
inlets was being used).
In pulse jet systems, improper pulse frequency (too
high or low) is a common problem. Pulse valve malfunctions
are typically caused by diaphragm failure or dirt, oil, and/or
moisture entering the valve body. These situations can be
avoided by a scheduled maintenance and inspection program.
For reverse pulse systems, one manufacturer recommends monitoring the differential pressure during the cleaning cycles. This includes:
Before the module starts to cleanAny reading
indicates potential leakage

11.3 Visible Emissions: Manufacturer troubleshooting guides all indicate that any particulate that can be seen
discharging from the exhaust stack is indicative of a system
breach or bag failure. All of the manufacturer guidelines call
for immediate shut down, leak detection (i.e., operator
inspection for the source of the leaks), and corrective action
if emissions are observed. Additionally, fans located downstream of the collector (as in most negative pressure systems) can be damaged by abrasion or become imbalanced
(resulting in reduction of total air volume) if particulate is
discharged from the filters through the fan to the discharge
stack. Emission observations alone may not provide adequate feedback on the effectiveness of system operations.
Additional leak detection methods are discussed later.
11.4 Temperature and Wet Removal Methods: Temperatures below which water may condense, or wet removal methods, can cause premature filter failure due to
clogging and solidification of solids in the hopper. This is of
particular importance when steel grit abrasives are utilized
due to the potential for steel in the abrasive blasting debris
to rust and solidify in the presence of moisture. Careful
selection of the dust collection system and filter media is
warranted when high moisture levels are likely to be present
(e.g., wet removal methods).
11.5 Air Infiltration and Corrosion: Filtration systems operating under negative pressure, such as those

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media should occur when the dust collector is presumed to

have been cleaned (following the end of a shift). If the filter
media is covered with a layer of dust, it can be presumed the
cleaning system is not functioning properly. If the dust is
hardened on the bags and is not easily discharged, it is
likely that moisture has entered the system.

11.6 Start-up Procedures: Use of manufacturer-recommended dust collector start-up and shutdown procedures is important in preventing premature damage to the
unit and filter media. Manufacturer guidelines all agree that
new filter media are not to be exposed to the full air volume
of the fan. Typically, the dust collector should be brought on
line slowly to avoid damage of the filter media. Before
protective dust cakes form, clean filters are sensitive to dust
abrasion and penetration of fine particles. Most manufacturers recommend start-up at a low velocity until sufficient
dust cake has been formed. This is indicated by a pressure
differential of 1 to 2 inches w.c. Following this initial seasoning or conditioning of the filters, the differential pressure
can be brought up to a consistent operating range.

11.8 Filter Replacement: Should an inspection of

filters or observation of visible emissions indicate excessive wear, tears, or caking, the filters should be replaced.
The preferred practice is to replace all filters (at least in the
same bank or bed) at the same time. Replacing only one
or two filters creates a path of least resistance to airflow
(due to high permeability of the new filters) when the unit is
returned to service. This prevents proper conditioning or
seasoning of the new filters and exposes them to high
airflow rates and differential pressures, which may result in
premature wear or damage.

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used in the industrial painting industry, are vulnerable to airinfiltration-related bag damage and water damage. Access
hatches should be equipped with functional gaskets and all
seams and unit components (e.g., hoppers, exterior casing,
etc.) should be of sound construction to prohibit air or
moisture infiltration into the collector body.

11.9 Filter Disposal: The fines collected by the dust

collector must be disposed in accordance with federal and
state regulations. If the dust collector has been used to filter
toxic dust streams, the disposal of the filters will need to
follow the requirements of hazardous waste disposal. Often,
there is significant cost associated with such disposal.
SSPC-Guide 75 presents information on waste characterization and disposal.

