Medical prescription

A prescription (symbol: , representing the Latin imperative verb, recipe = take, take thou)
is a health-care program implemented by a physician or other qualified health care practitioner in the
form of instructions that govern the plan of care for an individual patient. The term often refers to a
health care provider's written authorization for a patient to purchase a prescription drug from a
pharmacist

Prescriptions may be entered into an electronic medical record system and transmitted
electronically to a pharmacy. Alternatively, a prescription may be handwritten on preprinted
prescription forms that have been assembled into pads, or printed onto similar forms using a
computer printer. In some cases, a prescription may be transmitted from the physician to the
pharmacist orally by telephone; this practice may increase the risk of medical error. The
content of a prescription includes the name and address of the prescribing provider and any
other legal requirement such as a registration number (e.g. DEA Number in the United
States). Unique for each prescription is the name of the patient. In the United Kingdom and
Ireland, the patient's name and address must also be recorded. Each prescription is dated and
some jurisdictions may place a time limit on the prescription.[2] In the past, prescriptions
contained instructions for the pharmacist to use for compounding the pharmaceutical product
but most prescriptions now specify pharmaceutical products that were manufactured and
require little or no preparation by the pharmacist. Prescriptions also contain directions for the
patient to follow when taking the drug. These directions are printed on the label of the
pharmaceutical product.
'' is a symbol meaning "prescription". It is sometimes transliterated as "Rx" or just "Rx".
This symbol originated in medieval manuscripts as an abbreviation of the Late Latin verb
recipe, the imperative form of recipere, "to take" or "take thus".[3] Literally, the Latin word
recipe means simply "Take...!" and medieval prescriptions invariably began
Folk theories about the origin of the symbol '' note its similarity to the Eye of Horus, or to
the ancient symbol for Zeus or Jupiter, (), gods whose protection may have been sought in
medical contexts.
The word "prescription", from "pre-" ("before") and "script" ("writing, written"), refers to the
fact that the prescription is an order that must be written down before a compound drug can
be prepared. Those within the industry will often call prescriptions simply "scripts".

Patient assessment record

Patient assessment record is process used to identify and treat life-threatening problems,
Assessment concentrating on Level of Consciousness, Cervical Spinal Stabilization,
Airway, Breathing, and Circulation. You will also be forming a General Impression of
the patient to determine the priority of care based on your immediate assessment and
determining if the patient is a medical or trauma patient. The components of the initial
assessment may be altered based on the patient presentation.
Abstract
To determine interobserver reliability of the Mental Health Patient
Assessment Record, two independent observers, a visiting nurse and
the investigator who was a constant second observer throughout the
study, made home visit observations at two specified times: the initial
assessment (time I), and approximately two months later (time II). The
stratified random sample consisted of 26 discharged psychiatric
patients who comprised approximately 75 percent of the new
admissions to the agency during a four-week period. At time I, 26 visits
were completed and values were obtained, using the Pearson product
moment correlation for the scores on the MHPAR: 1) overall behavior, r
= .96; 2) physical behavior, r = .91; 3) psychological behavior, r = .93; 4)
social behavior, r = .83; and 5) medical behavior, r = .98. The sign test
applied to total and category scores revealed that only one category,
social behaviors, demonstrated a significant systematic bias of the
constant second observer. Of the 26 patients observed at time I, 20
were visited at time II. The following values were obtained using the
Pearson product moment correlation for MHPAR scores: 1) overall
behavior, r = .98; 2) physical behavior, r = .91; 3) psychological
behavior, r = .91; 4) social behavior, r = .94; and 5) medical behavior, r
= .99. The sign test applied to total and category scores showed no
systematic bias of the constant second observer.

Vocabulary - Health and Health Care

How to say you are ill
I'm ill.
I feel really rough.

I'm shattered (meaning tired out or exhausted)

I'm on my last legs (to be very tired, especially after a lot of physical
activity or work. It also means to be going to die soon - 'the old man is on
his last leg').

I feel / look poorly / peaky / rough / bloody awful.

I feel / look like death warmed up (very ill or appearing very sickly Poor thing! She looks like death warmed up)

How to say you are feeling OK

I am alive and kicking (to continue to be well, healthy or successful Don't worry about your grandfather; he is alive and kicking)
I feel good (used to talk about emotional state)

I feel great / well

He is a picture of (good) health (to be in a very healthy condition - The

doctor told him that he is a picture of good health)

She is hale and hearty (to be in a good health - In spite of her old age,
she looks hale and hearty)

Health problems
I have a headache / toothache / backache / stomachache / earache...
I have a pain in my back / tooth / head...

I have a broken / sprained / twist an ankle / wrist.

I have a flu / cold / runny nose / fever / high temperature / sore throat

I feel sick. I'm feeling nauseous.

I have a bruise / cut / graze / wound.

Health advice:
Exercise regularly.
Eat healthy food.

Brush your teeth regularly.

Sleep early (= don't stay up late!)

Have regular medical check up.

Relax.

