Final0502 Calc Ref Ukmlsc
Final0502 Calc Ref Ukmlsc
Final0502 Calc Ref Ukmlsc
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Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Foreword
Preliminary work
Reminders
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5
7
9
10
11
13
15
16
17
20
21
23
24
26
29
33
35
39
46
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Foreword
The material in this refresher course has been designed to enable you
to cope better with your university mathematics programme. When
your programme starts you will find that the ability to differentiate and
integrate confidently will be invaluable. We think that this is so important that we are making this course available for you to work through
either before you come to university, or during the early stages of your
programme.
Preliminary work
You are advised to work through the companion booklet An Algebra
Refresher before embarking upon this calculus revision course.
Level
This material has been prepared for students who have completed an
A-level course in mathematics
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Reminders
Use this page to note topics and questions which you found difficult.
Seek help with these from your tutor or from other university support services as
soon as possible.
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Tables
The following tables of common derivatives and integrals are provided for revision
purposes. It will be a great advantage to know these derivatives and integrals because
they are required so frequently in mathematics courses.
Table of derivatives
f (x)
f (x)
xn
ekx
nxn1
1
x
kekx
ax
ax ln a
ln kx
sin kx
k cos kx
cos kx
k sin kx
tan kx
k sec2 kx
Table of integrals
Z
f (x)
xn
xn+1
+ c
n+1
ln |x| + c
(n 6= 1)
x1 =
f (x) dx
1
x
ekx
+ c
k
cos kx
sin kx (k 6= 0)
+ c
k
sin kx
+ c
cos kx (k 6= 0)
k
tan kx
sec2 kx (k 6= 0)
+ c
k
ekx
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(k 6= 0)
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(a) x
(b) x6 (c) 6
(d) x (e) x1
(f) x1/7
1.
(g)
2.
1
x3
(h) x79
(i) x1.3
1
(j)
3
x
(k) x5/3
(l)
1
x0.71
(a) cos
(b) cos 4
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2
3
(c) sin
(d) sin
(i) cos 3
5
(j) cos
2
(e) tan
!
(f) tan
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3.
(a)
d x
(e )
dx
(b)
d 2y
(e )
dy
(c)
d 7t
(e )
dt
(e)
d 2z/
(e
)
dz
(f)
d 1.4x
(e
)
dx
(g)
d x
(3 )
dx
4.
(d)
d x/3
(e
)
dx
d
(a)
(ln x)
dx
d
(b)
(ln 5z)
dz
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2x
d
ln
(c)
dx
3
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2. Linearity in differentiation
The linearity rules enable us to differentiate sums and differences of functions, and
constant multiples of functions. Specifically
d
d
d
(f (x) g(x)) =
(f (x))
(g(x)),
dx
dx
dx
1.
(a) 3x + 2
(e) 2ex + e2x
2.
d
d
(kf (x)) = k (f (x)).
dx
dx
(b) 2x x2
(c) cos x sin x
1
(f) 4 3 ln x (g) 4x5 3 tan 8x 2e5x
x
t8
d
(a)
5t1/5 +
dt
8
(b)
2 cos 3e/4
d
4
3x 3
d 2
tan
cos 8x
(d)
dx 9
2
4
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d
(e)
dz
1 4/3 1 4z/3
z e
4
3
d
(c)
dx
3e3x/5
5
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In Questions 3-5 you dont need the product rule, quotient rule or chain rule to
differentiate any of these if you do the algebra first!
3. Expand the powers or roots and hence find the following derivatives.
d q
2y
(a)
dy
d
1
(b)
(2x)3
dx
(2x)3
d
(c)
dy
1 y
e
2
4 !
d
3
5e2t
dt
(d)
4. Simplify or expand each of the following expressions, and then differentiate with
respect to x.
(a)
x x2
x3
(b) x( x x2 )
5.
(e)
(c) 2x
2
x
3
+x
x2
1 e2x
e4x
d
ln x9/2
(a)
dx
d
1
(b)
ln
dx
6x
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t3
d
ln 3t
(c)
dt
e
!!
!!
(d)
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1/3
d
ln te2t
dt
3. Higher derivatives
1.
