ISSN (Print) : 2320 3765

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International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,

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Vol. 4, Issue 1, January 2015

Advance Control Techniques for DC/DC Buck

Converter with Improved Performance
Shamik Bandyopadhyay1, Prof. G KPanda2, Prof. P KSaha3, Prof. S Das4
PG Scholar, Dept. of EE, Jalpaiguri Government Engineering College, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India1
HOD and Professor, Dept of EE, Jalpaiguri Government Engineering College, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India2
Professor, Dept of EE, Jalpaiguri Government Engineering College, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India3
Professor, Dept of EE, Jalpaiguri Government Engineering College, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India4
ABSTRACT:A buck converter is a very common and useful device in modern power electronics. It has wide
application in modern HVDC power system network. The common and effective technique to control the buck
converter is PID controller. PID controller is widely used in modern automatic control system. More advance technique
to control the converter is non-linear control. Sliding mode control is a non-linear control technique.Every control
method has some advantages and drawbacks due to which that particular control method consider as a suitable control
method under specific conditions, compared to other control methods. The control method that gives the best
performances under any conditions is always in demand.
KEYWORDS:PID controller, Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), Sliding mode control, DC-DC buck converter,
Transfer function, MATLAB, Simulink.
I.INTRODUCTION
The switch mode DC-DC converter are some of the simplest circuit which converts power level of DC power
effectively. It has wide application in modern computer, DC motor drive, power system, automotive, aircrafts etc. the
commonly used control methods are pulse width modulation (PWM), voltage mode control, PWM current mode
control with proportional (P), proportional integral (PI), and proportional integral derivative (PID) controller. But this
control method cannot perform satisfactory under large load variation so non liner control technique is in picture.The
dc-dc converters, which are non-linear and time variant system, and do not lend themselves to the application of linear
control theory, can be controlled by means of sliding-mode (SM) control, Which is derived from the variable structure
control system theory (VSCS).
II.LITEARTURE SURVEY
The dc-dc switching converters are the widely used circuits in electronics systems. They are usually used to obtain a
stabilized output voltage from a given input DC voltage which is lower (buck) from that input voltage, or higher (boost)
or generic (buckboost) [1]. Most used technique to control switching power supplies is Pulse-width Modulation
(PWM) [2]. The conventional PWM controlled power electronics circuits are modelled based on averaging technique
and the system being controlled operates optimally only for a specific condition [3]-[4]. The linear controllers like P,
PI, and PID do not offer a good large-signal transient (i.e. large-signal operating conditions) [4]-[5].
Therefore, research has been performed for investigating non-linear controllers. The main advantages of these
controllers are their ability to react immediately to a transient condition. The different types of non-linear analog
controllers are: (a) hysteretic current-mode controllers, (b) hysteretic voltage-mode/V2 controllers, (c) slidingmode/boundary controllers. Advantages of hysteretic control approach include simplicity in design and do not require
feedback loop compensation circuit. M. Castilla [6]-[8] proposed voltage-mode hysteretic controllers for synchronous
buck converter used for many applications. The analysis and design of a hysteretic PWM controller with improved
transient response have been proposed for buck converter in 2004[9].

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III.BASIC PRINCIPLES
The buck converter circuit converts a higher dc input voltage to lower dc output voltage. The basic buck dc-dc
converter topology is shown in figure. 1. It consists of a controlled switch Sw, an uncontrolled switch (diode) D, an
inductor L, a capacitor C, and a load resistance R.

Figure 1:

Dc-Dc Buck Converter Topology

Figure 2: Buck Converter Circuit When Switch: (A) Turns On (B) Turns Off
In the description of converter operation, it is assumed that all the components are ideal and also the converter operates
in CCM. In CCM operation, the inductor current flows continuously over one switching period. The switch is either on
or off according to the switching function and this results in two circuit states. The first sub-circuit state is when the
switch is turned on, diode is reverse biased and inductor current flows through the switch, which can be shown in figure
2(a). The second sub-circuit state is when the switch is turned off and current freewheels through the diode, which is
shown figure 2(b).

Figure 3: Phase Plot for (a) ideal SM Control (b) actual SM control
The basic idea of SM control is to design first a sliding surface in state space and then the second is to design a control
law direct the system state trajectory starting from any arbitrary initial state to reach the sliding surface in finite time,
and finally it should come to a point where the system equilibrium state exists that is in the origin point of the phase
plane. The existence, stability and hitting condition are the three factors for the stability of sliding mode control. SM

