Land Law II

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LAND LAW II
NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA
SCHOOL OF LAW
COURSE CODE: LAW 422
COURSE TITLE: LAND LAW II
COURSE CODE:
LAW 422
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LAND LAW II
COURSE TITLE:
LAND LAW II
COURSE WRITER:
Dr. Violet Aigbokhaevbo

University of Benin
COURSE EDITOR:
Mr. Kunle Aina (Sabbatical)

School of Law, NOUN
COURSE COORDINATORS:
K. Aina, C. Hia, NOUN
AG. DEAN:
Ifidon Oyakhiromen, PhD. BL

School of Law, NOUN
NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA
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LAND LAW II
National Open University of Nigeria

Headquarters
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Victoria Island
Lagos
Abuja Office
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Off Aminu Kano Crescent
Wuse II, Abuja
Nigeria
e-mail: centralinfo@nou.edu.ng
URL: www.nou.edu.ng
Published by
National Open University of Nigeria
Printed 2011
ISBN:
All Rights Reserved
LAW422
LAND LAW II
NON CUSTOMARY LAND LAW

MODULE 1
UNIT 1:
THE LAND USE ACT
1.0
INTRODUCTION.
2.0
OBJECTIVE
3.0
STATE CONTROL OF LAND
3.1
PRIVATE INTERESTS IN LAND
3.2
CATEGORISATION OF RIGHTS OF OCCUPANCY
3.3
DISTINCTION BETWEEN GRANT OF STATUTORY

AND CUSTOMARY RIGHTS OF OCCUPANCY UNDER
THE LAND USE ACT.
3.4
RIGHTS CONFERRED BY RIGHTS OF OCCUPANCY.
3.5
CONDITIONS FOR VALID GRANT OF CERTIFICATE

OF OCCUPANCY.
4.0
CONDITIONS IMPOSED ON GRANTEES OF

CERTIFICATE OF OCCUPANCY.
5.0
CONCLUSION
6.0
SUMMARY
7.0
TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT
8.0
SUGGESTED FURTHER READING /REFERENCES

STATUTES
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LAND LAW II
MODULE 1
UNIT 1: THE LAND USE ACT
1.0
INTRODUCTION.
The Land Use Act which was enacted in 1978 is one of the most far
reaching and controversial legislations in Nigeria. The Act vests in
the Governor of a state, the ownership of the land in the state. It
was
enacted
primarily
to
contribute
to
the
government projects mostly in urban areas
stabilization
of
and control the
difficulties confronted by government when acquiring land for

development purposes. The Land Use Act 1978 was also meant to
address the uncoordinated and informal tenurial arrangement in the
Southern States which was prone to litigation. Such tenurial
arrangements also imposed impediments on modernization of the
agricultural sector and was anachronistic.
2.0
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this unit is to expose students to the fundamentals

of the Land use Act and to acquaint them with the status of private
interest in land under the Act.
3.0
STATE CONTROL OF LAND
The Land Use Act conferred Government with mandatory powers

over land acquisition in Nigeria. Section 1 provides that from the
commencement of the Land Use Act, all land comprised in the
territory of each state in the Federation are vested in the Governor
of the State and such Governor of that State and such land should
be held in trust and administered for the use and common benefit of
all Nigerians in accordance with the provisions of the Act. The
previous owners, communities families or individuals by virtue of
section 1 of the Land use Act are divested of the ownership of their
land whether occupied or unoccupied. Section 49 however expressly
provides that such ownership does not affect any title to land
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whether developed or undeveloped held by the Federal Government

or any agency of the Federal Government at the commencement of
the Land Use Act and such land shall continue to be so vested in
them. Section 50 (2) also vests the power to manage and control
such land in the President or Minister designated by him to exercise
such powers
All land in urban areas were designated to be under the control and
management of the Governor of each state, all other land were
delegated to the management of the Local Government within the
area of designation of which the land is located. Each state was
however mandated to establish the Land Use Allocation Committee
which was foisted with the responsibility of advising the Governor
on any matter connected with the resettlement of persons affected
by the revocation of rights of occupancy on the ground of overriding
public interest under the Act. It was also to determine disputes as
to the amount of
compensation payable
under the
Act for
improvements on land. See section 2 of the Land Use Act.

Each local Government was also mandated to establish a body to be
known as the Land Allocation Advising Committee to be vested with
the responsibility of advising the Local Government on any matter
connected with the management of land in the territory.
It was expected that by systematizing land allocation through the
Land Use Allocation Committee, the Act would enhance
the
possibility of Nigerians with the requisite capital can entrepreneurial

skill having access to agricultural land inspite of their ethnic or
geographical origin. It would remove the pre-existing obstacle to
land use premised on the notion of inalienability of land.
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3.1 PRIVATE INTERESTS IN LAND

The Land Use Act did not abrogate private interest in land by
vesting all lands in the state in the Governor rather citizens are
allowed to hold an interest called a right of occupancy.
In Adole v Gwar (2008) 11. NWLR (PT 1099)562, the supreme
Court while explaining the aim and purport of the Land Use Act
1978 held that it was not the intention of the Law maker that the
Land Use Act be used to divest citizens of their traditional titles to
land. Rather the Act is meant to strengthen ownership that derives
existence through traditional history. It is for that reason that the
Act recognize the existence of the title of a customary Land owner
over his parcel of land as a deemed holder where such land existed
before the commencement of the Land Use Act. This is however
subject to the Governments right of revocation of the holders right
for public interest as specified under the Act.
Section 34 provides that where the land in an urban area was
vested in a person before the commencement of the Act, the land
should continue to be held by him as if he was a holder of a
statutory right of occupancy issued by the Governor under the Act.
In the case of land that is undeveloped, where a person in whom it
was vested before the Act held more than half hectare, the holder is
only entitled to the grant of a statutory right of occupancy over one
plot or portion of the land not exceeding half hectare in area. His
rights over the excess land were extinguished and vested in the
Governor to be administered in accordance with the provisions of
the Act.
Where the land is located in a non urban area, only existing rights
over land which was at the commencement of the Act developed or
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which was being used for agricultural purpose were recognized.

Such land should continue to be held as if the holder was the
grantee of a customary right of occupancy issued by the local
Government.
Section 3 of the Land Use Act empowers the Governor to:
Subject to such general conditions as may
be specified by the National Council of
States, the Governor may for the purposes
of this Act by order published in the gazette
designate the parts of the area of the state
constituting land in urban area.
The power of the Governor of a state to grant statutory right of
occupancy or customary right of occupancy by the appropriate body
must not be exercised whimsically such as to deprive someone who
had lawful right or title to a parcel of land prior to the enactment of
the Land Use Act. Section 34 (1), (5) and (6) are transitional
provisions made for the preservation of interests in land held by
persons prior to the commencement of the Land Use Act. The
provisions are generally protective of the interest of persons in the
land held prior to the commencement of the land Use Act.
See Adole v Gwar (supra).
3.2
CATEGORISATION OF RIGHTS OF OCCUPANCY
Rights of occupancy under the Land Use Act are categorized as

follows:
(a)
Statutory right of occupancy expressly granted by the

Governor
(b)
Statutory right of occupancy deemed to be granted by the

Governor
(c)
Customary right of occupancy expressly granted by the

Local Government
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(d)
LAND LAW I
Customary Right of Occupancy deemed to be granted by a
Local Government.
A deemed grant comes
into existence
automatically by
the
operation of law and the grantee acquires a vested right just as an

actual grantee of a right of occupancy.
3.3 DISTINCTION BETWEEN GRANT OF STATUTORY AND
CUSTOMARY RIGHTS OF OCCUPANCY UNDER THE LAND USE
ACT.
The principal distinguishing factor is whether the deemed right of
occupancy was granted by the Governor or the Local Government.
The location of the land in an urban or non urban area is also a
factor for consideration in the grant of a right of occupancy
3.4
RIGHTS CONFERRED BY RIGHTS OF OCCUPANCY.
The Land Use Act has not been destroyed but redefined the concept
of land ownership. Section 5 (1)(a) of the Land Use Act empowers
the Governor of a state in respect of land whether or not in an
urban Area to grant of occupancy to any person for all purposes. A
statutory right of occupancy automatically extinguishes all existing
rights in respect of the parcel of land over which it is granted. See
Olagunju v Adeseye (2009) 9 NWLR (PT 1146) 225. The holder of a
statutory right of occupancy is in all respect the proprietor of the
land during the subsistence of the right. Section 14 of the land use
Act confers the holder of a statutory right of occupancy with
exclusive possession of the land against all persons other than the
Governor. Such rights are transferable to his heirs. Similarly section
24 of the land Use Act subject to the consent of the Governor been
first had and obtained, confirms that the holder of a statutory right
of occupancy has an alienable proprietary right.
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The tenor of the Land Use Act was to nationalize all lands in
Nigeria by vesting its ownership in the state. The maximum interest
preserved in the hands of individuals is a right of occupancy.
Where there is a subsisting grant of right of occupancy of a land,
any other deemed grant in respect of the land would be invalid see
Eleeran v Aderoupe (2008) 11 NWLR (PT 1097) p. 50
The holding of certificate of occupancy is evidence that a right of
occupancy has been conferred on the holder. It is Prima fascie
evidence of title of the land covered by it. Its exclusive possession is
however rebuttable
3.5 CONDITIONS FOR VALID GRANT OF CERTIFICATE OF
OCCUPANCY.
The prerequisite for a valid grant of a certificate of occupancy is that
there must not be in existence the valid title of another person with
legal interest in the same land at the time the certificate was
issued. In otherwords there must not be in existence at the time the
certificate was issued a statutory or customary owner of the land in
issue or dispute who was not divested of his legal interest in the
land prior to the grant. Where a certificate of occupancy is granted
to a person with a defective title, the certificate of occupancy is
invalid and the holder has no valid claim legally cognizable.
Section 34 of the Land Use Act relates to titles of persons with title
to land before the coming into force of the land Use Act. Vested
rights cannot be defeated by the application of section 1 and 5 of
the Act.
In Oniyale v Macaulay (2009) 7 NWLR (PT 1141) 597 the Supreme
Court held that where it is shown by evidence that another person
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other than the grantee of a certificate of occupancy had a better

right to the land upon which the grant relates, a court would have
no
option
but
to
set
aside
the
said
grant
or
otherwise
discountenance it as invalid, defective and / or spurious.

Once a statutory right of occupancy is issued when a deemed right
exists and has been revoked, the statutory right of occupancy
becomes a
worthless
document
because
there
cannot
exist
concurrently two title holders over one and the same piece of land.
Where there exists at the same time, two rights of occupancy to
different persons in respect of the same land, one must of necessity
be valid. The invalid one must be the latter right granted without
first revoking the former pursuant to section 28. A person does not
acquire a title by mere possession of a certificate of occupancy
See Nigerian Engineering Work Ltd v Denap Ltd (2001) 18 NWLR
(PT 746) 726.
4.0
CONDITIONS IMPOSED ON GRANTEES OF CERTIFICATE
OF OCCUPANCY.
Statutory right of occupancy granted pursuant to section 5(1)
should be for a definite term and might be granted subject to the
terms of any contract which may be made by the Governor and the
holder not being in consistent with the provision of the Land Use
Act. See section 8, section 9 of the Land Use Act provides that it
shall be lawful for the Governor
(a) when granting a statutory right of occupancy to any person or
(b) when any person is in occupation of land under a customary
right of occupancy and applies in the prescribed manner; or
(c) when any person is entitled to a statutory right of occupancy to
issue a certificate under his hand in evidence such right of
occupancy.
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Section 9 (2) provides that such certificate shall be termed a

certificate of occupancy and there shall be paid such fee as may be
prescribed.
It is provided further by section 10 that every certificate of
occupancy shall be deemed to contain provisions to the effect that
the holder of a right of occupancy shall bind himself to pay to the
Governor the amount found to be payable in respect of any
unexhausted improvements existing on the land at the date of his
entering into occupation. The holder binds himself to pay to the
Governor, the rent fixed by the Governor and any rent which may
be agreed or fixed on revision in accordance with the Governors
powers of rent revision pursuant to section 16 of the Land Use Act.
Non compliance with the requirement of rent payment renders the
certificate of occupancy issued by the Governor susceptible to
cancellation and the recovery from such person any expenses
incidental to such cancellation and revocation of the statutory right
of occupancy granted.
The holder of a statutory right of occupancy also has a duty to aloud
the Governor or any public officer duly authorized by the Governor
to enter upon and inspect the land comprised in any statutory right
of occupancy or any improvements effected on it at any reasonable
tome during the day see section 11 of the Land Use Act.
The occupier of a statutory right of occupancy is also mandated at
all times to maintain in good and substantial repair to the
satisfaction of the Governor or his appointee beacons or other
landmarks by which the boundaries of the land are defined. Failure
to comply with a notices of compliance served on him would render
such occupier liable to pay the expenses incurred by the Governor
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in defining the boundaries which the occupier neglected to define.

See section 13
5.0
CONCLUSION
Inspite of the expectations generated by the enactment of the Land

Use Act,
considerable
gaps
exist
between
expectations
and
achievement. The concept of inalienability of land remains prevalent

and endemic in rural areas. Speculation in land is rife and
Government acquisition of land for public purposes is often resisted
by individuals and corporations.
Due to the inherent controversy in the Act and its failure to provide
the touted panacea for land related issues, there have been
consistent request for its to be reviewed.
6.0
SUMMARY
(1)
The land Use Act nationalized all lands in Nigeria by vesting

it ownership in the state.
(2)
Citizens are allowed to hold an interest in land called a right of

occupancy
(3)
Rights of occupancy are categorized as statutory Right of

occupancy and deemed statutory rights of occupancy for lands
located in urban area and customary rights of occupancy and
deemed customary rights of occupancy for land in non urban
area
(4)
The occupier of land pursuant to a right of occupancy is issued

a certificate of occupancy.
(5)
The holder of a certificate of occupancy is obligated to pay

rents which is subject to revision to the Governor.
(6)
The validity of a certificate of occupancy is rooted in a grantee

having a legally cognizable interest in the land in respect of
which it is granted.
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(7)
The
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right
conferred
by
certificate
of
occupancy
is
transferable to heirs and capable of been alienated subject to

the Governors consent been first had and obtained
7.0
(i)
Distinguish between a deemed grant and a grant of statutory

and customary right of occupancy.
(ii)
Discuss proprietary interest in land conferred on private

individual under the land Use Act.
8.0
The Land Use Act Report of a National Workshop edited by

J.A Omotola (Lagos: Lagos University press, 1982)
Niki Tobi Cases and Materials on Nigerian Land Law (Lagos:

Mabrochi books, 1997)
Itse Sagay, Nigerian Bulletin of Contemporary Law, March

1987
STATUTE
Land Use Act Cap L5 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 2004.
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MODULE 1
UNIT 2:
ALIENATION OF CERTIFICATE OF OCCUPANCY
1.0
INTRODUCTION.
2.0
OBJECTIVE
3.0
MAIN CONTENT
3.1
EFFECT OF ALIENATION OF RIGHT OF OCCUPANCY

WITHOUT GOVERNORS CONSENT.
3.2.
ASSIGNATION OF GOVERNORS DUTY TO SIGN

LETTER GRANTING CONSENT
3.3
BURDEN OF PROOF OF VALIDITY OF CONSENT
3.4
PENAL SANCTIONS
3.5.
JURISDICTION OF COURT
4.0
CONCLUSION
5.0
SUMMARY
6.0
TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT /

SUGGESTED ANSWER
7.0
SUGGESTED FURTHER READING / REFERENCES

STATUE
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MODULE 1
UNIT 2: ALIENATION OF CERTIFICATE OF OCCUPANCY
1.0
INTRODUCTION.
The general intendment of the Land Use Act is to expressly vests

title, management and control of the use of land in the Governor
and regulate the interest of the land holder by prescribing consent
to alienate in all cases which involve subsequent transaction in land
covered by a right of occupancy.
2.0
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this unit is to acquaint students with the

requirement of obtaining of the consent of the Governor of the state
where the land is located as a procedural necessity for the
conferment of a valid title in land under the Land Use Act and
expose them to the requisite application for consent form.
3.0
MAIN CONTENT
By operation of law every holder of a right of occupancy, whether

statutory or otherwise is regarded as having been granted the right
by the State Government or Local Government for the purpose of
control and management of the said land.
The holder of a right of occupancy pursuant to section 5, 34 or 36 of
the land use Act requires the prior consent of the Governor before
he can transfer, mortgage or otherwise dispose of his interest in the
right of occupancy. Section 21 of the Land Use Act 1978 provides
that it shall not be lawful for any customary right of occupancy or
any part of it to be alienated by assignment, mortgage, transfer of
possession, sublease or otherwise howsoever without the consent of
the Governor in cases where the property is to be sold by or under
the order of any court under the provisions of the applicable Sheriffs
and Civil Process Law or in other cases without the approval of the
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appropriate local Government. It is similarly provided by section 22

of the land Use Act that:
It shall not be lawful for the holder of a
statutory right of occupancy granted by the
Governor to alienate his right of occupancy or
any part thereof by assignment, mortgage,
transfer of possession , sublease or otherwise
however without the consent of the Governor
first had and obtained.
Section 23(1) also provides:
A sub-lease of a statutory right of occupancy
may with the prior consent of the Governor
and with the approval of the holder of the
statutory right of occupancy demise by way of
sub-under lease to another person the land
comprised in the sublease held by him or any
portion of the land.
By the tone and tenor of this provision, it is clear and unequivocal
that the provision is mandatory. It makes the obtaining of the
Governors consent a pre condition for the validity of any alienation
of a right occupancy under the land Use Act 1978. Although there is
no time limit to the obtaining of the consent, before the alienation
can be valid or confer the desired right on the party intended to
benefit from it, the consent of the Governor is mandatory. It does
not by any means make the transaction without the requisite
consent inchoate. It makes it invalid until consent is obtained.
Section 22 (2) of the Land Use Act takes cognizance of cases where
some form of written agreement executed in evidence of a
transaction is submitted to the Governor in order to obtain his
consent as required by the section. e.g for a transaction in the
nature of conveyance to be valid the parties to it must first enter
into a binding agreement to alienate subject to the consent of the
Governor. It is that consent that vests a valid title on the purchaser.
See savannah bank of Nig. Ltd & anor. V Ammiel. O. Ajilo & anor
17
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(1989) ANLR 26 and C.C.C T.C.S Ltd v Ekpo (2008) 6 NWLR (PT
1083) 362
3.1 EFFECT OF ALIENATION OF RIGHT OF OCCUPANCY
WITHOUT GOVERNORS CONSENT.
The consequence of the unlawful act of alienating a right of
occupancy without the requisite consent of the Governor is stated in
section 26 of the land use Act 1978 as:
any transaction or any instrument which
purports to confer on or vest in any person any
interest or right over hand other than in
accordance with the provisions of this Act shall
be null and void.
As observed by Unsworth F. J in Solanke v Abed (1962) 1 ANLR
230, where a statute not only declares a contract or transaction
void but imposes a penalty for making it the contract is not merely
void but is also illegal.
The use of the word shall makes compliance with the provision
mandatory and not directory or discretionary.
In Awojugbagbe light Ind. Ltd v Chinukwe (1995) 4 NWLR (PT 390)
379 the supreme court held that the mandatory provision of section
22 (1) does not prohibit the holder of a statutory right of occupancy
from entering into some form of negotiations which may end with a
written agreement for presentation
to the
Governor for
his
necessary consent or approval. It does not cover any transaction

which effectively purport to enable an assignee, mortgagee or
sublessee of the right of occupancy to exercise his rights thereunder
without the prior consent of the Governor. However, such an
agreement becomes inchoate until the consent of the Governor is
obtained after which it can be said to be complete and fully
effective.
See also section 23 (1) of the Land Use Act which provides that:
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a sublease of a statutory right of occupancy
may with the prior consent of the Governor.
In P.I.P Ltd v Trade Bank (Nig) Plc (2009) 13 NWLR (PT 1159) 577,
the 2nd Respondent attempted to sell the property charged under
the mortgage transaction between it and the appellant without the
prior consent of the Governor having first had and obtained. The
court held it was attempting the impossible in view of the absolute
prescription of section 26 of the Land Use Act.
3.2. ASSIGNATION OF GOVERNORS DUTY TO SIGN LETTER
GRANTING CONSENT
Section 22 of the Land Use Act postulates that the Governor shall
sign the letter granting consent. In a situation where the Governor
cannot give the consent himself. Section 45 of the Land Use Act
provides that:
(1)
The Governor may delegate to the state commissioner all

or any of the powers conferred on the Governor by this Act
subject to such restrictions, conditions and qualifications
not being inconsistent with the provisions or general
intendment of this Act as the Governor may specify
(2)
Where the power to grant certificate has been delegated to

the state commissioner such certificates shall be expressed
to be granted on behalf of the Governor.
In U.B.N. PLC v Ayodare & Sons (Nig) Ltd (2007) 13 NWLR (PT
1052) 567, where the letter of approval for consent was not written
by the commissioner of Lands but by an Acting Chief Lands Officer
of the Ministry, the Supreme Court held that it negatively affected
the validity of the mortgage since for a letter of approval consent to
fulfill the consent provision of section 22 of the Land Use Act must
be written and signed by the commissioner for Lands as the
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Governors delegate and not a mere officer of the ministry as the

exercise of such authority by him was inappropriate
Section 45 (1) of the Land Use Act only gives a Governor the power
to delegate the authority granted under the Act. There is no
corresponding power of delegation granted to the Local Government
Samples of forms for subsequent transactions for Statutory Rights
of occupancy and Customary Rights of occupancy are as indicated in
samples 1, 2 and 3
3.3
BURDEN OF PROOF OF VALIDITY OF CONSENT
The burden of proving the invalidity of consent as recognized by the

Land Use Act lies on the Plaintiff who alledges that there was no
valid consent granted for the subsequent transaction. This is in
consonance with the evidential burden placed on the Plaintiff to the
effect that he who asserts must prove.
3.4
PENAL SANCTIONS
The Land Use Act criminalized the subdivision and laying out in plots
in excess of that granted by a right of occupancy without the prior
consent in writing of the Governor. See section 34 (7) of the Land
Use Act.
Any instrument purporting to transfer any interest in land in
contravention of section 34(7) was declared null and void and of
non effect. Any part to such instrument was guilty of an offence and
liable on conviction to a term of imprisonment for one year or a fine
of N5, 000. see section 34 (8)
Where the land is situated in a non urban area, any instrument
purporting to transfer any land shall be void and of no effect
whatsoever and every party to any such instrument was guilty of an
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offence and
on
conviction be
liable
to
a fine N5,000
and
imprisonment for one year.