(a)
(b)
d2
(e)
dx2
d2
(d) 2 (8 13y)
dy
1
d2
x3/2 3/2
(g)
2
dx
x
d2
(cos 3x)
dx2
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1
3x 3x3
x
d2 x
(h)
(e + ex + sin x + cos x)
dx2
(c)
d2 2z
(e e2z )
dz 2
(f)
d2
6t)
(ln
2t
dt2
d2
(i) 2
dt
1
1
sin 2t ln 4t
2
4
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(a) x sin x
(d) x ln 4x
2.
d
(sin cos )
(a)
d
(e)
(b) x3 cos 2x
d 6x
(e ln 6x)
dx
d
(b) (sin 2t tan 5t)
dt
(f)
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d
(cos cos 3)
d
10
d
(c)
(sin z ln 4z)
dz
(g)
x
d
ex/2 cos
(d)
dx
2
d
(ln t ln 2t)
dt
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f (x)
g(x)
x
(a)
1 x2
x4
(b)
1x
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2x
(c)
1 + 2x
11
3x2 2x3
(d)
2x3 + 3
1+ x
(e)
xx
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2.
d sin x
(a)
dx
x
3.
d
(b)
dx
ln x
x4/3
d
(c)
d
2
tan 2
d
(d)
dz
ez
d
(e)
dx
x2
ln 2x
d sin 2t
(a)
dt sin 5t
d
(b)
dx
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e2x
tan x
d
(c)
dx
12
ln x
cos 3x
d
(d)
dx
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ln 3x
ln 4x
(a) (4 + 3x)2
(e) x
1
x
1/3
(b) (1 x4 )3
(c)
5/2
(f) (2x2 3x + 5)
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13
(g)
1
(1 2x)2
(d)
(h)
x2 x
1 + x2
1
4x2 x4
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2.
Find the following derivatives. (Remember the notation for powers of trigonometric functions: sin2 x means (sin x)2 , etc.)
(a)
d
(sin2 )
d
d
(e)
(cos5 5z)
dz
(b)
d
(sin 2 )
d
d
1
(f)
dx cos3 x
(c)
d
(sin(sin ))
d
(g)
d
(sin(2 t 3t2 ))
dt
(d)
d
(tan(3 4x))
dx
3. Find the following derivatives. (The notation exp x is used rather than ex
where it is clearer.)
(a)
(e)
d
exp(y 2 )
dy
d
(sin(ln 4x))
dx
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(b)
d
(exp(cos 3x))
dx
(f)
d
(ln(ex ex ))
dx
14
d
d
(cos(e3x ))
(d)
(ln(sin 4x))
dx
dx
d 3t
e 3 cos 3t
(g)
dt
(c)
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(a) x = y y 3
2.
Find
equations.
dy
dx
(b) x = y 2 +
1
y
(c) x = ey + e2y
(d) x = ln(y ey )
(b) x + y 2 = y x2
(d) ex x = e2y + 2y
(e) x + ey = ln x + ln y
(f) y = (x y)3
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dx
dt
dt
dy
1. Find dx
in terms of t when x and y are related by the following pairs of parametric
equations.
(a) x = sin t,
(c) x = e2t + t,
y = cos t
y = et + t2
1
(b) x = t , y = 1 t2
t
(d) x = ln t + t, y = t ln t
y = 2t2 + t4
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y = tan 2t
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d
(b) (tan3 4t)
dt
d
(exp(x ex ))
(e)
dx
d
(f)
dy
d 3x
5
(i)
dx
d
(j) (ln(ln t))
dt
2.
d
(c)
(exp(3 tan 4x))
dx
y 4 + y 4
y + y 1
(g)
d x 2
(2 x )
dx
(h)
1z
d
ln
(k)
dz
1+z
d
(d)
d
2 !
3
tan 4
d
1
dx ln x x
Find the following derivatives, which require both the product and quotient rules.
d
x cos x
(a)
dx 1 cos x
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d
(b)
dz
ez
z ln z
17
d
(c)
d
sin 3 cos 2
tan 4
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3.
Find the following derivatives, which require the chain rule as well as either the
product rule or the quotient rule.
d
(a) (et ln(et + 1))
dt
(d)
d
(exp( cos ))
d
d
(g)
dy
4.