11.7 Filter Installation/Position: One of the more

common, though frequently overlooked reasons for filter
failure is improper filter installation. Bent or damaged filter
cages (these are metal cages or frames used to support the
cartridge or bag) may not be able to properly support the
filter. Cages can become corroded and abrade or puncture
the filter during flexing in the cleaning cycle. For pulse jet
systems, it is recommended that filter cartridges be positioned so that all seams are facing the same direction. This
provides a reference point to help identify abrasion problems. Reverse air systems should have seams positioned
at a 45 angle to the access door. This provides the greatest
distance between bags, reducing the possibility for bag-tobag abrasion. Additionally, for reverse air systems, proper
tensioning of the bags is critical for performance. Loose
bags do not provide for proper collection and the resulting
bag-to-bag abrasion may lead to premature failure. Overtensioned bags will lead to stress on the filter bag. Shaker
systems are also prone to the same bag tension problems.
Manufacturers recommend use of tensioning tools for proper
bag positioning and tension. Another common problem with
filter systems is misalignment between the filter and gasket.
Improper seating of the filter on the gasket will allow
particulate to escape the filtration bed resulting in emissions through the exhaust port. Continuous emissions are
typically representative of improper filter seating. Periodic
inspection of the filter media is mandatory in most manufacturer guidelines. Inspection should include visual observation of the clean air side of the system for leaks (i.e., visible
material) and the filter media for tears. Observations of filter

11.10 Explosion Hazards: Under certain operating

conditions, explosive concentrations of combustible dusts
and/or gases could develop in some dust collector systems.
If the possibility of explosion exists, consideration should
be given to dust collector housings with explosion vents and
spark resistant fan construction. Explosion vents are quick
opening hatches or rupture disks that facilitate the rapid
release of explosive pressures. The National Fire Prevention Association (NFPA) Code 68, Guide for Venting of
Deflagrations,6 provides additional information on venting
in event of an explosion.

12. Evaluating System Performance

12.1 Negative Pressure Inside Containment: Negative pressure inside containment is measured with a
magnehelic gauge or inclined water manometer. While
negative pressure across filters in a dust collector is usually
on the order of a few inches of water column, the most
commonly cited negative pressure for the containment is
0.03 inches w.c. It is imperative that the gauge be held level.
The preferred method is to mount the gauge outside containment using a level to assure it is flat and vertical. A piece
of tubing is attached to the low-pressure port on the gauge.
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SSPC-Guide 16
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readings taken are averaged to determine the average

airflow through the duct. A minimum target transport velocity (V t) of 4,000 ft/min is recommended. The transport
velocity can be calculated using the equation

The tubing is then placed at various locations within the

containment and the negative pressure measured. Highpressure sources such as blast nozzles should not be in
operation when negative pressure is measured, as bursts
of high-pressure air can affect readings. A regular pattern
based upon the width and height of the containment is used
in determining locations to take measurements. The average of these measurements is the average negative pressure
inside containment.

Q =Vt x A
except that A is now the cross-section area of the duct, Q
is the volume of air, and Vt is the measured transport
velocity.

12.2 Air Flow Inside Containment: Measuring airflow

inside containment can be performed with a rotating vane or
hot wire anemometer, velometer, or smoke bomb. Anemometers and velometers are the most common instruments
used. Air speed is measured directly, but these instruments
do not indicate the direction the air is moving. (Eddy currents can be present, so the air may be moving in the
opposite direction.) Operate the anemometer or velometer
in accordance with the manufacturers instructions, holding
the instrument as far away from the body as possible. Be
sure not to stand in front of the air intakes and exhaust
ducts. Take measurements in a regular cross-pattern at
different heights within the containment. Average the measurements to determine the average airflow inside containment. To measure airflow with a smoke bomb, measure off
a known distance inside containment from the smoke bomb
to the air exits. Set off the smoke bomb and time how long
it takes the smoke to reach the marked point. The distance,
in feet, divided by the time, in minutes, is roughly equivalent
to the average air velocity. Measure airflow inside containment without any airflow sources present, such as operating blast nozzles. Compare airflow measurements to target
velocities of 100 ft/min crossdraft or 60 ft/min downdraft, or
other specified criteria.

12.5 Phosphorescent Powder/Fluorescent Dye: Several varieties of phosphorescent powders and fluorescent
dyes are commercially available for leak detection. These
materials are used routinely in plant dust collection operations. The material is generally released into the dust
collector under normal operating conditions with the filter
cleaning system shutdown. After a few moments, the clean
air side of the filter is inspected with an ultra-violet light
("black light"), which will detect the material. Presence of
the material on the clean side of the filter (varies based on
system) indicates poor filter seal, holes or tears in the filter
media, improper seating of the filter to the gasket, or leaks
in the system itself (i.e., gaps in welds). These areas can
then be inspected to determine where or why the failure is
occurring.