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control principle is graphically represented in Figure 3, where, represent the sliding surface and x1 and x2 are the
voltage error variable and voltage error dynamics respectively. The sliding line (when it is a two variable SM control
system in two-dimensional plane) divides the phase plane into two regions. Each region is specified with a switching
state and when the trajectory arrives at the system equilibrium point, the system is considered as stable.
IV.IMPLEMENTATION OF PID CONTROLLED BUCK CONVERTER
The simulation model of DC-DC buck converter consists of following parts:
DC-DC Buck Converter: ADC-DC buck converter is a power electronics device to convert high level of voltage to a
lower level voltage. In this paper the buck converter is implemented in two forms. One is mathematical modelling and
another is electrical modelling. A buck converter is consists of Inductance (L), Inductance Series Resistance (RL),
Capacitance (C), and Capacitance Series Resistance (Rc).
The mathematical model of the system consists of two loop. 1st one is inductor current and 2nd is output voltage loop.
To design this two loop general equation must have to derive from variable system structure model.
From the general model of buck converter we can assume:
The first loop is responsible for computing the Inductor current by solving the differential equation obtained from
applying KVL
=
+
+ 1
=
=

2
)

Where, Vin= Input Voltage of the Buck Converter, D=1 when Duty Cycle is ON and D=0 when Duty Cycle is OFF, i L=
Inductor Current, RL=Effective Series Resistance of Inductance, V0=Output Voltage of the Buck Converter,
L=Inductance Value in Henry.

Figure 4: Buck Converter Subsystem

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Figure 5: Buck Converter Subsystem Electrical Model

The second loop calculates the Output Voltage which is the sum of the Capacitor Voltage and the drop across the
Capacitor Series Resistance (Rc). Applying KCL at the capacitor node we get:
=
=

4
)

+
6
(
)7
=
+
Where iout = Load Current, C = Capacitance in Farad, Vc=Voltage across Capacitor, RC = Effective Series resistance of
the Capacitor.
PWM generator: The PWM generator produce switching frequency for the desire output by varying the duty cycle of
the converter. The converter has two operating mode. The duty interval, when switch is on (Ton) and freewheeling
mode, when switch is off (Toff).

Figure 6: PWM Subsystem

To implement a PWM subsystem a relay is necessary to provide output. The input of the relay is the difference of duty
cycle and saw tooth waveform. By varying the duty cycle the turn off and turn on period varies. With that the output of
the relay also changes. A very simple PWM generator is designed in this paper. The time value of saw tooth is [0
0.1/fs], where fs is switching frequency. The only relay parameter output when on value is 1 rest of that all value is 0.
PID Controller: To design a PID controller successfully first have to design a transfer function of the system with
respect to duty cycle.
By applying Laplace Transform to Eqn (2), we get:
=
+
+
8
Let us assume Vc=V0 by neglecting the drop across Rc. Using Laplace Transform on Eqn (9) and rearranging the terms,
we get
=

By substituting the value of iL in Equation (10) and rearranging the terms, we obtain the open loop transfer function of
the Buck Converter:
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10

By applying different tuning technique like Ziegler Nichols, CohenCoon the value of Kp, Kd, Ki can be derived for
the system.
The proposed system is as follows:

Figure 7: The Proposed Buck Converters Electrical Model and Mathematical Model
The parameters of the model is input voltage Vin = 24 volt, reference voltage Vref = 18 volt, inductance L = 0.001H,
capacitance C = 0.75C, leakage inductance RL = 0.08 , leakage capacitance RC = 0.03 .

Figure 8: Output Waveform Of The Proposed Electrical&Mathematical Model 1st Output Current 2nd Output
Voltage
In this model of buck converter the reference voltage Vref is 18 volt constant supply. The load resistance is 10 . Input
voltage of the converter is Vin is 24 volt dc supply. The output voltage of this converter is Vout and it is 17.66 volt and
current Iout 1.794 amp. Both are rippled and fluctuating but magnitude is moderate.
V.SLIDING MODE CONTROL FOR BUCK CONVERTER
To design a sliding mode controller for Buck converter, the voltage error, X1, is
1=
0 11
Where Vref is the constant reference voltage and = R2/ (R1 + R2) is the sensing ratio of the output voltage. The rate
of change of voltage error, X2, is
2= 1
=
= 12
Where IC = C (dVo/dt) is the capacitor current, and C is the capacitance. Since IC = IL IR, where IL and IR represent
the inductor and load currents respectively, differentiation of above equation with respect to time gives
(
)
2
=
13
Using IR = Vo/RL where RL is the load resistance, and the averaged equation of a CCM inductor current
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=
14
Where Vi is the input voltage, L is the inductance, and u = 1 or 0 is the switching state, we have

Figure 9: Schematic Diagram Of A Sliding Mode Control For Buck Converter

=
=

+
+

15
16

Finally, from (4.4) and (4.6), a state space model describing the system is derived as
0
1
0
0

=
+
+
17

The proposed model for buck converter is as follows:

Figure 10: Simulink Model Of The Sliding Mode Control For Buck Converter

Figure 11: Sliding Surface Block Diagram

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Figure 12: Sliding Line Block Diagram and SR Latch Block Diagram
VI. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The model is verified in MATLAB/ Simulink environment. The input voltage of the buck converter is Vin 24 volt DC
load is 10. The reference signal of the system is Vref 18 volt DC. The output voltage Vout 17.89 volt shown in fig 13
(a). The rise time of the system is 0.1 sec and no overshoot in the output voltage.
The output current waveform is in the next figure 13 (b). The value of output current is 1.764 amp. The settling time is
0.08 second.