3.5. JURISDICTION OF COURT
The High Court was conferred with exclusive original jurisdiction in
respect of proceeding relating to any land which was the subject of
a statutory right of occupancy granted by the Governor including
deemed grants as well as proceedings for a declaration of title to a
statutory right of occupancy
See section 39 (1) (a) where the proceedings relate to customary
right of occupancy granted by a Local Government under the Land
Use Act, an area court or customary court or other court of
equivalent jurisdictions was conferred with the jurisdiction to
determine issues relating to the grant of a customary right of
occupancy
see section 41 of the Land Use Act.
4.0
CONCLUSION
The consent provisions of the Land Use Act is evidently to control

land development and land acquisition with a view to ensuring that
the vesting of the control and management of land in a State in the
Governor of a state is not eroded.
5.0
SUMMARY
(1)
Section 21 and 22 of the Land Use Act prohibits the alienation

of a certificate of occupancy by the occupier of land by
assignment, mortgage, transfer of possession, sublease or
otherwise either wholly or partially.
(2)
The
Land
Use
Act
mandates
every
such
subsequent
transaction in land to be with the consent of the Governor first

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had and obtained by virtue of section 21(a) section 22, and

23 (1) of the Land Use Act.
(3)
The Governor is empowered to delegate his powers to grant

consent to alienate land to the state commissioner who can
validly grant the requisite consent.
(4)
The Land Use Act criminalizes any subsequent transaction in

land without the requisite Governors consent and an offender
is liable on violation to a term of imprisonment of one year or
N5,000 fine. See section 34 (8) and section 36 of the Land
Use Act
(5)
The High Court of the state is conferred with original

jurisdiction to entertain issues relating to land which is subject
to a grant of a statutory right of occupancy that is located in
an urban area. Area courts or customary courts or courts with
equivalent jurisdiction are conferred with jurisdiction to
adjudicates on issues arising from land covered by customary
right of occupancy. Sections 39 and 41 of the Land Use Act.
6.0 TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT

*
Analyse the effect of alienation of land without Governors

consent under the Land Use Act 1978.
SUGGESTED ANSWER
See section 26 of the Land Use Act 1976 and the cases of:
*
Awojugbagbe Light Industry Ltd v Chinukwe (1995) 4 NWLR

(PT 390) 397
C.C.C. T.C.S Ltd v Ekpo (2008) 6 NWLR (PT 1083) 362
Olalomi Ind. Ltd v NIDB Ltd v N.I.D.B. Ltd (2009) 16 NWLR

(PT 1167) 266
7.0
SUGGESTED FURTHER READING / REFERENCES

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NIKI TOBI Cases and Materials on Nigerian Land Law (Lagos:

Mabrochi Books, 1997)
J.A Omotola ed. The Land Use Act, Report of a National Workshop
(Lagos: Lagos University Press, 1986)
STATUTE
The Land Use Act 1978.
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MODULE 1
UNIT 3:
REVOCATION OF CERTIFICATE OF OCCUPANCY
1.0
INTRODUCTION.
2.0
OBJECTIVE
3.0
MAIN CONTENT
3.1
GROUNDS FOR REVOCATION OF STATUTORY

RIGHT OF OCCUPANCY.
3.1.1
OVERRIDING PUBLIC INTEREST
3.1.2
PUBLIC PURPOSE
3.1.3
BREACHES OF THE TERMS OF THE GRANT OF THE

3.2
PROCEDURE FOR REVOCATION OF CERTIFICATE

OF OCCUPANCY
3.2.1
CONDITION PRECEDENT
3.2.2
MODE OF SERVICE OF NOTICE
3.2.3
CONTENT OF A VALID NOTICE OF REVOCATION
4.0
CONCLUSION
5.0
SUMMARY
6.0
TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT/

SUGGESTED ANSWER
7.0
SUGGESTED FURTHER BEADING / REFERENCE

STATUTE
24
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LAND LAW I
MODULE 1
UNIT 3: REVOCATION OF CERTIFICATE OF OCCUPANCY
1.0
INTRODUCTION.
From the provisions of the consent provisions of the Land Use Act
discussed in the previous Unit. It is apparent that sections 21, 22
and 23 of the Land Use Act 1978 makes the prior consent of the
Governor of a state mandatory for the validity of every subsequent
transaction relating to a right of occupancy granted in the territory.
The penalty of non compliance includes rendering the transaction
void pursuant to section 34(8) and 36 (6) of the Land Use Act and
revocation of the Right of Occupancy granted in exercise of the
power conferred on the Governor by section 28 of the Land Use Act.
2.0
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this unit is to analyse the power of revocation

conferred on the Governor of a state for non compliance with the
provisions of the Land Use Act. The students are expected to be
acquainted with the procedural requirement for a valid exercise of
the power of revocation of Statutory Right of Occupancy by a
Governor
3.0
MAIN CONTENT
A proper and valid acquisition of land can only be done when the
provisions of the Land Use Act are strictly complied with.
section 28 of the Land Use Act empowers the Governor to revoke a
right of occupancy earlier granted. The Land Use Act is not as stated
by the supreme court in Adole & Gwar (2008) 11NWLR (PT1099)
562, a magic wand it is being portrayed to be or a destructive
monster that at once swallowed all rights on land and the Governor
or Local Government by the more issuance of a piece of paper
cannot divest
families of their homes and agricultural lands
overnight with a rich holder of certificate of occupancy driving them

25
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LAND LAW I
out with bulldozers and cranes unless land is acquired compulsorily

in accordance with the provisions of the Act.
3.1
GROUNDS FOR REVOCATION OF STATUTORY RIGHT OF
OCCUPANCY.
Section 28 ( 1) of the Land Use Act 1978 empowers the Governor of
a State to revoke a right of Occupancy.
The grounds upon which a certificate of occupancy can be revoked
include:
3.1.1 OVERRIDING PUBLIC INTEREST
Overriding public interest in the case of the a statutory right of
occupancy means:
(a)
the alienation by the occupier, by assignment, mortgage,
transfer of possession, sublease or otherwise of any right of

occupancy or part thereof contrary to the provisions of the Land Use
Act or of any regulations made there under 28(2)(a)
(b)
the requirement of the land by the Government of the state or
by a Local Government in the state in either case for public

purposes within the state or the requirement of the land by the
Government of the Federation for public purpose of the Federation
- section 28 (2) (b)
(c)
the requirement of the land for mining purpose or oil pipelines
or for ay purpose connected with it section 28(2) (c)

In the case of a customary right of occupancy, overriding public
interest means
(a)
the requirement of the land by the Government of the state or
by a Local Government in the State in either case for public purpose

within the state or the requirement of the land by the Government
of the Federation for public purposes of the federation .
26
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(b)
LAND LAW I
the requirement of the land for mining purposes or oil
pipelines or for any purpose connected with it.

(c)
the requirement of the land for the extraction of building
materials
(d)
the alienation by the occupier by sale, assignment, mortgage,
transfer of possession sublease, bequest or otherwise of the right of

occupancy without the requisite consent or approval.
3.1.2 PUBLIC PURPOSE
Public purpose on the basis of which a certificate of occupancy could
be revoked by the Government of a state is expressed in section 51
of the Land Use Act 1978 to include:
(a)
For exclusive Government Use or for general public use
(b)
For use by any body corporate direct established by law or by
any body corporate registered under the companies and Allied

Matters Act in respect of the Government own shares, stocks or
debentures.
(c)
For or in connection with sanitary improvements of any kind.
(d)
For obtaining control over land contiguous to any part or over
land the value of which will be enhanced by the construction of any

railway, road or other public work or convenience about to be
undertaken or provided by the Government
(e)
For obtaining control over land required for or in connection
with development of telecommunications or provision of electricity.

(f)
with mining purposes

(g)
with economic, industrial or agricultural development

(h)
with economic, industrial or agricultural development.

(i)
For educational and other social service.

27
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LAND LAW I
3.1.3 BREACHES OF THE TERMS OF THE GRANT OF THE

The Government may revoke a statutory right of occupancy on
grounds provided for in section 28(5) :
(a)
a breach of any of the provisions which a certificate of
occupancy is by section 10 of the Land Use Act deemed to contain

(b)
a breach of any term contained in the certificate of occupancy
or in any special contract made under section 8

(c)
a refusal or neglect to accept and pay for a certificate which
was issued in evidence of a right of occupancy but has been

cancelled by the Governor under section 10(3)
3.2 PROCEDURE FOR REVOCATION OF CERTIFICATE OF
OCCUPANCY:
The Land Use Act 1978 vests in the Governor administrative or
management powers over land in Urban area and constitutes him
only a trustee. Unless land is revoked in accordance with the
provision of the Land Use Act such revocation is invalid
3.2.1 CONDITION PRECEDENT
Section 28 of the Land Use Act provides that where title of the
holder of a right of occupancy is revoked, it is mandatory to put him
on notice about the revocation of title and proof of service of such
notice to the holder is fundamental to a valid revocation.
Section 28 (6) of the Land Use Act 1978 provides that the
revocation of a right of occupancy shall be signified under the hand
of a public officer duly authorized in that behalf by the Governor
and notice of it shall be given to the holder.
In Ononuju v A G Anambra State (2009) 10 NWLR (PT 1148) 182
the supreme court held that revocation of a right of occupancy can
28
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LAND LAW I
only be valid if notice of same has been issued and served on the
owner or occupier of the property concerned
3.2.2 MODE OF SERVICE OF NOTICE
Section 44 of the Land Use Act requires such notice to be effectively
served on the holder of the right occupancy by:
(a)
delivering it to the person on whom it is to be served or
(b)
leaving it at the usual or last known place of abode of that

person or
(c)
sending it in a prepaid registered letter addressed to that

person at his usual or last known place of abode or
(d)
in the case of an incorporated company or body, by delivering

it to the secretary or clerk of the company or body at its
registered or principal office or sending it in a prepaid
registered letter addressed to the secretary or clerk of the
company or body at the office.
(e)
if it is not practicable after reasonable inquiry to ascertain the

name or address of a holder or occupier of land on whom it
should be served by addressing it to him by the description of
holder or occupier of the premises (naming them) to
which it relates and by delivering it to some person on the
premises or if there is no person on the premises to whom it
can be delivered by effecting it or a copy of it to some
conspicuous part of the premises.
In Administrators / executors of the Estate of General Sani Abacha

(deceased) v Samuel David Eke Spiff & Ors (2009) 7 NWLR (PT
1139) 97 the supreme court held that it is not only unconscionable
to take away a piece of land already allocated and relocate same to
someone else without serving a notice of revocation on the earlier
allottee. It is also unlawful and unconstitutional to do so in Nigerian
Engineering Works Ltd v Denap Ltd (2001) 18 NWLR (PT 746) 726
29
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LAND LAW I
the supreme court similarly held that the powers of the Governor to
revoke any right of occupancy must be exercised in the overriding
interest of the public and more importantly the holder of the right of
occupancy being revoked must be notified in advance of the
revocation. The notice must state the reason or reasons for the
revocation and will give the holderopportunity
to make any
representation he or she wishes to make. Where the notice is not

given or it is inadequate or not in compliance with the provisions of
section 28 of the Act, the revocation will be null and void.
3.2.3 CONTENT OF A VALID NOTICE OF REVOCATION
Section 44(e) requires any notice required by the Land Use Act
1978 to be served on any person to be addressed to holder or
occupier of the premises to which it relates. In Ononuju v. A. G.
Anambra State (2009) 10 NWLR (PT 1148) 182, the supreme Court
emphasized that where a notice of revocation does not bear the
word holder or occupier, it is non compliant with section 44 of
the Land Use Act and it invalidates the notice of revocation of the
Appellants land and renders it null and void.
The revocation notice should be signified under the hand of a public
officer duly authorized in that behalf by the Governor and the notice
of it shall be given to the holder section 28 (6)
see also Adole v Gwar (supra)
4.0
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, inspite of the power vested in the Governor to revoke

a holder or occupiers right of occupancy, the scope and extent of
the exercise of his powers is regulated by the necessity to notify
such holder or occupier of the revocation. Non compliance renders
the revocation invalid, null and void.
5.0
SUMMARY
30
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1.
LAND LAW I
Section 28 of the Land Use Act empowers the Governor of a

state to revoke a right of occupancy granted to a holder or
occupier for overriding public interest
2.
A Right of occupancy can also be revoked for public purpose

section 51
3.
Breaches of the terms of the grant of the certificate of

occupancy is one of the grounds pursuant to which a
Governor can revoke a right of occupancy section 8 and 10
of the Land Use Act.
4.
Notification of the holder or occupier of the land of the

Governments revocation
of
the
right
of
occupancy
in
mandatory
5.
Non Compliance with the issuance of notice of revocation to

the occupier invalidates the revocation and renders it null and
void.
6.
For a notification to be valid the notice must be served on the

occupier
personally
or
conspicuously
displayed
on
the
premises to bring it to the attention of the occupier.

7.
Such notice is required to be signified under the hand of a

public officer duly authorized in that behalf of the Governor
and holder should be served with the notice.
6.0
Lola claims ownership of an expanse of land at Umara in Benin City

alledgedly compulsorily acquired by government on the revocation
of the deemed grant of a right of occupancy in her favour to
establish a community hospital. The government is relying on
section 28 of the Land Use Act 1978 while Lola contends that no
notice of revocation was served on her. Advise the parties.
SUGGESTED ANSWER
31
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*
LAND LAW I
The scope and extent of power of revocation conferred on the

Governor by section 28 is regulated by the Land Use Act.
Section 51 (1) (i) stipulates the establishment of a hospital

which constitutes a social service as one of the public
purposes for which the government can validly revoke a right
of occupancy granted a holder or occupier of land.
section 44(a) , (b) and (c) of the Land Use Act 1978 however
mandates the Government to issue and serve the holder or
occupier a notice of revocation. Failure to serve Lola with a
notice of revocation constitutes non compliance with section
44 and renders the revocation of Lolas right of occupancy by
the government invalid, null and void
cite the cases of Ononuju v A.G. Anambra (supra) and

Nigerian Engineering Works Ltd v Denap Ltd
Advice the
Government to issue Lola a revocation notice as a prerequisite for a valid exercise of its power to revoke her right
of occupancy on grounds of public purpose
*
Advice Lola that the Government is anpowered by the Land

Use Act to revoke a right of occupance on the issuance and
service of a notice of revocation on the holder. Her only
course of action is to insist on been the issuance of a notice of
revocation
on
her.
She
can
subsequently
request
for
compensation from the government for the revocation of her

right of occupancy.
7.0
SUGGESTED FURTHER BEADING / REFERENCE
The Land Use Act Report of a National Workshop edited by

J.A Omotola (Lagos: Lagos University Press, 1982)
STATUTE
Land Use Act Cap L5, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 2004.
32
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LAND LAW I
MODULE 1
UNIT 4:
COMPENSATION
1.0
INTRODUCTION.
2.0
OBJECTIVE
3.0
MAIN CONTENT.
3.1
PAYMENT OF COMPENSATION
3.2
QUANTUM OF COMPENSATION
3.3
COMPENSATION FOR LEASEHOLD INTEREST
3.4
INTEREST PAYABLE ON COMPENSATION
3.5
DISPUTE RESOLUTION
4.0
CONCLUSION
5.0
SUMMARY
6.0.
7.0
SUGGESTED FURTHER READING/REFERENCES

STATUTE
33
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LAND LAW I
MODULE 1
UNIT 4: COMPENSATION
1.0
INTRODUCTION.
The right of an individual to acquire and own land in any part of

Nigeria is one of the fundamental rights guaranteed by the 1999
constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. The legal right of the
Government to compulsorily acquire land which is subject to right of
occupancy by revoking it is also recognized by the constitution.
section 43 of the constitution provides:
subject to the provision of this constitution,
every citizen of Nigeria shall have the right to
acquire
and
own
immovable
property
anywhere in Nigeria.
section 44(a) provides:
No moveable property or any interest in an
immovable property shall be taken possession
of compulsorily in any part of Nigeria except in
the manner and for the purpose prescribed by
a law that among other things.
(a)
requires the prompt payment of compensation therefore.
(b)
gives to any person claiming such compensation a his interest
in the property and the amount of compensation to a court of law or

tribunal or body having jurisdiction in that part of Nigeria.
Pursuant to these constitutional provision, section 29 of the Land
Use Act provides that if a right of occupancy is revoked, the holder
and the occupier should be entitled to compensation for the value at
the date of the revocation and the unexhausted improvements. The
holder may also exercise the option to accept resettlement for such
revocation.
2.0 OBJECTIVE
34
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LAND LAW I
The objective of this unit is to establish a balance between the

Governments right to revoke a right of occupancy granted on
grounds of public interest, public purpose or breach of the terms of
the grant and a persons corresponding entitlement to compensation
for such deprivation of a right of occupancy which is enforceable
against the government
3.0
MAIN CONTENT.
Section 44(1) of the 1999 constitution is that no property of a

citizen should be taken from him except in compliance with due
process of law. See Seleh v Monguno (2006) 15 NWLR (PT 1001) 26
at 70.
Section 29 of the Land Use Act provide that where the right of
occupancy has been revoked on grounds that the lands is required
for mining purposes, oil pipelines or purposes connected with it or
for the extraction of building materials, there is a corresponding
obligation on the Government to pay the holder or occupier
compensation.
In Eif Petroleum Nigeria Limited v Daniel C. Umah & ors (2007) 1
NWLR (PT 1014) 44 the court held that having fouled to acquire the
Plaintiffs land for the purpose of establishing a gas plant at Obite
Community in Ogba /Egbema /Ndoni Local Government Area of
Rivers State, by valid revocation and payment of compensation to
the Plaintiffs, it was unconscionable for the Defendant Appellant to
go on the Plaintiff/Respondent land to conduct oil exploration
activities
3.1
PAYMENT OF COMPENSATION
section 29 (3) of the Land Use Act stipulates that if the holder or
occupier entitled to compensation is a community, it may be
directed by the Governor that such compensation should be made
payable to
35
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(a)
LAND LAW I
The Community
or
(b)
The Chief or Leader of the Community to be disposed of by
him for the benefit of the community in accordance with the

applicable customary 1
or
(c)
into some fund specified by the Governor for the purpose of
being utilized or applied for the benefit of the community

3.2
QUANTUM OF COMPENSATION
Compensation to be paid to the holder or occupier in accordance

with section 29 (4) relates to :
(a)
the land, for an amount equal to the rent, if any, paid by the
occupier during the year in which the right of occupancy was

revoked.
(b)
building, installation or improvement thereon for the amount
of the replacement cost of the building, installation or improvement

that is to say, such cost as may be assessed on the basis of the
prescribed method of assessment as determined by the appropriate
officer less any depreciation, together with interest at the bank rate
for delayed payment of compensation and in respect of any
improvement in the nature of reclamation works, being such cost
thereof as may be substantiated by documentary evidence and
proof to the satisfaction of the appropriate officer.
(c)
crops on
land apart from
any
building installation
or
improvement thereon for an amount equal to the value as

prescribed and determined by the appropriate officer.
Were however the land which is subject to compensation in
accordance with 29 (4) forms part of a larger area, in computing
the compensation payable, it shall be less a proportionate amount
calculated in relation to that part of the area not affected by the
36
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LAND LAW I
revocation. Any interest payable
shall also
be assessed and
computed in a similar manner.