1
2
2
y y 1
d
(b)
(sin2 3 cos4 3)
d
(e)
d
(x ln x)3
dx
d 1 x2
(c)
dx
1 + x2
(f)
!3/2
d
1x
exp
dx
1+x
Find the following derivatives, which require use of the chain rule more than once.
d
(a)
( 1 cos3 x)
dx
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d
exp (x x2 )1/4
(b)
dx
18
d
1
(c)
ln tan
d
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5.
d2
(a)
( 1 + x2 )
dx2
d2
(b) 2 (exp(z 2 ))
dz
d2
(c) 2 (sin3 )
d
d2
(d)
dx2
1
(1 x4 )4
1
cos x
1
, sec x =
and cot x =
, find the
6.
Remembering that cosec x =
sin x
cos x
sin x
following derivatives.
(a)
d
(cosec 2x)
dx
(b)
d
(sec2 )
d
(c)
d
( 1 + cot z)
dz
(d)
d
(cosec 2 cot3 )
d
(e)
d
(ln(sec x + tan x))
dx
(f)
d
(tan(sec ))
d
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(a) x4
(b) x7
(c) x1/2
(d) x1/3
(e) x
1.
(h)
1
x3
(i) x0.2
(j)
1
x0.3
1
(k)
x
1
(l)
x3
(f) x1/2
(g)
(m) x2
(n) x4/3
2.
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20
1
x
1
(k) 2x
e
(e)
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(f) e2x
(l) cos(7x)
1.
(f (x) g(x))dx =
f (x) dx
g(x)dx,
(a) 7x4
(g) x3 +
(b) 4x7
1
1
(h) 3
2
x
7x
(d) 17x1/3
(i) 11
(j)
11
x0.3
k f (x)dx = k
(e)
1
x
x
(k) 2x
2
x
f (x)dx
(f) x2 +
1
x
(l) 7x 11
2.
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21
x
2
4
x
(l) 12 x2 3x1/2
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3. Simplify each of the following expressions first and then integrate them with
respect to x.
(a) 6x(x + 1)
(b) (x + 1)(x 2)
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e3x e2x
ex
(c)
x3 + 2x2
(d) ( x + 2)( x 3)
(g)
x+4
x
(h)
22
x2 + 3x + 2
x+2
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1.
(a)
(e)
(i)
2.
1
0
3
(b)
7x dx
1/2
3x
e dx
(j)
Z
Z
1
4
(c)
4t dt
1
dx
x2
1
x dx
e
(g)
(k)
(x
1/2
1/3
+x
(t + 2t)dt
/4
f (x)dx =
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f (x)dx +
23
(d)
(h)
(2 + sin )d (l)
)dx
3.
17t1/3 dt
/4
cos 2x dx
(ex + ex )dx
f (x)dx
f (x)dx =
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f (x)dx.
2.
(a)
/2
0
x cos x dx
(b)
4xe dx
(c)
2t
5te
dt
(d)
x ln x dx
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4.
(a)
/2
0
x2 cos x dx
(b)
7x2 ex dx
(c)
t2 e2t dt
5.
By writing ln x as 1 ln x find
6.
I = (ln t)2 I
ln x dx.
ln t
dt. Using integration by parts show that
t
( plus a constant of integration )
7. Let I stand for the integral et sin t dt. Using integration by parts twice show
that
I = et sin t et cos t I
( plus a constant of integration )
Z
t
e (sin t cos t)
Hence deduce that et sin t dt =
+c
2
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1.
(a)
(c)
(e)
(g)
(i)
(k)
cos(x 3)dx,
u =x3
cos(t + )dt,
u = t +
u = 3x2 + 8
1
dx,
(x 2)4
2
x ex dx,
t
dt,
1 + t2
u=x2
u = x2
u = 1 + t2
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sin(2x + 4)dx,
(d)
(h)
1
dt,
(3 t)5
(b)
u = 2x + 4
e9x7 dx, u = 9x 7
Z
(f) x 4x 3 dx, u = 4x 3
(j)
(l)
u= 3t
26
x
dx,
2x + 1
u = cos x
u = 2x + 1
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dx,
z = x3
(b) (x 5)4 (x + 3)2 dx,
u= x5
(a)
x3
2.
