VOLUME  2.8 
JUNE 29, 2010 

Asset Allocation Thoughts 

"Let every man divide his money into three parts, and invest a third in land, a
third in business, and a third let him keep in reserve."

-Talmud, circa 1200 BC - 500 AD1

This letter is the start of a process we will, in the future, develop into a more useful and

practical asset allocation framework for investors’ portfolios that reflects our macro view,

concerns about the general riskiness of the financial world and a variety of issues that go into the

asset allocation process.

As a starting point, it is important to understand what real long-run rates of return have

been for different assets.2 Good data exists on developed country equity markets by sector and

on real estate. For example, most people know that the real long-run return on U.S. equities is

about 6.5%. Small-cap stocks outperform large companies by a wide margin, value stocks

outperform growth stocks, also by a wide margin, and small value stocks easily outperform small

growth stocks. However, small companies have much greater volatility and business risk.

It is also well known that the real return on bonds lags the real return on stocks, but risk is

much less. In a portfolio, the inclusion of some bonds along with stocks lowers risk faster than it

lowers returns up to a point.

                                                            
1
 Asset allocation to manage risk and return has a long history.  Since land was considered equity, the ratio of 2/3 equity and 
1/3 fixed income is consistent with the typical pension fund asset allocation in the post World War II era. 

2
 See The Great Reflation, Part II for a general discussion; also Ibbotson & Associates, Stocks, Bonds, Bills and Inflation; Jeremy 
Siegel, Stocks for the Long Run; Elroy Dimson et al., Triumph of the Optimists: 101 Years of Global Investment Returns. 

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 Real estate is another major asset that is widely held. Real returns have been significantly

lower than stocks: roughly ½ % on residential property and about 5% on income-producing

commercial property. And the swings can be wild when easy access to mortgage credit fuels

leveraged speculation. Consequently, perceptions of risk in real estate have shifted dramatically

over the last few years.

Emerging markets and gold can also be very attractive additions to portfolios. However,

the history of emerging markets is short and these markets are evolving quickly. Gold has been

free to fluctuate in the market only since 1971 and there have been just two major bull markets.

The asset allocation process is highly complex. Different investors have very different time

horizons and risk aversions. The experience of the past three years has shown that historical

correlations can be extraordinarily misleading. Various asset classes unexpectedly became highly

correlated and much more volatile than the historical pattern. Understanding future correlations

is the critical issue. In the midst of a crisis, liquidity can evaporate as trading volumes dry up,

hedge funds close to redemptions and private equity may accelerate capital calls and halt

distributions with unfortunate timing. Hidden leverage comes to the fore, exacerbating

illiquidity.

Our approach to asset allocation is focused on wealth preservation by controlling the

overall exposure to risk assets in relation to macro conditions, valuation and market psychology.

We are not attempting to forecast the specific performance of various asset classes as a means of

facilitating market timing decisions, as history has shown that this is rarely a winning strategy.

Rather, we will attempt to provide analysis that will help investors play a more active form of

defence and offense with their portfolios.

In order to achieve these goals, we favour a dynamic approach to asset allocation,

reviewing the portfolio and making adjustments on a quarterly basis or as conditions evolve,

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rather than sticking with fixed allocations come “hell or high water”. Systemic risk in the global

economy is far higher than in the previous post-World War II years, volatility promises to remain

extraordinarily high and the financial system may be subject to major shocks. This is a major

theme running through The Great Reflation. In such an environment, a buy and hold approach to

asset allocation will carry a lot more embedded risk than most people expect.

In practice, the execution of dynamic asset allocation is subjective and highly complex for

global investors. Many attempts have been made to create models or algorithms that rely on

indicators to calculate an optimum asset allocation. However, this sort of quantitative approach

inevitably breaks down as the assumptions that underpin the model cannot fit every set of

economic conditions. We use indicators selectively to inform decision-making, but at its core,

asset allocation is an art, involving equal measures of analysis, intuition and common sense.

Above all, investors must have a clear idea of their tolerance for risk, exercise discipline and

stick to a plan. Some prefer one of rigid allocations and the literature tends to support this

approach. We favour a dynamic allocation process which allows for some flexibility in order to

better control risk at important market junctures (e.g. stocks in 1999, housing in 2006-2007).

In future issues, we will explore these issues in much more detail and try to develop a

framework and process for asset allocation for investors with the objective of being relatively

simple, and hopefully, useful. For now, we will review our main macro views and investment

conclusions.

Macro Outlook

One of the essential macro themes in the U.S. and Canada for the rest of 2010 will be a

relatively strong corporate sector, characterized by good balance sheet liquidity, rising profits

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and capital spending (Charts 1-3). This will continue to be offset, in part, by a weak housing

market, consumer spending, employment and fiscal retrenchment. A continuation of highly

accommodative monetary policy is assured. The recovery is intact, but will slow significantly

and remain uneven, with risks to the downside.