- Section 2a(5) of Land Use Act
Where there are buildings, installations, or improvements or crops
on the land the compensation shall be computed in the same
manner as stipulated in 29(5) of the Land Use Act .
Installation is defined in section 29(7) of the Land Use Act as
relating to mechanical apparatus set up or put in position for use or
materials set up in or on land or other equipment but excludes
fixtures inn or any building.
3.3. COMPENSATION FOR LEASEHOLD INTEREST
Section 35 of the Land Use Act stipulates that where
compensation
relatestoland held
under
leasehold
the
whether
customary or otherwise and is comprised of an estate laid out by

any person, group or family entitled to the reversionary interest,
the Governor shall in respect of improvement pay to that person,
group or family compensation as specified in section 29 of the Land
Use Act discussed in 3.0 and 3.1
There shall also be deductible from the compensation payable under
section 3500 any levy by way of development or similar charges
paid in respect of the improvement on the land by the lessee to the
person group or family in which the reversionary interest of the
leasehold
vests
determinable by
and
the
the
amount
Governor
to
be
deducted
taking cognizance
of
shall
be
all the
circumstances of the case.

3.4
INTEREST PAYABLE ON COMPENSATION
The Land Use and Allocation Committee by virtue of section 29(4)

(b) of the Land Use Act empowers the Land Use and Allocation
Committee to calculate the interest payable at bank rate for delayed
37
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LAND LAW I
payment of compensation and in respect of any improvement in the

nature
of
reclamation
substantiated
by
works
being
documentary
such
evidence
cost
and
as
may
be
proof
to
the
satisfaction of the appropriate officer.

In Yakubu v M. W.T Adamawa State (2006) 10 NWLR (PT 989) 513
the
Land
Use
Allocation
committee
delayed
payment
of
compensation for the demolition of the Appellants building in Yola

Metropolis over which the Appellants had a valid certificates of
occupancy and approved building plans for the property demolished.
The court held that the Appellants were entitled to 32 percent
interest per annum on the N1,447, 409.34 interest payable by the
Respondent as compensation.
3.5
DISPUTE RESOLUTION
Where there is dispute as to the amount of compensation calculated

in accordance with section 29 of the Land Use Act, parties are at
liberty to refer their dispute to the Land Use and Allocation
Committee which is empowered by section 30 of the Land Use Act
to resolve such disputes.
Section 44(1) (b) of the 1999 constitution, also gives a person
claiming compensation for being dispossessed of his proprietary
rights, a right of access for the determination of his interest in the
property and the amount of compensation to a court of law or
tribunal or body having jurisdiction in that part of Nigeria.
4.0
CONCLUSION
Sanctity of
proprietary rights of
citizens
is enshrined as
fundamental human right in the 1999 constitution of the Federal

Republic of Nigeria. Inspite of the fact that the Government right to
infringe on this right is recognized under the Land Use Acts
38
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LAND LAW I
provisions for revocation on grounds of public interest and for public

purpose, it is mandated to be subject to the notification of the
occupier and the payment
to
him of compensation for
the
infringement of his proprietary rights. The right of access to the

courts by aggrieved persons whose right of occupancy have been
revoked is to ensure that the right of revocation conferred on the
Governor by section 28 of the Land Use Act is not exercised
arbitrarily and displaced persons are adequately compensated.
5.0
SUMMARY
(1)
Section 44(1) of the 1999 Nigeria constitution provides for the

payment of compensation to persons whose property have
been compulsorily acquired
(2)
Section 29 of the Land Use Act provides of the payment of

compensation to holders or4 occupiers of Land who right of
occupancy have been revoked or grounds of public purpose pr
public interest
(3)
The quantum of compensation payable to
the occupier
depends on the buildings, installation, improvements or crops

on the Land
(4)
The Land Use and Allocation Committee is empowered to

calculated interest payable on delayed compensation
(5)
Where there is dispute as to amount of compensation

calculated as payable to an occupier, he is at liberty to refer
their dispute to the Land Use and Allocation Committee as
provided by section 30 of the Land Use Act.
(6)
An occupier can also institute proceedings in the High Court of

the State, where he is of the view that his propriety right has
been infringed on.
39
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(7)
LAND LAW I
An occupier whose right of occupancy, has been revoked

could opt for resettlement in lieu of the payment of monetary
compensation by government.
(8)
Quantum compensation payable under the Land Use Act is

also applicable to leasehold interest.
6.0. TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT

A valid revocation of a right of occupancy granted under the Land
Use Act 1978 is subject to the payment of compensation to the
occupier or holder. DISCUSS
SUGGESTED ANSWERS
*
Compensation for revocation of a right of occupancy is only
applicable to revocation of right of occupancy on grounds of public

interest and for the public purpose as provided by section 29(1) and
29 (2) . Where however the revocation is on grounds of breaches of
the provisions of the Land Use Act pursuant to section 28 (5) of the
Act
7.0
SUGGESTED FURTHER READING/REFERENCES
Niki Tobi Cases and Materials on Nigerian Land Law (Lagos:

Mabrochi Books, 1997).
STATUTE
The Land Use Act 1978.
40
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LAND LAW I
MODULE 2
STATE CONTROL OF NATURAL RESOURCES
UNIT 1:
STATE CONTROL OF NATURAL RESOURCES
1.0
INTRODUCTION.
2.0
OBJECTIVE
3.0
STATE CONTROL OF MINERALS
3.1
DEFINITION OF MINERALS
3.2
CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS
3.3
CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT OF MINERAL

RESOURCES.
3.4
IMPLICATION OF STATE CONTROL AND

MANAGEMENT OF MINERALS
3.4.1
PRINCIPLE OF DERIVATION
4.0
NIGERIAN OIL AND GAS CONTENT DEVELOPMENT

ACT 2010.
4.1
WHAT IS NIGERIAN CONTENT
4.2
WHAT DOES NIGERIA OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY

MEAN?
5.0
SOVEREIGN INVESTMENT AUTHORITY

(ESTABLISHMENT ETC) ACT 2011
6.0
CONCLUSION
7.0
SUMMARY
8.0
TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT/ SUGGESTED

ANSWERS
9.0

STATUTES
41
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LAND LAW I
MODULE 2
UNIT 1: MINERALS
1.0
INTRODUCTION.
A natural resource is any material in its native state which when

extracted has economic value. Timberland, oil and gas wells, ore
deposits and other products of nature that have economic value are
example of natural resource.
The term includes not only timber, gas, oil, coal, minerals, lakes
and submerged lands but also features which supply human need
and contribute to the health, welfare and benefit of a community
and are essential to the well being thereof and proper enjoyment of
property devoted to park and recreational purposes.
See A-G Federation V A-G Abia State (No.2) (2002) 6
NWLR (PT 764) 542.
The control and proprietary rights over natural resources in Nigeria
under or upon any land in Nigeria rivers, streams, water courses or
territorial waters is vested in the Government of the Federation for
and on behalf of the people of Nigeria.
Section 1 of the Land Use Act which vests control of all lands in the
states of the Federation in the government also divests citizens of
both land and natural
resources. There have
been constant
agitation by communities to have greater share in the revenue

accruing to the state from the exploitation of the natural resources
located in their communities. These have ranged from civil protests,
kidnapping to environmental terrorism including blowing up of oil
rigs, pipeline vandalisation and incineration of vehicles used for
transportation of natural resources.
2.0
OBJECTIVE
42
LAW422
LAND LAW I
The objective of this unit is to examine control of natural resources

by the state with a view to acquainting the students with the
existing laws regulating the management and control of mineral
resources in Nigeria.
3.0
STATE CONTROL OF MINERALS
Nigerian Minerals and Mining Act 2007 which repealed the Minerals
and Mining Act No 34 of 1999 was enacted for the purpose of
regulating all aspects of the exploration and exploitation of solid
minerals in Nigeria and related purposes.
3.1 DEFINITION OF MINERALS
Minerals or mineral resources is defined by the Nigerian Minerals
and mining Act as any substance whether in solid, liquid or gaseous
form occurring in or on the earth, formed by or subjected to
geological processes including occurrences or deposits of rocks,
coal, coal bed gases, bituminous shales, tar sands, any substances
that may be extracted from coal, shale or tar sands, mineral water
and mineral components in tailings and waste piles but with
exclusion of petroleum and water without mineral content.
3.2
CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS
Minerals are essentially classified into two. They are:

(e)
Floating Mineral: These are minerals which are spilted over

the land. It is not necessary to dig the land to have access
to it e.g. ash, salt potash, and gas.
(f)
Underground minerals: This refers to minerals that are

embedded in the soil and have to be dug out for access to
be obtained to them.
3.3
CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT OF MINERAL RESOURCES.
43
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LAND LAW I
The entire property in and control of all mineral resources in and

upon any land in Nigeria, the continental shelf and all rivers streams
and water courses throughout Nigeria, any area covered by its
territorial waters or constituency and the Exclusive Economic Zone
is vested in the Government of the people of Nigeria. - Section 1 (i)
of the Nigerias Minerals and Mining Act 2007
- Section 1 of the petroleum Act vests the entire ownership and
control of all petroleum in, under or upon any lands in Nigeria,
under the territorial water and forms part of the Exclusive Economic
Zone of Nigeria in the federal Government.
Section 44
(3)
of
the
Nigerian constitution
similarly.
vests
ownership and control of all minerals, mineral oils and natural gas
and entire petroleum in Nigeria in the Federal Government
All lands in which minerals have been found in commercial
quantities from the commencement of the mining act is liable to
been acquired by the government of the Federation in accordance
with the provision of the Land Use Act discussed in the previous
Module.
The government is however empowered to transfer its proprietary
interest to any person by whom the mineral resources are lawfully
won upon their recovery in accordance with the Minerals Act.
To ensure the orderly and sustainable development of Nigerias
Mineral resources and the development of a well planned and
coherent programme of exploitation of mineral resources taking
cognizance of economic development, ecological and environmental
functions, the minister responsible for solid minerals is empowered
by the Act to monitor compliance with its provisions. See section 4
of the Act.
44
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LAND LAW I
The right to search for or exploit mineral resources is conferred by

the Minister in the form of:
(a)
a reconnaissance permit
(b)
an exploration licence
(c)
a small scale mining lease
(d)
a mining lease
(e)
a quarry lease and
(f)
a water use permit.
Exploitation of mineral resources without the issuance of a valid

permit or authority granted by the Minister is punishable under the
Act section 46 (2) of the Act.
Every holder of an exploration licence is obligated to conduct
exploration activities in a safe, friendly, skilful, efficient and
workman like manner in accordance with the regulations. The
licensee is also mandated to conduct exploration activities in an
environmentally and socially responsible manner section 61 of the
Act
3.4
IMPLICATION OF STATE CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT
OF MINERALS.
The implication of state control and management of resources is
that the government has sole power to exploit or grant or revoke
licences to individuals or corporations to exploit mineral resources.
The government also has the sole responsibility for fixing prices for
minerals exploited in Nigeria.
The communities where the minerals are located have no input
whatsoever in the exploitation of the mineral since they are mere
occupiers under the Land Use Act. This is however without
45
LAW422
prejudice to
LAND LAW I
their right to
enter
into
negotiations with
the
prospecting or exploration company to pay rents to them to be

granted access to the mineral source and compensation for damage
to crops and other property.
Oil producing states in Nigeria are however given preferential
treatment in the sharing of revenue accruing to Nigeria from crude
oil. Section 162 (2) of the 1999 constitution and item 36 of the
Exclusive legislative list vests resource ownership in the Federal
Government but provide that the revenue from the resources should
be distributed between the federal government and state of the
federation from which the resources dereived
3.4.1 PRINCIPLE OF DERIVATION
It is provided that under the principle of derivation that revenue
accruing to the Federation account from any natural resources is
deemed to have been derived from the state where such resources
are located, and not less than 13% of the revenue accruing to the
federation account directly from any natural resource shall be
payable to the state of the federation from which such natural
resource is derived.
For a State to qualify for this allocation of funds from the Federation
Account, the natural resources must have come from within the
boundaries of the state. That is the resources must be located
within the state.
The provisions are not limited to littoral states but all states from
which revenue in derived from their natural resources.
in A-G, Federation V A-G Abia State (No.2) 2002 6NWLR (PT
764) 542.
46
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LAND LAW I
The Supreme Court affirmed that the fact that Nigeria is a sovereign
state, is accorded control and sovereignty over its territorial waters,
the contiguous zone and the continental shelf by the municipal and
Geneva conventions. None of the littoral state is sovereign. They
are part and parcel of the sovereign independent state of Nigeria.
Non e of them can exercise any control beyond the land mass of
their respective states. They cannot claim that revenue accruing
from mineral resources offshore belongs to any of them. Whatever
revenue accrues from drilling offshore belongs to the whole
federation of Nigeria based on section 162 of the constitution.
The principle of derivation according to Mudiaga Odje is the:
recognition of a prior beneficial right that was
subsequently expropriated. Thus the principle
of derivation is a form of compensation and /
or reparation for an expropriated interest.
The adequacy of the present 13 percent derivation percentage has
been generating considerable agitation in oil producing communities
in Nigeria who are demanding autonomous control of the revenue
accruing from their states. Such States including Akwa Ibom, Cross
River State, Edo, Delta, Bayelsa and Rivers State are unwavering in
their demand.
The feeling of discontent among oil producing communities has
propelled ethnic militias to engage in kidnapping, blowing up of oil
wells and the perpetration of heinous environmental crimes.
To ensure greater participation of Nigerians and host communities
in the oil and gas sector, the Nigerian oil and gas industry Content
Development Act 2010 was enacted.
4.0 NIGERIAN OIL AND GAS CONTENT DEVELOPMENT ACT
2010.
47
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LAND LAW I
The Act provides for the development of Nigerian Content in the

Nigerian oil and gas industry. All regulatory authorities, operators,
contractor subcontractors alliance partners and other
entities
involved in any projects operation, activity or transactions in the

Nigerian oil and gas industry are mandated to consider Nigerian
content
as
an
importantelement of their
overall
project
development, and management philosophy for project execution.

See section 2 of the Act.
4.1 WHAT IS NIGERIAN CONTENT
Nigerian content means the quantum of composite value added to
or created in the Nigerian economy by a systematic development of
capacity and capabilities through the deliberate
utilization of
Nigerian human, material resources and services in the Nigerian oil

and gas industry.
4.2
It
WHAT DOES NIGERIAN OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY MEAN?

refers
to
all
activities
connected
with
the
exploration,
development, exploitation, transportation and sale of Nigerian oil

and gas resources including upstream and downstream oil and gas
operations.
Section 28 of the Act provides that Nigerians shall be given the first
consideration for employment and training in any project prompter
in the Nigerian oil and gas industry.
Section 28 (2) however mandates the Board to ensure that the
operator or project promoter maintains a reasonable number of
personnel from areas it has significant operations.
The above provisions is a palliative measure for host communities in
the exploitation of their mineral resource.
48
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LAND LAW I
In the light of the socio-economic challenges Nigeria is confronted

with, the implementation of the National Content Act has been
viewed with reservation in view of the fact that is essentially a
forced arrangement between multinational corporations operating in
the oil and gas sector and indigenes or locals
To ensure that revenue accruing from natural resources is property
managed
and
controlled,
Nigeria
established
the
sovereign
investment Authority (Establishment Etc) Act 2011

5.0
SOVEREIGN INVESTMENT AUTHORITY ESTABLISHMENT
ETC) ACT 2011

It is known as the Nigerian sovereign welfare fund Act. It was
enacted by the National Assembly on May 11, 2011. It established
the Nigerian Sovereign Investment Authority (NSIA) and conferred
it with the responsibility to receive manage, and invest in diversified
portfolios the medium and long term revenue of the
Federal
Government of Nigeria, the 36 States of the Federation, the Federal

Capital Territory and the Local Government Areas and Area Council
in Nigeria.
The Act was necessitated by the recognition of the depletion of non
renewable natural resources in Nigeria, the need to provide for
future consumption, future generation, boost the economic profile
of Nigeria to make it attractive to foreign investors as well as
engage in infrastructural development.
6.0
CONCLUSION
The control and management of Mineral resources in Nigeria is

vested in the federal government irrespective of the community
where it is located. The states where the resources are located are
49
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LAND LAW I
however entitled to 13 percent of the revenue accruing directly from

any mineral resources located in their state.
7.0
SUMMARY
(1)
Mineral resources refer to solid, liquid or gaseous substances

occurring in or on the earth formed by or subjected to
geological processes.
(2)
Minerals are classified into floating minerals and underground

minerals.
(3)
The entire property and control of mineral resources in

Nigeria, the continental shelf and all rivers, streams and water
courses throughout Nigeria any area covered by its territorial
waters or constituency and the exclusive economic zone is
vested in the Government of the Federation for and on behalf
of the people of Nigeria.
(4)
Exploration of mineral resources without a valid licence issued

by the Minister for solid minerals constitutes a punishable
offence.
(5)
States are entitle to 13 percent of revenue accruing to the

Federal Government from mineral resources located in their
states.
(6)
The Nigerian Oil and Gas Content Development Act 2010

mandates the Board to ensure that operator or project
promoter maintains a reasonable number of personnel from
areas it has significant operation.
(7)
To ensure sustainable utilization of revenue accruing from non

renewable natural resource for the benefit of the present and
future generations, boost Nigerias economic profile and
attract foreign investors, in May 11, 2011, Nigeria enacted
the Sovereign Investment Authority (Establishment Etc) Act.
8.0