Go on a diet.

Medicines
eye drops
cream

syringe

syrup

bandage

dose (of medicine)

drugs

shot / injection (give some an injection)

medicine (take medicine)

pain-killer

pill

plaster

tablet

tranquilizer

Treatment
check-up
diagnosis

operation / surgery

prescription

People
ophthalmologist
dentist

doctor / physician

general practitioner (GP)

midwife

nurse

patient

specialist

surgeon

Places

doctor's
pharmacy / drugstore /chemist's

hospital

operating theater

surgery (medical operation)

waiting room

ward (a geriatric/maternity/psychiatric ward)

Health problems caused by smoking

Smoking is a practice in which a substance is burned and the resulting smoke breathed in to
be tasted and absorbed into the bloodstream. Most commonly the substance is the dried
leaves of the tobacco plant which have been rolled into a small square of rice paper to create
a small, round cylinder called a "cigarette". Smoking is primarily practiced as a route of
administration for recreational drug use because the combustion of the dried plant leaves
vaporizes and delivers active substances into the lungs where they are rapidly absorbed into
the bloodstream and reach bodily tissue. In the case of cigarette smoking these substances are
contained in a mixture of aerosol particles and gasses and include the pharmacologically
active alkaloid nicotine; the vaporization creates heated aerosol and gas to form that allows
inhalation and deep penetration into the lungs where absorption into the bloodstream of the
active substances occurs. In some cultures, smoking is also carried out as a part of various
rituals, where participants use it to help induce trance-like states that, they believe, can lead
them to "spiritual enlightenment".
Smoking is one of the leading causes of preventable death globally. In the United States about
500,000 deaths per year are attributed to smoking-related diseases and a recent study
estimated that as much as 1/3 of China's male population will have significantly shortened
life-spans due to smoking.Male and female smokers lose an average of 13.2 and 14.5 years of
life, respectively.At least half of all lifelong smokers die earlier as a result of smoking.The
risk of dying from lung cancer before age 85 is 22.1% for a male smoker and 11.9% for a
female current smoker, in the absence of competing causes of death. The corresponding
estimates for lifelong nonsmokers are a 1.1% probability of dying from lung cancer before
age 85 for a man of European descent, and a 0.8% probability for a woman.Smoking one
cigarette a day results in a risk of heart disease that is halfway between that of a smoker and a
non-smoker. The non-linear dose response relationship may be explained by smoking's effect
on platelet aggregation.ignificant bone loss has been found in older women and men who
smoke. Quitting smoking appears to reduce the risk for low bone mass and fractures.
However, it may take several years to lower a former smokers risk.

Smoking effects to heart and blood vessels

The chemicals in tobacco smoke harm your blood cells and damage the function of your
heart. This damage increases your risk for:

Atherosclerosis, a disease in which a waxy substance called plaque builds

up in your arteries
Aneurysms, which are bulging blood vessels that can burst and cause
death
Cardiovascular disease (CVD), which includes:
o

Coronary heart disease (CHD), narrow or blocked arteries around

the heart

Heart attack and damage to your arteries

Heart-related chest pain

High blood pressure

Coronary Heart disease, where plateletscomponents in the bloodstick

together along with proteins for form clots which can then get stuck in the
plaque in the walls of arteries and cause heart attacks

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD), a condition in which plaque builds up in

the arteries that carry blood to the head, organs, and limbs

Stroke, which is sudden death of brain cells caused by blood clots or

bleeding

Breathing tobacco smoke can even change your blood chemistry and damage your blood
vessels. As you inhale smoke, cells that line your bodys blood vessels react to its chemicals.
Your heart rate and blood pressure go up and your blood vessels thicken and narrow.

Smoking effects to lungs and Respiratory system

Every cigarette you smoke damages your breathing and scars your lungs. Smoking causes:

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a disease that gets worse

over time and causes wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and
other symptoms
Emphysema, a condition in which the walls between the air sacs in your
lungs lose their ability to stretch and shrink back. Your lung tissue is
destroyed, making it difficult or impossible to breathe.

Chronic bronchitis, which causes swelling of the lining of your bronchial

tubes. When this happens, less air flows to and from your lungs.

Pneumonia

Asthma

Tuberculosis

People with asthma can suffer severe attacks when around cigarette smoke.

Smoking effects to vision system

Smoking is as bad for your eyes as it is for the rest of your body. Research has linked
smoking to an increased risk of developing age-related macular degeneration, cataract, and
optic nerve damage, all of which can lead to blindness.

Smoking and cancer

Tobacco smoke contains more than 7,000 chemicals. About 70 of them are known to
cause cancer. Smoking cigarettes is the number-one risk factor for lung cancer. But, smoking
can affect your entire body, and is known to cause cancer in the:

Lungs
Trachea

Bronchus

Esophagus

Oral Cavity

Lip

Nasopharynx

Nasal Cavity

Larynx

Stomach

Bladder

Pancreas

Kidney

Liver

Uterine Cervix

Colon

Rectum