3.
(a)
Evaluate each of the following definite integrals using the given substitution.
Z
/4
(c)
0
Z 3
(d)
cos(x )dx,
t t 2 dt,
2
t(t + 5) dt,
1
Z 2
sin x
dx,
(f)
x
2 /4
(b)
z =x
(e)
u=t +5
u=
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(g)
27
/4
t2
e t
dt,
t
u=
u=x8
u = tan x
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4.
5.
The result of the previous exercise is a particular case of a more general rule
with which you should become familiar: when the integrand takes the form
derivative of denominator
denominator
the integral is the logarithm of the denominator. Use this rule to find the following
integrals, checking each example by making an appropriate substitution.
Z
Z
Z
Z
1
1
3
2
(a)
dx
(b)
dx
(c)
dx
(d)
dx
x+1
x3
3x + 4
2x + 1
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3x + 1
(b)
dx
x2 + x
Z
9x + 25
(e)
dx
x2 + 10x + 9
Z
15x + 51
(h)
dx
x2 + 7x + 10
Z
5x + 6
dx
+ 3x + 2
Z
5x 11
(f)
dx
x2 + 10x + 9
Z
ds
(i)
s2 1
(c)
x2
2. By expressing the integrand as the sum of its partial fractions, find the following
definite integrals.
(a)
2
1
2 8x
dx
x2 + 2x
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(b)
2
0
5x + 7
dx
(x + 1)(x + 2)
29
(c)
7x 11
dx
x2 3x + 2
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3. By expressing the integrand as the sum of its partial fractions, find the following
integrals.
(a)
x
dx
x2 2x + 1
(b)
4x + 6
dx
(x + 1)2
(c)
7x 23
dx
x2 6x + 9
4. By expressing the integrand as the sum of its partial fractions, find the following
definite integrals.
(a)
1
0
x+8
dx
2
x + 6x + 9
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(b)
2x + 19
dx
2
x + 18x + 81
30
(c)
2
0
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x2
8x
dx
+ 2x + 1
Find
2x2 + 6x + 5
dx.
(x + 2)(x + 1)2
6.
Find
5x2 + x 34
dx.
(x 2)(x 3)(x + 4)
7.
Find
x2 11x 4
dx.
(2x + 1)(x + 1)(3 x)
5.
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In this example note that the degree of the numerator is greater than the degree
Z
x3
dx.
of the denominator. Find
(x + 1)(x + 2)
8.
9.
2x3 + 1
can be written in the form
Show that
(x + 1)(x + 2)2
2
1
15
9
+
2
x + 1 (x + 2)
x+2
Hence find
2x3 + 1
dx.
(x + 1)(x + 2)2
Find
4x3 + 10x + 4
dx by expressing the integrand in partial fractions.
2x2 + x
10.
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cos A cos B =
1
2
1
2
tan2 A = sec2 A 1
1.
(a)
2.
3.
sin 3x dx
(b)
(c)
cos 8x dx
1
(1
2
sin 7t dt
1
2
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(d)
cos 6x dx
sin2 x dx.
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4.
Find
5.
Find
(a)
2 sin 7t cos 3t dt
(b)
8 cos 9x cos 4x dx
tan2 t dt.
(c)
sin t sin 7t dt
(Hint: use one of the identities and note that the derivative of tan t is sec2 t).
6.
Find
7.
sin x cosn x dx =
1
cosn+1 x + c
n+1
the integrand as sin4 t sin t. Take the identity sin2 t = 1 cos2 t and square it to
4
produce an
Z identity for sin t. Finally use the result in part (a) to find the required
integral, sin5 t dt.
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Find
2.
Find
3.
Find
t4 ln t dt.
Find
(5 t 3t3 + 2) dt.
4.
1
dt.
t+1
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5.
6.
Z
Find
7.
Find
xe3x+1 dx.
8.
Find
2x
dx.
(x + 2)(x 2)
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9.
10.
11.
12.
Find
Find
tan sec2 d.
/2
0
sin3 x dx.
Find
1 x2 dx.
ex sin 2x dx.
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13.
14.
15.
Find
x9
dx.
x(x 1)(x + 3)
Find
x3 + 2x2 10x 9
dx.