50
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LAND LAW I
Section 1 of the Land Use Act which vests control of the Land
comprised in each territory of the state in the Federal Government
includes the Mineral Resources, DISCUSS
SUGGESTED ANSWERS
*
Definition of natural resources relates to mineral resources on

the land or submerged in the land and are therefore part of
the land vested in the Federation.
Section (1) (1) of the Minerals and Mining Act 2007
Section 1 of the Petroleum Act 1969 refers to petroleum in

under or upon any land
A-G Federation V A-G Abia State (No.2) (2002) 6 NWLR (PT

764) 542
9.0
The Land Use Act edited by J A Omotola (Lagos: Lagos

University Press 1986) 27
International Energy Law Review (IELR) issue 2, 2009.
Akpo Mudiaga Odje Challenges of True Federalism and

Resources Control in Nigeria (Lagos: Quadroon Impressions
Ltd 2002) 368
STATUTE
Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999
Land Use Act 1978
Nigerian Minerals and Mining Act 2007
Nigerian Oil and Gas Content Development Act 2010.
Sovereign Investment Authority (Establishment Etc) Act 2011
51
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LAND LAW I
MODULE 2
UNIT 2:
STATE CONTROL OF WATER RESOURCES
1.0
INTRODUCTION.
2.0
OBJECTIVE
3.0
STATE CONTROL OF WATER
3.1
DEFINITION OF WATER
3.2
CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT OF WATER

RESOURCES.
3.2.1
ACQUISITION OF RIGHTS TO USE OR TAKE WATER
3.3
CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT OF WATER

POLLUTION.
3.4.
PENALTY FOR BREACH OF REGULATION.
4.0
CONCLUSION
5.0
SUMMARY
6.0
TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT/ SUGGESTED

ANSWERS
7.0

STATUTES
52
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LAND LAW I
MODULE 2
UNIT 2: STATE CONTROL OF WATER RESOURCES
1.0
INTRODUCTION.
The Management and control of water which is a natural resource is

vested in the Government of the Federation of Nigeria. Any person
may however utilize water for domestic purpose, fishing or for
watering livestock and for personal irrigation schemes. Rates may
however be levied for the usage of water.
2.0
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this unit is to expose students to the designation of

water as natural resources.
Due to the unrestricted or free usage of water it is hardly ever
strictly regulated as a natural resource could make them oblivious
of this fact.
3.0
STATE CONTROL OF WATER
The water Resource Act 1993 Cap W2 laws of the Federation of

Nigeria 2004, vests the right to the use and control of all surface
and ground water and of any water course affecting more than one
state as described in the schedule to the Act which refers to all
water, whether surface
or underground,
from time
to
time
contained within or flowing or percolating through such sources and

tributaries and catchments areas thereof together with the bed and
banks in the government of the Federation.
See section 1(1) of the Act.
3.1 DEFINITION OF WATER
Water is defined by the Blacks Law Dictionary 8th Edition as the
transparent liquid that is chemical compound of hydrogen and
53
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LAND LAW I
oxygen (H20) or a body of this liquid as in stream, river, lake or

ocean.
3.2
CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES.
The
Federal
Government
is
vested
with
the
control
and
management of water resource in Nigeria for the purpose of :

(a)
Promoting the optimum planning development and use of

Nigerias water resources.
(b)
Ensuring the coordination of such activities as are likely to

influence
the quality,
quantity distributions,
use
and
management of water.
(c)
Ensuring the application of appropriate standards and

techniques for the investigation use, control, protection
management and administration of water resources; and
(d)
Facilitating technical assistance and rehabilitation for water

supplies see section 1
Notwithstanding these vesting provision any person may

(i)
Take water without charge for his domestic purpose or for
watering his livestock from any water course to which the public has
free access
Water Course is defined in section 20 of the Act as including any
rivers creek, stream, spring, lake, lagoon, swamp, marsh or any
other course for water
(ii)
Use water for the purpose of fishing or for navigation to the
extent that such use is not inconsistent with any other law for the
time being in force.
(iii)
who has a statutory or customary right of occupancy to any
land, may take and use water from the underground water source
54
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LAND LAW I
or if abutting on the bank of any water course from that water

course without charge for domestic purposes for watering livestock
and for personal irrigation schemes see section 2 of the Act.
The Minister charged with responsibility for matters relating to
water resources is empowered to
(a)
Define the place from which or the manner in which and

times at which water may be taken or used.
(b)
Fix, in times of actual or anticipated shortage of water, the

amount which may be taken by any person for such
purpose.
(c)
Prohibit temporarily or permanently the taking or use of

water from any source for such purpose when in his
opimon, the taking or use of such water would be
hazardous to health
(d)
Revoke a right to use or take water when such a right is

likely to override the public interest.
(e)
Require to be examined or licensed any person undertaking

the work of drilling for water.
(f)
Regulate the place, depth, manner of construction or mode

of operation of any borehole or well and
(g)
Define the times at which water may be taken from such

borehole or well.
3.2.1 ACQUISITION OF RIGHTS TO USE OR TAKE WATER .

Any person or any public authority may acquire a right to use or
take water from any water course or any groundwater for any
purpose in accordance with the provision of Water Resource Act.
Section 3 prohibits discharge of oil into Nigeria water and mandates
the installation of anti pollution equipment in ships.
55
LAW422
Section 25,
LAND LAW I
of
Petroleum Drilling
and
Production
Regulation
established that reasonable measures should be taken to prevent

water pollution and end it when it occurs.
Territorial waters Act Cap T5 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 2004
makes punishable, any act or omission committed within Nigerian
water which would be an offence under any other existing law.
The harmful wasted (special Criminal Provision Etc) Act prohibits the
carrying, depositing and dumping of harmful waste on any land,
territorial waters, contagious zone, Exclusive Economic Zone of
Nigeria or its land waterways and prescribes severe penalties for
any person found guilty of any crime relating thereto
3.3
CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT OF WATER POLLUTION.
The Water Resource Act mandates the minister for water resources
to prohibit or regulate the carrying out of any activities on land or
water which are likely to interfere with the quantity or quality of any
water in any water course or ground water - section 8.
Pollution is stated in section 20 of the Act to mean any direct or
indirect alteration of the physical, thermal, chemical, biological or
radioactive properties of any water or groundwater so as to render
such water or groundwater less fit for any beneficial purpose for
which it is or may reasonably be used or to cause a condition which
is hazardous or potentially hazardous to public health, safety,
welfare to animals, birds, wildlife, fish or aquatic life or to plants.
Section 1 of Oil in Navigable Waters Act/ Cap 06 Laws of the
Federation of Nigeria 2004 prohibit the discharge of oil from ships
and water pollution by oil spillage.
The
National
Environmental
Standards
And
Regulation
(Enforcement) Agency Act 2007, prohibits the discharge in such

56
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LAND LAW I
harmful quantities of any hazardous substance into waters of

Nigeria or adjoining shorelines except as permitted or authorized by
the law in force in Nigeria. section 27(1)
The Agency also has the responsibility of making recommendations
to the President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria for the purpose of
establishing water quality standard for the inter state waters of
Nigeria to protect the public health or welfare and enhance the
quality of water to serve fulfill the purpose of the enactment of the
Act.
The state governments also exercise control and manage water
resources through legislation preventing pollution of water, over
consumption of water and water resource wastage. Most states
have water management Boards. Some of the states include:
Edo State: water pollution is treated as a public health issue.
section 3 of Edo State Environmental Sanitation Edict. The Edict
however did not provide for effluent limitation standard.
Abia State: Abia State Environmental Protection Agency Edit
stipulates an effluent standard limitation standard.
3.4. PENALTY FOR BREACH OF REGULATION
Any person who contravenes or fails to comply with any of the
provisions of the Water Resource Act is guilty of an offence and is
liable on conviction to the payment of a fine not exceeding N2,000
or to a term of imprisonment not exceeding six months or to both
such fine and imprisonment and where the offence is continuing, to
an additional fine not exceeding N100 for every day or part of a day
that the offence centimes.
Where it is committed by a body corporate or firm or other
association of individuals, a person who at the time of the
57
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LAND LAW I
commission of the offence was any officer thereof or was purporting

to act in such capacity is severally guilty of that offence and liable
to be prosecuted against and punished for the offence in the like
manner as if he had himself committed the offence unless he proves
that the act or omission constituting the offence took place without
his knowledge consent or connivance .
Edo State Environmental Sanitation Edict imposes a penalty of N500
or one month imprisonment or both for polluting any stream or river
section 12 of Environmental Pollution Control Law of Lagos State
makes it an offence to cause or permit a discharge of raw untreated
human waste into any public drain, water it is punishable with a fine
of N100,000 (one hundred thousand naira ) and in the case of a
corporation a fine not exceeding N500, 000 (five hundred thousand
naira)
Inspite of these water pollution regulations, water pollution remains
an endemic problem in Nigeria. It occurs in lakes rivers, stream and
underground water sources. It affects life through toxity and results
in the killing of aquatic animals and plants and renders the water
unfit for use. Oil spills, industrial effluents, agriculture fertilizers and
sewage are the major sources of water pollution in Nigeria.
Due
to
pervading
corruption
among regulatory
officials
and
infrastructural decay, regulatory laws are unenforced and water

source in Nigeria are polluted with impunity.
The
World
Bank
Report
Towards
the
Development
of
an
Environmental Action Plan for Nigeria identified water pollution as

the second highest potential for future negative impact on the Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) estimated at 1 billion dollars annually and
puts 40 million people at risk. Water pollution impacts on the urban
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LAND LAW I
and landless poor most. This is because they are not educated
about or able to afford defensive sanitary practices. Many Nigerian
communities lack water treatment or even water supply facilities
and rely on local surface and shallow ground water supplies, even
when they are contaminated.
4.0 CONCLUSION .
Inspite of the fact that the control and management of water
resource is vested in the Federal Government, its regulation is lax.
Water is utilized with impunity and polluted at will.
5.0
SUMMARY
(1)
Control of water whether surface, ground water of water

courses is vested in the Federal Government by the Water
Resource Act while the control of potable water and rural
water supply is vested in the state and local government
respectively.
(2)
Acquisition of rights to use or take water must be in

accordance with the provision of the water Resource Act.
(3)
The responsibility of regulating compliance with the provisions

of the Water Resource Act is vested in the Minister for water
resources.
(4)
Carrying out of any activity on water which is likely to

interfere with the quantity and quality of the water is
prohibited and penalized.
(5)
Pollution is the indirect or direct alteration of the physical,

chemical,
thermal
and
biological
or
radioactive
properties of water to render it unfit for use is prohibited.

(6)
The management and control of water utilization in Nigeria is

lax.
59
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(7)
LAND LAW I
The penalty for non compliance with water control regulatory

mechanism are not stringent enough to discourage the
impunity with which water is overused or polluted.
6.0
(a)
Discuss the various purposes which has necessitated the

control and management of water resources in Nigeria.
(b)
Analyze the penal regime for non sustainable utilization of

water resource in Nigeria.
(c)
The Control and Management of water resource in Nigeria is

not inimical to the right of the citizen to take and use water.
Do you agree?
SUGGESTED ANSWERS
(a)
See Section 1 of the water Resource Act 1993 Cap W2 , Laws

of the Federation of Nigeria 2004.
(b)
See the penalty provided for unauthorized usage and fouling

of water in
(i)
Water Resource Act 1993
(ii)
National Environmental Standard Regulation (Enforcement)

Agency Act 2007
(iii)
Territorial Waters Act
(iv)
Harmful Waste (Special Criminal Provisions Etc) Act.
(v)
Oil in Navigable Waters Act
(c)
Section 2 of the Water Resource Act
7.0
The Land Use Act edited by J A Omotola (Lagos: Lagos

University Press 1986)
L. Atsegbua etal Environmental Law in Nigeria, Theory and

Practice (Benin: Ambik Press 2010).
60
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LAND LAW I
STATUTE
Water Resource Act 1993
National Environmental Standard Regulation (Enforcement) Agency
Act 2007
Oil in Navigable Waters Act
Harmful Waste (Special Criminal Provisions Etc) Act
Territorial Waters Act
Petroleum Drilling and Production Regulation
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LAND LAW I
MODULE 2
UNIT 3:
AGRARIAN REFORMS
1.0
INTRODUCTION.
2.0
OBJECTIVE
3.0
DEFINITION OF AGRARIAN
4.0
OBJECTIVES OF AGRARIAN REFORMS
5.0
ELEMENTS OF AGRARIAN REFORMS
6.0
PROTAGONIST OF AGRARIAN REFORMS
7.0
ANTAGONIST OF AGRARIAN REFORMS
8.0
AGRARIAN REFORMS IN NIGERIA
9.0
CONCLUSION
10.0
SUMMARY
11.0
TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMEN
12.0
SUGGESTED FURTHER READING /

REFERENCES
STATUTES
62
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LAND LAW I
MODULE 2
UNIT 3: AGRARIAN REFORMS
1.0
INTRODUCTION.
Land is the most important agricultural resource. Agrarian reform is

essentially concerned with the redistribution of land. Its aim is to
improve the agrarian system including agricultural activities like
redistribution of agricultural land to cultivators, extending credit to
grant them greater access to capital and institutional development.
it is also geared towards providing increased market access and
human resource development.
In Nigeria, the existing land tenure system which was described as
rigid and inimical to development necessitated the enactment of the
Land Use Act 1978. It was geared towards the provision of greater
access to land to citizens, inspite of their communal affiliation or
social status and the eradication of
bitter rivalries assailing
communal land holding which often degenerated to communal strife

and the consequential loss of lives and properties. It was also to
facilitate government control and management of land with a view
to enhancing national development.
The efficacy of the agrarian reforms envisaged by the Land Use Act
remains shrouded in controversy.
2.0
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this unit is to examine agrarian reforms with a view

to assessing its efficacy as a tool for encouraging national growth
and development.
3.0
DEFINITION OF AGRARIAN
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LAND LAW I
Agrarian reform involves the rectification of the agricultural system.

It is embarked upon by government to redistribute land utilized
mainly for agricultural purposes in the country.
It also refers to the changing of laws, regulation or customs relating
to land ownership. It consists of a government
initiated or
government backed property redistribution generally of agricultural

land with or without payment of compensation.
It relates to transfer of land from individual or peasant ownership to
government owned collective farms.
Agrarian
reform
is
often
characterized
by
modification
or
replacement of existing institutional arrangements relating to usage

and possession of
land.
It
is
further
concerned about
the
relationship between the production sector and the distribution of

land among the farmers. It includes industrial processing of raw
materials produced by farmers.
4.0
OBJECTIVES OF AGRARIAN REFORMS
The objectives of agrarian reforms are not static but dependent on

the issues confronting a particular country. It includes
(i)
Improvement of cooperation between the agricultural

sector and the non agricultural sector.
(ii)
Enhancement of agricultural productivity
(iii)
Harmonization of regulations relating to land ownership
(iv)
Improvement of employment opportunities for rural

inhabitants.
(v)
5.0
Enhancement of agricultural productivity

ELEMENTS OF AGRARIAN REFORM.
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LAND LAW I
It encompasses reforms of the land tenure structure, supporting

service structures and production structure.
It involves the formulation of a systematic plan of action to
eliminate rural poverty, redistribution of land among the landless
and ensuring that land reform is self reliant. It extends to the
provision of support system like health care services, primary
education services,
water
supply
services
and
infrastructural
support. Enhancement of technical capacity of projects, individuals

and a viable socio economic environment for rural inhabitants is
also the focal point of agrarian reforms
6.0
PROTAGONIST OF AGRARIAN REFORMS.
The Protagonists of agrarian reforms have canvassed that its is a

viable tool for ensuring rural development. This is due to socio
economic benefit conferred by the formalization process. This
includes eradication of rural poverty and the provision of greater
food security it also increases the rural in habitants access to credit.
It is their contention that the installation of a comprehensive
legislation controlling and regulating the usage and ownership of
land eliminates
the
conflict
in land
regulations
which
often
degenerates into conflict.

7.0
ANTAGONIST OF AGRARIAN REFORM.
Antagonist of agrarian reforms view the entire exercise with

suspicion. This is premised on the difficulty of deciphering the
motivating factors of the reform and the subjection of land owners
to the whims and caprices of government officials.
There is distrust that most reforms including agrarian reforms are
for the purpose of scoring cheap political points.
65
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LAND LAW I
There is also anxiety that the touted socio economic benefits of

agrarian reforms are unrealistic since their attainment is predicated
on other factors including the creation of the enabling environment
for such reforms to thrive.
It is anticipated that formalization engendered by agrarian reforms,
could foist greater hardship on rural inhabitants due to the time and
expense of the documentation process.
Similarly endemic corruption of government officials who have, the
responsibility of either carrying out or overseeing the formalization
process could unjustly divest rural inhabitants of their land.
8.0
AGRARIAN REFORMS IN NIGERIA
In 1978, Nigeria government embarked on comprehensive land

reform policy which culminated in the enactment of the Land Use
Act. Section 1 of the Act provides that:
subject to the provisions of this Act, all lands
comprised in the territory of each state of the
Federation is hereby vested in the Governor of
that state and such land shall be held in trust
and administered for the use and common
benefit of all Nigerians in accordance with the
provisions of this Act.
It overturned the existing system of land tenure which conferred
absolute and perpetual ownership right with rights of occupancy
which confers the holder with a leasehold interest for 99 years
subject to renewal. See section 5, 6 of the Land Use Act.
In Amodu Tijani v Secretary of Southern Nigeria (1921) AC 399
Lord Haldane observed about the Customary System of Tenure:
the next fact which it is important to bear in
mind in order to understand native land law is
that the notion of individual ownership is quite
foreign to native ideas. Land belongs to the
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LAND LAW I
community, the village or the family, never to
the individual. All the members of the
community, village or family have an equal
right to the land but in every case the chief or
headman of the village or community or head
of he family has charge of the land and in
loose mode of speech is sometimes called the
owner. He is to some extent in the position of
a trustee and as such holds the land for the
use of the community or family. He has control
of it and any member who wants a piece of it
to cultivate or build upon goes to him for it.
But the land so given remains the property of
the community or family.
The Land Use Act was enacted to principally reform the customary
land tenure system which was considered a clog in the wheel of
developmental efforts.
The
rural land
policy
under
the
Act
empowered local governments to issue customary certificates of

occupancy evidencing the grant of customary right of occupancy to
persons interested in owning or utilizing land for agricultural,
residential or other purposes where the land is located in a non
urban area.
Inspite of the touted benefits of the land reforms under the Land
Use Act, the implementation of the Act has posed intractable
problems including improper definition of terms utilized in the Act.
This
includes
definition
of
improvements
or
unexhausted
improvements referred to in section 29 of the Land Use Act, the

methods for assessing compensation for buildings farm structures
and crops, poses an uphill task. Similarly finding a replacement for
acquired farm land poses a huge challenge as most lands in Nigeria
have actual or potential owners.
The concentration of powers relating to the management and
control of land in the hands of the Governors of States has made it
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LAND LAW I
susceptible to abuse. Utilizing such powers to haunt perceived

political enemies, dispossess them of their land and pay for only
unexhausted improvements as stipulated by the Land Use Act.
Arising from land reforms, title to land has become precarious due
to the provisions for revocation of title on grounds of public policy
and the rate of conversion of prime agricultural land to non
agricultural land and the corresponding frustration experienced by
farmers.
The Land Use Act has also encouraged speculative acquisition of
land. The unbridled acquisition of vast expanse of land by
individuals and corporations has resulted in the concentration of
land in few hands.
9.0
CONCLUSION.
To ensure more effective management and control of land for the

purpose of attaining socio economic development, government
often engages in reforms. Inspite of the contention that the
traditional tenure system constituted a major handicap to efficient
agricultural production and physical development, the enactment of
the Land Use Act which was touted as a panacea to the problems
occasioned by the traditional system of land holding has created
more controversies and diversified the challenges afflicting land
ownership in Nigeria.
10.0 SUMMARY
(1)
Land is the most important agricultural resources. Agrarian

reform is essentially concerned with land redistribution.
(2)
Agrarian reform refers to
government initiated property
redistribution which essentially relates to agricultural land.
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(3)
LAND LAW I
The protagonist of agrarian reform are of the view that it is a

viable tool for ensuring rural development. It also ameliorates
the challenges of conflicting regulation affecting land.
(4)
The antagonist of the agrarian reforms are of the view that it

is susceptible to abuse as the reason for the reforms may not
be discernible. The corruptions of officials of the formalization
process often compromise the interest of rural inhabitants.
(5)
The objectives of agrarian reform are not static but is

dependent on or varies according to the needs of a particular
country.
(6)
Effective agrarian reform increases income and the standard

of living, improves agricultural productivity and provides
employment. However the introduction of new technology
could compromise employment opportunities.
(7)
The Land Use Act which was geared towards land reform
instead of alleviating the problems of the traditional land
tenure system in Nigeria is shrouded in controversy and has
introduced new challenges to land ownership in Nigeria which
has adversely affected the agricultural sector.