12.3 Air Flow Inside the Exhaust Ducts: Airflow

inside exhaust ducts are measured with a Pitot tube,
velometer, or hot wire anemometer. Select a location in the
exhaust duct that is at least eight duct diameters away from
any obstruction such as a bend or change in duct size.
Insert the Pitot tube into the duct pointing the opening
towards the direction of airflow. Perform a ten-point traverse.
Make another hole inside the duct 90 degrees from the first
hole and perform another ten-point traverse. The locations
inside the duct for these ten points are dependent upon the
diameter of the duct. Standard texts, such as the Industrial
Ventilation Manual, give information on locations as well as
charts or converting the velocity pressure (VP) to velocity
(V) before averaging when using a Pitot tube. The twenty
5

12.6 Mass Flow Broken Bag Detector: This application uses electrical output readings (pico amperes) proportional to mass concentration of the particulate (gr/cfm). If
the expected mass concentration of the particulate is exceeded, the unit can be set to sound an alarm or shut down.
Mass flow detectors are typically mounted at the exhaust air
outlet of the dust collector.
12.7 Triboelectric Bag Leak Detector and Dust Monitors: This application has been used for approximately 25
years, since the advent of dust collection in plant applications. It utilizes a probe mounted in the exhaust air outlet.

SSPC Guide 7, "Guide for the Dsposal of Lead-containing Debris Generated During Paint Removal Operations." is available online from
http://www.sspc.org.
National Fire Prevention Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy MA 02169-7471, or online at http://www.nfpa.org

14
Copyright The Society for Protective Coatings
Provided by IHS under license with SSPC
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

Not for Resale

--```,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

12.4 Throat Static Pressure: This method provides an

estimate of airflow at the inlet to the dust collector. The
technique involves measuring static pressure (SP) through
1/16" to 1/8" drilled (not punched) tapholes one to three
duct diameters from the throat of the dust collector connection. Measurements should be made after the system performance is verified using the above methods. An increase
in throat SP indicates a downstream clog. A decrease
means a drop in dust collector fan performance.

SSPC-Guide 16
August 1, 2003

dust collectors. Common components of inspection and

maintenance programs include:

Record differential pressures by graph or log

Maintain filter replacement record or chart

Visually inspect the filters, hopper and exhaust

stack for leaks

Check doors and inlet seals for leakage

Check timer control for proper pulse sequence and

duration (pulse jet), and bag tension (shaker and
reverse pulse)

Clean pressure taps (differential pressure gauge

lines)

As dust particles collide with the probe, they generate a

charge transfer. This methodology requires determination
of a baseline value for the material being filtered (gr/cfm).
If the charge exceeds two times the baseline value, an
alarm is activated to alert the operator. Discussions with
manufacturers indicate that triboelectric detectors could
likely be used on mobile dust collection systems.
12.8 Differential (Static) Pressure Gauges: All dust
collection systems (including recycling and vacuuming
equipment) should be equipped with static pressure gauges
(i.e., magnehelic gauges) to measure pressure drop over
the entire filtration system. Each compartment should also
be equipped with an independent static pressure gauge.

13. Disclaimer

12.9 Compressed Air Regulators: Compressed air

regulators should be provided on all dust collection units
that utilize compressed air to verify that proper air pressure
(as specified by the manufacturer) is provided to the cleaning system.

13.1 This guide is designed to describe, review, or

analyze new or improved technology and does not meet the
definition of a standard as defined by SSPC. A guide differs
from a standard in that it is not suitable for referencing in a
specification or procurement document.

12.10 Inspection and Maintenance Programs:

Whether or not leak detection technology is utilized, a
properly conducted scheduled operation and maintenance
program (OMP) may be the best available method of proactive prevention of dust collection system failure. All manufacturers provide guidance on scheduled inspection and
maintenance procedures; however, the industrial painting
industry has not actively adopted implementation of these
programs. Manufacturers agree that scheduled inspection
and preventive maintenance of their equipment will assure
proper operation, and they recommend scheduled maintenance regimes. Many provide inspection logs along with the

13.2 While every precaution is taken to ensure that all

information furnished in SSPC guides is as accurate, complete, and useful as possible, SSPC cannot assume responsibility nor incur any obligation resulting from the use
of any materials, coatings, or methods described herein, or
of the guide itself.

--```,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

13.3 This guide does not attempt to address problems

concerning safety associated with its use. The user of this
guide, as well as the user of all products or practices
described herein, is responsible for instituting appropriate
health and safety practices and for insuring compliance
with all governmental regulations.

15
Copyright The Society for Protective Coatings
Provided by IHS under license with SSPC
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

Not for Resale