(x 3)(x + 3)
xn e2x n
In1 . This result is known as a reduction formula. Use it repeatedly
In =
2
2 Z
to find I4 , that is x4 e2x dx.
16.
Find
1
dt, by letting t = 2 sin .
(4 t2 )3/2
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Answers
Section 1. Derivatives of basic functions
1.
(b) 6x5
(c) 0
(d)
(e) x2
(f) 71 x6/7
(g) x34
(h) 79x78
(a) sin
(e) sec2
1
4
(h)
sec2
(k) 35 x8/3
(j) 31 x4/3
(i) 1.3x0.3
2.
1
x
(b)
1
z
cos 2
3
(f) sec2
(i) 3 sin 3
(j)
5
2
(d)
2
3
(c) cos
(c)
= 25 sin 5
sin 5
2
2
3.
(a) ex (b) 2e2y (c) 7e7t (d) 31 ex/3
3x ln 3
(a)
(l) x0.71
1.71
(b) 4 sin 4
4.
2 x
(a) 1
2 2z/
e
(e)
(f) 1.4e1.4x
(g)
1
x
a) 3
b) 2 2x
f) x12
e) 2ex 2e2x
2.
(a) t4/5 + t7
(e) 13 z 1/3 + 94 e4z/3
1
2y
(a)
4.
(a) x23 +
1
x2
(b)
5.
(a)
9
2x
1
(b) 2x
3
x
3
8x4
3
x
2
(c) 14 e4y
3x2
(c)
3
t
d) 9x4 + 16 cos 4x
(b) 24x2 +
3.
c) sin x cos x
(c)
(d)
1
3
sec2
3x
2
+ 6 sin 8x
3
(d) 23 5e2t
(c) x62 +
(d)
9e3x/5
25
18
x4
1
3t
+ 4x
2
3
(a) 20x3
(e)
2
x3
(b) 9 cos 3x
(i) 2 sin 2t +
1
4t2
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6 3/2
t
4
(d) 0
(g) 34 x1/2
39
15 7/2
x
4
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2.
2 x
1
x
(d)
ln 4x +
1
3x
sec2
x
3
+ sin x3
(c) cos z ln 4z +
sin z
z
(e) 6e6x ln 6x +
e6x
x
(g) 1t (ln 2t + ln t)
2.
(a)
1+x2
(1x2 )2
(d)
18x18x2 6x4
(2x3 +3)2
(d)
3.
(a)
(c)
(b) (1 34 ln x)x7/3
x cos xsin x
x2
ez
( z 21 z )
z
(a)
4x3 3x4
(1x)2
5
(c) (1+2x)
2
(e) 12 x + 1 21 x /( x x)2
(b)
(e)
(c)
2 tan 22 2 sec2 2
tan2 2
2x ln 2xx
(ln 2x)2
(b)
(d)
(d)
x
1+x2
(g) 1
2.
(b) 12x3 (1 x4 )2
(e) 31 1 +
1
x
x2 x
1
x2
3
(h) (4x4x2x
2 x4 )3/2
(c)
1
x
4/3
4
(12x)3
(b) 2 cos 2
(f)
3 sin x
cos4 x
3.
(a)2y exp(y 2 )
(d)
(g)
4 cos 4x
= 4 cot 4x
sin 4x
3t
3e
+9 sin 3t
2 e3t 3 cos 3t
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1
x
cos(ln 4x)
40
(f)
ex +ex
ex ex
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(a)
1
13y 2
2.
(a)
2 sin 2x
sec2 y
(f)
3(xy)2
1+3(xy)2
(b)
y2
2y 3 1
(b)
(c)
1
ey +2e2y
2x1
2y1
yey
1+ey
(d)
(c)
sin x
1cos y
(d)
ex 1
2e2y +2
(e)
1
x
1 / ey
1
y
(a) tan t
2.
(a)
3
4t
(b)
2t3
t2 +1
(c)
et +2t
2e2t +1
(d)
t1
1+t
sin 2t
(b) sec
2 2t
(g) (2 ln 2)x + 2
(j)
2.
3.
(h)
1
t ln t
(k)
x1
x(ln xx)2
4
1z 2
ez (z ln zln z1)
(z ln z)2
(c)
(b)
1
et +1
6x(1x2 )1/2
(1+x2 )5/2
23y 2
y 3 (y 2 1)3/2
4.