*
Assess the benefits of Agrarian reforms in Nigeria.

SUGGESTED ANSWERS
(i)
Define agrarian reforms
(ii)
State the reason for agrarian reforms
(iii)
State the effect of agrarian reforms
(iv)
Explain the benefits as stated in the note above.
(v)
State the disadvantages
(c)
conclude that inspite of the fact that agrarian reforms in

Nigeria was a necessity, due to the inherent defects in the
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LAND LAW I
Land Use Act 1978 and the inefficiency in the implementation

processed, it has created more problems than it has solved.
12.0 SUGGESTED FURTHER READING /REFERENCES
*
Elias T. O. Nigerian Land Law (London: Sweet & Maxwell

1971)
Cheshire and Burns Modern Law of Real Property (London:

Butterworths 1982).
STATUTE
Land Use Act 1978
70
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LAND LAW I
MODULE 3
FREEHOLD
1.0
INTRODUCTION.
2.0
OBJECTIVE
3.0
ELEMENTS OF A FREEHOLD INTEREST IN

LAND
3.1
ESTATES IN FEE SIMPLE
3.2
ENTAILED ESTATE
4.0
POSITION OF A TENANT IN FEE SIMPLE
5.0
CONCLUSION
6.0
SUMMARY
7.0
8.0

REFERENCES
STATUTES
71
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LAND LAW I
MODULE 3
RIGHTS AND INTEREST IN LAND
FREEHOLD
1.0
INTRODUCTION.
The expression Freehold is defined as an estate in land held in fee

simple, fee tail or for term of life or any real property interest that is
or may become possessory fee means the estate will endure until
the person entitled to it died intestate and left no heir. The word
simple indicates that the fee was one which was capable of
passing to heirs unrestricted. This is in contrast to a fee tail or an
entailed interest which is a freehold which on the intestacy of the
owner passes only to the particular class of lineal descendants
specified in the instrument of creation. General inheritability is the
hallmark of a fee simple. In recent times, the doctrine of heirship on
intestacy has been abolished except in respect of entailed interest.
Where an owner died intestate, the land is held by the administrator
on trust for sale for distribution among the nearest relatives.
2.0
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this module is to acquaint students with various

rights and interest in land with a view of appreciating their
peculiarities.
3.0
ELEMENTS OF A FREEHOLD INTEREST IN LAND
Freehold estates are generally categorized as follows

(i)
Estates in fee simple.
(ii)
Estates in fee tail
(iii)
Estates for life.
3.1
ESTATES IN FEE SIMPLE
(a) The fee simple absolute in possession is the largest estate

known to English law fee as earlier explained means the estate is
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inheritable and will last until the death of a grantee or alienee

intestate and without an heir. Simple means it is not restricted to
a particular class of heir. Where there are no lineal heirs, collateral
heirs are capable of inheriting. Absolute means the owner has
unrestricted or absolute right to deal with the estate as he deems fit
either inter vivos or by Will
The owner may however opt for a conditional fee simple which is
dependent on the happening of a specified event. e.g. To Osahon
absolutely on his graduating from the National Open University.
The implication is that for Osahon to acquire absolute ownership of
the land, he must first graduate from the National Open University.
(b) absolute is not defined in the law of Property Act 1925, but it
evidently excludes an estate that is defeasible either by the breach
of a condition or the possibility that on the happening of a specified
event, it would pass to a new owner. The term absolute according
to Preston on Estates vol. 1 p. 125,
the epithet is used to distinguish an estate
extended to any given time without any
condition to defeat, or collateral limitation to
determine the estate in the mean time, from
an estate subject to a condition or collateral
limitation. The term absolute is of the same
significance with the word pure or simple, a
word which expresses that the estate is not
determinable by any event besides the event
marked by the clause of limitation
(c)
in possession means the holders is entitled to the earnings
from the estate. It is not necessary for him to be in actual physical

possession.
However, a fee simple remains a fee simple inspite of the existence
of the following:
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LAND LAW I
(a) where there exists in the land, third party rights such as charges
leases, mortgages licences and profits a prendre
(b) the law of nuisance which prohibit the owner from using his land
or permitting it to be used in such a manner to constitute
annoyance to others
(c) statutory restriction on
the user of land or exploitation
authorized by statute.
The following expressions convey a fee simple estate e.g
To Osahon in fee simple , To Osahon and his heirs , To Osahon
for ever
3.2
ENTAILED ESTATE
An entailed estate is an estate with specific restrictions. e.g

To Osaro, her husband and daughter if this family group
should become extinct, the land reverts to the done.
The Estate could also be restricted as:
to Osahon in tail male or to Oshon in tail female.
4.0
LEGAL POSITION OF A TENANT IN FEE SIMPLE
A tenant in fee simple has extensive proprietary rights in the

subject matter of his interest. According to Lord Wilberforce in
Commissioner for Railways v Valuer General (1974) AC 328 at
351
at most the maxim is used as a statement,
imprecise enough of the extent of the rights
when _ _ _ he said prima fascie the owner
of the land has evenything under the sky down
to the centre of the earth.
This is however subject to statutory restrictions and common law
boundaries.
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In Nigeria, management and control of land is vested in the various

states Governors. With the advent of the land use Act right to deal
in or transact in land is mandated to be within the confines of the
provisions of the Land Use Act and the term of years granted to
owners of land is 99 years subject to renewal and what is alienable
is the unexpired term of years granted under the right of
occupancy.
The issue of land ownership under the Land Use Act 1978 has been
extensively dealt with in module 1 and reference should be made to
it.
5.0
CONCLUSION.
In Nigeria with the advent of the Land Use Act 1978, all issues
relating to land is subject to the provisions of the land Use Act
which extinguished the traditional method of land holding as earlier
discussed.
6.0
SUMMARY
(1)
Freehold denotes an estate that is held in fee simple, fee tail

or a term life.
(2)
Fee simple absolute in possession is the largest estate known

to English law.
(3)
(4)
An entailed estate is an estate which is subject to restrictions.

a tenant in fee simple has extensive proprietary rights in the
subject matter of his interest subject to statutory restrictions
and common law boundaries.
(5)
In Nigeria with the advent of the Land Use Act 1978 the
concept of freehold interest or ownership of land in perpetuity
has been replaced with the grant of a right of occupancy of
land for a term of 99years subject to renewal.
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(6)
LAND LAW I
Right over land is subject to statutory regulation in Nigeria.
Ownership of land can be revoked on grounds of public policy. The

owner of such land is however is entitled to be paid compensation.
7.0

Discuss the concept of freehold interest in Land.
SUGGESTED ANSWERS
Explain the concept of freehold by defining terms such as

fee, Simple absolute in possession.
Explain the categories of freehold estate which include fee

tail, fee simple and estates for life.
8.0

Cheshire and Burns Modern Law of Real Property (London:
Butterworths 1982).
Elias Nigerian Land Law (London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1971)
STATUTE
Law of Property Act 1925
Land Use Act 1978
76
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LAND LAW I
MODULE 4
CO OWNERSHIP OF LAND FREEHOLD
UNIT 1:
JOINT TENANCY.
1.0
INTRODUCTION.
2.0
OBJECTIVE
3.0
DEFINITION OF JOINT TENANCY
4.0
ELEMENTS OF JOINT TENANCY
5.0
MODE OF SEVERANCE OF JOINT TENANCY
6.0
JOINT OWNERSHIP BETWEEN HUSBAND AND

WIFE
7.0
CONCLUSION
8.0
SUMMARY
9.0
10.0
SUGGESTED ANSWERS
11.0

REFERENCES
77
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LAND LAW I
MODULE 4
CO- OWNERSHIP OF LAND RIGHTS
UNIT 1 JOINT TENANCY
1.0
INTRODUCTION.
Co- ownership of land refers to more than one person having an

interest in a particular land. Joint ownership arises where property
is transferred to more than one person to hold interest in and enjoy
land concurrently. Joint tenancy may arise from a grant in a deed,
devise in a will or by pooling resources together to acquire an
interest in land.
2.0
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this unit is to expose students to words of

severance or words of limitation used in tenancy arrangements and
their connotations and rights and obligations accruing to specific
tenancy arrangements.
3.0
DEFINITION OF JOINT TENANCY
Joint tenancy refers to ownership of land by two or more people

without words of severance e.g. To Osahon and Osagie
4.0
ELEMENTS OF JOINT TENANCY
A joint tenancy is characterized by four essential elements which

are often referred to as the four unities They are:
(a) Unity of possession: all joint tenants possess one and the same
piece of land. None of them can point to any part of the land as his
own independently.
(b) Unity of interest: each joint tenant has the same and identical
interest in the land as a whole. No tenant has a separate and
distinct interest in any part of the land.
(c) Unity of title: all tenants dereive their title from one and the
same source which is either a deed of conveyance or will.
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(d) Unity of time: Ownership is concurrent joint tenants dereive

their title from the same point in time.
Joint tenancy is also subject to jus accrescendi i.e right of
survivorship where one or more joint tenant-dies, the survivor or
survivors are entitled to the whole interest to the exclusion of the
family of the deceased joint owners.
5.0
MODE OF SEVERANCE OF JOINT TENANCY
A joint tenancy may be severed in any of the following ways:

(a) By partition: To ensure his heirs are not disadvantaged by the
rule of jus accrescendi, a joint tenant may urge the other tenants
to partition the land among them and execute a deed in evidence of
it. Where there is disagreement as to partitioning, an application
may be made to court for an order of partition.
(b) By sale by one or more of the joint owners in his life time.
In Re Mayo (1943) Ch. 302 Parliament empowered the court to
make such order as it deemed fit where application was made to it
by a joint owner desirous of selling his property.
Similarly, in Basina v Weeks, the court held that one of the joint
tenants could validly sell his interest in the land.
(c) By one of the tenants alienating his interest to a stranger but
not through a will.
In Ipaye v Aribisala (1930) 10 NLR 10 the Plaintiff and his brother
were joint tenants under a deed of settlement. The deed was in his
brothers custody. On his death, Plaintiffs action to recover the
deed from the mortgagor from whom his brother borrowed money
and used the deed as security failed.
(d) By one tenant acquiring a greater interest in the land than the
other tenants.
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LAND LAW I
(e) By mutual agreement to sever the joint tenancy

6.0
JOINT OWNERSHIP BETWEEN HUSBAND AND WIFE
Due
to
the
laws
desire
to
encourage
matrimony,
spousal
arrangement which involves contributing to the ownership of

property is deemed to be joint ownership. The law is protective of
right of a husband and wife to jointly live together and obtain a
matrimonial home. The husband and wife must however contribute
substantially an directly towards the acquisition of the property.
This must be established with direct and credible evidence.
As long there is a valid and subsisting marriage, a husband is
obligated to provide shelter for his wife.
In Old Gates Estate Ltd v Alexander (1949) 2 ALLER 822, Due to a
quarrel between husband wife, the husband left the matrimonial
home to a rented apartment and gave notice to the landlord that he
was surrendering the apartment. The court held that so long as the
marriage was still valid and subsisting, his wife could not be
rendered homeless.
In Ogedegbe v Ogedegbe where a husband demolished the house
he was inhabiting with his wife for the purpose of rebuilding it,
failed to give his wife an apartment after the reconstruction, the
court ordered him to provide for his wife the four room he had
deprive her of.
7.0
CONCLUSION.
The concept of joint tenancy envisage ownership where the interest

of the tenants are uniform in all ramifications. Any alteration in the
relationship converts the relationship to a tenancy in common.
8.0
SUMMARY
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(1)
LAND LAW I
Joint ownership refers to ownership of property by two or

more tenants where there is unity of interest, unity of title,
unity of possession and unity of time.
(2)
Joint tenancy can be severed by partition, sale alienation or

one of the owners acquiring a larger interest than the others
in the property or by mutual agreement to sever.
(3)
Where one of the tenants in a joint tenancy dies, his interest

in the property passes to the surviving joint tenants and not
his heirs.
(4)
The relationship between a husband and wife to purchase a

property is regarded in law as analogous to joint tenancy
arrangement. Consequently a spouses are estopped from
depriving each other of he shelter their matrimonial home.
(5)
Where there is dispute as to a tenants right or desire to end a

joint tenancy, the aggrieved tenant may apply to court for an
order to extinguish the joint tenancy.
9.0
(a)
Distinguish the estate created by the devise To Osahon and
Obehi and state its characteristics.

(b)
What are the method of severing the identified relationship
10.0 SUGGESTED ANSWERS

*
Where there exists no words of severance, the relationship

created is a joint ownership.
The characteristics are unity of title, unity of time, unity of

possession and unity of interest
Joint tenancy can be terminated by sale, partition, alienation

and acquisition of a larger share in the property by any of the
joint owners

81
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LAND LAW I
Emeka Chianu, Law of Landlord and Tenant cases and

comments 2nd Edn (Benin City: Nigeria Printer Publication,
2006)
Elias T.O.
Nigerian Land Law (London: Sweet & Maxwell,
1971)
Burns E.
H.
Modern
Law
Butterworths 1982)
82
of Real Property (London:
LAW422
LAND LAW I
MODULE 4
UNIT 2:
TENANCY IN COMMON.
1.0
INTRODUCTION.
2.0
OBJECTIVE
3.0
CREATION OF TENANCY IN COMMON
4.0
WORDS OF SEVERANCE DENOTING TENANCY

IN COMMON
5.0
DISTINCTION BETWEEN JOINT TENANCY

AND TENANCY IN COMMON
6.0
DETERMINATION OF TENANCY IN COMMON
7.0
CONCLUSION
8.0
SUMMARY
9.0
10.0
SUGGESTED ANSWERS
11.0
SUGGESTED FURTHER READING
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LAND LAW I
MODULE 4
UNIT 2: TENANCY IN COMMON
1.0
INTRODUCTION.
Tenancy in common arises where more than one person is entitled

to an estate. Where two or more persons are entitle to a property
and words of severance are utilized, it translates to a tenancy in
common e.g To Osagie and Osayi share and share alike
or to
Nosa and Azuwa in equal shares.

Words of severance connote that donees are at liberty to take their
separate shares in accordance with the intention of the donor
2.0
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this unit is to acquaint students with the

circumstances in which tenancy in common is deemed to arise with
a view to drawing their attention to the distinction between tenancy
in common and joint tenancy.
3.0
CREATION OF JOINT TENANCY
A tenancy in common is held to be created where

(a) Land is limited to two or more persons with words of severance
showing the slightest intention that the donees are to take separate
shares e.g I give Iyekogba estate to Osaze and Igiehon to be
divided in equal shares.
(b) Where a joint tenant voluntarily disposes of his interest to a
stranger or acquires an interest greater than that of his co tenants
(c) Where equity reads what is at law a joint tenancy as a tenancy
in common.
4.0
WORDS
OF
SEVERANCE
DENOTING
TENANCY
IN
COMMON
Words of severance sufficient to create a tenancy in common
include the following
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LAND LAW I
(i)
equally to be divided
(ii)
in equal shares
(iii)
equally
(iv)
amongst
(v)
share and share alike
5.0
DISTINCTION BETWEEN TENANCY IN COMMON AND
JOINT TENANCY
There are fundamental distinctions between joint tenancy and
tenancy in common. They include:
(1)
Unity: The close knit relationship that exists in joint tenancy
does not necessarily exist in tenancy in common. The only point of

convergence is that in both cases, there is unity of possession.
(2)
Survivorship: The principle of jus accrescendi, is inapplicable
to tenancy in common. tenants in common can alienate their

interest either by conveyance, inter vivos or will. Where a common
tenant dies intestate his interest passes to the heirs of the
deceased.
Where Osaze and Osunde are tenants in common and Osaze dies.
Osunde does not become the sole owner. Osazes share devolves on
his heir.
(3)
Partition:
tenancy
in
common
may
be
voluntarily
partitioned at common law or compulsorily partitioned under the

partition Act 1868
A tenancy in common has been described as though ownership of
an undivided share, it is for all practical purposes a sole and several
tenancy and each tenant in common stands towards his own
undivided share in the same relation that if he were sole owner of
the whole, he would bear towards the whole.
6.0
DETERMINATION OF TENANCY IN COMMON

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A tenancy in common can be determined in any of the following

manners
(a)
Partitioning it among the donees
(b)
sale
(c)
The acquisition by one tenant whether by grant or by
operation of law of the shares vested in his co tenant whether by

grant or by operation of law of the shares vested in his co
tenants.
7.0
CONCLUSION.
Tenancy in common is preferable to Joint Tenancy because of the

ease with which co owners can sever the relationship. However in
commercial relationships, joint tenancy is preferred because it
enables the business to be a going concern as the property of the
deceased owner simply passes on to the surviving owner.
8.0
SUMMARY
(1)
Tenancy in common is created when words of severance are

utilized in the sharing of an estate between two or more
persons
(2)
Tenancy is also created by selling, partitioning or by a partner

in a joint tenancy arrangement acquiring a larger interest in
the property.
(3)
Tenancy in common lacks the unity of title, time, interest and

possessioned enjoyed by joint tenants.
(4)
Unlike Joint tenancy, where a tenant in common dies. The

surviving tenant does not inherit his share of the estate but it
devolves on this heir.
(5)
Tenancy in common can be severed by partition, sale,

partition or acquisition of a larger share in the estate by one
owner.
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(6)
LAND LAW I
A tenancy in
common
can be compulsorily
terminated
statutorily.
9.0

Distinguish between a tenancy in common and joint tenancy.
10.0 SUGGESTED ANSWERS

*
The principle of survivorship is applicable to tenancy in
common but inapplicable to joint tenancies.

*
There is no unity of time of possession.
There may be no unity of title in a tenancy in common unlike

a joint tenancy where unity of title is mandatory.
A dislocated joint tenancy metamorphoses into a tenancy in

common.