Figure 13: SM Mode Output (a) Current Waveform and (b) Voltage Waveform
The control methods have the same power circuit parameters and operate at the same input and output voltages. The
design specifications and the circuit parameters, for simulation are chosen as: input voltage Vin =24V, desired output
voltage Vout =18V, inductance L =100mH, capacitance =150F, leakage inductance RL= 0.08 , leakage capacitance
RC = 0.03 load resistance R =10. The sliding coefficients =0.167. The switching frequency is set to 150 kHz. The
output is Vout = 17.97 volt Io = 1.764 amp.
VII.CONCLUSION
In this section Sliding Mode control of buck converter is implemented and different output parameter is observed. The
output voltage and current is stable and satisfactory. The output is better than the PID control buck converter. Output
reaches stability quite fast and ripple is minimum. Load variation up to a certain range does not affect the output. The
overall performance of nonlinear control is good as compared to the PID controller. PID controller reaches its final
value faster but contains ripple. For different load and PID parameters there overshoot may be seen. But in SM control
the output is smooth and no overshoot observed.
REFERENCES
[1] M. H. Rashid, Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices and Applications (3rd Edition), Prentice Hall, 2003.
[2] N. Mohan, T. M. Undeland, W. P. Robbins, Power Electronics: Converters, Applications, and Design, 3rd Bk&Cdr edition, Wiley, 2002.
[3] R.D Middlebrook and S Cuk , A general unified approach to modelling switching Converter Power stages, in Proc. IEEE PESC Rec., pp. 18
34, 1976.

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[4] A.J. Forsyth and S.V. Mollow, Modellingand control of dc-dc converters,IEE power engineering journal, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 229236, Oct.
1998.
[5] V.S.C Raviraj and P.C. Sen, Comparative Study of proportional-integral, Sliding-mode, and fuzzy logic controllers for power converters,IEEE
transaction on Industry applications, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 518-524, Mar. /Apr. 1997.
[6] M. Castilla, L. G. de Vicuna, J.M. Guerrero, J. Matas, and J. Miret, Design of voltage-mode hysteretic controllers for synchronous buck
converters supplying microprocessor loads, IEE Proceedings on Electrical Power Applications, Vol.152, No. 5, pp.11711178, Sep. 2005.
[7] M. Castilla, L. G. de Vicuna, J.M. Guerrero, J. Miret, and N. Berbel, Simple low-cost hysteretic controller for single-phase synchronous buck
converter, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp.12321241, Jul. 2007.
[8]M. Castilla, L. G. de Vicuna, J.M. Guerrero, J. Matas, and J. Miret, Designing VRM hysteretic controllers for optimal transient response, IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 54, No. 3, pp.17261738, Jun. 2007.
[9] T. Nabeshima, T. Sato, S. Yoshida, S. Chiba, and K. Onda, Analysis and design considerations of a buck converter with a hysteretic PWM
controller, in Proc. IEEE PESC, pp. 17111716, 2004.

BIOGRAPHY
Shamik Bandypadhyay was born in West Bengal, India on August 16, 1990. He has received his
B.Tech degree in Electrical Engineering from Dream Institute of Technology,Samali, Kolkata West
Bengal in 2012. Currently he is persuing hisM.Tech degree in Power Electronics and Drives from
Jalpaiguri Govt. Engineering College, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal

Prof.Gautam Kumar Panda, Professor and Head, Department of Electrical Engineering, Department
of Electrical Engineering, Jalpaiguri Government Engineering College, Jalpaiguri,WB- 735102,BE
(Electrical) from J.G.E. College, Jalpaiguri, M.E.E(Electrical) Specialization: Electrical Machines &
drives from JadavpurUniversity.PhD from University of North Bengal. FIE, MISTE, Certified Energy
Auditor.
Prof.Pradip Kumar Saha, Professor, Jalpaiguri Government Engineering College, Jalpaiguri,WB735102. BE (Electrical) from B.E. College, Shibpore. M.Tech((Electrical) Specialization: Machine
Drives & Power Electronics from IIT- Kharagpur.PhD from University of North Bengal. FIE,
MISTE, Certified Energy Auditor.
Prof.Sankar Das, Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Jalpaiguri Government
Engineering College, Jalpaiguri,WB- 735102,B.Tech (Electrical ) from College of Engineering &
Management, Kolaghat, M.E. (Electrical) Specialization: High Voltage Engg.From JadavpurUni.

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