(a)
3
cos2 x sin x
2 1cos3 x
5.
(a)
1
(1+x2 )3/2
(d)
320x6
(1x4 )6
3y 4 +5y 2 5y 4 3y 6
(y+y 1 )2
3x
(i) (3 ln 5)5
(a) et ln(et + 1) +
(a)
(c)
6.
(f)
2
(1+x)2
exp
1x
1+x
(1/)
(c) sec
2 tan(1/)
48x2
(1x4 )5
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41
(e) sec x
c mathcentre 2003
z
(c) 2cosec
1+cot z
x5
5
(a)
+ c,
(f) 2x1/2 + c,
(b)
x8
8
(g)
4x5/4
5
1
5
(a)
sin 5x + c,
(i) 2e0.5x + c
x1.2
(i)
(m) x1 + c
3x7/3
7
(n)
(c) 2 cos 12 x + c
(j) ex + c
+ c,
(j)
+ c,
1.2
(b) 21 cos 2x + c
x0.7
0.7
+c
+c
(d) 2 sin x2 + c
(g) 12 e2x + c
(f) 21 e2x + c
(e) ln |x| + c
3x4/3
4
(d)
+c
(h) 2x12 + c,
+ c,
2x3/2
3
(c)
+ c,
(h) 3ex/3 + c
(l) 71 sin(7x) + c = 71 sin 7x + c
(a)
7x5
5
(e)
2x3/2
3
(b) x2 + c,
+ c,
2x1/2 + c (f)
(i) 11x + c
2.
3x2
2
(a)
(j)
+ 41 sin 4x + c
(j)
3.
1
ln |x| + c
k
1
ln |x| 7x
3
x2
2
2x3/2
3
3x4/3
4
(g)
x4
4
1
x
+c
2x
e2x
2
6x + c
(g) x + 4 ln |x| + c
x2
2
x3
3
(e)
e3x
ex + c
3
x2
+x+c
2
(h)
+c
2x + c
+ c,
1
(h) 14x
2 + c
(l)
x2
2 cos x2 + c
4
(f) 3 cos2 2x 2 cos3 3x
2
3
(i) x + x2 + x3 + c
3
(l) x6 6x1/2 + c
(k) sin 21 x + c
(b)
51x4/3
4
7x2
2
11x + c
(c)
(h) x 4 ln |x| + c
+c
(d)
+c
(k) x2 2 ln |x| + c
+c
(e) e 2 +
ln |x| + c
2x3/2
3
(b) 4x 13 cos 3x + c
x3
+
3
11x0.7
0.7
(c)
(c)
2x7/2
7
(f)
e2x
2
4x5/2
5
+c
+c
ex + c
(a)
(f)
(k)
2.
3.
7
5
4
5
2
16
(b) 6305
2
(g) 18
1
2
(h)
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2
3
1
2
1
8+
3
4
16
17
12
(l) e e1
+1
33
f (x) dx = ,
2
0
Z 1
8
f (x) dx = ,
3
1
Z
(c)
14
f (x) dx = ,
3
0
Z 1
8
f (x)dx = .
3
1
42
f (x) dx =
(d)
(i)
51
(1 3 16)
4
1 3/2
(e 1)
3
(e) 168
(j) 2(e1 e2 )
71
14 71
33
. Then
+
= .
6
3
6
2
c mathcentre 2003
(a) xex ex + c
(b) 5 cos x + 5x sin x + c
(d) 41 cos 2x + 21 x sin 2x + c (e) 12 x2 ln x 14 x2 + c
2.
(a) 2 1
(c) 15
e2 45 e2
4
3.
(a) ex (x2 2x + 2) + c
(b) 4e2
(d) 92 ln 3 2
(a)
2
4
(c) 45 e2 + 14 e2
(b) 7e 14
x ln x x + c.
(a) sin(x 3) + c
(b) 12 cos(2x + 4) + c
(d) 91 e9x7 + c
(e)
1
(g) 3(x2)
3 + c
(h)
(j) cos4
(k) (1 + t2 )1/2 + c
2.
3.