Elias T.O.
1971)
Burns E. H. Modern Law of Real Property (London:
Butterworths 1982)
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MODULE 5
EASEMENT, PROFIT A PRENDRE AND RESTRICTIVE
UNIT 1:
EASEMENTS
1.0
INTRODUCTION.
2.0
OBJECTIVE
3.0
NATURE OF EASEMENT
4.0
CHARACTERISTICS OF EASEMENT
5.0
CATEGORIES OF EASEMENT
6.0
DISTINCTION BETWEEN EASEMENT AND

OTHER RIGHTS
7.0
LEGAL AND EQUITABLE EASEMENTS
8.0
ACQUISITION OF EASEMENTS
9.0
EXTINGUISHMENT OF EASEMENT
10.0
CONCLUSION
11.0
SUMMARY
12.0
13.0
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LAND LAW I
MODULE 5
UNIT I
EASEMENT, PROFT a PRENDRE
AND RESTRCTIVE
COVENANTS
1.0
INTRODUCTION.
Easement is incapable of precise definition. It is a priviledge without

a profit. It is a right attached to a particular piece of land which
allows the owner of that land known as dominant owner either to
use the land of another person known as the subservient owner in a
particular manner. This includes walking over or depositing rubbish
on, in or to restrict its user by that other person to a particular
extent but which does not allow him to take any part of its natural
produce or its soil.
2.0
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this unit is to introduce the students to various

relationships relating to land and nature of restrictive user of land.
3.0
NATURE OF EASEMENT
An easement may either be positive or negative. A positive

easement consists of a right to do something on the land e.g to
walk or to place erections like signboard on it. A negative easement
on the other hand does not permit the execution of an act but
imposes a restriction upon the use which another person may make
of land e.g restricting a servient owner from erecting a building to
obstruct the flow of light. An easement does not confer on the
owner a proprietary or possessory right in the land affected. It is
an imposition of a particular restriction upon the proprietary right of
the owner of the servient land.
An easement should be distinguished from a right which entitles one
person to the unrestricted use of the land of another. It could be a
right
to owner ship or possession. Where Osaze acquires an

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easement over a land, he becomes the owner of a legal interest on

the land which is enforceable against anybody who comes to the
land whether by purchase, lease, gift or as a squatter with or
without notice of the easement.
A conveyance of land is deemed to include and its operation is
subject to existing easements
4.0
CHARACTERISTICS OF EASEMENT
To constitute an easement an interest must possess the following

characteristics
(a)
there must be a dominant and subservient tenement . There
must be in existence a tenement for the benefit of which the

easement exist.
If Sele the owner of Ovia estate has acquired a right of way
over Osama estate an adjoining property, his entitlement to the
easement has arisen not because he is Sele but because he is the
owner of Ovia estate. The easement exists because Ovia estate
exists.
(b)
an easement must not only be appurtenant to a dominant
tenement but must be connected with
the normal enjoyment of
that tenement. There must also be in existence a direct nexus

between the enjoyment of the right and the user of the dominant
tenement
According to Byles J in Bailey v Stephen (1862) 12 C.B (N.S)
an easement must be connected with the enjoyment of the
dominant tenement and must be for its benefit the incident sought
to be annexed so that the assignee of the land may take advantage
of it, must be beneficial to the land in respect of the ownership.
Whether a nexus exists depends greatly on the nature of the
dominant tenement and the right of use alleged. Where the right is
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LAND LAW I
connected with normal enjoyment of the property, it ranks as an

easement. However the fact that the right enhances the value of
the dominant tenement is a relevant but not decisive consideration.
In Hill v Tupper (1863) 2 HXC 121 A canal company leased an
adjoining land to the canal to Hill. He was given Sole and the
exclusive right to let out pleasure boats on the canal. Tupper
disregarded this priviledge by personally letting out boats for fishing
purposes. Hill instituted an action against Tupper on the grounds
that his easement to put boats on the canal had been disturbed. It
was held that the right conferred upon Hill by the contract with the
company was not an easement but a mere license personal to him
since it was for the purpose of enjoying a business enterprise.
Similarly, the right to cut trees for fuel does not qualify as an
easement as it is not necessarily related to ownership of land
In Bailey v Stephens (1862) 12 C. B (N.S) 91 A who was seised in
fee of a piece of land called Bloody field claimed the right to enter
on adjoining close, carrying away and converting to his own use the
trees and wood growing on it. It was held that since the wood was
not employed for the beneficial enjoyment of Bloody Field it was not
connected with it and was not a vilid profit
(c)
The dominant and servient owners must be different persons
where one person owns two adjoining propeities, which may be

separate any rights exercised over one or the other does not qualify
as an easement. According to Fry L. J. in Roe v Siddons (1888)
12QBD 224,
of course strictly speaking the owner of two
tenements can have no easement over one of
than in respect of the others, where the owner
of white acre and Blackacre passesover the
former to Black acre, he is not exercising a
right of way in respect of Blackacre, he is
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LAND LAW I
merely making use of his own land to get from
one part to another .
(d)
a right over land cannot amount to an easement unles it is
capable of forming the subject matter of a grant No right can have

the status of an easement unless it has the following characteristics
(i)
certainty of description: The
nature and extent of the right
must be capable of exact description. If it is vague or so

indeterminate as to defy precise definition, it cannot rank as an
easement
(ii)
capable grantee: a claimant to an easement must be a person
capable of receiving a grant. He must be a definite person or

definite body or corporation. A claim of easement by a vague
person such as the inhabitants of a village is unsustainable
(iii)
capable grantor: a subservient owner should be lawfully
entitled to grant the right claimed to be an easement. A claim

against an incorporated organization will fail on proof that the grant
was ultra vires.
5.0
CATEGORIES OF EASEMENTS
The categories of easement is not static but varies with modern

societal requirement, trade and circumstances they include:
(1)
Right of way.
(ii)
Right of light that the light flowing over adjoining land
to a
window should not be unreasonably obstructed

(iii)
Right to water connection include a right to divert the course

of a stream for irrigation purposes of a right to discharge
water to the land of another.
(iv)
Right to fencing which includes right to have a fence

maintained by an adjoining owner
(v)
A right to the support of buildings by adjoining lands or

buildings
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(vi)
LAND LAW I
miscellaneous easement includes:
(a) right to hang dothes on a line passing over neighbouring soil

(b) right to run telephone lines over neighbouring land
(c) right to fix a signboard on the walls of another persons house
(d) right to lay stones on adjoining land to regulate soil erosion
(e) right to use an airfield.
6.0
DISTINCTION
BETWEEN
EASEMENT
AND
OTHER
RIGHTS.
There is need to distinguish easement from other rights which have
similar characterizes.
(i) Licences: A licence is permission granted to enter the land of
another for an agreed purpose which otherwise would be a trespass.
An easement is narrower than a licence. An easement must be
created by actual, implied or presumed grant. A licence can be
created informally. An easement is not a personal right but is as of
necessity annexed to a dominant tenement and once established,
there can never be any question of its unilateral revocation by the
servient owner
(ii) Customary right: fluctuating number of person inhabiting of a
village may be entitled to exercise over anothers land rights which
would properly be termed easement e.g. where the inhabitants of a
village pass across anothers land on their way to the farm or where
fishing inhabitants dry their nets on certain property. Such rights
are not easements. An easement lies in a grant and a vague and
fluctuating body of persons such as fishing inhabitants is not a legal
person and is incapable of taking under a grant.
(iii) Natural rights: Natural rights differ from easement because it is
not dependent on some form of grant and cannot be extinguished
by unity of seisin
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(iv) Public rights: They are rights exercisable by members of the

public e.g rights to pass along a public high way. They are legal
rights not dependent on the general tenement.
7.0
LEGAL AND EQUITABLE EASEMENTS
An easement is either legal or equitable, the nature of a legal and

equitable easement constituents will subsequently be discussed.
7.1
LEGAL EASEMENT: An easement is held to be legal or
statutory when it complies with the law of property Act 1925 and
the interest held is equitable to an estate in fee simple absolute in
possession or a term of years absolute
7.2
EQUITABLE EASEMENT: An equitable easement is any
easement liberty or priiviledge over or affecting land for the life of

the grantee or created for value informally
8.0
ACQUISITION OF EASEMENTS
The basic principles is that every easement must have its origin in a
grant. Such a grant can be statutory or equitable. At common law,
to be legal an easement must be granted by a deed.
A grant of an easement made orally is an equitable easement and
operates on the maxim that equity regards as done that which
ought to be done.
In Macmanus v Cooke
Between adjoining properties belonging to x and y there was a wide
wall. It was mutually agreed by them that he wall should be pulled
down by x and replaced with a lower and thinner wall at their joint
expense. X complied but Y refused to comply and blocked Xs access
to sky light. In an action for injunction to restrain Y, Xs contention
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was upheld on the basis that though oral the agreement was
enforceable as an easement
9.0
EXTINGUISHMENT OF EASEMENTS
The mode of extinguishing easement include:

(1)
By statute: Easement may be extinguished by statutory
provisions. Where a right has been regulated by town and country

planning laws or revoked on grounds of public policy, all private
rights of way, rights of laying down, erecting, continuing to
maintain any apparatus on, under or over the land is affected
(2)
By release: the extinguishment may be effected by express or
implied release. A dominant owner is free to execute a deed of

release relieving the servient tenement from the burden of any
easement to which it is subject. Release can be implied by the non
user of an easement together with the surrounding circumstances.
In Swan v Sinclair (1925)
A C 227 the court held that although
mere non user is insufficient to extinguish an easement of right of

way, the surrounding circumstance sufficiently show an intention on
the owners to abandon the project.
(3)
By Unity of Seisin : Easements are extinguished by unity of
seisin. This occurs when both the dominant and the servient
tenement become united in the same owner as the owner is at
liberty to do what he likes with his property
10.0 CONCLUSION.
In conclusion, easements could be created legally or equitable. It
confers on the owner no proprietary or possession rights but is
simply an entitlement to the unrestricted use of the land of another.
11.0 SUMMARY
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(1)
Easement is incapable of precise definition
(2)
Easement is a priviledge without a profit.
(3)
There are two types of easement - legal easement and

equitable easement.
(4)
A conveyance of land is deemed to be subject to existing

easement.
(5)
For an easement to exist there must be in existence a

dominant and subservient tenement which must be vested in
different owners.
(6)
An easement is distinguishable from other rights which have

similar attributes
(7)
Every easement must originate from a grant which could

either be legal or equitable.
(8)
An easement can be extinguished either by statute, release

and unity of seisin

*
What is the meaning of easement and what are
the
characteristics of easement.
*
Discuss the methods of creating easement and distinguish

from other rights relating to land.
Discuss the types of easement and the method of termination

of easement.

Burns E.
H.
Modern
Law
of Real Property (London:
Butterworths 1982)
Elias T.O.
1971)
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MODULE 5
UNIT 2:
PROFIT A PRENDRE
1.0
INTRODUCTION.
2.0
OBJECTIVE
3.0
NATURE OF PROFIT A PRENDRE
4.0
DISTINCTION BETWEEN EASEMENT AND

PROFIT A PRENDRE
5.0
ACQUISITION OF PROFIT A PRENDRE
6.0
EXTINGUISHMENT OF PROFIT A PRENDRE
7.0
CONCLUSION
8.0
SUMMARY
9.0
10.0
SUGGESTED ANSWERS
10.0
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MODULE 5
UNIT 2 PROFIT A PRENDRE
1.0
INTRODUCTION.
A profit a prendre is a right to enter the land of another person and

take something off the land. The right to participate in the produce
of the soil or in the soil itself is what distinguished a profits a
prendre from an easement profit a prendre includes the right to
take fish from another persons pond, yams, grasscutter, and
Plantain from another persons farm. To constitute profit a prendre
the material taken must be capable of ownership
2.0
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this unit is to acquaint the students with the

characterists of profit a prendre with a view to highlighting the
fundamental distinction between a profit a prendre and easement
3.0
NATURE OF PROFIT A PRENDRE
Profits are classified into those enjoyed by the owner to exclusion of

others referred to several profits are prendre or those enjoyed by
the owner of the owner in common with other persons including the
owner of the subservient tenement referred to as profit a prendre in
common or simply commons.
A right of common may be said to exist where two or more take in
common with each other from the soil of a third person, a part of
the natural profit then produced. While every common is a profit a
prendre, all profits a prendre are not necessarily common.
3.1
CLASSIFICATION OF PROFIT A PRENDRE
Right of profits are classified according to their subject matter into

four kinds namely:
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(a)
LAND LAW I
Commons of pastures: It is the most common pasture. It

arises when the owner of cattle is in common with others
entitled to graze cattle on the land of another.
(b)
Commons of piscary: The right to take fish from anothers

privates private pond or river.
(c)
Commons of turbary: The
right to take turf or peat from
anothers land
(d)
Commons of estovers: The right to take materials for house
building or house hold purposes from anothers land.

4.0
DISTINCTION
BETWEEN EASEMENT AND PROFIT
PRENDRE
Profits and easement have similar trails but differs in certain
respects as follows:
(a)
A profit involves the taking of something from the land of

another whereas an easement does not
(b)
a profit may exist in gross. In other words one need not be an

immediate neighbour or even a land owner in order to enjoy a
profit whereas this is an essential condition for the enjoyment
of an easement
(c)
a profit may be appended to land that is annexed at common

law without the necessity for the grant of a deed.
5.0
ACQUISITION OF PROFIT A PRENDRE
The various methods of acquiring easement are applicable to the

acquisition of profit a prendre with very few exceptions. They
include:
(i)
statutorily acquisition.
(ii)
By express grant
(iii)
By implied grant
(iv)
By presumed grant or prescription.
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6.0
LAND LAW I
EXTINGUISHMENT OF PROFIT A PRENDRE
A profit a prendre may be extinguished in any of the following

methods:
(a)
Unity of Seisin: If the owner of the profit or common also
becomes owner of the land over which the right is exercisable, it

extinguished the right provided there is unity of his estate in the
right and in the land. In other words, when one person becomes
seised of the dominant and subservient tenement, the profit a
prendre lapses. Where however the owner of the profit takes a
lease of the servient tenement, the result of the unity of possession
which is distinguishable from unity of seisin is that the seisin in
suspended and will revive on the expiration of the lease.
(b)
Release: A release of a profit in favour of the servient owner
extinguishes it as a man cannot have a profit or common on his own

land
(c)
alteration of dominant tenement: Non user of a profit a
prendre does not extinguish the right but where the character of the
dominant
tenement
appurtenances
is
so
impossible,
altered
it
as
raises
to
the
make
any
further
presumption
of
extinguishment. If for example a land in which a common of pasture

was granted is converted to a building, the common is destroyed.
However where the conversion is revocable as where an orchard is
planted, the profit is suspended but could be resumed on the
restoration of the land to its original state.
(d)
Approvement and inclosure of commons: Right of commons
may
be
partially
extinguished
extinguished by inclosure
7.0
CONCLUSION.
100
by
approvement
and
wholly
LAW422
LAND LAW I
A none user of a profit will not automatically extinguish it but must

be inferred from the surrounding circumstances which informed the
non user.
8.0
SUMMARY
(1)
Profit a prendre is a right to take something which forms a

part of the land of another
(2)
Profit a prendre is classified into several profits which

denotes profit enjoyed by the owner with no other persons.
While
Profit in common is the one enjoyed by the owner and
other
people
(3)
Profits a prendre is also classified according to their subject

matter.
(4)
Profits a prendre is distinguishable from easement by its

involvement in taking something from the land of another
while an easement does not.
(5)
An easement is dependent on the proximity of the beneficiary

to the land while no such requirement is necessary for profit a
prendre.
(6)
A profit a prendre may be acquired by statutory acquisition,

express grant, presumed grant or prescription
(7)
A profit a prendre is extinguished by unity in seisin, alteration

of dominant tenement, release or approvement and inclosure.
(8)
Extinguishment could be inferred by non user of a profit a

prendre and surrounding circumstances.
9.0
Distinguish between a profit a prendre and an easement.
Analyse the various methods of extinguishing a profit a

prendre.
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LAND LAW I

NIKI TOBI cases and materials on Nigerian land law (Lagos:
Mabrochi books, 1997)
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MODULE 6
LICENCES AND RESTRICTIVE CONVENANTS
LICENCES
1.0
INTRODUCTION.
2.0
OBJECTIVE
3.0
CLASSIFICATION OF LICENCES
4.0
CONTRACTUAL
LICENCES
AND
PARTIES
5.0
LICENCE BY ESTOPPEL
6.0
TRANSFER OF BENEFIT OF LICENCE
7.0
CONCLUSION
8.0
SUMMARY
9.0
10.0
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MODULE 6
LICENCES
1.0
INTRODUCTION.
A licence is essentially a permission to enter upon the land of

another for a specified purpose. It justifies a conduct which would
otherwise have been a trespass. A licence is distinct from an
easement, profit a prendre or local customary grant in that it is
merely a personal liberty granted to a person to do something on
the property of another.
2.0
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this unit is to examine licences and the implication

of its grant to another person.
3.0
CLASSIFICATION OF LICENCES
At common law licences are categorized into three main groups

(1)
Bare or gratuitous licence: This is a mere permission to the
licensee to enter upon the licensors land. Such license may be

withdrawn or revoked by the licensor
(2)
Licence coupled with a grant or interest: A licence is said to
be coupled with a grant or interest when the licensee is granted

definite proprietary interest in the land or in chattels lying on the
land and permitted to enter the land to enjoy or exploit the
resources on the land.
A licence coupled with a grant or interest may be irrevocable. It is
distinct from a bare licence. They are two separate matters inter
twined -
the grant and the licence
As stated by Vaughan. J in Thomas v Sorrel (1673) Vaugh

330
but a licence to hunt in a mans park and to
carry away the deer killed to his own use; to
cut down a tree in a mans ground and to
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carry it away the next day after to his own
use, are licences as to the acts of hunting
and cutting down the tree but as to the
carrying away of the deer killed and the cut
they are grants.
Equity may grant an injunction to the licensee to prevent
the
licensor from revoking the licence contrary to the terms of the

grant. The licence is ineffective in common law since it is not
evidenced by a deed in writing.
(3)
Contractual licence: A contractual licence is a licence for which
consideration has been furnished. Such a licence cannot be revoked

arbitrarily.
In Hurst v Picture Theatres Ltd (1915) 1KB 1 A Plaintiff who had
purchased a ticket for a seat at a cinema show was forcibly turned
out of his seat on the instruction of the manager who thought the
Plaintiff had not paid for his seat. In an action for assault and false
imprisonment, the Plaintiff was held to be entitled to recover
substantial damages
4.0
CONTRACTUAL LICENCES AND THIRD PARTIES
A contractual licensee is protected by the court. A bare licence is

revocable by the licensor at any time but the licensee cannot be
treated as a trespasser until a reasonable time after notice that the
license has been or will be withdrawn. Where however the licence is
coupled with a grant or interest, it is irrevocable by the licensor. If
the interest granted is legal, it binds all successors in title except a
bonafide purchaser of the legal estate without notice from the
licensor.
In Binions v Evans (1972) CH665 a contractual licence was enforced
against a purchaser who took a conveyance of land expressly
subject to a licence having in consequence paid a reduced price.
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5.0
LAND LAW I
LICENCE BY ESTOPPEL
The general principle is that an estoppel
arises where one party
makes a representation or promise to another intending that he

should act in reliance on it, he is estopped from acting inconsistent
with his promise or representation.
In Ramsden v Dyson (1866) LR 1HL 129, it was held that if a man
under a verbal agreement with a landlord for certain interest in land
or not to do the same thing under an expectation created or
encouraged by the landlord that he shall have a certain interest
takes possession of such land with the consent of the landlord and
upon the faith of such promise or expectation with the knowledge of
the landlord and without objection by him, lays out money upon the
land, a court of equity will compel the landlord to give effect to such
expectation.
See also Willmott v Barber (1880) 15 Ch D 96.
6.0
TRANSFER OF BENEFIT OF LICENCE.
Whether a licence is transferable or not depends on the nature and

circumstances of the grant.
In Inwards v Baker (1965) 2 QB 19, where the sons licence was to
remain in the bungalow for as long as he desired to use it as a
home, it was held that the right was clearly personal and not
transferable.
7.0
CONCLUSION.
In considering the effect of a licence, at common law, a distinction

is drawn between a mere licence whether gratuitous or contractual
and a licence coupled with a grant, while the former was revocable,
the latter could be irrevocable. The effect of revocation of a licence
is that the licensee becames a trespasser.
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8.0
SUMMARY
(1)
A licence is permission to enter another persons land for a

specified purpose
(2)
A licence confers a personal benefit on the person to whom it
is
granted.
(3)
Licences are categorized into bare or gratuitous licence,
licence
(4)
coupled with a grant or interest, and contractual licence.
A contractual licence is enforceable against a subsequent

purchaser.
(5)
A licensor is estopped from acting in a manner inconsistent
with a representation made to a licensee who has altered his

position
(6)
in reliance on the representation.
Whether a licence is transferable or not depends on the
nature
and circumstance of the grant.
9.0
1.
Analyse the classification of licence.
2.
Okafor paid N500. 00 for a ticket to watch alpha football
match
but was ordered to leave the arena by the coach of
alpha football
club. Discuss the nature of the licence granted if
any.
Emeka Chianu Law of Landlord and Tenant, cases and
comments (Benin City: Nigeria Printer Publication, 2006)
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LAND LAW I
MODULE 7
LEASEHOLD INTERESTS
UNIT I
NATURE OF A LEASES
1.0
INTRODUCTION.
2.0
OBJECTIVE
3.0
TERM OF YEARS IN LEASES
3.1
PERPETUALLY RENEWABLE LEASES
4.0
ESSENTIALS OF A TERM OF LEASES
4.1
RIGHT OF EXCLUSIVE POSSESSION
4.2
DEFINITE PERIOD
5.0
CLASSIFICATION OF LEASES
6.0
CREATION OF LEASES
7.0
DOCTRINE OF WALSH V LONSDALE
7.1
EFFECT OF THE DOCTRINE OF WALSH V

LONSDALE
7.2
TERMINATION OF TENANCIES
8.0
IMPACT OF LAND USE ACT 1978 ON LEASES
9.0
CONCLUSION
10.0
SUMMARY
11.0
12.0
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MODULE 7
LEASEHOLD INTERESTS
UNIT I
1.0
NATURE OF A LEASE
INTRODUCTION.
A leasehold interest is an interest in land conveyed by a rightful

possessor of real property for use and occupation of another in
consideration for rent paid. The term granted could be for life, for a
fixed period or a period to be determined at will. A leasehold is
capable of subsisting as a legal estate but it must be created in a
manner required by law or it is classified as an equitable interest.
2.0
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this unit is to review with the students some of the
terminologies utilized in conveyance of interest in land which forms
part of the general usage in relation to use and occupation of land
with a
view
to
inculcating
better
appreciation
the
legal
implications of the interest conveyed.