Chart 1 Chart 2

Chart 3

Ideally, as the business cycle moves through the expansion phase and valuations become

stretched, conservative investors should be taking money off the table, moving assets into cash

and bonds. However, in the aftermath of a global financial crisis, the usual assumptions about

business cycle dynamics and timing are often different. This recession was not triggered by a

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policy response to overheating as is the case in a typical recession, but by a burst credit and asset

bubble. Consequently, economic expansion depends on much more than a monetary policy

response.

The few historical parallels where recessions are triggered by excess debt and financial

crises can be misleading, as these have tended to be localized, regional affairs which were often

resolved in part through currency devaluation, making fiscal consolidation less painful. In the

current scenario, both public and private debt levels are extremely high and the problems are

common to almost every developed nation. The great irony is that most of the important

emerging market economies have the best fiscal dynamics, the freest markets and strongest

growth prospects, reversing position with the so-called “developed” economies. Competitive

devaluation in a globally fragile situation is not an available solution to everyone. Perhaps the

lone benefit of such a coordinated crisis is that it’s hard to tell whose sovereign debt smells

worse. However, with so many G20 countries with unsustainable fiscal positions, the risk of

contagion is high.

The bottom line is that this is an untested economic environment with a highly uncertain

outcome. Monetization of vast amounts of debt is well underway and set to continue as

policymakers desperately try to reflate sick economies. However, as Japan can testify, central

bank reflation and zero interest rates don’t necessarily create a sustainable recovery. Despite the

concerted effort of central banks to reflate their economies, deflation remains a greater risk than

inflation for the foreseeable future. The key determinant of investment returns over the next ten

years will probably be dependent on getting the inflation/deflation forecast right (i.e. when the

deflation risk shifts to an inflation risk). We do not see that happening any time soon.

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Money, Credit and Liquidity

Money supply and credit expansion are generally positive for risk assets but only if price

inflation remains stable. The U.S. Federal Reserve (along with most other developed nations)

expanded its balance sheet dramatically in 2008-2009. However, money supply growth

remained subdued in 2009 as banks have been working through write-downs and have sharply

increased their reserve holdings. The private sector has been deleveraging, but this may be

changing (see Charts 4-6). If the Fed’s aggressive policy does result in a significant expansion

of money and credit, it will, at some point, have to start taking action or risk a spike in inflation

expectations.

The key question is: When should we expect this to occur? The lag between recovery and

price pressure is much longer in the aftermath of a financial crisis than it is after a typical

recession. This is because banks remain conservative for a very long time and consumers and

businesses focus on balance sheet strength. Indeed, the level of commercial and industrial loans

has been declining steadily since mid-2008, although the rate of decline has slowed sharply

(Chart 7). Housing markets, consumer demand and employment data are still negative, ensuring

that inflationary pressures will be long delayed.

The implications of this view are:

1. Extraordinarily loose monetary policy and near-zero interest rates will persist for at

least another 6-12 months.

2. General price inflation in the U.S. and other developed nations will continue to be

tame.

3. Asset inflation in emerging markets will continue to put pressure on their domestic

monetary policies to tighten and allow their currencies to rise, particularly the

RMB.

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Chart 4 Chart 5

Chart 6 Chart 7

Equities: Maintain Exposure

There are two main reasons to maintain exposure to equities despite the murky economic outlook.

First, the corporate sector in many developed nations is in relatively good shape as a result of low debt

levels and high productivity. Valuations are still reasonable. Second, there are few other good options for

investors seeking decent returns. However, we continue to believe benchmark exposure should be less

than in previous periods because of the continued high level of systemic risk.

Some Thoughts on Geographic Diversification

Valuations in most markets are close to long-term average levels (Charts 8 & 9). These

conditions exist in much of Europe as well. We expect to see healthy gains in both European

and North American markets over the next six to nine months, (Charts 10 &11). China, and

broadly speaking other emerging markets, have different dynamics. Monetary policy will

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continue in a somewhat restrictive direction, but capital inflows and interest rates far below

growth rates will ensure excess liquidity and a tendency for asset markets to be buoyant, in spite

of valuations. Chinese equities, in particular, should perform well, given the 15-20% correction

over the past year against a backdrop of continued strong growth (Charts 12 &13). The fear of a

big China slowdown due to tightening of monetary policy is way overdone. A bit of moderation

in China’s growth is a welcome development from overheated conditions and will not derail the

North American recovery. However, it could soften some commodity markets further.

Chart 8 Chart 9

Chart 10 Chart 11

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Chart 12 Chart 13

Commodities

The last decade has seen a continuous commodity bull market driven by emerging market

demand. We don’t believe that the thesis underlying this trend has changed. However, it is

important to note that the investment landscape in the commodity sector has changed

dramatically in the last few years. The consideration of direct commodity investments as an

asset for inclusion in retail and institutional portfolios is a new phenomenon. This revolution has

created a corresponding explosion of financial products that make leveraged bets on commodity

futures a simple matter. Currently we are seeing an increasing share of purely financial

(speculative) demand, with obvious implications for volatility in the sector. We are uneasy with

the decoupling of commodity prices from fundamental supply and demand, particularly given

that we disagree with the inflationary concerns that underlie much of this financial demand. We

recommend investors plan for increasing levels of volatility in this sector over the next few

years, with downside risk, should the world economy be weaker than we are assuming.

In the shorter term, we expect commodity prices to remain range bound over the next few

quarters. The Chinese leading economic indicator has started to roll over, which has been a fair

predictor of commodity prices (Chart 14). Changing gears to slower growth may cause some

inventory reduction, but this may well have already been discounted in the short term (Chart 15).

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 Chart 14

Chart 15

Precious Metals

It is difficult to have confidence in fiat currencies or sovereign debt while fiscal positions

are clearly unsustainable. Precious metals are a logical hedge, but gold is impossible to value

when the bulk of demand is financial. At this point, gold is a crowded trade but could easily

become a lot more crowded if fears of another European banking and sovereign debt crisis heat

up again.

Greece has spooked policymakers of indebted nations around the world. They are now

talking tough on budgets. The recent G20 meeting seemed to result in a commitment to halve

deficits within three years and stabilize debt levels in six years, Japan excluded. However,

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President Sarkozy was careful to point out that these targets are “voluntary”. There is hope but

let’s see what governments actually do. In the short term, we can’t ignore the possibility that the

European recovery goes off the rails, forcing another round of bailouts and delays in expenditure

cuts and tax increases. Some allocation to precious metals, as a contingency plan for a worst

case scenario, is advisable. From a technical perspective, the bull market is intact and the path

of least resistance is up (Chart 16). However, our sense is that speculating in precious metals is a

highly risky strategy.

Chart 16

Corporate Bonds

Corporate bonds have been one of the best performing asset classes over the past decade,

providing a compound annual return close to 8% in the U.S. (Chart 17). The past 15 months has

seen exceptional returns in lower quality debt, as spreads have tightened from crisis levels (Chart

18). Corporate bond returns will be substantially less over the next few years, as the cycle of

credit-spread narrowing has largely played out. Nevertheless, settling for the roughly 5% yield

on investment grade corporate bonds is a reasonable position, given unstable economies and

benign inflation prospects. And for those who understand the complexity of the high-yield

market, opportunities still exist there.

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Chart 17 Chart 18

Treasuries

Over the past 18 months, the Federal Reserve increased its balance sheet by $1.7 trillion

which largely represents purchases of U.S. Treasuries and mortgage bonds. The quantitative

easing program supposedly ended in March, yet Federal Reserve assets continue to grow (Chart

19). Central bank intervention is suppressing yields well below what the market would

determine, particularly given the new found appreciation of risk in sovereign debt (Chart 20).

We expect heavy intervention in sovereign bond markets to continue. But this is clearly an

unsustainable situation and conservative investors, who want to minimize risk, should focus on

the sovereign debt issued by countries with relatively sustainable fiscal situations3 (Chart 21).

Chart 19 Chart 20

                                                            
3
 This would include Canada, Norway, China, Korea, New Zealand, Sweden, Switzerland, among others. 

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 Chart 21

Investment Conclusions

In general, we continue to be positive on risks assets in the context of our continuing focus

on wealth preservation and diversification. Probabilities favour a recovery in stock and

commodity prices rather than an extended bear market. Since our last letter dated June 1st, there

has been a halting recovery in markets. However, the severe breakdown in markets today and

the fact that the S&P could not get above its 200-day moving average suggest that, in the near

term, new lows will be reached before a significant rally develops. We continue to like natural

gas (see our June letter) and the price is up about 10% over the past month. Oil prices, which we

will cover soon in some detail in one of our letters, are likely to remain in the $70-80 range,

barring the unlikely event of a double dip recession.

In particular, we like small-cap companies in the U.S. and Canada and equities of quality

European countries. The recent panic has created exceptional value in Germany, for example,

whose export machine will benefit from the sharp devaluation of the euro. We continue to like

emerging market equities in general, based on long-term growth prospects and sound financial

systems vis-à-vis the declining West.

Quality corporate and government bonds provide good diversification and a hedge against

deflation.

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 Gold remains in a bull market. It is a good hedge against another European debt and

banking crisis, which would certainly trigger a further European rush to gold as protection

against a falling euro and banking insolvencies.

The currency game is clouded by the fact that all the majors – euro, U.S. dollar, sterling

and yen are all “basket cases”. However, they can only devalue temporarily against each other.

Therefore, long-term investors should maintain a portfolio approach if they must hold those

currencies. Better bets are the commodity currencies with strong national balance sheets and

sound banking systems—Canada, Norway, China, Korea, New Zealand, Sweden and

Switzerland come to mind. The Chinese RMB stands out as being enormously undervalued. It

is a one-way bet with the only uncertainty being in the timing.

Tony & Rob Boeckh

New Book by J. Anthony Boeckh

*All chart data from IHS/Global Insights, and may not be reproduced without written consent.

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