+c
1
(3x2 + 8)4
24
1
+c
4(3t)4
(f)
+c
(c)
(i)
sin(t + ) + c
3/2
(4x3)5/2
+ (4x3)
40
8
2
21 ex + c
2x+1
4
(l)
+c
14 ln |2x + 1| + c
2(x 3)3/2
+6 x3+c
3
(x 5)7 8(x 5)6 64(x 5)5
(b)
+
+
+c
7
3
5
7
39 5
1025 3
1
x + 55 x4
x 375 x2 + 5625 x + c
which can be expanded to x7 x6 +
7
3
5
3
(a)
(a) 21 2
(b)
(e)
(f) 2
(c)
26
15
1
2
(g) 2(e
e1 )
5.
(a) ln |x + 1| + c
6.
(a)
1
2
(d)
907
56
5265
8
ln |x2 + 1| + c
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(b) ln |x 3| + c
(c) ln |3x + 4| + c
(b) 31 ln |1 + cos 3| + c
43
(c)
3
2
(d) ln |2x + 1| + c.
ln |1 + e2x | + c
c mathcentre 2003
(a) ln |x| + ln |x + 1| + c
(b) 2 ln |x + 1| + ln |x| + c
(c) 4 ln |x + 2| + ln |x + 1| + c
(d) 2 ln |x 1| 3 ln |x 2| + c
(e) 7 ln |x + 9| + 2 ln |x + 1| + c
(f) 7 ln |x + 9| 2 ln |x + 1| + c
(g) 2 ln |x + 2| 2 ln |x 2| + c
(i)
2.
1
2
(h) 8 ln |x + 5| + 7 ln |x + 2| + c
1
2
ln |s 1| ln |s + 1| + c
(a) 9 ln 3 17 ln 2
(b) 2 ln 3 + 3 ln 2
(c) 3 ln 3 ln 2
3.
1
(a) ln |x 1| x1
+c
2
(c) 7 ln |x 3| + x3 + c
4.
(a) ln 3 + 2 ln 2 +
(c)
5.
6.
7.
16
3
(b) 4 ln |x + 1|
5
12
(b) 2 ln 5 4 ln 2 +
8 ln 3
ln |x + 2| + ln |x + 1|
1
x+1
2
x+1
+c
1
40
+ c.
ln |x + 4| + 2 ln |x 3| + 2 ln |x 2| + c.
ln |x 3| + 12 ln |2x + 1| 2 ln |x + 1| + c.
8.
1 2
x
2
9.
2x ln |x + 1|
3x ln |x + 1| + 8 ln |x + 2| + c.
15
x+2
9 ln |x + 2| + c.
x2 x + 4 ln |x| + 23 ln |2x + 1| + c
10.
(a) 13 cos 3x + c
sin 2x
4
(b)
1
8
sin 8x + c
2.
x
2
3.
41 cos 2t + c.
4.
1
(a) 10
cos 10t 41 cos 4t + c
(c)
5.
6.
7.
1
12
+ c.
sin 6t
tan t t + c.
3
t
8
+ 41 sin 2t +
1
16
sin 8t + c
1
32
sin 4t + c.
(b)
(c) 71 cos 7t + c
4
5
sin 5x +
4
13
(d)
sin 6x
6
+c
sin 13x + c
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44
c mathcentre 2003
(9x 2)6
+ c.
54
ln |t|
1 5
t
25
1
9
+ c.
4
10 3/2
t 3t4 + 2t + c.
3
1
sin 3t 3 cos t + c.
3
x
1 x ln a
e
+ c = lna a + c.
ln a
x
3
7.
e3x+1
8.
ln |x + 2| + ln |x 2| + c.
9.
1
2
+c
tan2 + c.
10.
11.
2/3.
1
arcsin x +
2
12.
1 x
e (sin 2x
5
13.
3 ln |x| 2 ln |x 1| ln |x + 3| + c.
14.
15.
16.
x 1x2
2
+ c.
2 cos 2x) + c
1 2
x + 2x 2 ln |x + 3| + ln |x 3| +
2
1 2x
e [2x4 4x3 + 6x2 6x + 3] + c.
4
3
.
12
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45
c.
c mathcentre 2003
Acknowledgements
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c mathcentre 2003