3.0
TERM OF YEARS IN LEASES
A term of years or a lease may be for a year, years , year to year or

it could be perpetually renewable. It could also be for a life or lives.
It is usually couched as:
To Oziengbe during the life of Ehimemen and Otue
or
To Itohan for 99 years if Izobo shall so long live
or
To Nwayo for 30 years until Nwayo marries
In National Bank of Nigeria Ltd v Companies Frassinet (1948) 19
NLR 4, the court held that the words the lessor agrees to let and
the lessee agrees to take are sufficient to create a lease once it
indicates the intention to give possession for a determinable time.
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A term of years arises and the relationship of landlord and tenant is

created whenever one person called the landlord or lessor grants to
another called the tenant or leassee, the right to the exclusive
possession of a piece of land for a definite period.
A term of years absolute means a term that is to last for a certain
fixed period even though it may be liable to come to an end before
the expiration of that period by the service of a notice to quit. The
re-entry of the landlord, operation or provision for lesser on
redemption as in the case of a mortgage term. It includes a term
for less than a year, a year, years or tenancy from year as is the
common practice in agricultural leases.
A term of years absolute constitute a legal estate irrespective of the
fact that it does not entitle the tenant to enter into immediate
possession but is supposed to commence at a future date such a
lease is referred to as a reversionary lease.
3.1
PERPETUALLY RENEWABLE LEASES
There is no time limit to the renewing of leases. However under the

Land Use Act, the maximum period that may be granted is 99 years
subject to renewal. It is the nearest approach to a perpetual lease.
4.0
ESSENTIALS OF A TERM OF LEASES
For a term of years to arise and for the relationship of landlord and
tenant to be created, there must be in existence the relationship of
landlord and tenant and possessory rights on a definite land for a
period of time must be conferred on the tenant or lessee while the
landlord retains the reversion.
4.1
RIGHT OF EXCLUSIVE POSSESSION
It is essential for the subsistence of a valid lease, that the lessee

shall acquire the right of possession to the exclusion of the lessor.
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The distinguishing factor in this regard between a licence and a

lease lies in the fact that a lease imports the grant of exclusive
possession while a licence does not.
In Wilson v Tavener (1875) L.R 10 P.C 402
a defendant agreed in writing to permit the plaintiff to erect a
boarding on the forecourt of a cottage and to allow him the use of a
gable end of another house for a bill posting and advertising station
at a yearly rent payable quarterly. It was held that since the
plaintiff had no exclusive occupation of any piece of land, it was not
a tenancy from year to year but a licence which was revocable at
will on the service of a reasonable notice
In Mobil Oil (Nigeria) Ltd v Johnson (1961) All NLR 83 A entered
into an agreement with M & Co Limited that A should operate one of
their petrol service station at a standard set by the company and on
a remuneration based on rebate and commission. A was to employ
staff subject to the companys approval but was to be responsible
for their pay. It was further provided in the agreement that the
station will be given to you with the firm understanding that upon
receipt of thirty days notice. Following a disagreement between the
parties the company took possession of the premises A instituted
proceeding against the company for unlawful entry. The court held
that A had no lease but only a licence since A had not been given
any definite term of occupancy. The agreement merely provided for
its termination upon notice. The court further held that A was not
entitled to damages for trespass but since the notice he received
was short of seven days, A was entitled to loss of earnings for those
seven days.
In Akpiri v West African Airways Corporations (1955) 14 WACA 195
where the appellant was employed by the Respondent and given a
house to live
in on payment
of a moderate rent. On the
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determination of appointment he was asked to quit. He claimed he

was a tenant and not a licensee. His claim was upheld.
However, in Diocessan Synod of Lagos v Dedeke (1958) N.R.N.L.R
77, it was held that a vicar had only a service occupancy and not a
service tenancy of the vicarage and that he could therefore be
ejected when his service was terminated.
4.2. DEFINITE PERIOD
To constitute a valid lease, there must be certainty of term granted
in other words, the term granted must have a definite or certain
beginning and a certain ending.
Where a lease is dependent on the happening of an uncertain event
it is valid and becomes absolute and enforceable on the occurrence
of the event specified e.g. A lease to begin when the house
becomes vacant
5.0
CLASSIFICATION OF LEASES
Leases can be classified as follows:

(i)
Reversionary lease: A lease which is supposed to

commence at a future date e.g where a lese was made
in 1996 to commence in 2026.
(ii)
Lease of a reversion: Andrew grants a lease to Adesuwa

from 2008 to 2012. The later is a lease of Adesuwas
reversion and constitutes a valid lease.
(iii)
Periodic tenancy: This is a tenancy from e.g. week to

week, month to month or year to year. It is perpetually
renewable until terminated by the issuance of a notice
of determination of the tenancy.
(iv)
Tenancy at will: it arises when a person allows another

on his land in the understanding that he may leave at
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any time or be asked to leave at any time it also arise
where a lesee of al land belonging to another authorizes
a third party to occupy the land at his will or pleasure .
(v)
A tenancy at sufferance: It arises where a person

continues in occupation of land after the expiration of
his lease without his landlords consent.
6.0
CREATION OF LEASES.
A lease may be made either by

(a)
an express grant or
(b)
an agreement for a lease
6.1
EXPRESS GRANT
In an express grant, the lessor or lessee must agree on all the

terms of the transaction, there must be sufficient memorandum in
writing or an act of part performance.
What constitutes sufficient part performance is dependent on the
perculiar circumstance of each case.
In Rawlinson v Ames (1925) Ch 96 the Defendant and the Plaintiff
orally agreed to take a lease of a flat. The Plaintiff requested that
some alterations to be made to the flat and the Defendant made
frequent visits to the flat while the alteration was been made and
suggested additional alterations which was made by the Plaintiff.
The Defendant subsequently repudiated the contract relying on the
absence of a written memorandum. It was held that the alterations
made constituted sufficient acts of part performance by the Plaintiff.
A lease for more than 3 years is at law unenforceable unless it is
evidenced in writing but in equity such a lease could be treated as
an agreement for a lease which is enforceable by an action for
specific performance.
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7.0
LAND LAW I
DOCTRINE OF WALSH V LONSDALE
Where a tenant takes possession of a land under an oral agreement

for more than three years, acquires an enforceable right to call for
the execution of a deed in favour of the tenant. As far as his rights
and liabilities are concerned, he is held to in the same position as if
he had a deed of lease.
In Walsh v Lonsdale (1882) 21 Ch.D 9 the Defendant agreed to
grant the plaintiff a lease of a mill for 7 years at an agreed rent. The
lease was also to contain such stipulation in an earlier lease at a
fixed rent made payable yearly in advance. The plaintiff was let in
to possession and paid rent quarterly not in advance, for two years
and a half. The Defendant then demanded one years rent in
advance and put in a distress. The Plaintiff instituted proceedings
for damages for illegal distress, injunction and specific performance.
It was held that the Plaintiffs held an interest similar to the position
of a grantee of a lease and under the terms of a lease, failure to
pay a years rent in advance on demand would have earned a
distress.
7.1
EFFECT OF THE DOCTRINE OF WALSH V LONSDALE
The effect of the decision in Walsh v Lonsdale is that agreement for

a lease is as good as a lease however a lease by deed is more
advantageous that an agreement for a lease in the following
respects.
(a)
The principle in Walsh v Lonsdale is inapplicable where equity

will not grant specific performance of the agreement.
(b)
Whereas a lease is enforceable against the whole world, a
mere agreement for a lease confers only an equitable interest which

is
unenforceable against a bonafide
114
purchaser for value of the
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LAND LAW I
legal estate. The doctrine of Walsh v
Lonsdale is ineffective
against third parties rights

(c)
A deed of lease constitutes a conveyance while an agreement
for
a lease does not.
7.2
TERMINATION OF TENANCIES
A lease may be terminated in any of the following manner

(1)
By surrender of the lease to the landlord in the manner it was

granted e.g. if the lease was granted by deed, it should be
surrendered in like manner
(2)
By effluxion of time. On the extinguishment of the lease, the

landlord is automatically entitled to the reversionary interest.
(3)
By the merger of the lease and reversionary interest in the
same
(4)
person which could be either the landlord or the tenant.

By service of a valid notice to quit on the tenant by the
landlord
8.0
IMPACT OF LAND USE ACT ON LEASES
The land use act did not significantly impact on leases. It provided
that all existing laws relating to interest in land or transfer of title in
land shall have effect subject to such modifications as will bring the
agreements into conformity with the provisions of the act. See
section 48 of the Land Use Act.
The only provisions of the Land Use Act which affects leases is the
provisions earlier discussed which mandates the consent of the
Governor of the state in which the land is located to be first had and
obtained before any transaction relating to land can be validly
embarked on. This evidently includes leases.
9.0
CONCLUSION.
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An agreement for a lease is not equal to a lease. Between the

contracting parties, an agreement for a lease may be as good as a
lease but an equitable right is not the same as a legal right.
10.0 SUMMARY
(1)
A leasehold interest is an interest in land conveyed by one

person to another to use and enjoy his land for definite
period.
(2)
A lease may be for a year, years or could be perpetually

renewal.
(3)
To qualify as a lease the tenant must be granted exclusive

possession of the land for a definite period.
(4)
Leases can be classified into reversionary lease, lease at will
and
periodic tenancy.
(5)
Leases are created by an agreement for a lease or express

grant.
(6)
A written lease exceeding 3 years confers an equitable term

pursuant to the doctrine of Walsh v Lonsdale provided it is
evidenced by sufficient memorandum.
(7)
The effect of Walsh v Lonsdale is that agreement for a lease is
as
good as a lease.
(8)
Lease are determinable either by effluxion of time, surrender
of the lease, merger of the lease and the reversionary interest in

the same person or service of a valid notice to quit on the tenant or
lessee
1.
The effect of the decision in Walsh v Lonsdale is that
agreement for a lease is as good as a lease. Do you agree?

2.
Discuss the various modes of terminating a lease
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NIKI TOBI cases and materials on Nigerian Land Law (Lagos:
Mabrochi book 2007)
Emeka Chianu Law of Landlord and Tenant, cases and
comments 2nd Edn,(Benin City: Nigeria Printer Publication, 2006)
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LAND LAW I
MODULE 7
UNIT 2
LANDLORDS AND TENANT
1.0
INTRODUCTION.
2.0
OBJECTIVE
3.0
EXPRESS COVENANTS
4.0
IMPLIED COVENANTS
5.0
ENFORCEMENT OF COVENANTS
6.0
RECOVERY OF PREMISES
7.0
MODE OF TERMINATION OF TENANCY
8.0
LENGTH OF NOTICE REQUIRED
9.0
EFFECT OF INVALID NOTICE
10.0
MESNE PROFIT
11.0
DETERMINATION OF SURRENDER
12.0
CONCLUSION
13.0
SUMMARY
14.0
15.0

STATUTE
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MODULE 7
LEASEHOLD INTERESTS
UNIT 2 LANDLORDS AND TENANT
1.0
INTRODUCTION.
Rights and liabilities accruing to parties in a tenancy agreement is

dependent on the tenor of the agreement. A tenancy contract is an
embodiment of express and implied covenants which regulates the
rights and obligations of the parties.
2.0
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this unit is to expose to the students to those

issues a tenancy agreement may expressly as well as the rights and
obligations of the parties which may not be expressly stated but is
implied by the contract.
3.0
EXPRESS COVENANTS
Express covenants are terms of occupation of the land which are

unequivocally stated in the tenancy agreement. Both the landlord
and the tenant are both to comply with them.
The regular covenant the landlord is bound by include covenant to
carry out repairs on the property and the covenant to confer on the
tenant quiet enjoyment of the demised premised
The tenant is expected to enter the following covenants
(1)
To pay rent
(2)
To pay rates and taxes
(3)
To repair the demised property
(4)
Not to alter the demised premises without the landlords

consent
(5)
Not to assign or sublet the property without the knowledge

or consent of the landlord.
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(6)
LAND LAW I
To insure the property against fire
In Taylor v Webb (1937) 2 KB 283 there was a covenant to keep

premises in good and tenantable state. Destruction or damage by
fire and fair wear and tear were however excepted when the states
of the roof of the house cracked and slipped from their position as a
result of natural causes. It was held that the exception from the
covenant of fair, wear and tear excluded liability under the
covenant of repair.
In Sogbesan v George (1941) 16 NLR 10 it was held that a tenant
may waive his right to enforce his landlords covenants to repair and
to make premises fit for human habitation
3.1 Where an absolute or unconditional prohibition is imposed upon
the tenant a breach of it renders the tenant liable to pay damages
to the landlord even where the assignment is not prejudicial to the
landlords interests. If qualified a conditional prohibition is imposed
upon the tenant against an assignment without the landlords
consent. The lessees liability will depend on whether or not he has
asked for the lessors consent before making the assignment.
Where no prior consent has been requested, the tenant is liable to
pay damages and if a right of re entry is inserted in the lease, he
is liable to forfeit the lease.
In Barrow v Isaac & Sons (1891) 1QB 417 the lessee covenanted
not to underlet the premises or part with its possession without the
landlords consent in writing which consent the lessor agreed would
not be
arbitrarily withheld in the case
of a respectable
or
responsible person. The lessor reserved the right of re-entry in the

event of a breach of the covenant. When the lessee underlet part of
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the premises without the landlords consent, the court held that the
lessor was entitled to recover possession of the premises.
4.0
IMPLIED COVENANTS
Where in a tenancy agreement, no express covenants have been

inserted, the following covenants are usually imposed on landlords
and tenants. They are binding and enforceable
4.1
THE LANDLORD IS OBLIGATED TO GRANT
(a)
A covenant for quiet enjoyment. In Markham v Paget (1908)
1 CH 697, the principle was established that whether or not the

word demised has been mentioned in the lease, the landlord is
deemed to be under covenant that his tenant should enjoy his
tenancy without any disturbance or interruption by either the
landlord or his agent or anyone deriving title through the landlord.
(b)
A warranty that the premises are reasonably fit for human
habitation at the beginning of the tenancy. In Smith v Marable

(1843) 11 M&W 5. a house infested with bugs was held not to be fit
for human habitation.
In Wilson v Finch Hatton, a defective drainage was held to render
a house unfit for human habitation.
(c)
A covenant not to derogate from his grant In Aldin v Clark
(1894) CH 437 the landlords new building on adjoining land which

interrupted the free flow of air to the tenants premises was held to
be a derogation from his grant.
4.2
THE TENANTS COVENANT

The tenants covenant to
(a)
To pay rent
(b)
To pay rates and taxes
(c)
To repair
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(d)
LAND LAW I
Not to sublet the property
This is however subject to the doctrine of waste.

4.3
WHAT IS WASTE?
Waste is any damage to premises or to land that tends to be

permanent and lasting loss to the person entitled to the inheritance.
Waste is usually classified into two (a) voluntary waste consisting of
a positive act of destruction or damage to the inheritance e.g.
pulling down or altering buildings opening mines, changing the
course of husbandry or cutting timber
(b) Permissive waste
consists mainly in allowing the building to decay. The tenant is

generally liable for waste he is under an implied covenant to deliver
up the premises in a tenantable state of repair, including keeping all
fences on the land in a state of repair.
4.4
TENANTS IMPLIED COVENANT
The tenant impliedly has the right to

(a)
The taking of estovers
(b)
the gathering of growing crops
(c)
removal at the end of the tenancy of certain fixtures (tenants

fixtures)
They include trade fixtures, ornamental and domestic fixtures and

agricultural fixtures.
In Ige & ors v La Compagnie General the court held that a tenant is
entitled in the absence of any agreement to the contrary to remove
his trade appliances which do not amount to fixture on the
determination of his lease. In the instant case, the shelves counters
and electric light fittings were held to form removable fixtures which
were removable by the tenants.
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5.0
LAND LAW I
ENFORCEMENT OF COVENANTS
Apart from forfeiture, the usual remedy for breach of a covenant to

repair is damages, injunction and specific performance where the
covenant is breached by a tenant. This is because damages are
considered an adequate remedy for the landlord. Where the
landlord breached the covenant, damages or specific performance of
the covenant or deduction of money expended for repairs could be
ordered.
5.1
Where the breach relates to the covenant to pay rent, the
covenant is considered separately from other covenants. The

covenant is enforced by:
(a)
the landlord may when the rent is in arrears exercise his right
of distress, it is usually levied within thirty days of the date when

the rent falls due, on the tenants goods wherever they may be
located. It confers the landlord with a right of re entry. The law
frowns on self help and mandates a bailiff to be given a warrant by
the landlord who must have obtained an order from a court is the
one authorized to destrain the tenants goods. The impounded
goods are liable to be sold if the tenant does not meet his
obligations to the landlord.
In Da Rocha v Shell Co (1938)14 N.L.R.1. The court held that
before the landlord can sue his tenant on grounds of forfeiture for
non payment of rent, there must have been a formal demand for
rent from the tenant by the landlord.
5.2
where other covenants are breached by the tenant, the
landlords remedy lies. In action for damages for the breach or an

injunction to restrains a threatened breach
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6.0
LAND LAW I
RECOVERY OF PREMISES.
The mode of recovery of a premises is dependent on the nature of

the user. Where a premises is utilized as a guest house, or hotel,
the usage is not considered to be for residential purpose. The
occupants of such premises are not referred to as tenants but as
lodgers
6.1
where premises are utilized for residential purposes, its use,
occupation and recovery of possession is regulated by the Rent

Control and Recovery of Residential premises law. Otherwise
referred to as Rent Control Law the proviso to section 16 of the
Rent Control Law (Lagos) provides that where a tenant is monthly
tenant and his rents are in arrears for three months, the tenancy
should be considered determined and on application to the court by
the landlord, an order for payment of arrears of rent delivery up of
possession of the premises occupied would be made.
To be applicable, the premises must be utilized for residential
purposes and not as an office, shop warehouse or vacant land. S. 1
(1) of the Lagos Rent Control Law provides that that the law is
applicable to residential accommodation only
7.0
MODE OF TERMINATION OF TENANCY
The most popular mode of termination of tenancy is by notice to

quit. A notice to quit issued by a landlord on a tenant must be in
writing.
7.1 ESSENTIALS OF A VALID NOTICE
A valid notice must contain:
1.
The name of landlord or his authorized agent. The agent must

stipulate that he is acting as the agent of the landlord.
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In Bashua v Odunsi (1940) 15 NLR 107 a notice to quit was

declared invalid when it was evident that the landlords son
issued it without reference to the landlord.
2.
The name of the tenant.
3.
The nature of the tenancy (whether monthly, quarterly, half

yearly or tenancy at will) must be stipulated
4.
A brief description of the premises must be provided e.g
room,
flat or house
5.
The effective date of the notice to quit and the time for
delivery
6.
up of possession must be stated
A notice to quit should be clear and unequivocal and must not

leave the tenant in doubt as to the true
intention of the
landlord
7.2
the motive for the issuance of a notice to quit by a landlord is
irrelevant even when it is ill motivated, the landlord is still entitled

to recover the premises
8.0
LENGTH OF NOTICE REQUIRED
Section 8 (1) of the residential premises law provides that for a

tenancy at will or a weekly tenancy, a weeks notice is required. In
the case of a monthly tenant, a months notice is required and half
a years notice for a yearly tenancy.
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9.0 EFFECT OF INVALID NOTICE

A landlords action to recover possession on an invalid notice to quit
is a condition precedent to recovering of possession.
In Eleja v Bangudu (1994) 3 NWLR (PT 334) S26 the court of
appeal held that where a notice to quit is defective the proper order
to make is to strike out the landlords claim.
10.0 MESNE PROFITS.
Mesne profit is the compensation paid to a landlord by a tenant for
use and occupation of his premises. This is because at the end of
the tenancys a tenant is obliged to yield up possession. If he fails,
he is considered a trespasser, his continued possession being a
wrongful act. As a trespasser, he is liable to pay damages but
instead of the expression damages the term mesne profit is
utilized.
As stated in section 40 (1) of the Rent Control and Recovery of
Residential Premises Law 1976 (Lagos) Provides
Mesne profit means the rents and profits
which a tenant who holds over or a trespasser
has or might have received during his
occupation of the premises and which he is
liable to pay as compensation to the person
entitled to possession
11.0 DETERMINATION BY SURRENDER
In addition to notice of termination a tenancy may be determined
by surrender. Surrender is a yielding up of an estate to the owner of
the reversionary interest in the property. Surrender may be done
expressly by deed or by operation of law. Abandonment arises
where a tenant quits the demised premises without the knowledge
or notification of the landlord. Mere non user is not sufficient to
prove abandonment. The circumstances must exist from which it
can be inferred
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11.1 EFFECT OF SURRENDER

A surrender of a lease operates only to release the tenant from
obligation taking effect after the date of the surrender leaving the
tenant liable for past breaches. The rent which has accrued or
become due at the date of surrender is recoverable. On the other
hand, once the landlord accepts the surrender, the tenant is
discharged from future obligations.
In Walls v Atcheson (1826) 130 ER 591 A tenant for a term of one
year quit the premises in the middle of the term and the landlord let
them to another tenant. The landlord subsequently sued the tenant
for compensation for use and occupation of the unexpired residue of
the year. It was held that by putting another tenant there, the
landlord has accepted the surrender and the tenant could not be
liable for any obligation that arose after the surrender
12.0 CONCLUSION
Under the Recovery of Premises Law, a periodic tenant is obligate to
notify his landlord of his intention to terminate the tenancy and
yield up possession. Where he fails to do so, he remains liable to
pay the rent accruing to the premises in the same manner as if he
was actually in possession.
13.0 SUMMARY
(1)
Rights and obligation accruing to the Landlord and Tenant in a

tenancy agreement is
dependent
on
the tenor
of the
agreement.
(2)
Tenancy agreements contain express covenants agreed on

between the parties and covenants that are implied.
(3)
Apart from
forfeiture,
damages,
injunction and
specific
performance are methods of enforcing compliance

covenants in a tenancy contract .
127
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(4)
The usual method of recovery of premise is by the issuance of
notice to quit.
(5)
A valid notice must contain the names of the tenant,
description of the premises, the nature of the tenancy and the date
for
delivery up of possession.
(6)
The motive for the issuance of a notice to quit is irrelevant.
(7)
On the expiration of a notice to quit, the tenant becomes a

trespasser and he is liable to pay mesne profits.
(8)
A tenancy is also determinable by the tenant surrending the

premises.
(9)
The effects of a valid surrender is that the tenant is released

from his obligations to the landlord.
(10) Where a tenant fails to notify the landlord of the surrender of

the
premises, he is deemed to still be in possession of the
property
and liable to pay rent for the period. It is irrelevant that
he is no
longer in physical possession. He remains constructively
in
possession.
(11) For the Rent Control and Recovery of Residential premises to

be
operative between landlord and tenant, the premises must be

utilized for residential purposes only.

1.(a) what are the essential of a valid notice to quit
(b) As agent to Dr. Sunny Ogon issue a Notice to Quit to Mark
Osuji,
a monthly tenant
residing at 2, Ogbewe Avenue,
Iganmu, Lagoswhose rent has been outstanding for 3 months.

The Landlord
of the
Sunny Ogon intends to take delivery of possession
premises on December 31, 2012
2.
In a tenancy arrangement, both the landlord and the tenant
are
bound by express and implied covenants. Do you agree?
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LAND LAW I

Emeka Chianu Law of Landlord and Tenant (Abuja: Panaf
Press,
2010)
STATUTE:
Rent Control and Recovery of Residential Premises Law (Lagos)
1976.
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LAND LAW I
MODULE 8
MORTGAGES
1.0
INTRODUCTION.
2.0
OBJECTIVE
3.0
MODE OF CREATING MORTGAGES
4.0
IMPLIED COVENANTS
5.0
EQUITY OF REDEMPTION
6.0
CLOG ON THE EQUITY OF REDEMPTION
7.0
THE LEGAL MORTGAGEES REMEDIES
8.0
EQUITABLE MORTGAGES
9.0
MORTGAGEES POWER OF CONSOLIDATION
10.0
TERMINATION OF A MORTGAGE
11.0
RECONVEYANCE OF MORTGAGE
12.0
CONCLUSION
13.0
SUMMARY
14.0
15.0

STATUTES
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MODULE 8
MORTGAGES
1.0
INTRODUCTION.
The concept of mortgage is not easy to delineate neither is it easily

comprehensible. However, it has been defined as a conveyance of
land or assignment of chattels as security for the payment of a debt
or the discharge of some other obligation for which it is given.
Mortgage has been defined as the most important land of security.
Its essential nature is that it is a conveyance of a legal or equitable
interest in property with provision for redemption.
2.0
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this module is to acquaint the students with the

concept of mortgages, types of mortgages, mortgage transactions
in
general
and
the
implications
of
engaging
in
mortgage
transactions.
3.0
MODE OF CREATING MORTGAGES
A mortgage involves the borrower known as the mortgagor and

the lender known as the mortgagee and the consideration for the
transaction is known as Security
3.1 LEGAL MORTGAGES
Legal mortgage is created in any of the following methods:
(1)
In the case of a feel simple, the mortgagor conveys the whole
of his beneficial interest to the mortgagee and at the same time

enters into a covenant for the repayment of the loan with a proviso
that the mortgagor would on the repayment of the loan on the
dated stated, recover the fee simple from the mortgagee
(2)
In the case of the mortgage of a lease,
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(a)
LAND LAW I
the mortgagor conveys a sub-lease of his leasehold interest to
the mortgagee for a period slightly less than his own term. This is
so as to allow the mortgagor sufficient time to put things in order
before yielding up the land to the superior landlord. The mortgagee
is not obligated to account to the superior landlord in respect of
covenants contained in the original lease unless such covenants are
negative in nature so that they are enforceable.
(b)
the mortgagor assigns the whole of his unexpired term to the
mortgagee. It is a less satisfactory method of creating a mortgage

as it is liable to all covenants that touch and concern the land.
4.0
THE LAND USE ACT AND MORTGAGE
The land Use Act define mortgage to include a second and

subsequent mortgage and equitable mortgage.
4.1
section 21 of the Land Use Act states that it shall not be
lawful for any customary right of occupancy or any part of it to be

alienated
by
assignment,
mortgages,
transfer
of
possession
sublease or otherwise howsoever (a)
without the consent of the Governor in cases where the
property is to be sold by or under the order of any court under the

provisions of the applicable Sheriffs and Civil Process Law or
(b)
in other cases without the approval of the appropriate local
government.
4.2
It is further provided by section 22 of the Act that it shall be
unlawful for the holder of a statutory right of occupancy granted by

the military Governor to alienate his right of occupancy or any part
of it by mortgage without the consent of the Governor.
4.3
However, the consent of the Governor shall not be required to
the creation of a legal mortgage over statutory right of occupancy in

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whose favour an equitable mortgage over a right of occupancy has

already been created with the consent of the Governor.
4.4
The consent of the Governor is not presumed for the renewal
of a sublease by reason only of his having consented to the grant of

a sublease containing an option to renew it section 22
4.5
The Governor when giving his consent to a mortgage may
require the holder of a statutory right of occupancy to submit an

instrument executed in that regard to the Governor .
5.0
EQUITY OF REDEMPTION
In a mortgage transaction relating to a fee simple, the mortgage

appears to become the absolute owner of the mortgaged land on
the mortgagors failure to repay a loan within six months. The
common law would make the mortgagor forfeit his contractual right
to redeem his land as soon as he fails to repay but equity permits
the mortgagor to redeem after the stipulated periods of six months
if he repays the loan, all interest due, and relevant costs. This is
what is referred to as the mortgagors equity of redemption. It is an
equitable interest. The legal fee simple remains vested in the
mortgagee until redeemed by the mortgagor.
6.0
CLOG ON THE EQUITY OF REDEMPTION
Redemption is the
very essence
of a legal
mortgage. Any
postponement or frustration of the right of a mortgagee to redeem

renders the transaction void
In Samuel v Jarrah Timber Corporation (1904) AC 323 Lord Lindley
held:
The doctrine once a mortgage always a
mortgage means that no contract between a
mortgagor and a mortgagee made at the
time of the mortgage and as part of the
mortgage transaction or in other words as
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one of the terms of the loan, can be valid if
it prevents the mortgagor from getting back
his property on paying off what is due on his
security. Any bargain which has that effect
is invalid and is inconsistent with the
transaction being a mortgage.
The mortgagors equity of redemption must not be clogged in any

way. There must be no collateral advantage reserved in the
mortgage deed which could make it impossible for the mortgagor to
redeem his land on payment of loan, interest and cost
In Noakes & Co Ltd v Rice (1909) CH 441 A licenced victualler to
brewers
mortgaged
the
leasehold
of
his
public
house.
He
covenanted with the mortgagee that himself and his successors and
assigns should not during the continuance of the term use or sell in
the public house any malt liquors except such as would be
purchased from the mortgagee. It was held that the covenant
constituted a clog on the equity of redemptions. The mortgagor was
entitled to the reconveyance of the property on payment of what
was due on the security.
Similarly in Bradley v Carrit, (1903) AC 253 the mortgagor was
required to employ the mortgagee as his agent. After the mortgage
had been paid off, the mortgagor company changed their broker
and the mortgagee sought to enforce the covenant that he should
be retained as broker the covenant was held to be unenforceable
7.0
THE LEGAL MORTGAGEES REMEDIES
Where there is a breach by the mortgagors to perform his

obligations under the mortgage transaction, the mortgagee may
resort to certain legal remedies.
7.1
RIGHT OF FORECLOSURE
Where a mortgagor defaults and a period of grace, fails to redeem

the mortgage, a mortgagee may apply to court for an order to fore
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closure the mortgagors equity of redemption. The mortgagee is at

liberty to dispose of the security to recover his money.
(a)
Mortgagee selling mortgaged property is expected to act in
good faith. In Alhaji Maina v United Bank for Africa Ltd (1985) H.
C.N.L.R 828 the court held that the only obligation incumbent on a
mortgagee selling under a power of sale in his mortgage is that he
should act in good faith and take reasonable precaution to ensure
that he obtains not the best price but a proper price.
(b)
Right to enforce the mortgagors personal covenant to repay
the loan, interest on it and cost

(c)
Right to enter and take possession of the mortgaged property
until the debt owed is repaid

(d)
a right to appoint a receiver for the rents and profits
emanating from the land. He is deemed accountable to the

mortgagor for rents collected.
(e)
a right to sell the legal fee simple (to a purchaser) free from
the mortgagors equity of redemption. The mortgagee must after

paying all expenses incidental to the sale, use the purchase money
to pay himself the loan, interest and cost due under the mortgage.
A mortgagee is not a trustee of the power of sale for the mortgagor.
8.0
EQUITABLE MORTGAGES
Equitable mortgage refers to

(a)
a second or a subsequent mortgage created by the

mortgagor in respect of the same fee simple over which he
has granted a first mortgage.
(b)
There is a written agreement by the mortgagor to create a

legal mortgage in favour of the mortgagee. In appropriate
cases, equity will compel him to do so by enforcing specific
performance of the contract
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(c)
LAND LAW I
Where the mortgagor deposits his title deeds with the
mortgagee.
(d)
There is both a written agreement and a deposit of title

deeds
9.0
MORTGAGEES POWER OF CONSOLIDATION
Where two or more different properties are conveyed to the same

mortgagee, he reserves the right to refuse selective redemption of
one of the properties unless he is also redeemed as to the others.
10.0 TERMINATION OF A MORTGAGE.
A mortgage is terminated by the repayment of the loan by the
mortgagor. Where it is a leasehold interest that was mortgaged by
assignment, the mortgagee is mandated to re-assign and release it
to the mortgagor. In the case of a mortgage by sub lease the
mortgagee must surrender
and release the property to the
mortgagor even if the sublease is a second or later mortgage.

In the case of an equitable mortgage there is no need for a
reconveyance to the mortgagor. The debt on the property is
discharged by the mortgagees receipt for the mortgage money and
interest.
11.0 RECONVEYANCE OF MORTGAGE
Where both the mortgagor and the mortgagee retain the same
solicitor for the transaction, a deed endorsed on the mortgage
instrument serves as a reconveyance. The reconveyance need not
contain
any
recitals
it is
sufficient
that
the
mortgagee
as
mortgagee conveys or surrenders to the mortgagor free from all

principal moneys and interests intended to be secured by the
mentioned indentures.
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Under the statutes of limitation the mortgagees legal estate is

extinguished at the end of thirteen years from the date a mortgagee
receives the mortgage money
12.0 CONCLUSION
Mortgages are transactions relating to land and the parties are
expected to act in ultimate good faith. The contract is not expected
to be couched in a such a manner as to frustrate the right of the
mortgagor to claim his property on the repayment of the loan
granted as this would render the mortgage transaction void.
13.0 SUMMARY
(1)
A mortgage is a conveyance of land or assignment of chattels
as security for the repayment of a debt or the discharge of some

other obligation for which it is given.
(2)
Provision for redemption
is an
essential
element of
mortgage transaction.
(3)
In a mortgage transaction, the borrower is known as the
mortgagor while the lender is known as the mortgagee

(4)
Where the mortgage relates to a fee simple interest, the
mortgagors entire beneficial interest resides in the mortgagee until

the repayment of the loan.
(5)
Where the mortgage relates to a leasehold interest, what is
conveyed to the mortgagee is the unexpired residue of the lease

and the mortgagee is bound by the covenants touching and
concerning the land.
(6)
In Nigeria, the Land Use Act 1978, prohibits the mortgage of a
customary and statutory right of occupancy without the consent of

the governor first had and obtained
(7)
Where a legal mortgage is sought to be created in favour of
the holder of an equitable mortgage, the consent of the Governor is

unnecessary.
137
LAW422
(8)
LAND LAW I
The mortgagor has a right to collect his property back from
the mortgagee once he has repayed the debt owed. His right to do
so is referred to as the mortgagors equity of redemption
(9)
Any
disturbance,
postponement
or
termination
of
the
mortgagors right to redeem his property constitutes a clog on the

mortgagors equity of redemption and it is sufficient to invalidate a
mortgage transaction.
(10) A mortgage transaction would either be legal or equitable.
(11) Where a mortgagor fails or neglects to meet with his
obligation under a mortgage transaction, the mortgagee is entitled
to obtain an order of foreclosure from the court. This terminates the
right of the mortgagor to redeem the property and empowers the
mortgagee to dispose of the property to recover the loan granted.
(12) In exercising his power of sale, the mortgagee is not expected
to obtain the best price for the property but is expected to be
reasonable and act in good faith.
(13) A mortgage transaction is terminated by the repayment of the
loan granted or the acquisition of the security deposited by the non
payment of the loan by the mortgagor
1.
Distinguish a legal mortgage from an equitable mortgage.
2.
Examine the status of mortgage under the Land Use Act 1978
3.
Once a mortgage always a mortgage Lord Lindley in Samuel
v Jarrah Timber Corporation (1904) AC 323 What are the methods

of creating mortgages?
ELIAS T.O. Nigerian Land Law (London: Sweet and Maxwell
1971)
NIKI TOBI Cases and Materials on Nigerian Land Law
138
LAW422
LAND LAW I
STATUTES:
Land Use Act 1978.
139

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What is the objective of the Land Use Act?

What is the objective of the Land Use Act?

What rights does the Land Use Act confer on state governors?

What rights does the Land Use Act confer on state governors?

LAW422

NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA

COURSE CODE: LAW 422

COURSE TITLE: LAND LAW II

Dr. Violet Aigbokhaevbo

Mr. Kunle Aina (Sabbatical)

K. Aina, C. Hia, NOUN

Ifidon Oyakhiromen, PhD. BL

NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA

National Open University of Nigeria

NON CUSTOMARY LAND LAW

THE LAND USE ACT

STATE CONTROL OF LAND

PRIVATE INTERESTS IN LAND

CATEGORISATION OF RIGHTS OF OCCUPANCY

DISTINCTION BETWEEN GRANT OF STATUTORY

RIGHTS CONFERRED BY RIGHTS OF OCCUPANCY.

CONDITIONS FOR VALID GRANT OF CERTIFICATE

CONDITIONS IMPOSED ON GRANTEES OF

TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT

SUGGESTED FURTHER READING /REFERENCES

government projects mostly in urban areas

and control the

difficulties confronted by government when acquiring land for

The objective of this unit is to expose students to the fundamentals

STATE CONTROL OF LAND

The Land Use Act conferred Government with mandatory powers

whether developed or undeveloped held by the Federal Government

improvements on land. See section 2 of the Land Use Act.

possibility of Nigerians with the requisite capital can entrepreneurial

3.1 PRIVATE INTERESTS IN LAND

which was being used for agricultural purpose were recognized.

CATEGORISATION OF RIGHTS OF OCCUPANCY

Rights of occupancy under the Land Use Act are categorized as

Statutory right of occupancy expressly granted by the

Statutory right of occupancy deemed to be granted by the

Customary right of occupancy expressly granted by the

A deemed grant comes

operation of law and the grantee acquires a vested right just as an

RIGHTS CONFERRED BY RIGHTS OF OCCUPANCY.

other than the grantee of a certificate of occupancy had a better

discountenance it as invalid, defective and / or spurious.

CONDITIONS IMPOSED ON GRANTEES OF CERTIFICATE

Section 9 (2) provides that such certificate shall be termed a

in defining the boundaries which the occupier neglected to define.

Inspite of the expectations generated by the enactment of the Land

achievement. The concept of inalienability of land remains prevalent

The land Use Act nationalized all lands in Nigeria by vesting

Citizens are allowed to hold an interest in land called a right of

Rights of occupancy are categorized as statutory Right of

The occupier of land pursuant to a right of occupancy is issued

The holder of a certificate of occupancy is obligated to pay

The validity of a certificate of occupancy is rooted in a grantee

transferable to heirs and capable of been alienated subject to

TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT